Mαθήματα Θεωρίας Αριθμών - Μαυρογιάννη

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[1.] J. HUNTER

, 1974
[2.] ADOLPH HURWITZ
( )
.. , 1981
[3.]
, , 1997
[4.] .. , . , .
2000
. - :
[5.] N. .
- 2006
http://server.math.uoc.gr/~tzanakis/Courses/NumberTheory/textbook_main.pdf
[6.] . 17 18 .
- 1999
http://server.math.uoc.gr/~antoniad/hist.ps
. :
.
:
[7.] G. H. HARDY, E. . WRIGHT An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers
OXFORD, 1959
[8.] EDMUND LANDAU Elementary Number Theory (
: Jacob E. Goodman) CHELSEA, 1966
. - :
[9.] LEO MOSER An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers
The Trillia Lectures on Mathematics , 2004 (1957)
http://www.trillia.com/distr4/moser-number-a4-one.pdf
[10.] DAVID A. SANTOS Number Theory for Mathematical Contests
2005 REVISION
http://www.openmathtext.org/lecture_notes/number_theory_book.pdf
[11.] EDWIN W.CLARK Elementary Number Theory
Department of Mathematics. University of South Florida, 2003
http://www.math.usf.edu/~eclark/elem_num_th_book.ps
[12.] A. BAKER Algebra & Number Theory
Department of Mathematics, University of Glasgow., 2003
http://www.maths.gla.ac.uk/~ajb/dvi-ps/3q-notes.pdf
[13.] ROBIN CHAPMAN A Guide to Arithmetic
1994
http://www.maths.ex.ac.uk/~rjc/notes/arith.pdf
[14.] FELIX LAZEBNIK Elements of number theory: Lecture Notes
2005
http://www.math.udel.edu/~lazebnik/papers/ElementsThNum.pdf
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1.1. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ....
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(1 + 1)(1 + x )(1 + x 2 )(1 + x 3 )...(1 + x 2 )
(1 + 1)(1 + x 2 )(1 + x 4 )...(1 + x 2 )
1.4.
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1.5.
81;
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2.2. Euler 2++41

( Euler)
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Euler 1, 2, 3, ..., 39
..
10
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++41
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
43
47
53
61
71
83
97
113
131
151
173
197
223
251
281
313
347
383
421
461
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
503
547
593
641
691
743
797
853
911
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
971
1033
1097
1163
1231
1301
1373
1447
1523
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41 .
2.3.
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: 30

x-1
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:
x-1
x-1 .
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x-1
x2-1
(x-1)(x+1)
x3-1
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x5-1
(x-1)(x4+x3+x2+x+1)
.
1941 =105
..
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x105-1=(x-1) (x6+x5+x4+x3+x2+x+1)(x4+x3+x2+x+1)
(1-x+x5-x6+x7-x8+x10-x11+x12-x13+x14-x16+x17-x18+x19-x23+x24)
(x2+x+1)(1-x+x3-x4+x6-x8+x9-x11+x12)
(1-x+x3-x4+x5-x7+x8)
(1+x-x43+x46+x47+x34+x35+x36-x39-x40-2x41-x42-x22-x26-x28+x31+x32+x33-x20+x15+x48x6-x5+x2-2x7-x24+x12-x8+x13+x14+x16+x17-x9)
2.
x-1 1
104.
2.4. Goldbach.
4
( 2)

6
3+3
8
5+3
10
5+5
12
7+5
14
7+7 11+3
16
5+11
18
15+3
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1+2+3+...+;
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1=1
1+2=3
1+2+3=(1+2)+3=3+3=6
1+2+3+4=(1+2+3)+4=6+4=10
1+2+3+4+5=(1+2+3+4)+5=10+5=15
1+2+3+4+5+6=(1+2+3+4+5)+6=15+6=21
1+2+3+4+5+6+7=(1+2+3+4+5+6)+7=21+6=27
................................................................................
................................................................................
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 27 ...
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1, 2, 3, 4, ... , .
1+2+3+...+. ( =7)
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2
1
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2
1
1 1
1
1+2+3+...+= 2 + = ( 2 + )= ( +1)
2
2 2
2
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + =
( + 1)
2
.

1=1=1.2/2
1+2=3=1.1/2
1+2+3=6=3.4/2
1+2+3+4=10=4.5/2
1+2+3+4+5=15=5.6/2
1+2+3+4+5+6=21=6.7/2
1+2+3+4+5+6+7=27=7.8/2
................................................................................
................................................................................
.
1+2+3+...+=(+1)/2.
.
..
14
M ( )
7
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1
( ) 1+2+3+...+7= 7(7 + 1) .
2
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1
1
9
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2
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1
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2
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1
1
1
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2
2

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.
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..
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2.6.

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A
1.
=k
=k+1.
2.7.
0 > 1 : (1 + ) > 1 + . (
Bernoulli)
2.8. Bernoulli >0

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(1 + a ) = (1 + a )(1 + a )...(1 + a )

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1
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- 1,

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16
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1 + a
+
a
...

a .
(1 + a ) > 1 + a .
Bernoulli
1 < a 0
1 (1 - ) 0 < 1
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Bernoulli.
2.9.
I.
12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ... + 2 =
( + 1)(2 + 1)
6
( + 1)
II. 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + =
2
3
III. 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 4 + ... + ( + 1) =
IV.
( + 1)( + 2)
1
1
1
1
.
+
+
+ ... +
=
1 2 2 3 3 4
( + 1) + 1
2.10.

1 + x + x 2 + ... + x 1 =
2.11.
x 1
,
x 1
x 1 .

.

(x - 1)(x -1 + .... + x 2 + x + 1)
..
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2.12.
17
I. 2 > 2 + 1
4
II. >
3
III. 5 > 5 1
2.13. N x 2 > 2 x + 1 .
.
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2.14.
!> 2 ,
2.15.
! = 1 2 3... .
1
1
1
1
+ 2 + ... + 2 2 .
2
1
2
2.16.
+1 > ( + 1) .
2.17.
I. | a1 + ... + a || a1 | +...+ | a |
G
G
G
G
II. | a1 + ... + a || a1 | +...+ | a |

. - -
.
2.18.
x, y
( x + y) ( x) + ( y) . .
..
18
M ( )
(x)=x, (x)=|x| .. x1 , x 2 ,..., x

( x1 + x 2 + ... + x ) ( x1 ) + ( x 2 ) + ... + ( x )
2.19.
.
X = {x1 , x 2 ,..., x }
R ,
x x M .
2.20.
R .
(0, 1)
.
2.19. .
( )
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. S
. 1S.
S. 1.
T. S
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2.21.
X .
={}. . ={, }
..
19
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: , {}, {}, {}, {, }, {, }, {, }, .
;
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2.22. ! ( )
1 2 3 ... v . 1!=1, 2!=2, 3!=6, 4!=24 ... 0!=1
I. (+1) !=!. (+1)
II. ! ,
. m . m+1
!m.
2.23. k .
(k)
( - 1) ... ( - k + 1)
k!
k .
( - 1) ... ( - k + 1)

.
k!
k
= 1
0
k k

k
( - 1) ... ( - k + 1)
=
.
k!
k
2.24. ( + )
(
+ )( + )( + )...( + )

-1 1 - 2 2 -3 3
1 -1
+ + + + ... +
+
0
1
2
3
- 1

(ewton)
..
20
3.
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3.1.1. ()
() .
( ) 0
.
. =+
<. 25:4 6 1 25=6.24+1
120:100 1 20 120=1.100+20.
. 0
. 100:120 0
100 100=0.120+100.
3.1.2.
0 ,
, ,
=+, >0.

:
0.
=+ >.
, . =0
=0 =0.
=1
I. =1 =1 =0
II. >1 =0 =1
..
M ( )
21
=k. , k =+
>0
= k +1. k =+ 1
k +1=++1.
I. +1
k +1: +1
II. +1 k +1: +1
0.
, k+1=+
>0
.

=+ >0

=+ >0
= , .
. (-)+(-)=0
(-)=(-) . - - 1
(-) . - + .
>.
, . .
-=0. (-)+(-)=0
(-)=0 0 , .
, =+ >0.g
..
22
M ( )
3.1.3.
.. 5
3
4 5 = 20
3 5 = 15
6 5 = 30
5 5 = 25
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
5 .
5
5. 17
15 20. 15=3.5 5
17. 17:5 3. 15
17 2. 2 17:5.
.
17
0, 1, 2, 3, 4. 1
: 1, 2, 3, 4.
5k a < 5(k + 1) k :5.

a 5k . :
k , ( k +1) k a <( k + 1)
: k a - k .
. .. -16
( 4)5 = 20 ( 3)5 = 15
( 4)5 16 <( 3)5 . ..

M ( )
23
16:5 -4 -16-(-4).5=4.
.
3.1.4. -
-: ( ) -.
k a< (k + 1) . (k + 1) < a k .

( k + 1) a < k
- : =
- a = k
k
+ (k + 1) a < k
- : =
0
- a = k
0 < . <0.
k ,(k + 1)
k a< (k + 1) ( ).
: k a- k .
3.1.5.
. :
0 ,
() (), ,
=+, ||>0.
3.1.6.
:. :
2 0 () 1 ()
2k 2k + 1.
..
24
M ( )
3 0 , 1 2.
3k 3k + 1 3k + 2.
4 0 , 1 2 3.
4k , 4k + 1, 4k + 2, 4k + 3.
m>0 0 1 2 ....
m-1 km, km+1, km+2, ...., km+(m-1).
m>0 =m(
)+
m
m :m.
19991981 + 10 (19991981 1)+11

x y =( x y )( x -1 + x -2 y +....+ y -1 )
991981 + 10 =(1999 1)(19991980 + 19991979 +...+1999 + 1)+11
1980
1979
991981 + 10 = 1998 (
1999
+ 1999
+...+1999 +
1) + 11

x
3.1.7. (0) 0
: .
. k
a = k . |.
P . P k
a k . |, P ,
0. P k a = k .
.
=. .. 2|4, 4P 2 , 6|18, 15|-30, -5|40, 5P 8 , 50=5, 607.
..
25
M ( )
3.1.8.
x, y 3
1 2 3 0.
3.1.9.
x, y 5
1 2 5 3.
3.1.10.
x, y 15
9 12 15 6.
3.1.11.
100
7 9 2 4.
3.1.12.
3.1.13.
( 2 + 2 )
.
3
(i) .
(ii) 8 + 1 , Z.
3.1.14.
1) = 83 = 11
2) = 83 = 11
3) = 83 = 11
4) = 83 = 11 .
3.1.15.
1) 2 = 3 , Z
2 = 3 + 1 , Z .
..
26
M ( )
2) = 6 + 5 , Z
= 3 + 2 , Z . ;
3.1.16. 3 0, 1, 2
.
(
) k 2
. ( + 1) 2 = 2 + 1 -
2
2+1
. .. 1000
10000 10000+2.100+1=10201=1012.
3 0 1.
3k + 2 . (
3k+2 ).
3.1.17.
2 + ( + 2) 2 + ( + 4) 2 + 1
12
3.1.18.
Z .
25 10 ,
1 3 5;
3.1.19.
660 17;
;
3.1.20.
, , ,
x 2 + x + = 0 .
3.1.21.
x 2 + 31997 x + 2001 = 0 ;
..
M ( )
3.1.22.
(i)
2 2
8
27
, ,
Z
(ii)
4 + 4 2
16
Z.
3.1.23.
3.1.24.
3 + 4
;
5
1) 2 = 4 , Z ,
2 = 4 + 1 , Z .
2) , , x 2 = 2 + 2
.
3) : 6,10,14,18,22,...
.
3.2. I
3.2.1. :
-
x2-3x+2 , 0
x2-3x+2 . ..

(Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1777 -1855)

.

2 3.
..
28
M ( )
2
0
1
=2k
=2k+1
.....
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
.....
-9
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
14
16
....
15
17
....
3
0
=3k
=3k+1
=3k+2
....
....
....
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
....
....
....
O 10 2 0
2 0.
10 3 1
3 1. 2
1
2 2 2. 2
. 3
.
Gauss Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (
) , modulus
(, ) m>0 , m .
(mod m ) ( m ).
,
T (mod m ) . M :
..
M ( )
3 13 (mod 2)
3T12 (mod 2 )
1134 (mod 3)
-54 (mod 3 )
3 T13 (mod 3)
3(12 mod 2 )
3.2.2. ;
11 12 (mod 2)
-3T12 (mod 2 )
101-4 (mod 3)
114 (mod 3 )
3 T-33 (mod 3)
30-12 ( mod 2 )
3.2.3. N 1 0.
1 (mod 2 ) 2+...(mod 2 )
0 (mod 2 ) 2+...(mod 2 )
0 (mod 2 ) -...(mod 2 )
1 (mod 2 ) -...(mod 2 )
0 (mod 2 ) +3...(mod 2 )
1 (mod 2 ) +3...(mod 2 )
0 (mod 2 ) 2...(mod 2 )
1 (mod 2 ) 2...(mod 2 )
3.2.4. N 0, 1 2.
1 (mod 3 ) 2+...(mod 3 )
0 (mod 3 ) 2+...(mod 3 )
1 (mod 3 ) -...(mod 3 )
1 (mod 3 ) -...(mod 3 )
0 (mod 3 ) 2...(mod 3 )
1 (mod 3 ) 2...(mod 3 )
..
29
30
M ( )
2 (mod 3 ) 4...(mod 3 )
2 (mod 3 ) 32...(mod 3 )
3.2.5. mod 5.
5
0
=5k
1
=5k+1
2
=5k+2
3
=5k+3
4
=5k+4
....
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
....
....
-49
-44
-39
-34
-29
-24
-19
-14
-9
-4
1
6
11
16
21
26
....
....
-48
-43
-38
-33
-28
-23
-18
-13
-8
-3
2
7
12
17
22
27
....
....
-47
-42
-37
-32
-27
-22
-17
-12
-7
-2
3
8
13
18
23
28
....
....
-46
-41
-36
-31
-26
-21
-16
-11
-6
-1
4
9
14
19
24
29
....
1. 299, -35, 121, -389;

2. 5k2+1, 5k-1, 25k-8;
3. .
. .
;
;
4. 2
4. 2 4.
.
:
.
. 2+4, 3+3, 3+2;
..
31
M ( )
5.
. 24, 33, 32;
4.
4.1. :
k a = k .
|. ( ).
4.2. 1 a = 1 a . 1
.
4.3. 0 0 = 0 0
.
4.4. O -.
: |a
a =( k )( )
k a = k .
. |a
- . :
|a |a . |a | a
|a | a . g
4.5. .
: |a k a = k .
a = k
k .
|. g
4.6. 0 .
..
32
M ( )
: | k a = k .
0.
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Mαθήματα Θεωρίας Αριθμών - Μαυρογιάννη

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Mαθήματα Θεωρίας Αριθμών - Μαυρογιάννη

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N. .

(1 + 1)(1 + x )(1 + x 2 )...(1 + x )

(1 + 1)(1 + x )(1 + x 2 )(1 + x 3 )...(1 + x 2 )

(1 + 1)(1 + x 2 )(1 + x 4 )...(1 + x 2 )

13. (0, 1).

1.23. 90, 100, 120, 130 2 1, Z ;

1.24. 90, 100, 120, 130 20+30, Z ;

2.2. Euler 2++41

2.8. Bernoulli >0

(x)=x, (x)=|x| .. x1 , x 2 ,..., x

4: , {}, {}, . ={, , } 8

5k a < 5(k + 1) k :5.

( 4)5 16 <( 3)5 . ..

991981 + 10 =(1999 1)(19991980 + 19991979 +...+1999 + 1)+11

1. 299, -35, 121, -389;

|a| = |k||| . |k | |k| 1.

4.10. x|y y|z x|z. ( )

4.24. |x1,|x2 ,...,|x

{1, 3, 17, 51}

{1, 3, 7, 9, 21, 63}{1, 2, 37, 74}

5.1.13. 1,11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 61, 91

5.1.27. [34, 12].

5.2.7. 3+1, 2-1. :

5.2.8. =123, =33. :

(123, 33)=(33, 24)=(24, 9)=(9, 6)=(6, 3)=3

5.2.11. =123, =33

3=9-1.6=9-1.(24-2.9)=3. 9-1. 24=3. (33-1.24)-1. 24=

(, )=|| ||=1+(1). ( + >0 - <0).

5.2.17. 2 a1,a2 ,...,a :

I. ( a1,a2 ,...,a ) a1,a2 ,...,a

(( a1 ,a2 ,...,a k ),a k +1 )= x( a1 ,a2 ,...,a k )+ ya k +1 (1)

( a1,a2 ,...,ak )= x1a1 + x2a2 +...+ xk ak

( a1,a2 ,...,ak ) (2) (1)

(( a1,a2 ,...,ak ),ak +1 )= x( x1a1 + x2a2 +...+ xk ak )+ yak +1

a1 ,a2 ,...,a . x1a1 + x 2 a2 +...+ x a > 0 ( a1 ,a2 ,...,a )> 0.

( a1,a2 ,...,a ) y1a1 + y2a2 +...+ y a

(, , , , ...) . 16, 24, -36 1,

(, , )=(, , )=(, , ) (x, y, z, w)=(w, y, x, z) ...

I. =100, =50, =80

[, , , , ...]. 16, -24, -36

5.3.9. 12, 16, 20.

5.3.13. [, , ]= [, [, ]]= [[, ], ].

6.6. p p|xy p|x p|y.

N (De la Valle Poussin)

(Jacques Hadamard) 1901

p1x1 p2x2 ... prxr 0 x1 1 , 0 x2 2 ,

= p11 -x1 p22 -x2 ...pr r -x r p1x1 p 2x2 ...p xr r .

( 1 +1)( 2 +1)...( r +1) .

6.2.9. p, q, s =p2q =q3s5.

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