--

2011

.
1.
2.
3.

1
3
3

.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

7.

8.
9.
10.

8
12
15
18
21
23
26
29
31
33

.
1. :
) . , .
2.4 cm (:
, .. 3.14),
, .. 0.2 cm,
. ;
2.4 cm;
:
1. .
1 mm.
5 mm (
cm mm ).
4 mm 4 mm. 4.1 mm
1 mm, 4 mm.
4.2, 4.3, 4.4 4.5. 4.6
5 cm. , 3.5
4.0 4 mm. 4 mm
40.5 mm
3.5 4.5 cm. To
0.5 .
.

3.5

4.5

2.
. 0.2 m.
.. 5.2 m
. ..
5.2 0.4 m
0.4 m.
.
,
.
. , ,
.

.
.

) N .

( )







 


 1

(1)

  1,2,3  

.
3. ( )
-
: 1.32 , 1.33 1.35 sec.
0.01 sec
0.1 sec .
  1.32  1.33  1.35 /3  1.33 sec. =3
  1,2,3. . (1)



3  3
1

1.32  1.33 2  1.33  1.33 2  1.35  1.33 2  0.0088

( )
0.009
sec
) .
,
..  ,  .,
..   /.

;

.

 ,    ,
   ,    ,  ,    ,
  :
              
  .

(2)

4.
.   4.20.2 cm
  2.00.1 sec .  4.2/2.0
= 2.1 cm/s. . (2) :
,  ,   ,  
/ (2)   1/
  /  .   1/2.0  0.5
sec-1   /   4.2/4  1.05 cm/sec2
  0.2 cm   0.1 sec. . (2)
  0.5

0.2   1.05

0.1  = 0.145 cm/s

,
2.1 0.1 cm/s

2. :
. .. 6.57
( ).

. .
0.00836 , 8, 3 6.
.
.
. . 1.3 0.1234 = 0.16042. ;
. , .
0.16 0.16042. 12000 .
2.14 25680 26000 (
).
3. : x-y
, :
)
. x 8.17 24.3
8 26.
) 0.
) 1, 2 5. .
8-24 2 ( 4
2 3).
) (
). x
2, 4, 6, , 24, 26, (.. ),
(.. sec) .
)
.
) .


.

4
) . (
)
.
) , =
y/x y x
. ,
.
5:
t(sec) (C0)
0,32 23,2
0,45 27,4
0,58 31,2
0,72 35,4
0,95 42,8
1,18 49,4
1,26 52,1
1,45 58,2
1,65 64,2

.

. , 20
0.3 . ,
, -
.
,
(
). ,
(0.80, 37.5) (1.35, 55.0) .
x = 1.35 0.80 = 0.45 sec y = 55.0 37.5 = 17.5 0C.
y x
. .
= y / x = 17.5 0C / 0.55 sec = 31.8 0C sec-1
( 31.818181

)

(0C)
60

B (1.35, 55.0)
50

40

A (0.80, 37.5)
30

20
0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

t(s)

6
:
6: : )
)
0
20.

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

10

15

20

7:

.
29

( C)

26

23

20
0

10
t (min)

15

20

( C)

8:


.

23.9
23.4
22.1
21.5
21
20.5
0

10
t (min)

15

20

8
.

1.
) :
.
) : ( )
, 0.02 mm,
.
Vernier. ,
, ,
,
, .
10 (
20 50 )
9 mm y = 9/10 = 1 1/10 mm.

,
1/10 mm.
,
2/10 mm .
, 10/10 =1 mm
(
).

- ( 1 )

9
, 1 mm
1/10 mm x = 1.1 mm. x 0.1
mm :

( -
). 0
mm ,
0 1 mm.
1 , 1.w mm. w

. w = 1
x = 1.1 mm.

, L, w, h ,
r h r. V

10
Lw h, r 2L 4r3/3 .
m
=m/V
g/cm3
.
(g/cm3)
0.09
1.00
1.25
1.38
1.43
2.20
2.62
4.51
6.92
7.86
7.13
7.31
8.53
8.96
10.5
19.3
19.3
21.4

PVC

) : m L1, L2, L3

(
L , .. , , .).

m
(g)

L1
(mm)

L2
(mm)

L3
(mm)

V
(mm3)

(g/cm3)

11
) . , V
.
(
).
) . o V
, .

12
2.
) ::
.
) :

.

. -,

. ,
,
.
, ,
Hook

= -D
D ( ).

d
. m ,
s
1
2 = 1 + 2 ms2

13
(
).
.
2 = (2)2 m/k
-
()
2 = (2)2 2/D
(
).

2
2 = (2)2 [1 + 2 ms2] /D
G (
D ) D
D = G r4 / (2L)
r L .
) . m1
m2 . m.
200 t1 .
t2 t4.

. s
.

s
(cm)
( )

s2
2

(cm )

t1

t2

t3

t4

(sec)

(sec)

(sec)

(sec)

(sec)

(sec)

2
(sec2)

14
1
2
3
4
5
m1 (g) =

m2 (g) =

m (g) =

) .
. t
t1 t4 .
2 s2 .
(
).
x y y = y0 + x
y0 .
2 - s2
. ,
D.
d L
d, L. G (
). G
(Al) : 2,51010 /m2.

d=

mm

d =

mm L =

cm

L =

cm

15
3.
) : .
) : ,
Joules S.I. ,


cal (calorie) .
:
cal
.

. V
VI
t VI t.
,
.
4.19 J 1
1 1 4.19
J.
= 4.19 J / cal
.

, 4.19 J ,
. 2.22 0.45
J .
,
c. .. c = 0.45 J/g0C .

.
Q m

m.
, Q
.
Q = mc

.. () .
C = mc .

16
) .

m, m
m. C.
,
V .

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

(min)

(0C)

(Volts)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

m ( gr):
C ( cal/0C):

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
m ( gr):
I ( A):

(min)

(0C)

(Volts)

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
m ( gr):

) .
t.
.
V
. Q/t
cal/s. c = 1
cal/(gr-grad).
,
.

17
) . , V, t,
.
():

V (Volts):

(0C):

t (min):

W
.
W :
2

I V t
W = W +
+
I V t

18
4.
) : .
) :
.
.. , . .. ,
. S.I.
Pa-s (Pascal sec)
poise 0.1 Pa-s.
10-3 Pa-s.

10-3 Pa-s
1.0

1.25

55

84

SAE 10

85-140

SAE 20

140-420

SAE 30

420-650

SAE 40

650-900

970

5,000

10,000

25,000

50,000

70,000

100,000

1.0 g/cm3 0.9 g/cm3 .

.

. m
r , 3 ,

19
= mg, .

, 4r3/3.
= 4gr3/3.
Stokes ,
K ( =6r),
, = = 6r.
,
= m
.

mg 6r 4gr3/3 = m
g,
, .
,
.
.
, (

). = 0
= 2(1-)gr2 /9
m 41r3/3 1
4r3/3 .
,
, ,


= (yB yA) / (xB xA)
) .
y .
m d
.
t .
/
1
2
3
4
5

m
(gr)

d
(mm)

t
(sec)

V
(cm3)

1
(gr/cm3)

(cm/s)

(Poise)

20
y (cm):

(gr/cm3):

-A

-B

) . (
). Poise 0.1 Pa-s.
.
;
) . m, d, t, x, t
. o

. :

21
5.

) :
.
) : , m k.
,
; x = 0
m .
xA.
, B = mg FE = -kxA
.

- + FE = 0 => -mg + (-kxA) = 0 => xA = = - mg/k
x,
. 2 :
- + FE = ma => -mg + (-kx) = ma => mg + kx = -mx
= x
. y = x xA = x +
mg/k,
ky = -my => y = -k/m y
y = y0cost
-2y = -k/m y => (2/)2 = k/m
2 = (2)2 m/ k.
m = 2 = m
Y = X = (2)2/k.
X-Y k.

22
, |x| = mg/k m
= g/k
g.
) .
, L
(.. )
. m
. ,
m. ,
. L
. ,
t10.
.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

m
(gr)

L
(cm)

|xA|
(cm)
----

t10
(s)
----

T
(s)
----

T2
(s2)
----

) . (
=1 ). T |xA|
= L - L0 L0 L .
T2 m.
(
).
k.
|xA|
m. (
).
g. g =
9.81 m/s2.
) . m, L, t
.

23
6.

) : .
) :
.
,
(
). ,
, ,

. .

(
). ,

. ,
.
x, o

s = s0 cos (kx-t)

s x t.
,

. s ,
.
900

= 0 sin (kx-t)
( 1
). ,

.
,
1 = 0 sin (kx-t)
2 = 0 sin (kx+t) . x
= .
1 + 2 = 0 [sin (kx-t) + sin (kx+t)] = 2 0 sinkx cost


V = V0 sinkx cost

24

.
.
V = V1 cost V1 =
V0sinkx.
f = 1/.

( ) x
. sinkx kx = n n = 0, 1, 2
k = 2/, xn = n/2. x,
xn .
x, x = xn+1 . x = xn+1 - xn
/2. x ,
.

= f,
0 sin (kx-t) 0 sin (kx+t),

.
) :
.
( )
.
,
.
L1 L2
.
TIME/DIV 1-2
.
. x
.

.

25

L1
(cm)

L2
(cm)

L=L2-L1
(cm)

(cm)

x
(.)

T=x
(ms)

f=1/T
(Hz)

(m/s)

1
2
3
4
5
6
. (ms/.):
) . (
).
.
.
x f.
.

344 m/s 200 C.
) . L1, L2 L1,
L2 . L, ,
.
:
L2 = L12 + L22
= 2 L

(/)2 = (/)2 + (/)2

( ).

26
7.

) : .
) : ..
,
(--) (,
, ), .

Q
. L
Q/m m . L
, .. L = 334
J/g L = 2260 J/g
.
Q
( )
3
Q = m c
c , .. c = 4.19 J/g0C,
.

. (
) P = VI V I .
( )
( )

VI = m c /t

27

/t .

, , .
, -t
20 70 0C. , ()
1000 C. -t
:

(0C)
100

: /t

0
t
) .
m, m
m. ,

.
.
.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

t (min)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

m (g):

(0C)

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

t (min)
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

(0C)

m (g) :
m (g) :

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

t (min)
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

(0C)

m (g) :
m (g) :

28
) :
t.
, ,
.
c = 4,18 J / (g K) P W
.

, .

t t
, t.
t ,

.
L = 2260 J/gr = 539 cal/gr.
220 V.

. m
P.

29
8.
) : g
.
) : L
m
.

mg

,
. .
, mg .

m. mgcos
F = -mgsin
. F
. .. >0
F ( x) . 2

F = m => mx = - mgsin
= x
.
x . x
L .

x = - gsin(x/L)
.

sin ~ ( ).
x = - gx/L

30
x = x0sint 2 = g/L

2 = (2)2 L/g
) . L
.
50 t1.
t2 t3,
. 100.
(
).

L (m)

t1 (s)

t2 (s)

t (s)

t3 (s)
5

T (s)

2(s2)

1
2
3
4
5
10

1
2
3
4
5

) . ,
. t t1
- t3 .
2
L (
+).
. g.
) .
. g .

31
9.
) :
.
) :
.

. ..

.
, .

2 = /
, .
= f f
. ,

.
= 2L/n
n = 1, 2, 3 L
. n = 3.

= 4f 2L2/n2

n .
, -n
. y = f(x)
y = 1/x, y = 1/x2, y = 1/x3 .o.,

32
-n .
, :
log() = log(4f 2L2)-2log(n)
= 0 = log(), 0 = log(4f 2L2), =
log(n) =2 log()
log(n) -2.
) . T
n, n = 5
. n = 1.
. L

1
2
3
4
5
():

n
1
2
3
4
5

T (Nt)
-

log(N) log(T)
-

L (cm):

) .
.
n.
.
log(T)
log(n).
.
, , y.
;
f Hz
...

. ;

33
10.
) : g
.
) : ,
g. 2

F = m => my = - mg
= x
.

= y' = - gt + 0
0 .
0 = 0. -

y = - gt2 + y0
y0
h, . y = 0.

h = gt2
t . = h =
t2 g g.
) . m
. ,
t1 h
. t2 - t5.
.

h (m)

t1 (s)

t2 (s)

t3 (s)

t4 (s)

m (gr):
1
2
3

t5 (s)

t (s)

t2(s2)

34
4
5
m (gr):
1
2
3
4
5

) . ,
. t
t1 - t5.

h
t2 (
+ ).
. g.

) .
. g .
m, h t .