Lời Nói Đầu.: Đồ án quá trình thiết bị GVHD: Ths. Lê Ngọc Trung

n qu trnh thit b
GVHD: Ths. L Ngc Trung
LI NI U.
Trong k hoch o to i vi sinh vin nm th t, mn hc n Qu trnh v
Thit b l c hi tt cho vic h thng kin thc v cc qu trnh v thit b ca cng
ngh ho hc. Bn cnh , mn ny cn l dp sinh vin tip cn thc t thng qua
vic tnh ton, thit k v la chn cc chi tit ca mt thit b vi cc s liu c th,
thng dng.C c chn khng mt ni lin tc dung dch NaOH l n c thc
hin di s hng dn trc tip ca ThS. L Ngc Trung, b mn Qu trnh v Thit b
- khoa K thut Ho hc trng i hc Bch Khoa Nng. Ngi vit xin chn
thnh cm n thy L Ngc Trung cng nh cc thy c ca b mn Qu trnh v Thit
b v nhng ngi bn nhit tnh gip trong qu trnh thc hin. V n Qu
trnh v Thit b l ti ln u tin m mt sinh vin m nhn nn thiu st v hn
ch trong qu trnh thc hin l khng trnh khi. Do , ngi vit rt mong nhn c
thm gp , ch dn t thy c gio v bn b cng c v m rng kin thc chuyn
mn.
SVTH: Phm Vn c
Lp : 09H4
Trang 1
n qu trnh thit b
MC LC
LI NI U............................................................................................................. 1
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V SN PHM, PHNG PHP IU CH, CHN
PHNG N THIT K. .......................................................................................... 5

1.1. Tng quan v sn phm: .............................................................................................. 5
1.2 C s v phng php c c: ..................................................................................... 7
1.3 Thuyt minh s cng ngh: ..................................................................................... 8
CH NG 2: TNH TON CNG NGH THIT B CHNH .................................. 10

2.1 Cn bng vt liu:...................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1 Lng hi th bc hi ra khi h thng:
............................................................. 10
2.1.2 S phn b hi th trong cc ni :
...................................................................... 10
2.1.3 Nng dung dch tng
ni:............................................................................ 11
2.2 Phn b p sut lm vic trong cc ni: ..................................................................... 11
2.3 Tn tht nhit mi ni: ...................................................................................... 12
2.3.1 Tn tht nhit o nng
('):....................................................................... 12
2.3.2 Tn tht nhit do p sut thy tnh ():
........................................................ 13
2.3.3 Tn tht do tr lc ca ng ng,():
............................................................ 16
2.3.4 Tn tht do ton b h
thng:.............................................................................. 16
2.3.5 Hiu s hu ch trong ton h thng v trong tng ni:
....................................... 16
2.4 Tnh nhit lng, nhit dung ring, n nhit ngng t:................................................ 17
2.4.1 Tnh nhit lng ring:
....................................................................................... 17
2.4.2 Tnh nhit dung ring ca dung dch C, J/kg.:
................................................. 17
2.4.3 Lp bng nhit lng ring hi t, hi th, nhit dung ca nc ngng v nhit
si ca cc dung dch trong cc
ni:......................................................................... 18
SVTH: Phm Vn c
Lp : 09H4
Trang 2
2.5
n Lp
qu phng
trnh thit
GVHD:
Ths......................
L Ngc Trung
trnhbcn bng nhit lng v tnh lng hi t
cn thit:
18
2.6. Cc thng s k thut chnh........................................................................................ 21
2.6.1 nht:
............................................................................................................. 21
2.6.2 H s dn nhit ca dung dch:
........................................................................... 23
2.6.3 H s cp nhit:
.................................................................................................. 24
SVTH: Phm Vn c
Lp : 09H4
Trang 3
n qu trnh thit b
2.6.4 H s phn b nhit hu ch cho cc ni:

............................................................ 30
2.6.5 Tnh ton b mt truyn nhit:
............................................................................ 32
2.7 Tnh ton cc thit b chnh: ...................................................................................... 32
2.7.1 Bung
t:..........................................................................................................
32
2.7.2 Bung bc:
......................................................................................................... 38
2.7.3 Ca lm v sinh:
................................................................................................. 44
2.8 ng knh cc ng dn: ........................................................................................... 44
2.8.1 ng knh ng dn hi t:
.............................................................................. 44
2.8.2 ng knh ng dn hi th:
.............................................................................. 46
2.8.3 ng knh ng dn dung dch:
.......................................................................... 46
2.8.4 ng knh ng tho nc
ngng:...................................................................... 48
2.9 B dy lp cch nhit ca thit b .............................................................................. 50
2.9.1 B dy lp cch nhit cho cc ng
dn................................................................ 50
2.9.2 B dy lp cch nhit cho thn thit
b................................................................ 52
2.10 Mt bch : ................................................................................................................ 54
2.11. Tai treo :.................................................................................................................. 56
2.11.1. Trng lng thn thit b
.................................................................................. 56
2.11.2 Ti trng ca ng truyn nhit v ng tun hon
ngoi...................................... 57
2.11.3 Trng lng ca dung dch trong thit b
.......................................................... 57
2.11.4 Trng lng v ng
........................................................................................... 58
2.11.5 Trng lng ca y bung t
........................................................................ 58
SVTH: Phm Vn c
Lp : 09H4
Trang 4
n
qu trnh
b ca np bung bc
2.11.6
Trngthit
lng
........................................................................ 58
2.11.7 Trng lng ca bch.
....................................................................................... 58
2.11.8 Trng lng ca hi:
........................................................................................ 60
2.11.9 Trng lng ca lp cch
nhit:........................................................................ 61
CHNG 3: TNH V CHN CC THIT B PH .............................................. 63

3.1 Thit b ngng t Baromet ......................................................................................... 63
3.1.1 Lng nc lnh cn cung cp cho thit b ngng t:
..................................... 63
3.1.2 Lng khng kh v kh khng ngng cn ht ra khi thit b : ...........................
63
SVTH: Phm Vn c
Lp : 09H4
Trang 5
n qu trnh thit b
3.1.3 ng knh thit b ngng t:

............................................................................. 64
3.1.4 Kch thc tm
ngn:.......................................................................................... 64
3.1.5 Chiu cao thit b ngng t:
................................................................................ 65
3.1.6 Kch thc ng baromet:
.................................................................................... 66
3.1.7 Chiu cao ng Baromet
:..................................................................................... 66
3.2 Tnh ton v chn bm: ............................................................................................. 68
3.2.1 Bm chn
khng:................................................................................................ 68
3.2.2 Bm ly tm bm nc vo thit b
baromet:................................................... 69
3.2.3 Bm ly tm bm dung dch vo thng cao v:
..................................................... 72
3.3 Thit b gia nhit dung dch u:................................................................................ 73
3.3.1 Tnh cc d kin ban u:
................................................................................... 73
3.3.2 Tnh b mt truyn nhit :
................................................................................... 74
3.3.3 Chia ngn cho thit b:
........................................................................................ 76
TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................................... 77
SVTH: Phm Vn c
Lp : 09H4
Trang 6
n qu trnh thit b
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V SN PHM, PHNG PHP

IU CH, CHN PHNG N THIT K.
1.1. Tng quan v sn phm:
Natri hydroxid NaOH nguyn cht l cht rn mu trng, c dng tinh th, khi lng
ring 2,13 g/ml, nng chy 318 oC v si 1388 oC di p sut kh quyn. NaOH tan
tt trong nc (1110 g/l 20 oC) v s ho tan to nhit mnh.NaOH t tan hn trong cc
dung mi hu c nh methanol, ethanol NaOH rn v dung dch NaOH u d hp th
CO2 tkhng kh nn chng cn c cha trong cc thng kn.
Dung dch NaOH l mt base mnh, c tnh n da v c kh nng n mn cao. V vy, ta
cnlu n vic n mn thit b v m bo an ton lao ng trong qu trnh sn xut
NaOH.
Ngnh cng nghip sn xut NaOH l mt trong nhng ngnh sn xut ho cht c bn v
lu nm. N ng vai tr to ln trong s pht trin ca cc ngnh cng nghip khc nh
dt, tng hp t nhn to, lc ho du, sn xut phn...
Trc y trong cng nghip, NaOH c sn xut bng cch cho Ca(OH)2 tc dng vi
dung dch Na2CO3 long v nng. Ngy nay, ngi ta dng phng php hin i l in
phn dung dch NaCl bo ho. Tuy nhin, dung dch sn phm thu c thng c nng
rt long, gy kh khn trong vic vn chuyn i xa. thun tin cho chuyn ch v s
dng, ngi ta phi c c dung dch NaOH n mt nng nht nh theo yu cu.
1.2. Qu trnh c c
1. nh ngha
C c l phng php dng nng cao nng cc cht ho tan trong dung dch gm
2 hai nhiu cu t. Qu trnh c c ca dung dch lng rn hay lng lng c chnh
lch nhit si rt cao thng c tin hnh bng cch tch mt phn dung mi (cu t
d bay hi hn); l cc qu trnh vt l ho l. Tu theo tnh cht ca cu t kh bay
hi (hay khng bay hi trong qu trnh ), ta c th tch mt phn dung mi (cu t d
bay hi hn) bng phng php nhit (un nng) hoc phng php lm lnh kt tinh.
2. Cc phng php c c
- Phng php nhit (un nng): dung mi chuyn t trng thi lng sang trng thi hi
di tc dng ca nhit khi p sut ring phn ca n bng p sut tc dng ln mt
thong cht lng.
- Phng php lnh: khi h thp nhit n mt mc no , mt cu t s tch ra di
dng tinh th ca n cht tinh khit; thng l kt tinh dung mi tng nng cht
tan. Tu tnh cht cu t v p sut bn ngoi tc dng ln mt thong m qu trnh kt
tinh xy ra nhit cao hay thp v i khi ta phi dng my lnh.
3. Bn cht ca s c c do nhit
to thnh hi (trng thi t do), tc chuyn ng v nhit ca cc phn t cht lng
gn mt thong ln hn tc gii hn. Phn t khi bay hi s thu nhit khc phc lc
lin kt trng thi lng v tr lc bn ngoi. Do , ta cn cung cp nhit cc phn t
nng lng thc hin qu trnh ny.
Bn cnh , s bay hi xy ra ch yu l do cc bt kh hnh thnh trong qu trnh cp
nhit v chuyn ng lin tc, do chnh lch khi lng ring cc phn t trn b mt
v di y to nn s tun hon t nhin trong ni c c. Tch khng kh v lng keo
SVTH: Phm Vn c
Lp : 09H4
Trang 7
n s
qu
trnh
thitsbto bt khi c c.
(protit)
ngn
chn
4. ng dng ca s c c
Trong sn xut thc phm, ta cn c c cc dung dch ng, m chnh, nc tri cy
Trong sn xut ho cht, ta cn c c cc dung dch NaOH, NaCl, CaCl2, cc mui v
cHin nay, phn ln cc nh my sn xut ho cht, thc phm u s dng thit b c
c nh mt thit b hu hiu t nng sn phm mong mun. Mc d c c ch l
mt hot ng gin tip nhng n rt cn thit v gn lin vi s tn ti ca nh my.
Cng vi s pht trin ca nh my, vic ci thin hiu qu ca thit b c c l mt tt
yu. N i hi phi c nhng thit b hin i, m bo an ton v hiu sut cao. Do ,
yu cu c t ra cho ngi k s l phi c kin thc chc chn hn v a dng hn,
ch ng khm ph cc nguyn l mi ca thit b c c.
1.3 Thit b c c
1. Phn loi v ng dng
a. Theo cu to v tnh cht ca i tng c c
Nhm 1: dung dch i lu t nhin (tun hon t nhin) dng c c dung dch kh
long, nht thp, m bo s tun hon d dng qua b mt truyn nhit.
Nhm 2: dung dch i lu cng bc, dng bm to vn tc dung dch t 1,5 3,5 m/s ti b mt truyn nhit. C u im: tng cng h s truyn nhit, dng cho dung
dch c st, nht cao, gim bm cn, kt tinh trn b mt truyn nhit.
Nhm 3: dung dch chy thnh mng mng, chy mt ln trnh tip xc nhit lu
lm bin cht sn phm. Thch hp cho cc dung dch thc phm nh nc tri cy, hoa
qu p
b. Theo phng php thc hin qu trnh
C c p sut thng (thit b h): c nhit si, p sut khng i. Thng dng
c c dung dch lin tc gi mc dung dch c nh, t nng sut cc i v thi gian
c c l ngn nht. Tuy nhin, nng dung dch t c l khng cao.
C c p sut chn khng: Dung dch c nhit si thp hn do c p sut chn
khng. Dung dch tun hon tt, t to cn, s bay hi nc lin tc.
C c nhiu ni: Mc ch chnh l tit kim hi t. S ni khng nn ln qu v
s lm gim hiu qu tit kim hi so vi chi ph b ra. C th c c chn khng, c c
p lc hay phi hp c hai phng php. c bit c th s dng hi th cho mc ch
khc nng cao hiu qu kinh t.
C c lin tc: Cho kt qu tt hn c c gin on, c th t ng ha.
Ty iu kin k thut, tnh cht dung dch la chn thit b c c ph hp.
2. Cc thit b v chi tit trong h thng c c
Thit b chnh:
ng tun hon, ng truyn nhit.
Bung t, bung bc, y np

Thit b ph:
B cha sn phm, nguyn liu.
Cc loi bm: bm dung dch, bm nc, bm chn

khng.
Thit b gia nhit.
Thit b ngng t Baromet.
Thit b o v iu chnh.
SVTH: Phm Vn c
Lp : 09H4
Trang 8
n qu trnh thit b
1.4 C s la chn quy trnh cng ngh

- Qu trnh c c c th c tin hnh trong mt thit b c c mt ni hoc nhiu
ni, lm vic lin tc hoc gin on. Qu trnh c c c th c thc hin p
sut khc nhau ty theo yu cu k thut, khi lm vic p sut thng c th dng
thit b h nhng khi lm vic p sut thp th dng thit b kn c c chn khng
v c u iml c th gim c b mt truyn nhit (khi p sut gim th nhit
si ca dung dch gim dn n hiu s nhit gia hi t v dung dch tng).
- C c nhiu ni l qu trnh s dng hi th thay cho hi t, do n c ngha
kinh t cao v s dng nhit. Nguyn tc ca qu trnh c c nhiu ni c th tm
tt nh sau: ni th nht, dung dch c un nng bng hi t, hi th ca ni
ny a vo un ni th hai, hi th ca ni hai a vo un ni th ba hi th
ni cui cng i vo thit b ngng t. Cn dung dch i vo ln lt ni n sang
ni kia, qua mi ni u bc hi mt phn, nng dn tng ln. iu kin cn
thit truyn nhit trong cc ni l phi c chnh lch nhit gia hi t v
dung dch si, hay ni cch khc l chnh lch p sut gia hi t v hi th trong
cc ni, ngha l p sut lm vic trong mi ni phi gim dn v hi th ca ni
trc l hi t ca ni sau. Thng thng ni u lm vic p sut d, cn ni
cui lm vic p sut thp hn p sut kh quyn.
- Trong cc loi h thng c c nhiu ni th h thng c c nhiu ni ngc chiu
c s dng nhiu.
u nhc im ca h thng c c nhiu ni ngc chiu:

u im: t ni u n ni cui nng ca dung dch v nhit u
tng nn nht khng tng my, kt qu h s truyn nhit trong cc ni
hu nh khng gim. Khi c c ngc chiu lng nc bc hi vo thit
b ngng t nh hn xui chiu
Nhc im: h thng c c nhiu ni ngc chiu l cn phi c bm
vn chuyn dung dch.
SVTH: Phm Vn c
Lp : 09H4
Trang 9
n qu trnh thit b
1.3 Thuyt minh s cng ngh:

Dung dch c cha thng cha (1), c bm ly tm (2) a ln thng cao v
(3). T thng cao v dung dch c a iu chnh lu lng lu lng k (4) trc
khi vo h thng c c. Sau , dung dch c bm qua thit b gia nhit (5) nng
n nhit si. Tip theo dung dch i vo h thng 3 ni c c (6), dung dch qua
mi ni c nng tng dn. H thng s dng hi nc bo ha cp nhit.
Dung dch i trong ng, hi nc i ngoi ng. Hi th ni th nht l hi t ni th
hai, hi th ni th hai l hi t ni th ba. Hi th ra khi ni th ba c a vo
baromet ngng t (7), c tc dng to chn khng cho h thng c c. Dung dch
di chuyn t ni u n ni cui nh chnh p. Dung dch sau khi c c c a vo
b cha (8).
S cng ngh c cho s di y:
SVTH: Phm Vn c
Lp : 09H4
Trang
10
n qu trnh thit b
Ch thch s :
1 b cha dung dch trc c c.
5 thit b gia nhit
2 bm.
6 ni c c.
3 thng cao v.
7 baromet to chn khng.
4 lu lng k.
8 b cha dung dch c c.
SVTH: Phm Vn c
Lp : 09H4
Trang
11
CHNG 2: TNH TON CNG NGH THIT B CHNH

2.1 Cn bng vt liu:
Cc s liu ban ban u:
Dung dch c c: NaOH
Nng sut dung dch u: 15000 kg/h.
Nng u: 10%
Nng cui: 35%
p sut hi ni 1: 5 at
p sut cn li trong thit b ngng t: 0,15 at
2.1.1 Lng hi th bc hi ra khi h thng:
Gi:
G, Gc l lng dung dch lc u v cui, kg/h

x, xc l nng u v cui, % khi lng
W
l lng hi th bc hi trong ton h thng, kg/h
Phng trnh cn bng vt liu cho ton h thng:

G = Gc + W
(1)
Phng trnh cn bng vt liu cho cht tan:

G.x = Gcxc + W xw
y ta coi qu trnh c c coi khi lng cht tan khng b mt theo lng
hi bc ra nn ta c:
G x = Gc xc
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c :
W = G (1
x
)
xc
(3)
Theo s liu ti ta c lng hi th bc ra ton h thng l :

W = 15000 (1
10
) = 10714,30 (kg/h)
35
2.1.2 S phn b hi th trong cc ni :

Gi W1, W2, W3 l lng hi th ca ni 1, ni 2, ni 3 kg/h.
Chn s phn b hi th theo t l :
Wi
= 1,02
Wi +1
T cch chn t l ny ta tnh c lng hi th bc ra tng ni theo cng

thc:
W = W1 + W2 + W3 = 2,96.W1
Ni 1:
W1 =
10714,30
W
= 3619,69(kg / h)
=
2,94
2,96
Ni 2:
W2 = 3548,72 (kg/h)
Ni 3:
W3 = 3479,13 (kg/h)
2.1.3 Nng dung dch tng ni:

Theo u bi dung dch c nng u x =10% v nng cui, tc khi ra
khi ni 3 l xc = 35%.
Gi: x1, x2, x3, l nng tng ng trong ni 1, ni 2, ni 3.
Vy: Nng ca dung dch ni 1:
x
X1 = G.
(4)
G W1
= 15000.
10
15000 3619,69
= 13,18 (% khi lng)

Nng ca dung dch ni 2:
X2 = G .
x
G W1 W2
= 15000.
(5)
10
15000 3619,69 3548,72
= 19,15 (% khi
lng)
Nng ca dung dch ni 3: X3 = 35 (% khi lng)
(6)
2.2 Phn b p sut lm vic trong cc ni:

Gi:P1, P2, P3, Pnt, l p sut hi t trong cc ni I, II, III v thit b ngng t. Gi
s s gim p sut xy ra gia cc ni l khng bng nhau v gim theo t
l sau:
Pi
P i
+1
= 1,5
Vy p sut lm vic tng ni l:

Ta c: P = P1-Pnt = 5 - 0,15 = 4,85 at
P = P1+ P2+ P3 = 4,85 at
P1= 1,532 at
P2= 1,021 at
P3= 0,681 at
Gi th1, th2, th3, tnt l nhit ca hi t i vo ni 1, ni 2, ni 3 v thit

b ngng t.
tht1, tht2, tht3, l nhit ca hi th ra khi ni 1, ni 2, ni 3.
Coi s tn tht nhit do mt mt khi vn chuyn hi t thit b ny sang thit
0
b khc l 1 C
Do th2 = tht1 - 1
(7)
th3 = tht2 - 1
(8)
tnt = tht3 -1
(9)
T p sut ca Pht1, Pht2, Pht3 bit, ta tra bng I.251/314 [1] ta c nhit
hi th ca ni 1, ni 2, ni 3, t bit c nhit hi t ca cc ni 1, 2, 3 qua
cng thc (8) (9). Bit nhit ca hi t ta bit c p sut ca hi t bng cch
tra bng I.250/312 [1]:
Bng 1.1
Ni 1
Ni 2
0
Ni 3
0
TB barmet
0
P1(at)
t C
P2(at)
t C
P3(at)
t C
Hi t
151,10
3,468
137,48
2,787
130,0671 0,15
Hi th
3,54
138,48
2,85
131,0671 0,16
Pnt(at)
t C
53,6
54,6
2.3 Tn tht nhit mi ni:

2.3.1 Tn tht nhit o nng ('):
Do nhit si ca dung dch ln hn nhit si ca dung mi cng mt p sut:
0
' = t
sdd
Ta s dng cng thc Tisenc:
sdm
' =
o
'
'. f = .16,2.
Ts
o
(VI.10/59 [2])
r
Trong : 0 l tn tht nhit do nhit si ca dung dch ln hn nhit si

ca dung mi p sut thng;
Ts l nhit si ca dung mi nguyn cht p sut cho, K;
r l l n nhit ha hi ca dung mi nguyn cht p sut lm vic, J/kg.
Da vo bng (VI.2/65 [2]) ta bit c tn tht nhit 0 theo nng a

(% khi lng).
Bng 1.2:
Nng ca dung dch (%kl)
0
0 ( C)
Ni1
Ni 2
Ni 3
13,18
19,15
35
3,6
7,7
22,0
Da vo (I.251/314 [1]) ta xc nh c nhit ha hi r theo p sut hi th:

Bng 1.3:
p sut lm vic, at
-3
Nhit ha hi, r.10 , J/kg
Ni1
Ni 2
Ni 3
3,54
2,85
0,16
2154,45
2202,45
2368,37
Vy, ta tnh c tn tht nhit do nng theo cc cng thc trn:

Bng 1.4
Ni 1
Ni 2
Ni 3
Nhit hi th, K
411,48
404,07
327,6
H s hiu chnh f
1,27
1,20
0,734
Tn tht nhit
4,572
9,24
16,1
48
o
Suy ra tng tn tht nhit do nng ca h thng: = 29,96 C.

2.3.2 Tn tht nhit do p sut thy tnh ():
Trong lng dung dch, cng xung su nhit si ca dung dch cng tng do
p lc ca ct cht lng. Hiu s ca dung dch gia ng truyn nhit v trn mt
thong gi l tn tht nhit d do p sut thu tnh.
' ' = t(P+ P) - tP
Vi
t(P+ P) l nhit si ng vi Ptb.

tp l nhit si ti mt thong ca dung dch.
Tnh p sut thy tnh su trung bnh ca cht lng:
Theo CT VI.12/55-[2] ,ta c:
+ h +
P
=P
tb
Vi: -
.g
ddsoi
Po l p sut hi th trn b mt dung dch.
h l chiu cao ca lp dung dch si k t ming ng truyn nhit n mt

thong dung dch, chn h=0,5m cho c 3 ni.
H l chiu cao ng truyn nhit, chn h = 3 m cho c 3 ni.
ddsoi l khi lng ring ca dung dch khi si, kg/m 3
ddsoi= dd
2
dd c ni suy v ngoi suy t bng I.44/41-[1].

tnh tos ca dung dch K2CO3 ng vi Ptb ta dng cng thc Babo:
P
= K = const
P
s t
Trong : -
P: p sut hi bo ha trn b mt thong ca dung dch
- Ps: p sut hi bo ha ca nc nguyn cht cng nhit vi P, ni

suy t bng I.250/312-[1].
o
Ni 1: ng vi x1= 13,18% ts1 =103.6 C (theo bng I.204/236 [1])

Pht = 3.54 at v p sut hi bo ha ca nc nguyn cht Ps = 1,09 at
3
Ta c: dd = 1095,63 (kg/m ) dds = 547,82 (kg/m )

Suy ra: Ptb=3,54+(0,5+3/2).547,82.9,81.10-5=3,65(at)
K=P/Ps=1/1,09=0,92(at)
M: P=Ptb1 nn P0=3,65/0,92=3,96ttb=145 oC
o
Nhit si ca dung dch trn mt thong: tp = tht + = 138,48+4,572 =143,05 C
Vy ' '1 = t ( P+P ) t P = 145 143,05 = 1,95 C 0
o
Ni 2: ng vi x1= 19,15% ts1 =102,87 C (theo bng I.204/236 [1]) Pht

= 2.85 at v p sut hi bo ha ca nc nguyn cht Ps = 1,12 at
Ta c: dd = 1159,11 (kg/m ) dds = 579,55 (kg/m )

Suy ra :
Ptb= 2,85+(0 ,5+3/2).579,55.9,81.10-5=2,96(at)
Nhit si ca dung dch trn mt thong: tp = tht + = 131,0671 +9,24 = 140,3 C

Vy ' '1 = t ( P+P ) t P = 140,97 140,3 = 0,660 C
o
Ni 3: ng vi x1= 35% ts1 =123,386 C (theo bng I.204/236 [1])

Pht = 0,16 at v p sut hi bo ha ca nc nguyn cht Ps = 2.135 at
3
Ta c: dd = 1310,46 (kg/m ) dds = 655,23 (kg/m )

Suy ra: Ptb=0,16+(0,5+3/2).655,23.9,81.10-5=0,289
K=P/Ps=1/2,135=0,47
M P=Ptb1Po=0,289/0,47=0,614(at)ttb=89,04 oC
o
Nhit si ca dung dch trn mt thong: tp = tht + =54,6+16,148 = 70,7 C

Vy ' '1 = t ( P+P ) t P = = 18,34 o C
Kt qu qu trnh tnh trn c th hin trong bng sau:

Bng 1.5. Tnh p sut trung bnh gia ng truyn nhit.
Ni 1
Ni 2
Ni 3
Nng (% khi lng)
13,18
19,15
35
p sut hi th Po, at
3,54
2,85
0,16
103,6
102,87
123,386
dd (kg/m )
3
dds = dd/2 (kg/m )
1095,63
1159,11
1310,46
547,82
579,55
655,23
Ptb (at)
3,65
2,96
0,29
Ts, C
3
Bng 1.6. Tnh tn tht nhit do p sut thy tnh.

Ni 1
Ni 2
Ni 3
102,87
123,386
Ps,AS hbh ca nc ng/cht Ts
1,09
1,12
H s K = P/Ps
0,92
0,89
0,47
3,65
2,96
0,29
3,96
3,32
0,37
145
140,97
89,04
Nhit hi th, C
138,48
131,07
54,6
Tn tht nhit do nng '
4,572
9,24
Nhit si dd trn mt thong, C
143,05
140,3
16,1
48
70,7
Tn tht nhit do ASTT ''
1,95
0,66
18,34
Nhit si ca dung dch, C
103,6
p sut mt thong dung dch (p

sut kh quyn)
p sut mt thong dung dch (p

sut trung bnh) Ptb
p sut hbh nc ng/cht Ps
o
Nhit si ng vi Ptb, C
o
2,13
Vy ' ' = ' '1 +'+' '3 = 20,95o C

'2
2.3.3 Tn tht do tr lc ca ng ng,():

o
Chn tn tht p sut do tr lc ca ng ng trong tng ni l 1 C

"'
"' ' ' ' = + + '" = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3o C
2.3.4 Tn tht do ton b h thng:

o
= '+' '+' ' ' = 29,96 + 20,95 + 3 = 53,91 C
2.3.5 Hiu s hu ch trong ton h thng v trong tng ni:

Ni 1:
tthi1 = t hd1 t dh2 1 = 151,1 137,48(4,572 + 1,95 + 1) = 6,098o C
Ni 2:
t thi 2 = t hd t hd3 = 137,48 130,0671 (9,24+ 0,66 + 1) = -3,487o C
2
2
Ni 3:
t thi 3 = t hd3 t nt 3 = 130,0671 53,6 (16,148 + 18,34 + 1) = 40,98o C
Cho ton h thng:

t ht = t hd1 t nt = 151,1 53,6 53,91 = 43,59o C
2.4 Tnh nhit lng, nhit dung ring, n nhit ng ng t:

2.4.1 Tnh nhit lng ring:
I: nhit lng ring ca hi t, J/kg
i: nhit lng ring ca hi th, J/kg
Cc gi tr trn c tra trong bng (tra theo nhit ): I.250/312 [1]
2.4.2 Tnh nhit dung ring ca dung dch C, J/kg.:
Nhit dung ring ca dung dch trc khi c c:
V x=10% < 20% nn p dng CT I.43/152 [1]
Co = 4186(1 x) Co = 4186(1 0,1) = 3767,4 (J/kg.)
Nhit dung ring ca dung dch sau khi ra khi ni 1:

Ta c: x1= 13,18% < 20%
C1 = 4186(1 0,1318) = 3634,3 J/kg.
Nhit dung ring ca dung dch sau khi ra khi ni 2:

Ta c x2 = 19,15% < 20% nn p dng CT I.44/152 [1]:
C2 = 4186(1-0,1915)=3384,4 (J/kg. )
Tnh nhit dung ring ca NaOH khan (khng ha tan):

Tnh Cht theo cng thc I.41/153 [1]:
M ct .Cht = nNa .CNa + nH .CH + nO .CO
Trong :
nNa, nH, nO:
l s nguyn t Na, H, O trong hp cht.
CNa, CH, CO: l nhit dung ring ca cc nguyn t

Na, H, O. CNa = 28230J/kg. ; CH = 28836J/kg. ; CO = 16800J/kg.
Cht =
1
( n .C + nH .CH + nO .CO )
M ct Na Na
Cht =
1
( 1.28230 + 1.28836 + 1.16800) = 1596,65 (J/kg.)
40
Nhit dung ring ca dung dch ni 3:

V x3 = 35 % > 20% nn ta p dng cng thc I.44/152 [1]
C3 = Chtx3 + 4186(1 x3)
C3 = 1596,65.0,35+ 4186(1- 0,35) = 3279,73 (J/kg.)
2.4.3 Lp bng nhit lng ring hi t, hi th, nhit dung ca nc ngng v
nhit si ca cc dung dch trong cc ni:
Chn tn tht nhit khi hi th ni trc di chuyn trong h thng ng i
o
lm hi t cho ni sau l 1 C
Da vo nhit hi t v hi th tnh c cn bng vt liu, tra bng
v ni suy, ta c cc gi tr I, i, Cn.
Tnh I v i bng phng php ni suy theo bng I.250/312-[1].
Tnh Cn bng cch ni suy theo bng I.249/310-[1].
Bng 1.7
Hi t
Ni
tC
I.10
-3
Hi th
Cn
(J/kg)
(J/kg.)
tC
i.10
Dung dch
-3
(J/kg)
tC
Cp
(J/kg.)
151,1
2754,32
4315,08
138,48
2737,87
145
3634,30
137,48
2736,47
4271,29
131,067
2727,49
140,97
3384,40
130,067
2726,09
4286,86
54,6
2599,65
89,04
3279,73
2.5 Lp phng trnh cn bng nhit lng v tnh lng hi t cn thit:
Ta c:
D1, D2, D3 l lng hi t vo ni 1, 2, 3 (kg/h)
G, Gc l lng dung dch u v cui h thng (kg/h).
W1, W2, W3 l lng hi th bc ra ni 1, 2, 3. (kg/h).
C1, C2, C3 l nhit dung ring ca dung dch trong ni 1,2,3 (J/kg.).
C, Cc l nhit dung ring ca dung dch dch vo v ra (J/kg.).
Cn1, Cn2, Cn3 l nhit dung ring ca nc ngng ni 1, 2, 3 (J/kg.).
I1, I2, I3 l hm nhit ca hi t ni 1, 2, 3, (J/kg).
i1, i2, i3 l hm nhit ca hi th ni 1, 2, 3, (J/kg).
o
t, tc l nhit u v cui ca dung dch, ( C).

o
t1, t2, t3 l nhit si ca dung dch ni 1, 2, 3 Ptb ( C)

1 , 2 , 3 l nhit nc ngng ni 1, 2, 3, (o C).
Qtt1, Qtt2, Qtt3 l nhit tn tht ra mi trng ni 1, 2, 3, (J)
Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng:
Qvo = Qra
Ta c bng tng kt v cn bng nhit lng cho mi ni:

Bng 1.8
Vo
Ni 1
Ra
Vo
Ni 2
Ra
Vo
Ni 3
Ra
Dung dch u mang vo
G.C.t
Hi t mang vo
D1.I1
Hi th mang ra
W1.i1
Dung dch mang ra
(G-W1)C1.t1
Nc ngng mang ra
D1Cn1 1
Tn tht nhit chung 1
Qtt1 = 0.05D1.I1
Hi t mang vo
D2I2
Dung dch ( ni 1 ra) mang vo
(G W1)C1t1
Hi th mang ra
W2i2
Dung dch mang ra
(G W1 W2)C2t2
Nc ngng mang ra
D2Cn2 2
Tn tht nhit chung 2
Qtt2 = 0.05D2I2
Hi t mang vo
D3I3
Dung dch ( ni 2 ra) mang vo
(G W1 W2)C2t2
Hi th mang ra
W3i3
Dung dch mang ra
(G W1 W2 W3)C3t3
Nc ngng mang ra
D3Cn3 3
Tn tht nhit chung 3
Qtt3 = 0.05D3I3
Vit phng trnh cn bng nhit lng cho tng ni:

Ni 1:
G C t + D1 I1 = W1i1 + (G W1 )C1t1 + D1Cn1 1 + 0,05D1 I 1
D1 (0,95I1 Cn1 1 ) + W1 (C1t1 i1 ) = G (C1t1 C t )
Ni 2:
ni 2, ch : D2 = W1
(G W1 )C1t1 + D2 I 2 = W2i2 + (Gd W1 W2 )C2t 2 + D2Cn2 2 + 0,05D2 I 2
Bin i ta c:
W1 (0,95I 2 C1t1 + C2 t 2 Cn2 2 ) + W2 (C2 t 2 i2 ) = Gd (C2 t 2 C1t1 ) (2)
Ni 3:
D3 I 3 + (Gd W1 W2 )C2 t 2 = W3i3 + (Gd W )C3t 3 + D3Cn3 3 + 0,05D3 I 3
ni 3, ch : D3 = W2 v W = W1 + W2 + W3
Bin i, ta c:
W2 (0,95I 3 Cn3 3 C2 t 2 + i3 ) W1 (C2 t 2 i3 ) = Gd (C3t 3 C2 t 2 ) + W (i3 C3t 3 ) (3)
Gi thit nhit cung cp cho qu trnh c c ch l nhit ngng t th c th xem nhit

nc ngng bng nhit hi t: = t hd
T phng trnh (2) v (3), vi s liu bng trn, ta tnh c:
1902554,92W1 2250391,13 W2 = -748119480 (2)
2122551,13W1 + 4154757,6W2 = 2,195.1010
Suy ra:
(3)
W1 = 3649,83 (kg/h)
W2 = 3418,13
(kg/h)
W3 = W (W1 + W2) = 3646,32 (kg/h)

Tnh sai s theo cng thc:
=
Bng 1.9
W ( ptcbnl ) W (
ptcbvl)i
Wi ( ptcbnl )
.100%
Theo CBVL, kg/h
Theo CBNL, kg/h
Sai s, %
Ni 1 (W1)
3619,69
3649,83
0,83
Ni 2 (W2)
3548,72
3418,13
3,82
Ni 3 (W3)
3479,13
3646,32
4,59
Lng hi t vo ni 1 tnh theo phng trnh cn bng nhit lng ni 1:

D1 = 4026,93 (kg/h)
2.6. Cc thng s k thut chnh:
2.6.1 nht:
Ta s dng cng thc Paplov:
t1 t 2
= k
1 2
Trong : t1, t2 nhit ca cht lng c nht tng ng
T 1 , T 2 .
1 , 2 l nhit ca cht lng tiu chun c nht tng ng.
Ni 1 : x1= 13,18 %, chn cht chun l nc .

0
t1 = 20 C, tra bng I.23/35-[1], c khi lng ring d1 = 1,251 g/cm .

S dng cng thc sau tnh nng ng lng :
C
C N = nC M = n.
%.10d
= 1.
C%.10.d
40
Trong : C% l nng dung dch NaOH.

+
n l tng in tch ca ion Na trong phnt.

d l khi lng ring ca dung dch NaOH.
Suy ra: CN = 4,12 (dlg/l)
Tra ton I.21/102-[1], ta c T 1 = 2,8. 10-3 (N.s/m2)
0
Nhit ca H2O tng ng vi T 1 : 1 = --4,81
C
0

-3
Tra ton I.21/102-[1], ta c T 2 = 1,5. 10
(N.s/m )
Nhit ca H2O tng ng vi 2 : = 15,42 0C

2
Suy ra K = 0,989. M
ts t2
= K=> =
s 2
Ts l nhit si dung dch ni 1 : Ts = 145 C

Suy ra: s
=
145 40
0,542
+ 5,4 = 121,58C
-4
Tra bng I.104/96-[1], 1 = 1,26.10 (N.s/m )
t s t2
+
2
Ni 2 : x2 = 19,15%, chn cht chun l cacl2

0

Tra ton I.21/102-[1], ta c T 1 = 3,8. 10
-3
(N.s/m )
0
Nhit ca H2O tng ng vi T 1 : 1 = -6,7 C

-3
Tra ton I.21/102-[1], ta c T 2 = 2,5. 10
(N.s/m )
Nhit ca H2O tng ng vi 2 : = 0,44 C0

2
Suy ra K =2,801. M
ts t2
= K=> =
t s t2
s 2
+
2
Ts l nhit si dung dch ni 1 : Ts = 140,97 C

Suy ra: s
=
111,56 40
+ 11,31 = 36,487C
1,882
-4
Tra bng I.104/96-[1], 2 = 5,06.10 (N.s/m )

Ni 3 :
x2 = 35%, chn cht chun l dung dch mgCl 15%.

0

Tra ton I.21/102-[1], ta c T 1 = 15,3. 10-3 (N.s/m2)
0
Nhit ca dung dch NaCl 15% tng ng vi
T 1 : 1 = -2,3 C

Tra ton I.21/102-[1], ta c T 2 = 14,9. 10
-3
(N.s/m )
Nhit ca dung dch NaCl 15% tng ng vi
2 : =-1,86 0C
2
Suy ra K = 4,81. M
ts t2
s 2
= K=> =
t s t2
+
2
Ts l nhit si dung dch ni 1 : Ts = 89,04 C

Suy ra: s
=
82,04 40
+ (3,71) = 8,34C
4,153
-3
Tra bng I.105/100-[1], 2 = 1,374.10 (N.s/m )

2.6.2 H s dn nhit ca dung dch:
Tnh theo cng thc (I.32/123- [1])
d = A.C P . 3 , W/m.;
M
(4.2)
Trong :
Cp- nhit dung ring ng p ca dung dch , J/kg.;

3
- khi lng ring ca dung dch , kg/m ;

M- khi lng mol ca dung dch, g/mol ;
-8
A- h s ph thuc mc lin kt ca cht lng; ly A = 3,58.10 ;

Trong :
M = mi Mct + (1- mi) MH2O

xi
mi =
M:
xi
M ct +
M ct
(1 xi )
M H 2O
Vi Mct = 40 (g/mol); MH2O = 18 (g/mol),

Ni 1 : Vi x1 = 13,18%, tnh c m1 = 0,0640
M1 = m1.Mct + (1- m1).MH2O
= 0,0640. 40 + (1 0,0640).18
= 19,41
1159,11
8
d1 =
= 0,589 (W/m.)
. .3
= 3,58.10 .3634,30.1159,11.3
M
19,41
1
A.C P
Ni 2 : Vi x2 = 19.15% tnh c m2 =
0,0299
M2 = m2.Mct + (1- m2).MH2O
= 0,0299.40 + (1 0,0299).18
= 18,66
d 2 = A.C P . 2 3
2
1159,11
2
8
=0,556 (W/m.)
= 3,58.10 .3384,40.1159,11.3
M2
18,66
Ni 3 : Vi x3 = 45% tnh c m3 = 0,0656

M3 = m3.Mct + (1- m3).MH2O
= 0,0656.40 + (1- 0,0656).18
= 19,44
1310,46
d 3 =
. 3 3 3 = 3,58.10 8.3279,73.1310,46.3
=0,626 (W/m.)
M
19,44
3
A.C P3
2.6.3 H s cp nhit:
M t s truyn nhit qua thnh ng:
y ta dng hi nc bo ha lm hi t i ngoi ng, cn dung dch c c
i trong ng. Do khu vc si b tr bn trong ng cn pha ngoi ng l lp nc
ngng t. Mng nc ngng ny nh hng n qu trnh truyn nhit. Cn st thnh

ng s c mt lp cn dung dch bm vo,v vn tc khu vc ny gn bng khng. Lp
cn ny cng nh hng n qua trnh truyn nhit.
Qu trnh truyn nhit t hi t n dung dch trong ng dn gm ba giai
on:
- Truyn nhit t hi t n b mt ngoi ca ng truyn nhit vi h s cp
2
nhit l 1 vi nhit ti l q1 (W/m ).

- Dn nhit qua ng truyn nhit c b dy l , m;
- Truyn nhit t ng truyn nhit vo dung dch vi h s cp nhit l 2 vi
2
nhit ti ring l q2 (W/m ).

a) Giai on cp nhit t hi t n thnh thit b:
Theo nh lut Niutn ta c:
q1= 1.t1
(4.3)
Trong t1 hiu s nhit gia nhit hi ngng t (nhit bo ha) v

nhit thnh t1 =tbh tT;
0
y ta chn t1(n1)= 1,36 C, t1(n2) =1,15 C, t1(n3) = 1,21 C.

y l trng hp nc ngng chy thnh dng, khi h s cp nhit tnh
theo cng thc Nuxen:
1 = 2,04.A4
r
2
, [W/m .]
t1 .H
(V.101/28 [1])
(4.4)
H- chiu cao ca ng truyn nhit H= 3m;

2
Trong : A = ( ) 0, 25 , i vi nc gi tr A ph thuc vo nhit mng
tm, cn r l n nhit ha hi ca hi t. Tra bng I.250/312 [1] ta c:

Bng 1.9
0
Nhit hi t t, C
-3
Nhit ha hi rhh.10 J/kg
Ni 1
151,1
2116,59
Ni 2
137,48
2157,31
Ni 3
130,06
71
2178,81
M ta c:
tm = 0,5(tT + tbh ), m tT =tbh t1
tm = th t1/2 , ( tbh = th )
T tra h s A (trang 29- [2] ) ta lp bng sau:
Bng 1.10
Ni 1
Ni 2
Ni 3
151,1
137,48
104,44
1,36
1,15
1,21
tm, C
150,42
130,91
129,46
195,56
191,27
190.46
th C
0
t1 , C
0
Vy Ni 1: 11
2116,59.103 0, 25
r
2
0.25
= 2,04.A.
) = 2,04.195,56.(
)
= 10706,83 (W/m .)
3.1,36
H .t1
(
2
q11 = 11 .t11 = 10706,83 .1,36 = 14561,29 (W/m )
Ni 2: 1 2 = 2,04.A.
(
2157,31.103 0, 25
r
2
0.25
) = 2,04.191,27.(
) = 10972,37 (W/m .)
3.1,15
H .t1
2
q1 2 = 1 2 .t1 2 =10972,37. 1,15= 12618,22 (W/m )
Ni 3: 13 = 2,04.A.
(
2178,81.103 0, 25
r
2
0.25
) = 2,04.190,46.(
) =10814,64 (W/m )
3.1,21
H .t 3
2
q13 = 13 .t13 = 10814,64.1,21 = 13085,72 (W/m )
b) Giai on cp nhit t thnh thit b n dung dch:

Ta c:
q2 = 2
.t 2
Trong : t2 l hiu s nhit gia thnh ng v dung dch si

t2 = tT2 t0
tt- nhit b mt thnh ng pha dung dch
t0- nhit ca cht lng si
tT2 = th t1 tT
tT- hiu s nhit hai bn thnh
Cn 2 tnh theo cng thc sau: 2 = . n
(4.5)
Trong :
n- h s cp nhit i vi nc
n = 3,14. p 0,15 .q (W/m2.)
0,7
(4.7)
p- l p sut trung bnh gia ng truyn nhit Ptb , at;

l h s iu chnh v c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
0,565
( d )
. (
n =
)
n

2
d
) .( ).(
Cn
0, 435
(4.8)
Trong :
d , d , Cd , d - dn nhit, khi lng ring, nhit dung ring, nht tng
ng vi si ca dung dch;
n , n , Cn , n - dn nhit, khi lng ring, nhit dung ring, nht tng
ng ca nc;
Bng 1.11: Cc thng s ca dung dch:
Ni 1
Ni 2
Ni 3
d ,w/m 2.
0,525
0,537
0,493
d ,kg/m3
1080,83
1154,02
1422,67
C d ,J/kg.
3616,93
3474,44
2660,67
0,285
0,556
1,898
10 . d ,Ns/m
Vi nhit ca ni 1 l ts1 = 134,33 C, ts2 = 111,56 C, ts3 = 82,04 C;

Tra bng [I.249/310 1] ta c bng thng s ca nc:
Bng 1.12:
n ,w/m 2.
3
n ,kg/m
Cn ,J/kg.
3
10 . n , N.s/m
Ni 1
Ni 2
Ni 3
0,69
0,68
0,67
931,05
949,76
970,49
4275,04
4235,66
4198,26
0,211
0,255
0,345
Ni 1:
1
1=
d1
65
0,5
) (
d1
) .(
Cd
).(
n1
)
n1
0,5
25
= ( )
0, 435
n1
C n1
0,56
5
d1
1080,
83 2
.
) .(
3616,93
0,69
= 0,7993
931,05
).(
4275,04
0,
21
)
0,285
0, 435
Ni 2:
2 =
(
d 2
0,565
)
(
n 2
d 2 2 Cd 2 n 2
) .(
).(
)
0, 435
= (
0,537
d 2
Cn 2
. (
0,68
4235,66
949,76
= 0,676
n2
)2
3474,44
0,255
)
).(
.(
1154,02
0.565
0, 435
0,556
Ni 3:
3=
(
d 3
d 3 2 Cd 3 n3
) .( ).(
)
0,565
)
(
n3
0, 435
= (
0,493
d 3
Cn3
Ta c:
tT2 = th t1 t
M:
t = q1.r
0,67
970,49
= 0,456
n3
1422,67
. (
0.565
2660,67
0,345
)
) .(
).(
4198,26
1,898
vi r l tng nhit tr
r = r1 + r2 + r3
Trong :
t- hiu s nhit hai bn thnh thit b

r1- l nhit tr ca nc ngng
r2- l nhit tr do lp cn bm ln thnh
r3- l nhit tr qua lp vt liu
Theo bng [V.1/4 2] ta chn:

-3
-3
Vi lp nc sch: r1 = 0,232 10 (m ./W)

Vi lp cn b :
r2 = 0,38 10 (m ./W)
Nhit tr ca thnh ng:
r3 = (m2./W)
Vi ng truyn nhit ngi ta thng dng thp TC3 c b dy =2(mm)

Lp vt liu tra bng I.125/127 [1] ta c h s dn nhit l 50 W/m.
rn1 =
2
=
rn3
=
0,387.10
0,232.10 3
0, 435
2
.10 3 0,659.10 3 ,m ./W
+ 50
=
Hiu s nhit mt mt khi truyn qua lp nc ngng, thnh thit b v cn:
t = q
R
1
= 14561,29.0,659.10 = 9,596 C
1
t 2 = q2 R2 = 12609,08.0,659.10 3 = 8,31o C
3
t = q
R
3
= 12516,12.0,659.10 = 8,25 C
3
Tnh h s cp nhit ca nc theo CT : n = 3,14. p 0,15 .q
0,7
(W/m .)
2
Tnh h s cp nhit ca dung dch theo cng thc : = .n (W/m .)

o
Nhit pha trong thnh ng : tT2 = tT1 t = Thd t1 - t , C
Ln lt tnh cho mi ni :
o
Ni 1: t1 = 9,596 C
o
tT2 = 151,1 1,36 9,596 = 140,14 C

o
t21 = tT2 tdd = 140,14 134,3 = 5,84 C

0,15
n = 3,14.2,88
0,7
.14561,29
= 3021,08 (W/m .)
2
dd = n. 1 = 3021,08.0,7993 = 2414,75 (W/m .)

2
q2 = dd . t21 = 2414,75.5,84 = 14102,14 (W/m )

o
Ni 2: t2 = 8,31 C
o
tT2 = 129,26 8,31 1,15 = 119,8 C

o
t22 = tT2 tdd = 119,8 111,56 = 8,24 C

0,15
n = 3,14.1,37
0,7
.12609,08
= 2441,68 (W/m .)
2
dd = n. 2 = 2441,68.0,676 = 1650,94 (W/m .)

2
q2 = dd . t22 = 1650,94.8,24 = 13603,75 (W/m )

o
Ni 3: t3 = 8,25 C
o
tT2 = 104,44 8,25 1,21 = 94,98 C

o
t23 = tT2 tdd = 94,98 82,04 = 12,94 C

0,15
n = 3,14.0,35
0,7
.12516,12 = 1980,41 (W/m .)

2
dd = n. 3 = 1980,41.0,456 = 903,07 (W/m .)

2
q2 = dd . t23 = 903,07.12,94 = 11685,68 (W/m )

Bng 1.13
Ni 1
Ni 2
Ni 3
9,596
8,31
8,25
tT2
140,14
119,8
94,98
tdd
134,33
111,56
82,04
t2 = tT2 - tdd
5,84
8,24
12,94
Pht (at)
2,88
1,37
0,35
n (W/m .)
3021,08
2441,68
1980,41
0,7993
0,676
0,456
2414,75
1650,94
903,07
14102,14
13603,75
11685,68
dd (W/m .)
2
q2 (W/m )
Tnh sai s gia q1 v q2 theo cng thc:

=
q1 q2
q2
.100%
Bng 1.14
2
q1 (W/m )
q2 (W/m )
Sai s %
Ni 1
14561,29
14102,14
3,25
Ni 2
12609,08
13603,75
7,31
Ni 3
12516,12
11685,68
7,1
2.6.4 H s phn b nhit hu ch cho cc ni:

y phn b theo iu kin b mt truyn nhit cc ni bng nhau:
F1 = F2 = F3 = const
Trong trng hp ny hiu s nhit hu ch trong mi ni t l bc nht vi t
s Q/K ca cc ni tng ng:
Qi
t h ii (k ) = Ki
n= 3
t hi
Qi
(VI.20/68 [2])
Ki
i=1
Trong :
thi tng hiu s nhit c ch ca cc ni;

Qi - nhit lng cung cp, J
2
Ki h s truyn nhit,W/m .;
Di .ri
Ta c:
Qi =
Trong :
Di- lng hi t ca mi ni, kg/h;
3600
ri- n nhit ngng t ca hi, J/kg;

Ki =
Ni 1
:
1
1
1
+ r+
2
1
Q 1=
D1 .r1
3600
=
K1 =
5189,65.2116590
= 3051209,19(W )
3600
1
1
1
+ 0,000659 +
10706,83
2414,83
= 857,26 (W/m .)
Suy ra :
Q1
3051209,19
=
= 3559,26
K1
857,26
D .r
Ni 2 Q 2 = 2 2 =
3600
:
K2 =
Suy ra:
Nn ta c:
= 737,51 (W/m .)
Q2
2329488,23
=
= 3158,6
K2
737,51
D .r
Suy ra:
1
1
+ 0,000659 +
10964,42
1650,94
Ni 3 Q 3 = 3 3 =
3600
:
K3 =
3844,71.2181220
= 2329488,23(W )
3600
3881,34.2249350
= 2425137,23(W )
3600
1
1
1
+ 0,000659 +
10343,9
902,61
= 536,6
Q3
2425137,23
=
= 4519,41
K3
536,6
n= 3
i=1
Qi
Ki
Q1
K1
Q2
K2
Q
3
= 11237,27
K3
Vy, hiu s nhit hu ch ca mi ni:

Ni 1:
3559,26
0
t hi1 = 56,88.
= 18,02 C
11237,27
Ni 2:
t hi2 = 56,88.
Ni 3:
4519,41
0
t hi3 = 56,88.
= 22,88 C
11237,27
3158,6
0
= 16,01 C
11237,27
Tnh ton sai s nhit hu ch theo bng sau:
Bng 1.15:
thi
Ni 1
16,88
thi (tnh ton)
Sai s %
18,02
7,28
Ni 2
17,7
16,01
9.5
Ni 3
22,4
22,88
2,15
Nh vy cc sai s so vi gi thit ban u u nh hn 10%.
2.6.5 Tnh ton b mt truyn nhit:

B mt truyn nhit ca mi ni:
Ni 1
F1
=
Q1
3051209,19
2
= 197,5 m
=
857,26.18,02
K1 .t hi1
2329488,23
Q2
Ni 2:
F2
=
K 2 .t hi2
F3 =
K3
.t hi3
= 197,5 m
2425137,23
Q3
Ni 3:
737,51.16,01
536,6.22,88
= 197,5 m
2.7 Tnh ton cc thit b chnh:

2.7.1 Bung t:
2.7.1.1 S ng truyn nhit:
Chn ng knh ng truyn nhit l:dn = 57 mm = 0,057 m
Chiu cao ng truyn nhit l: h=3 m;
B dy ng truyn nhit: 2 mm.
Suy ra ng knh trong ca ng truyn nhit: dt = 53 mm.
Thit b s dng l thit b ng tun hon ngoi nn s ng c tnh theo cng thc
sau:
n=
F
197,5
=
=
d t .H . 0,053.3.3,14 395,65
(ng).
Theo bng qui chun s ng truyn nhit V.11/48-[2], ta c nqc = 439 ng.
V vi s ng c quy chun trn, mng ng c sp xp theo hnh su cnh (lc
gic u) vi s hnh su cnh l 11, s ng trn ng xuyn tm l 23. Tng s ng
khng k cc ng trong hnh vin phn l 397 ng.
2.7.1.2 ng knh bung t.
S ng trn ng xuyn tm ca hnh 6 cnh: b = 23 (ng).
Chn bc ng: t = 1,4.do = 1,4.0,057 = 0,0798 (m).
Tnh ng knh trong ca TB trao i nhit theo cng thc V.140/49-[2]:
Dt = t.(b - 1) +4d = 0,0798.(23-1) + 4.0,057 = 1,9836 (m).
Ly ng knh trong ca bung t theo quy chun bng XIII.6/359-[2]:
Dt = 2 (m)
Bng 2.1 ng knh bung t.

S ng trn
Bc ng (m)
ng xuyn
dtn (m)
Dt (m)
0,053
1,9836
Dt quy chun
(m)
tm
0,0798
23
2.7.1.3. Chiu dy bung t:

Thng dng thp chu nhit CT3.
Chiu dy ca thn hnh tr lm vic chu p sut trong p c xc nh theo
cng thc sau:
S=
Dt .P
+ (m)
2.[ ]. P
C
(XIII.8/360 [2])
Trong : Dt: l ng knh trong ca bung t, (m).

: h s bn ca thnh hnh tr tnh theo phng dc, chn =0,95.
(theo bng XIII.8/362 [2]).

C: h s b sung do n mn, bo mn v dung sai chiu dy, (m);
P: p sut trong thit b (at);
[] -ng sut cho php gm ng sut ko [k],v ng sut theo gii hn
chy [ch];
ng sut ko:
[ k ] =
k
n
, (N/m );
(XIII.1/355 [2])
Vi l h s iu chnh,theo bng XIII.2/356 [2] ta chn = 0,9

nk l h s an ton theo gii hn bn theo bng XIII.3/356 [2] ta chn nk = 2,6
(vt liu hp kim c cn, rn dp);
6
k gii hn bn khi ko theo bng XII.4/309 [2] ta chn k = 380.10 N/m

[ k ] =
380.106
6
2
0,9 = 131,54.10 ( N / m )
2,6
ng sut cho php gii hn chy:
[ ] =
(N/m )
(XIII.2/355 [2])
6
Tng t ta chn : = 0,9; nc = 1,5; c = 240.10 N/m
[ c ] =
240.106
6
2
0,9 = 144.10 ( N / m )
1,5
ng sut cho php phi ly gi tr nh tnh ton m bo iu kin bn,

6
tc l ly [] = 131,54. 10 (N/m )
i lng b sung C ph thuc vo n mn v dung sai ca chiu di. Xc
nh theo cng thc sau:
C =C1 + C2 + C3 , m ;
(XIII.17/363 [2])
Trong : C1 l i lng b sung do n mn; ta chn C1 = 1 mm;

C2 l i long b sung do hao mn,trong trng hp tnh ton thit b
ha cht c th b qua C2.
C3 i lng b sung o dung sai ca chiu dy, ph thuc vo chiu dy
tm vt liu, theo bng XIII.9/364 [2] ta chn C3 = 0,4 mm
C = 1 + 0 + 0,4 = 1,4 mm = 0,0014 m
Ni 1: p sut trong thit b bng p sut hi t Ph : P =Ph
4
Ph1 = 5 at = 5.9,81.10 = 490500 (N/m )
S
1
Dt .P
2[ ] P
2.490500
+C=
2.131,54.10 .0,95 490500
+ 0,0014 = 0,00533(m)
Chn S1 = 0,006 (m) = 6 (mm) m bo bn.

Kim tra ng sut theo p sut th:
th
=
[D + ( S C
) ]P
t
2( S C )
(CT XIII.26/365-[2])
12
Trong : Po l p sut th tnh ton theo cng thc sau:

2
Po=Pth+P1 , N/m
(CT XIII.27/366 [2]).
Pth: p sut th thu tnh ly theo bng XIII.5/358 [2]

6
Chn Pth=1,5Phd, v 0,07.10 < Phd1 = 294300 < 0,5.10 (N/m ).

P1 l p sut thy tnh ca nc, xc nh theo cng thc XIII.10/360-[2]:
2
P1 = g.dd1.H = 9,81.1060,83.3 = 31220,2 (N/m )

Vy:
V
Po = 1,5.490500 + 31220,2 = 766970 (N/m )

1,2
6
240.10
1,2
=
6
200.10 (
2
N/m )
].766970
[2 + ( 6
Ta thy:
th
=
1,4) 10
= 175,9.10 < 200.10 ( N / m )
2.( 61,4) 10 3.0,95
Vy b dy 6 mm tha mn ni 1.
4
Ph2 = 2,726 at = 2,726.9,81.10 = 267420,6 (N/m )

S
Dt .P
2.267420,6
2[ ] P
+C=
+ 0,0014 = 0,00354(m)
2.131,54.10 .0,95 267420,6
Chn S1 = 0,004 (m) = 4 (mm) m bo bn.

th
=
[D + ( S C
) ]P
t
2( S C )
(CT XIII.26/365-[2])
12

2
Po=Pth+P1 , N/m
(CT XIII.27/366 [2]).

6
Chn Pth=1,5Phd2 , v 0,07.10 < Phd2 = 267420,6 < 0,5.10 (N/m ).

2
P1 = g.dd2.H = 9,81.1154,02.3 = 33962,8 (N/m )

2
Vy:
V
Po = 1,5.267420,6 + 33962,8 = 435093,71 (N/m )
c
1,2
240.106
6
2
= 200.10 ( N / m )
1,2
[2 + ( 4
Ta thy:
= th
1,4) 10
].435093,71
= 176,38.10 < 200.10 ( N / m )
2.( 41,4) 10 3.0,95
4
Ph3 = 1,21 at = 1,21.9,81.10 = 118701(N/m )
S
3
Dt .P
[ ]
2.118701
+C=
+ 0,0014 = 0,00235(m)
2 P
2.131,54.10 .0,95 118701
Chn S1 = 0,003 (m) = 3 (mm) m bo bn.

th
=
[D + ( S C
) ]P
t
2( S C )
12
(CT XIII.26/365-[2])

2
Po=Pth+P1 , N/m
(CT XIII.27/366 [2]).

6
Chn Pth=1,5Phd3 , v 0,07.10 < Phd3 = 118701 < 0,5.10 (N/m ).

2
P1 = g.dd3.H = 9,81.1422,67.3 = 41869,2 (N/m )

2
Vy:
V
Po = 1,5.118701+ 41869,2 = 219920,7 (N/m )
240.106
6
2
= 200.10 ( N / m )
=
1,2
1,2
Ta thy:
th =
[2 + ( 3
1,4) 10
].219920,7
2.( 3 1,4) 10 .0,95

3
144,8.10 6
=
200.10 6 (
<
N m
Bng 2.2. B dy bung t.
-6
Ni
Stnh (mm)
Sqc (mm)
5,33
2
3
-6
th.10
c/1,2 .10
Schn (mm)
(N/m )
(N/m )
175,9
200
3,54
176,38
200
2,35
144,8
200
2.7.1.4 B dy y bung t:
y cng nh np c ch to cng loi vt liu vi thn thit b; y v np
c ni vi thn thit b bng cch hn, ghp bch hoc hn lin vi thn. i vi
4
thn hnh tr thng ng, p sut trong ln hn 7.10 N/m , thng chn y hnh elip.
Chiu dy S c xc nh theo cng thc XIII.47/385-[2]:
S=
Dt . p
3,8.[ k
].k. h
D
. t + C (m)
p 2h b
Trong : hb l chiu cao phn li ca y, m c gi tr bng:
hb = 0,25.Dt = 0,25.2 = 0,5 (m)

h l h s bn ca mi hn hng tm tra bng XIII.8/362-[2]
h = 0,95 (vt liu thp cacbon, hn gip mi 2 bn).
k l h s khng th nguyn xc nh nh sau:
k = 1- d/Dt
y d l ng knh ln nht ca l khng tng cng, ly d = 0,15m.
Vy, k = 1 0,15/2 = 0,925.
6
[k] = 131,54.10 (N/m ) l ng sut ko tnh trn.

2
Ni 1: P = Phd1 = 5.9,81.104 = 490500 (N/m )

2
po = pth + p1 = pth + g.dd1.H = 1,5.490500 + 9,81.1060,83.3 = 766970 (N/m )

Ta c: S =
2.490500
2
+ C = 0,0045 + C
3,8.131,54.10 .0,925.0,95 490500 2.0,5
6
V S C = 0,007 m = 4,5 mm < 10 mm nn C c cng thm 2 mm so vi gi tr

tnh trn. Vy nn: C = 1,4 + 2 = 3,4 mm.
Do : S = 0,0045 + 0,0034 = 0,0079 (m)
Theo bng XIII.11/384-[2], quy chun S = 8 mm.
Kim tra ng sut thnh ca np thit b theo p sut th thy lc bng cng thc:
=
[D
+ 2hb .(S C) . po = [4 + 2.0,5.(0,008 0,0034)]766970

2
6
= 199,95.10 (N/m )
7,6.k. h .hb .(S C)
7,6.0,925.0,95.0,5.(0,008 0,0034)
2
Nh vy: < c = 200.10 .

Do , S = 8 mm ph hp cho y bung t ni 1.
2
Ni 2: P = Phd2 = 2,726.9,81.104 = 267420,6 (N/m )

2
po = pth + p1 = pth + g.dd2.H = 1,5.267420,6 + 9,81.1154,02.3 =435093,71 (N/m )

Ta c: S =
2.267420,6
2
+ C = 0,00244 + C
3,8.131,54.10 .0,925.0,95 267420,6 2.0,5
6
V S C = 0,00244 m = 2,44 mm < 10 mm nn C c cng thm 2 mm so vi gi

tr tnh trn. Vy nn: C = 1,4 + 2 = 3,4 mm.
Do : S = 0,00244 + 0,0034 = 0,0058 (m)
[D
=
+ 2hb .(S C) . po = [4 + 2.0,5.(0,008 0,0034)]435093,71

2
6
= 113,43.10 (N/m )
7,6.k. h .hb .(S C)
7,6.0,925.0,95.0,5.(0,008 0,0034)
t
Nh vy: < c = 200.10 .
Ni 3: P = Phd3 = 1,211.9,81.10 = 118799,1 (N/m )

2
po = pth + p1 = pth + g.dd3.H = 1,5.118701 + 9,81. 1422,67.3 = 219920,7 (N/m )

Ta c: S =
2.118799,1
2
+ C = 0,0011 + C
.
3,8.131,54.10 .0,925.0,95 118799,1 2.0,5
6
V S C = 0,0011 m = 1,1 mm < 10 mm nn C c cng thm 2 mm so vi gi tr

tnh trn. Vy nn: C = 1,4 + 2 = 3,4 mm.
Do : S = 0,0011 + 0,0034 = 0,0045 (m)
[D
=
+ 2hb .(S C) . po = [4 + 2.0,5.(0,006 0,0034)].219920,7

2
6
= 101,38.10 (N/m )
7,6.k. h .hb .(S C)
7,6.0,925.0,95.0,5.(0,006 0,0034)
2
Nh vy: < c = 200.10 .

Nh vy, ta c th chon b dy y bung t l 8 mm cho c 3 ni.
Bng 2.3. B dy y bung t.
-6
-6
th.10
c/1,2.10
(N/m )
(N/m )
Ni
Stnh (m)
S (m)
0,0079
0,008
199,95
200
0,008
0,0058
0,008
113,43
200
0,008
0,0045
0,006
101,38
200
0,008
Schn (m)
Da vo bng XIII.11/384-[2], chn chiu cao g bng 25 mm.

2.7.2 Bung bc:
2.7.2.1 ng knh bung bc:
Theo bng XIII.6/359 [2] ta chn ng knh trong bung bc Db l 2,2 m.
2.7.2.2 Chiu cao bung bc:
Th tch khng gian hi xc nh theo cng thc:
Vkgh =
W
3
(m )
h .U tt
( VI.32/71 [2])
Trong - Vkgh: th tch khng gian hi (m )

3
- W: lng hi th bc ln trong thit b (m )
- h : khi lng ring ca hi th (kg/m )

- Utt: cng bc hi th tch cho php ca khong khng gian
3
hi trong mt n v thi gian(m /m .h).

3
Vi utt= f.Utt(1at) , m /m h ;
3
y Utt(1at)-cng bc hi th tch cho php khi p = 1at ,m /m .h;

3
Chn Utt=1600 m /m h;
f- l h s iu chnh, xc nh theo th VI.3/72 [2]
Ni 1 : W1 = 3844,71 kg/h;
0
Nhit hi th: t = 130,26 C, ht= 1,505 (kg/m ) (ni suy bng I.250/312-[1])
Vi Pht = 2,78 at f = 0,9
3
Utt = 0,9.1600 = 1440 m /m h;

Vkgh =
3844,71
3
= 1,774 (m )
1,505.1440
Vy ta tnh c chiu cao khng gian hi Hkgh bng cng thc VI.34/72 [2]
H kgh =
4.Vkgh
.Db
4.1,774
= 0,467 (m)
3,14.2,2 2
Ni 2 : : W2 = 3881,34 kg/h;
0
Nhit hi th: t = 105,44 C, ht= 0,7143 (kg/m )

Vi Pht = 1,252 at f = 0,98
3
Utt = 0,98.1600 = 1568 m /m h;

Vkgh =
3881,34
3
= 3,465 (m )
0,7143.1568
H kgh =
4.Vkgh
.Db
4.3,465
= 0,912 m
3,14.2,2 2
Ni 3 : W2 = 3940,62 kg/h;
0
Nhit hi th: t = 60,7 C, ht= 0,1654 (kg/m )

Vi Pht = 0,21 at f = 1,6
Utt = 1,6.1600 = 2560 m /m h;

Vkgh =
3940,62
3
= 9,30 (m )
0,1654.2560
H kgh =
4.Vkgh
.Db
4.9,3
= 2,45 (m)
3,14.2,2 2
Kt qu tnh ton c tm tt trong bng sau:

Bng 2.4. Tnh chiu cao khng gian hi.
Ni 1
Ni 2
Ni 3
2,78
1,252
0,21
tht, C
130,26
105,44
60,7
0,9
0,98
1,6
utt m /m h
1440
1568
2560
W, kg/h
3844,71
3881,34
3940,62
1,505
0,714
0,165
Vkgh, m
1,774
3,465
9,3
Hkgh, m
0,467
0,912
2,45
Pht, at
o
, kg/m
Chn chiu cao phn dung dch trn trn bung bc l 0,55 m
Chn chiu cao bung bc cho c 3 ni l 3 m
2.7.2.3 B dy bung bc:
Vt liu ch to bung bc l thp CT3 v b dy bung bc tnh theo cng
Tnh theo cng thc sau:
S=
Db .P
+ C (m)
2.[ ] P
(XIII.8/360 [2])
Vi: Db= 2,2 m

= 0,95
[ ]= 131,54.106 (N/m2)
C= 0,0014 m
4
Ni 1: P = Pht1 + Ptht = 2,78. 9,81.10 + 540,41.9,81.0,5 = 275368,7 (N/m )

S =
2,2.275368,7
+ 0,0014 = 0,00383 (m)
6
2.131,54.10 .0,95 275368,7
Chn S = 4 (mm)
[D b + (S C)].P 0
2.(S C).
<
c
2
(N/m )
1,2
(XIII.26/365 [2])
Vi P0 = 1,5Pht1+ Pl
4
P0 = 1,5.2,78.9,81.10 + 540,41.9,81.0,5 = 411727,7 (N/m )

=
[2,2 + (0,004 0,0014)].411727,7 = 183,6.106 (N/m2)

2.(0,004 0,0014).0,95
c
1,2
= 200.10 (N/m ) <
c
1,2
Do , S = 4 mm tha mn iu kin bn bung bc ni 1.

4
Ni 2: P = Pht2 + Ptht = 1,252. 9,81.10 + 577,01.9,81.0,5 = 125651,4 (N/m )

S =
2,2.125651,4
+ 0,0014 = 0,00251 (m)
6
2.131,54.10 .0,95 125651,4
Chn S = 3 (mm)
=
[D b + (S C)].P 0
2.(S C).
<
c
2
(N/m )
1,2
(XIII.26/365 [2])
Vi P0 = 1,5Pht2+ Pl
4
P0 = 1,5.1,252.9,81.10 + 577,01.9,81.0,5 = 187062 (N/m )

=
c
1,2
[2,2 + (0,003 0,0014)].187062 = 135,5.106 (N/m2)

2.(0,003 0,0014).0,95
= 200.10 (N/m ) <
c
1,2

4
Ni 3: P = Pht3 + Ptht = 0,21. 9,81.10 + 711,33.9,81.0,5 = 24090 (N/m )

S =
2,2.24090
+ 0,0014 = 0,00161 (m)
6
2.131,54.10 .0,95 24090
Chn S = 2 (mm)

=
[D b + (S C)].P 0
2.(S C).
<
c
2
(N/m )
1,2
(XIII.26/365 [2])
Vi P0 = 1,5Pht3+ Pl
4
P0 = 1,5.0,21.9,81.10 + 711,33.9,81.0,5 = 34390,6 (N/m )
[2,2 + (0,002 0,0014)].34390,6
c
1,2
2.(0,002 0,0014).0,95
6
= 200.10 (N/m ) <
= 66,4.10 (N/m )
c
1,2

Vy b dy bung bc ca c 3 ni c thit k l 4 mm.
Bng 2.5. B dy bung bc.
-6
-6
th.10
c/1,2.10
(N/m )
(N/m )
Ni
Stnh (m)
S (m)
0,00383
0,004
183,6
200
0,004
0,00251
0,003
135,5
200
0,004
0,00161
0,002
66,4
200
0,004
Schn (m)
2.7.2.4 B dy np bung bc:

Thit k np cho c 3 ni theo hnh elip c g,vt liu bng thp cacbon CT3.
S =
Db .P
k ]k. h P
Db
C m
.
+ ( )
2.hb
(XIII.47/385 [2])
3,8[
Trong : Db = 2,2 m
6
[k] = 131,54.10 N/m

h = 0,95
hb l chiu cao phn li ca np; hb = 0,25.Db =0,55 (m)

k l h s khng th nguyn, xc nh nh sau: k= 1-
d
(XIII.48/385-[2])
Db
y d- l ng knh ln nht ca l trn np thit b ta chn d =0,2 m
k= 1-
0,2
= 0,91
2,2
2
P - l p sut ca hi th (N/m )
Ni 1: Pht1 = 2,78.9,81.10 = 272718 (N/m )
S=
2,2.272718
2
+ C = 0,00253 + C
3,8.131,54.10 .0,91.0,95 272718 2.0,55
6
Ta thy S C = 2,53 mm <10 mm nn gi tr C tnh trn phi thm 2 mm. Nh vy:
C = 0,0014 + 0,002 = 0,0034 (m)

Suy ra: S = 0,0023 + 0,0034 = 0,00593 (m) = 5,93 (mm)
Theo bng XIII.11/384-[2], chn b dy S = 8 (mm) cho np bung bc ni 1.
Kim tra ng sut thnh np vi p sut th thy lc theo cng thc:
[D
=
+ 2.hb (S C) Po
7,6.k. h .hb ( S C
(XIII.49/386 [2])
1,2
Ta c P0 = 1,5Pht1 + P1 = 1,5.2,78. 9,81.10 + 540,41.9,81.0,5 = 411727,7 (N/m )
[2,2
=
]411727,7 =
+ 2.0,55( 8
3,4) 10
6
2
< 200.10 N / m
120.10 6
7,6.0,91.0,95.0,55( 8 3,4) 10
Vy np bung bc ni 1 c b dy l 8 mm m bo bn.
4
Ni 2: Pht2 = 1,252.9,81.10 = 122821,2 (N/m )
S=
2,2.122821,2
2
+ C = 0,00113 + C
.
3,8.131,54.10 .0,91.0,95 122821,2 2.0,55
6
Ta thy S C = 1,13 mm < 10 mm nn gi tr C tnh trn phi thm 2 mm. Nh vy:

C = 0,0014 + 0,002 = 0,0034 (m)
Suy ra: S = 0,00113 + 0,0034 = 0,0045 (m) = 4,5 (mm)
[D
=
+ 2.hb (S C) Po
7,6.k. h .hb ( S C
(XIII.49/386 [2])
1,2
Ta c P0 = 1,5Pht2 + P1 = 1,5.1,252. 9,81.10 + 577,01.9,81.0,5 = 187062 (N/m )

=
[2,2
+ 2.0,55( 5 3,4) 10 187062

3
7,6.0,91.0,95.0,55( 5 3,4) 10
=
156,65.10
< 200.10 N / m
Ni 3: Pht3 = 0,21.9,81.10 = 20601 (N/m )
S=
2,2.20601
2
+ C = 0,0002 + C
3,8.131,54.10 .0,91.0,95 20601 2.0,55
6
Ta thy S C = 0,2 mm < 10 mm nn gi tr C tnh trn phi thm 2 mm. Nh vy:

C = 0,0014 + 0,002 = 0,0034 (m)
Suy ra: S = 0,0002 + 0,0034 = 0,0036 (m) = 3,6 (mm)
[D
=
+ 2.hb (S C) Po
7,6.k. h .hb ( S C
(XIII.49/386 [2])
1,2
Ta c P0 = 1,5Pht3 + P1 = 1,5.0,21. 9,81.10 + 711,33.9,81.0,5 = 34390,6 (N/m )
[2,2
=
+ 2.0,55( 4 3,4) 10 .34390,6

3
7,6.0,91.0,95.0,55( 4 3,4) 10
=
76,7.10
< 200.10 N / m
Vy, thit k np c b dy 8 mm cho c 3 ni.
Bng 2.6. B dy np bung bc.
-6
-6
th.10
c/1,2.10
(N/m )
(N/m )
Ni
Stnh (mm)
S (mm)
5,93
120
200
4,5
156,65
200
3,6
76,7
200
Schn (mm)
Chiu cao np bung bc: 0,55 (m).

2.7.3 Ca lm v sinh:
Chn ng knh sa cha v lm v sinh l 0,5 m thun tin cho vic sa cha v
lm v sinh thit b.
2.8 ng knh cc ng dn:
2.8.1 ng knh ng dn hi t:
ng knh ng dn v ca ra vo ca thit b xc nh theo phng trnh:
dd =
Vs
0.785.w
(m)
(VII.42/74 [2])
3
Trong : Vs-lu lng hi t i trong ng, m /s; Vs = v.D;

D- l lng hi t i trong ng, kg/h;
3
v- th tch ring ca hi t (m /kg), tra bng I.250/312-[1] theo nhit

hi t.
w- vn tc ca hi i trong ng, m/s;

o
Ni 1: th1 = 151,1 C v= 0,384 (m /kg)
Lng hi t i trong ng: D =
5189,65
1,44
1
(kg/s)
3600
Chn vn tc hi t i trong ng: w = 40 m/s
d1 =
0,384.1,44
= 0,133(m) = 133 (mm)
0,785.40
Vy, quy chun d1 theo bng XIII.26/409-[2], ta ly:

d1 = 125 (mm) v dn1 = 133 (mm)
o
Ni 2: th2 = 129,26 C v= 0,684 (m /kg)

D =
1,068
2
3844,71
(kg/s)
3600
Chn vn tc hi t i trong ng w= 40 (m/s)

d2 =
0,684.1,068
= 0,153 (m) = 153 (mm)
0,785.40

d2 = 150 (mm) v dn2 = 159 (mm)
o
Ni 3: th3 = 104,44 C v = 1,449 (m /kg)

D =
1,078
3
3881,34
(kg/s)
3600
Chn vn tc hi t i trong ng: w = 40 m/s

d3 =
1,449.1,078
= 0,223 (m) = 223 (mm).
0,785.40

d3 = 200 (mm) v dn3 = 219 (mm)
Bng 2.7. ng knh ng dn hi t.
Ni
Thd, C
D kg/s
(m/s)
m /kg
Vs
dtnh
dqc,
dn
(mm)
mm
mm
m /s
151,1
1,44
40
0,384
0,553
133
125
133
129,26
1,068
40
0,684
0,731
153
150
159
104,44
1,078
40
1,449
1,562
223
200
219
T bng trn, ta chn ng knh ng dn hi t cho c 3 ni l:
d = 150 (mm), dn = 159 (mm)

2.8.2 ng knh ng dn hi th:
Tng t nh tnh ng knh ng dn hi t, ta dng cng thc:
dd =
Vs
(m)
0.785.w
(VII.42/74 [2])
ng knh ng dn hi th ca ni 1 bng ng knh ng dn hi t vo ni 2.

ng knh ng dn hi th ca ni 2 bng ng knh ng dn hi t vo ni 3.
o
Ni 3: Tht3 = 60,7 C suy ra V = 7,48 (m /kg)

W3 =
3940,62
=
3600 1,095
(kg/h)
Chn vn tc hi th i trong ng: w = 40 (m/s)

Suy ra: d 3 =
7,48.1,095
= 0,510 (m) = 510 (mm).
0,785.40

d3 = 200 (mm) v dn3 = 219 (mm)
Bng 2.8. ng knh ng dn hi th:
o
Ni
Tht, C
60,7
(kg/s)
(m/s)
(m /kg)
(m /s)
1,095
40
7,48
8,19
dtnh
Vs
3
dqc,
(mm) (mm)
510
500
dn
(mm)
511
2.8.3 ng knh ng dn dung dch:

d
TBGN
d1
Ni 1
p dng cng thc: d=
d2
Ni 2
d3
G
(m)
0,785. .w
Vi G-l khi lng dung dch, kg/h

3
- l khi lng ring ca dung dch, kg/m ;

w- vn tc ca dung dch, m/s;
Ni 3
B cha
ng knh ca ng dn dung dch vo thit b gia nhit:

G1 = 15000 kg/h
o
Xem dung dch trc khi vo thit b gia nhit nhit mi trng 25 C,
3
nng u 10%, tra bng I.44/41-[1], ta c: = 1088,57 (kg/m )

Chn: w = 1 (m/s)
d =
15000
= 0,06983 (m) = 69,83 (mm)
3600.0,785.1088,57.1
Vy, quy chun d theo bng XIII.26/409-[2], ta ly:

d = 50 (mm) v dn = 57 (mm)
ng knh ca ng dn dung dch vo ni 1:
G1 = 15000 kg/h
Dung dch vo ni 1 nhit si tng ng vi nng 10%, tra bng
o
I.44/41-[1] vi nhit si ca dung dch u Ts = 100,96 C, ta c:

3
d = 1046 (kg/m )
Chn: w= 1 (m/s)
d1=
15000
= 0,0712 (m) = 71,2 (mm)
3600.0,785.1046.1

d1 = 70 (mm) v dn1 = 76 (mm)
G2 = G1 W1 = 15000 3844,71 = 11155,3 kg/h
Khi lng ring ca dung dch ni 1 c tnh phn tnh cn bng:
3
1 = 1080,83 kg/m
Chn w = 1 m/s
d2=
11155,3
= 0,0604 (m) = 60,4 (mm)
3600.0,785.1080,83.1

d2 = 50 (mm) v dn2 = 57 (mm)
G3 = G2 W2 =11155,3 3881,34 = 7273,96 kg/h
Khi lng ring ca dung dch ni 2: 2 = 1154,02 kg/m

Chn w = 1 m/s
d3=
7273,96
= 0,0472 (m) = 47,2 (mm)
3600.0,785.1154,02.1
Quy chun d3 theo bng XIII.26/409-[2], ta ly: d3 = 40 (mm) v dn3 = 45 (mm)

ng knh ca ng dn dung dch ra khi ni 3:
G = G3 W3 = 7273,96 3940,62 = 3333,34 kg/h
Khi lng ring ca dung dch ni 3: 3 = 1422,67 kg/m3
Chn w = 1 m/s
d3=
3333,34
= 0,0288 (m) = 28,8 (mm)
3600.0,785.1422,67.1
Vy, quy chun d theo bng XIII.26/409-[2], ta ly: d = 25 (mm) v dn = 32 (mm)

Bng 2.9. ng knh ng dn dung dch.
G
dtnh
dqc
dn
(kg/h)
(kg/m3)
(m/s)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
15000
1088,57
69,83
50
57
Vo ni 1
15000
1046
71,2
70
76
Vo ni 2
11155,3
1080,83
60,4
50
57
Vo ni 3
7273,96
1154,02
47,2
40
45
Ra ni 3
3333,34
1422,67
28,8
25
32
V tr
Vo
TBGN
T bng trn, ta chn ng knh ng dn dung dch:

- Vo TBGN: d = 50 (mm), dn = 57 (mm)
- Vo 3 ni: d = 50 (mm), dn = 57 (mm)
- Ra ni 3: d = 25 (mm), dn = 32 (mm)
2.8.4 ng knh ng tho nc ngng:
p dng cng thc:
dn=
Vs
(m)
0,785.w
Vi Vs- lu lng nc chy trong ng, m /s; Vs = D.v

D l lng hi t, kg/h
v- th tch ring ca hi t, m /kg v v =
1
3
(m /kg)
l khi lng ring ca nc ngng Thd (tra bng I.249/310-[1].

w tc nc i trong ng m/s, chn w = 0,1 (m/s) cho c 3 ni.
o
Ni 1: th1 = 151,1 C 1 = 915,94(kg/m ) v1 = 0,0011 (m /kg)

Lng nc ngng ra ni 1:
D =
1,44
1
0,0011.1,44
d1 =
5189,65
(kg/s)
3600
= 0,142 (m) = 142 (mm)
0,785.0,1
o
Ni 2: th2 = 129,26 C 2 = 935,4 (kg/m ) v2 = 0,00107 (m /kg)

D =
1,068
2
0,00107.1,068
d2 =
0,785.0,1
3844,71
(kg/s)
3600
= 0,121 (m) = 121 (mm)
o
Ni 3: th3 = 104,44 C 3 = 955,14 (kg/m ) v3 = 0,00105 (m /kg)

D =
1,078
3
0,00105.1,078
d3 =
0,785.0,1
3881,34
(kg/s)
3600
= 0,120 (m) = 120 (mm)
Bng 2.10. ng knh ng tho nc ngng.
o
(m/s)
m /kg
Vs.10
dtnh
dqc,
dn
m /s
(mm)
mm
mm
Ni
Thd, C
D kg/s
151,1
1,44
0,1
0,0011
1,584
142
150
159
129,26
1,068
0,1
0,00107
1,142
121
125
133
104,44
1,078
0,1
0,00105
1,132
120
125
133
T bng trn, ta chn ng knh ng dn hi t cho c 3 ni l:

d = 125 (mm), dn = 133 (mm)
2.8.5. ng knh ng tun hon:

Ta ly ng knh ng tun hon ngoi bng 20% ng knh ca bung t.
Tc l Dth = 0,2.2 = 0,4 (m) = 400 (mm)
Tra bng XIII.26/409-[2], ta chn ng knh ngoi Dthn = 426 (mm)
2.9 B dy lp cch nhit ca thit b:
2.9.1 B dy lp cch nhit cho cc ng dn:
B dy lp cch nhit bc cc ng dn trong iu kin cp nhit ra ngoi khng
o
kh chuyn ng t do, nhit mi trng xung quanh khong 25 C c tnh theo

cng thc:
d
.t
= 2,8
1, 2
1.3
.1,35
T2
(mm)
1,5
(V.137/41 [2])
Vi: dn: l ng knh ngoi ca ng dn (khng k lp cch nhit), mm;

: l h s dn nhit ca lp cch nhit,(W/m.);
q: l nhit tn tht tnh theo 1 m chiu di ng, (W/m);ta tm c bng cch tra
bng V.7/42 - [2]
o
tT2:l nhit mt ngoi ca ng kim loi cha k lp cch nhit ( C)

Chn vt liu cch nhit l bng thy tinh c h s dn nhit = 0,0372 (W/m.) v
3
khi lng ring = 200 (kg/m ).
i vi ng dn hi t:
i lng q c tra t bng V.7/42-[2], v xem nhit t T2 bng nhit hi t i

trong ng nu tn tht nhit qua thnh ng rt nh, ta c bng tng hp sau:
Bng 2.11. Lp cch nhit ng hi t.
Hi t
Ni 1
Ni 2
Ni 3
dn,mm
159
159
159
151,1
129,26
104,44
, W/m.
0,0372
0,0372
0,0372
q1, W/m
116,77
103,97
89,58
tnh, mm
7,8
7,6
7,2
chn, mm
tT2 = t
0
h, C
1,
Ni 1:
1
=
2,8.159
2
1,35
1,3
.0,0372 .151,1
1,5
116,77
Ni 2:
1
=
2,8.159 .0,0372 .129,26

1,5
103,97
Ni 3:
1
=
= 7,8 mm
1, 2
1,35
1,3
1, 2
1,35
1,3
2,8.159 .0,0372 .104,44

1,5
89,58
= 7,6 mm
= 7,2 mm
Chn chiu dy lp cch nhit chung l 8 mm.

i vi ng dn hi th:
Lp cch nhit cho ng dn hi th ni 1 chnh l lp cch nhit ca ng dn hi
t ni 2.
Lp cch nhit cho ng dn hi th ni 2 chnh l lp cch nhit ca ng dn hi
t ni 3.
Tnh ring lp cch nhit cho ng dn hi th ni 3:
Bng 2.12 Lp cch nhit ng dn hi th n baromet.
dn,mm
tht, C
, W/m.
q1, W/m
tnh, mm
chn, mm
511
60,7
0,0372
141,25
7,25
1
=
Ni 3:
1, 2
1,35
1,3
2,8.511 .0,0372 .60,7

= 7,25 mm
1,5
141,25
Chn chiu dy lp cch nhit cc ng dn hi th l 8 mm.

i vi ng dn dung dch
Da vo kt qu tnh c, ta lp bng sau:
Bng 2.13. Tnh lp cch nhit cho ng dn dung dch.
Dung dch
Sau TBTN
Ra ni 1
Ra ni 2
Ra ni 3
dn, mm
57
57
57
57
100,96
134,3
111,56
82,04
tdd, C
, W/m.
0,0372
0,0372
0,0372
0,0372
q1, W/m
52,84
68,32
57,76
43,2
Sau thit b gia nhit: = 2,8
571, 2.0,0372 1,35.100,961,3
1,5
52,84
1, 2
Ra ni 1:
= 2,8
57 .0,0372
Ra ni 2:
1,35
1,3
.134,3
= 4,36mm
1,5
68,32
= 2,8
571, 2.0,0372 1,35.111,561,3
Ra ni 3:
= 4,42mm
= 4,4mm
1,5
57,76
= 2,8
571, 2.0,0372 1,35.82,041,3
= 4,57mm
1,5
43,2
B dy cch nhit ca ng dn dung dch vo v ra hn km nhau khng dng k nn

ta chn b dy lp cch nhit cho cc ng dn dung dch cng bng 4,5 mm.
i vi ng tun hon ngoi:
Da vo kt qu tnh c trn, ta lp bng:
Bng 2.14. Lp cch nhit cho ng tun hon ngoi.
Ni 1
Ni 2
Ni 3
426
426
426
tdd, C
134,3
111,56
82,04
, W/m.
0,0372
0,0372
0,0372
q1, W/m
218,2
189,6
153,45
dn, mm
0
1, 2
ng tun hon ni 1: 1 = 2,8

426
ng tun hon ni 2: = 2,8

2
ng tun hon ni 3: = 2,8

3
1,35
1,3
.0,0372 .134,3
1,5
218,2
= 8,53mm
4261, 2.0,0372 1,35.111,561,3
= 8,27mm
1,5
189,6
4261, 2.0,0372 1,35.82,041,3

1,5
153,45
= 7,62mm
Ta chn b dy lp cch nhit cho 3 ng tun hon bng 8,5 (mm).

2.9.2 B dy lp cch nhit cho thn thit b:
Tnh b dy lp cch nhit c theo cng thc sau:
n (t T 2 t KK ) = c (t T 1 t T 2 ) ,
c
(VI.66/92 [2])
Vi: n- h s cp nhit t b mt ngoi ca lp cch nhit n khng kh

2
n = 9,3 + 0,058tT2, W/m .
(VI.67/92 [2])
o
tT2- nhit b mt lp cch nhit v pha khng kh, chn tT2 = 50 C;

2
Vy, n = 9.3 + 0.058tT2 = 9,3 + 0,058.50 = 12,2 W/m .

tT1-nhit lp cch nhit tip gip b mt thit b, v tr lc nhit tng thit
b rt nh so vi tr lc nhit ca lp cch nhit, cho nn tT1 c th ly bng nhit
hi i trong thit b;
0
tKK- nhit khng kh, C; tKK = 25 C;

c- h s dn nhit ca vt liu cch nhit, c = 0,0372 W/m..
0
Ni 1: Vi thn bung t : tT1 = 151,1 C;

c =
c (t T 1 t T 2 )
n (t T 2 t Tkk )
0,0372(151,1 50)
12,2(50 25)
= 0,0123 (m) = 12,3 (mm)
Vi thn bung bc : tT1 = 130,26 C

c =
c (t T 1 t T 2 )
n (t T 2 t Tkk )
0.0372(130,26 50)
12,2(50 25)
= 0,00978 (m) = 9,8 (mm)

c =
c (t T 1 t T 2 )
n (t T 2 t Tkk )
0,0372(129,26 50)
12,2(50 25)
= 0,0097 (m) = 9,7 (mm)

c =
c (t T 1 t T 2 )
n (t T 2 t Tkk )
0.0372(105,44 50)
12,2(50 25)
= 0,0068 (m) = 6,8 (mm)

c =
c (t T 1 t T 2 )
n (t T 2 t Tkk )
0,0372(104,44 50)
12,2(50 25)
= 0,0066 (m) = 6,6 (mm)

c =
c (t T 1 t T 2 )
0.0372(60,7 50)
= 0,0013 (m) = 1,3 (mm)
n (t T 2 t Tkk )
12,2(50 25)
Bng 2.15. Lp cch nhit cho thn thit b.

Bung
i lng
Ni 1
Ni 2
Ni 3
Bung t
tT2, C
50
50
50
151,1
129,26
104,44
12,2
12,2
12,2
tKK, C
25
25
25
c, W/m.
0,0372
0,0372
0,0372
c, mm
12,3
9,7
6,6
50
50
50
tT1, C
130,26
105,44
60,7
c, mm
9,8
6,8
1,3
tT1, C
2
n, W/m .
o
Bung bc
tT2, C
Theo bng trn, i vi c 3 ni, ta chn b dy vt liu cch nhit bung t l 13

mm; b dy vt liu cch nhit cho bung bc bng 10 mm.
2.10 Mt bch :
Mt bch l b phn quan trong dng ni cc phn ca thit b cng nh ni cc
thit b khc vi thit b. Nhng yu cu ca mt bch:
mi ghp phi lun kn p sut v nhit lm vic.
lun bn, tho lp nhanh v m bo sn xut hng lot, gi thnh r.
Vi: Dt: ng knh trong ca ng hoc thit b.

Do: ng knh ngoi ca ng hoc thit b.
D1: khong cch gia 2 phn lm (trng) khi ghp bch.
Db: l khong cch gia 2 bulong i din nhau.
D: l ng knh ca bch.
db: l ng knh ca bulng.

h: l chiu cao ca 1 bch.
Mt bch ni thn thit b vi y v np:
Chn bch lin bng thp loi mt ni thit b:
Theo bng XIII.27/417 [2] ta c bng s liu sau:
Bng 2.16. Mt bch ni thit b.
Thit
b
-6
2
Kch thc ng ni
Dt
P.10
Bulng
Db
D1
Do
db
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(ci)
(mm)
(N/m )
(mm)
0,6
2000
2170
2100
2060
2015
M30
48
50
0,3
2200
2360
2300
2260
2215
M27
56
40
Bung
t
Bung
bc
Bch lin bng kim loi en ni cc b phn thit b v ng dn:

Theo bng XIII.26/409 [2] (i vi ng dn hi th dng bng XIII.27/417 [2] vi
bch lin bng thp loi 1), ta c bng s liu sau:
Bng 2.17 Bch ni ng dn.
Kch thc ni
Bulng
Dt
D1
db
mm
mm
mm
mm
ci
159
260
225
202
M16
16
50
57
140
110
90
M12
12
Dd vo ni
50
57
140
110
90
M12
12
Dd ra
25
32
100
75
60
M10
12
Hi th
500
511
630
580
550
M20
16
20
Nc ngng
125
133
235
200
178
M16
14
Tun hon
400
426
535
495
465
M20
16
22
Dy
Dn
(mm)
(mm)
Hi t
150
Dd vo GN
ng dn
h
(mm)
2.11. Tai treo :

3
Chn 4 tai treo bng thp CT3 c khi lng ring 7850 kg/m cho mi ni.
Phi tnh ti trng tc dng ln mi tai treo.
Ti trng cho 1 tai treo l: Q =
(N)
2.11.1. Trng lng thn thit b Gth:

Tnh trng lng ca thn bung t v bung bc theo cng thc:
.H
M = .
)
.(D D (*)
n
Trong : - khi lng ring ca thp, = 7,85.10 kg/m
Dn- ng knh ngoi ca bung t v bung bc, m.

Dt- ng knh trong ca bung t v bung bc, m.
H- chiu cao ca bung t v bung bc, m.
Tnh ti trng ca thn thit b: G = g.M, g- gia tc trng trng, g = 9.81 m/s
Bung t:
Dt = 2 (m); Dn = 2 + 2S = 2 +2.0,006 = 2,012 (m); H = 3 (m);
Thay vo (*): M = 7850.
3,14.3
(2,012 2 2 2 ) = 890,03 (kg)
4
Suy ra: G = 9,81.890,03 = 8731,2 (N).

Bung bc:
Dt = 2,2 (m); Dn = 2,2 + 2S = 2,2 +2.0,004 = 2,208 (m); H = 3 (m);
Thay vo (*): M = 7850.
3,14.3
(2,208 2 2,2 2 ) = 651,92 (kg)
4
Suy ra: G = 9,81.651,92 = 6395,3 (N).

Bng 2.18 Ti trng thn thit b.
Bung t
Bung bc
K trong Dt (m)
2,2
K ngoi Dn (m)
2,012
2,208
Chiu cao H (m)
7850
7850
Thp CT3 (kg/m )
Ti trng G (N)
8731,2
6395,3
Tng ti trng ca thn thit b: G = 15126,5 (N)

2.11.2. Ti trng ca ng truyn nhit v ng tun hon ngoi:
Tnh ti trng ca ng truyn nhit v ng tun hon ngoi theo cng thc:
G tn = N..g.
H . 2
H . 2
2
2
(dn dt ) + .g.
(d
1
2d )
4
4
Vi: N- l s ng truyn nhit, N = 439 ng;

dn- ng knh ngoi ng truyn nhit, dn = 0,057 (m);
dt - ng knh trong ng truyn nhit, dt = 57 4 = 53 (mm) = 0,053 (m)
H- chiu cao ng truyn nhit v ng tun hon, H = 3 (m);
d1, d2 l ng knh ngoi v trong ca ng tun hon, m.
d1 = 0,4 (m); d2 = 0,426 (m)
3,14.3
3,14.3
2
2
2
2
Gtn = 439.7850.9,81.
(0,057 0,053 ) + 7850.9,81.
(0,426 0,4 )
4
4
Gtn = 38925,3 (N)
2.11.3. Trng lng ca dung dch trong thit b:

Tnh trng lng ca dung dch i trong thit b gm 3 phn: dung dch i trong
ng truyn nhit, trong ng tun hon v phn dung dch si trn ln 0,5 m.
Gdd = N. .
2
2
d
D
d tt
.H. d .g +
hl. ds .g
.H. d .g +
4
4
4
V dung dch trong ni th 3 c khi lng ring ln nht nn ta ch cn tnh

trng lng i vi dung dch trong ni 3.
Vi:
d, dth, D ln lt l ng knh trong ca ng truyn nhit, ng tun
hon, v ng knh bung t; d = 0,053 m; dth = 0,4 m; D = 2 m.

d v dds l khi lng ring ca dung dch trong ng v dung dich si
3
(ly cho ni 3); d = 1422,67 (kg/m ); dds= 711,33 (kg/m ).

2
h1 l chiu cao dung dch si trn ln h1 = 0,5m.

Thay vo biu thc:
G = 3,14.9,81.(439.3,14.1422,67.
0,053
+ 3.1422,67.
0,4
dd
+ 0,5.711,33.
Gdd = 58636,2 (N).
2.11.4. Trng lng v ng:

V ng ghp ng. C 2 v ng trong 1 thit b. ng knh ca v tng ng
bng ng knh trong ca bung t.
Tnh din tch chim ch ca v:
2
2
Dt
d
S= .
N. . n
4
4
Trong , Dt v dn l ng knh trong ca bung t v ng knh ngoi ca

ng. Dt = 2 (m); dn = 0,057 (m); N l s ng N = 439 ng.
Nh vy: S =
3,14 2
(2 439.0,057 2 ) = 2,02 (m2)
4
Chn chiu cao ca v h = 0,03 m.

Suy ra trng lng ca 2 v: Gv = 2S.h..g = 2.2,02.0,03.7850.9,81 = 9335 (N)
2.11.5. Trng lng ca y bung t:
Nh tnh trn, y bung t c b dy bng 8 mm, chiu cao g bng 25
mm; ng knh trong bng 2 m. Tra bng XIII.11/384-[2], ta c khi lng y
bung t bng 283 kg. Vy, G = 283.9,81 = 2776,23 (N).
2.11.6. Trng lng ca np bung bc.
Kt qu tnh trn: np elip c b dy 8 mm, ng knh 2,2m. V cc iu
kin ny khng cho trong bng XIII.11/384-[2] nn ta c th tnh ti trng ca np
theo cng thc gn ng sau:
Gn= Fn.Sn. t .g
Fn b mt trong ca np bung bc, xc nh theo bng XIII.10/382 [2] da
2
vo ng knh bung bc. Fn = 5,5 (m )

Sn- b dy np bung bc, Sn = 0,008 m;
3
Gn= 5,5.0,008.7,85.10 .9,81= 3388 (N).
2.11.7. Trng lng ca bch.

Trng lng ca 4 bch bung t:
2
h.(D D 0 )
Gbd = 4.
. . .g
4
Vi: D l ng knh ngoi ca bch chn, D = 2,17 m; Do l ng knh
trong ca bch, bng ng knh ngoi ca bung t, Do = 2,012 m.
Gbd = 4.
0,05.(2,17 2,012 )
.3,14.7850.9,81= 7988,7 N
4
Trng lng ca 4 bch bung bc:

2
Gbb = 4.
h.(D D 0 )
. . .g
4
Tng t: h = 0,04 m; D = 2,36 m; D0 = 2,208m;

Gbb = 4.
0,04.(2,360 2 2,208 2 )
.3,14.7850.9,81= 6715,8 N
4
Bch ni ng dn hi t:
Trng lng ca 1 cp bch ni ng dn hi t vi thit b:
2
Gbhd = 2.
h.(D D0 )
. .g
4
Tng t: D l ng knh ca bch, D = 0,26 m; Do l ng knh ngoi ca

ng, Do = 0,159 m; h l chiu cao ca bch, h = 0,016 m.
Gbhd = 2.
0,016.(0,26 2 0,159 2 )
.3,14.7850.9,81 = 81,86 (N)
4
Bch ni ng dn hi th:
Trng lng ca 1 cp bch ni ng dn hi th vi thit b:
2
Gbht
h.(D D0 )
= 2.
. .g
4
Tng t: D l ng knh ca bch, D = 0,63 m; Do l ng knh ngoi ca

ng, Do = 0,511 m; h l chiu cao ca bch, h = 0,020 m.
2
Gbht = 2.
0,02.(0,63 0,511 )
.3,14.7850.9,81 = 328,3 (N)
4
Bch ni ng dn dung dch:

Trng lng ca 1 cp bch ni ng dn dung dch:
2
Gbdd = 2.
h.(D D0 )
. .g
4
Vi: D l ng knh ca bch, D = 0,14 m; Do l ng knh ngoi ca ng,

Do = 0,057 m; h l chiu cao ca bch, h = 0,012 m.
Gbdd = 2.
0,012.(0,14 0,057 )
.3,14.7850.9,81 = 23,72 (N)
4
Bch ni ng tho nc ngng:

Trng lng ca 1 cp bch ni ng tho nc ngng:
2
Gbnn
h.(D D0 )
= 2.
. .g
4

Gbnn = 2.
0,014.(0,235 2 0,1332 )
.3,14.7850.9,81 = 63,54 (N)
4
Bch ni ng tun hon ngoi:

Trng lng ca 1 cp bch ni ng tho nc ngng:
2
Gbth = 2.
h.(D D0 )
. .g
4

0,022.(0,535 2 0,426 2 )
.3,14.7850.9,81 = 278,62 (N)
Gbth = 2.
4
Vy, trng lng tng ca bch:

Gb = Gbd + Gbb + Gbhd + Gbht + Gbdd + Gbnn+ Gbth = 15480,54 (N)
2.11.8. Trng lng ca hi:
Ly hi c khi lng ring ln nht l hi trong ni 1; hi t c nhit
o
151,1 C v hi th c nhit 130,26 C.

Trng lng ca hi t:
o
Khi lng ring ca hi 151,1 C (bng I.250/312-[1]): = 2,618 (kg/m )

Phn th tch khng gian hi t:
2
Dt2
d
Vhd = .
H N. .H . n
4
4
Vi: Dt, dn l ng knh trong ca bung t v ng knh ngoi ca ng,

Dt = 2 m, dn = 0,057 m;
N l s ng, H l chiu cao ca ng v bung t.
Vy: Vhd = 3,14.
.(2 439.0,057 ) =
6,06 (m )
Suy ra: Ghd = Vhd..g = 6,06.2,618.9,81 = 155,64 (N).
Trng lng ca hi th:

o
Khi lng ring ca hi 130,26 C (bng I.250/312-[1]): = 1,505 (kg/m )

Phn th tch khng gian hi th:
Vht = .
Dt 2
2,2
3
.3 = 11,4 (m )
4
H=
4 3,14.
Suy ra: Ght = Vht..g = 11,4.1,505.9,81 = 168,3 (N).

Trng lng ca hi: Gh = Ghd + Ght = 155,64 + 168,3 = 323,94 (N)
2.11.9. Trng lng ca lp cch nhit:
3
Vt liu cch nhit l bng thy tinh c = 200 (kg/m ).

Tnh trng lng ca lp cch nhit cho bung t v bung bc theo CT:
Gcn = .g.H . .
2
D2 t )
(D
n
Vi: Dn, Dt l ng knh ngoi v trong lp cch nhit.

Trng lng lp cch nhit bung t:
Dn = 2,012 + 2.0,013 = 2,038 (m);
Dt = 2,012 (m)
Suy ra: Gcn1 =
( 2,038
200.9,81.3.3,14.
2,012
4
)=
486,54 (N)
)=
409,93 (N)
Trng lng lp cch nhit bung bc:

Dn = 2,208 + 2.0,010 = 2,228 (m);
Dt = 2,208 (m)
Suy ra: Gcn 2 =
200.9,81.3.3,14.
( 2,228
2,208
4
Vy tng trng lng lp cch nhit: Gcn = 896,47 (N)

Bng 2.19. Ti trng ca thit b.
ng
Thn
TN v
Dung
tun
dich
Np
9335
2776,2
3388
Bch
Hi
Cch
nhit
hon
15126,5 38925,3 58636,2
Tng ti trng ca thit b: G = 144888,11 (N).
15480,5 323,94
896,47
Vy ti trng tc dng ln mi tai treo v mi chn :

G1 = G/4 =36222 (N).
Tra bng XIII.35/437-[2], ta c bng sau:
Bng 2.20. Chn thp CT3 i vi thit b thng ng.
4
Ti trng cho php trn 1 chn: 4.10 (N).

-4
B mt : 514.10 (m ).
6
Ti trng cho php trn b mt : 0,78.10 (N/m )

L
B1
B2
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
260
200
225
330
400
225
16
100
27
Dt/A
2000/750
Tra bng XIII.36/438-[2], ta c bng sau:

Bng 2.21. Tai treo bng thp CT3 i vi thit b thng ng.
4
Ti trng cho php trn 1 tai treo: 4.10 (N).

-4
B mt : 297.10 (m ).
6
Ti trng cho php trn b mt : 1,34.10 (N/m )

L
B1
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
190
160
170
280
10
80
25
30
KL 1
tai
treo,kg
7,35
CHNG 3: TNH V CHN CC THIT B PH

3.1 Thit b ngng t Baromet
3.1.1 Lng nc lnh cn cung cp cho thit b ngng t:
Gn=
W (i Cn .t 2c )
(kg/s)
(VI.51/84 [2])
Cn (t 2c t 2 d )
Trong
W : lng hi ngng i vo thit b ngng t, kg/h;

Gn : lng nc lnh cn thit ngng t, kg/h;
i : nhit lng ring (hm nhit) ca hi ngng, J/kg;
0
t2, t2c : nhit u v cui ca nc lnh, C;

Cn : nhit dung ring trung bnh ca nc, J/kg.;
Ta chn:
t2 = 25 C, t2c = 40 C;
W = W3 = 3940,62 = 1,095 kg/s; i = 2609,59.103 J/kg; Cn = 4178 J/kg.;
3600
Gn=
1,095.(2609,59.10 4178.40)
= 41,273 (kg/s)
4178.(40 25)
3.1.2 Lng khng kh v kh khng ngng cn ht ra khi thit b :

Lng kh khng ngng v khng kh cn ht c th l:
C sn trong hi th;
R r vo qua nhng l h ca thit b;
Ha tan trong nc lm lnh;
Chnh lng ny vo thit b ngng t lm gim chn khng, p sut ring phn
v hm lng tng i ca hi trong hn hp gim ng thi lm gim h s truyn
nhit ca hi t. V vy cn lin tc ht kh khng ngng v khng kh ra khi thit
b.
i vi thit b ngng t trc tip, lng kh khng ngng v khng kh ht ra khi
thit b tnh theo cng thc:
Gkk = 0,000025W+ 0,000025Gn+ 0,01W, kg/s
(VI.47/84 [2])
-6
= 25.10 (1,095 + 41,273) + 0,01.1,095 = 0,012 (kg/s)

0
Khi th tch khng kh 0 C v 760 mm Hg cn ht l:

3
Vkk= 0,001[ 0,02(W+ Gn) + 8W], m /s
(VI.48/84 [2])
= 0,001[0,02(1,095 +41,273) +8.1,095] = 0,00961 (m /s).
3.1.3. ng knh thit b ngng t:

ng knh ca thit b ngng t c xc nh theo hi ngng t v tc hi qua
thit b. Tc hi ph thuc cch phn phi nc trong thit b, tc l ln ca cc
tia nc. Thit b lm vic p sut 0,2 (at) nn tc la chn khong 25(m/s).
Thc t th ngi ta ly nng sut ca thit b gp 1,5 ln so vi nng sut thc ca
n.Khi , ng knh ca thit b tnh theo cng thc:
W
(m).
h . h
Dtr =
1,383.
(VI.52/84 [2]).
Vi: Dtr: ng knh trong ca thit b ngng t, m

3
W: lng hi ngng t, kg/s. W = 0,7m /s

3
h: khi lng ring ca hi, kg/m , tra bng I.251/314-[1], h = 0,1283 (kg/m )
h : tc hi trong thit b ngng t, (m/s) chn h =25 m/s
Dtr =
1,383.
1,095
= 0,808 (m)
0,1283.25
Chn D = 800 mm.

3.1.4. Kch thc tm ngn:
m bo lm vic tt, tm ngn phi c dng hnh vin phn,do chiu rng
ca tm ngn c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
b=
Dtr
+ 50,
2 mm
( VI.53/85 [2]).
Vi Dtr: l ng knh trong ca thit b ngng t, (mm).

Vy: b =
800
+ 50 = 450 (mm)
2
Trn tm ngn c nhiu l nh, ly nc sch lm ngui nn chn ng knh ca l

l 2 mm.
Chiu cao ca g cnh tm ngn l 40 mm.
Chiu dy ca tm ngn ly bng 4 mm.
Tng din tch b mt ca cc l trong ton b mt ct ngang ca thit b ngng t
ngha l trn mt cp tm ngn:
f =
Gn
,m
(VI/85 [2])
c
3
Vi: Gn: lu lng nc, m /s

Gn : ph thuc vo hi nc c ngng t v thng thay i trong (15-60) W.
c : tc tia nc chn c =0,62m/s ng vi chiu cao g tm ngn 0,62 m/s.
3
n = 994,55kg/m (bng I.249/310-[1] ly khi lng ring trung bnh ca nc).

f =
41,273
2
= 0,067 (m )
0,62.994,55
Cc l trn tm ngn sp xp theo hnh lc gic u nn ta c th xc nh bc ca

cc l bng cng thc: t =
0,866.d
fe
(mm)
f tb
(VI.55/85 [2]).
Vi: d: ng knh ca l, (mm).

fe
: t s gia tng s din tch tit din cc l vi din tch tit din ca thit
f tb
b ngng t,thng ly 0,025-0,1. Ta chn
fc
= 0,1.
f tb
t = 0,886.2. 0,1 = 0,55 (mm).
3.1.5 Chiu cao thit b ngng t:

chn khong cch trung bnh gia cc tm ngn v tng chiu cao hu ch ca
thit b ngng t, ta da vo mc un nng nc v thi gian lu ca nc trong
thit b ngng t.
Mc un nng nc c xc nh bng cng thc:
P=
t 2c t 2 d
t bh t 2 d
(VI.56/85 [2])
o
Vi: t2c, t2: l nhit cui, u ca nc ti vo thit b, C.

o
tbh: l nhit hi nc bo ho ngng t, C.

P =
59,7 25
40 25
= 0,432
Tra bng (VI.7/86 [2] ),ta c:

S bc: 3
S ngn: 6
Khong cch gia cc ngn: 300 mm

Thi gian ri qua 1 bc: 0,35 s
Tra bng VI.8/88-[2], ta c:
Khong cch t ngn trn cng n np thit b: 1300 mm.
Khong cch t ngn cui cng n y thit b: 1200 mm.
Chiu cao tng ca h thng thit b: 5080 mm.
Chiu rng ca h thng thit b: 2350 mm.
B rng ca tm ngn: 500 mm.
Chiu cao ca thit b thu hi: 1350 mm.
ng knh ca thit b thu hi: 400 mm.
3.1.6. Kch thc ng baromet:
p sut trong thit b l 0,2 at do tho nc ngng v hi ngng t
mt cch t nhin th cn phi c ng barmet:
ng knh ng barmet tnh theo cng thc:
dB =
0,004(Gn + W)
(m)
.
(VI.57/86 [2]).
Trong W- lng hi ngng, kg/s; Gn-lng nc lnh ti vo thp, kg/s; tc ca hn hp nc v cht lng ngng chy trong ng barmet, m/s; thng
ly = 0,5 0,6 m/s. Chn = 0,6 m/s.
d B =
0,004( 41,273 + 1,095)

= 0,299 (m)
3,14.0,6
Theo qui chun d = 0,3 m.

3.1.7. Chiu cao ng Baromet :
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
H = h1 + h2 + 0,5 m ( VI.58/ 86 [2]).
Trong : h1- chiu cao ct nc trong ng barmet cn bng vi hiu s gia p sut
kh quyn v p trong thit b ngng t:
h1 =
10,33
b
,m
760
(VI.59/86 [2]).
Vi: b- chn khng trong thit b ngng t,
b = 1- 0,2 = 0,8 at = 0,8.735,6 = 588,48 (mmHg)
h2- chiu cao ct nc trong ng barmet cn khc phc ton b tr lc.

h1
= 10,33
0,8.735,6
(m)
7,999
760
H
h2 = 1 +
+
2g
d m).
(VI.60/87 [2]).
H s tr lc khi vo ng ng ly = 0,5; khi ra khi ng ly = 1 th cng thc

trn c dng nh sau:
h2 =
2
H

2,5 +
2g
(m).
Vi: H: ton b chiu cao ng Baromet, m

d: ng knh trong ca ng Baromet, m
: h s ma st khi nc chy trong ng.
tnh ta tnh chun s Re khi cht lng chy trong ng Bazomet:

Re
=
d B . n
.
(II.58/377 [2]).
Vi: dB: ng kinh ng dn, m

n :khi lng ring trung bnh ca nc n = 994,55kg/m
o
tra bng I.249/310-[1]
: nht trung bnh ca nc trong khong 25 C n 40 C tra bng I.249/310 -3
[1]: = 0,773.10 N.s/m

Re =
0,3.994,55.0,6
5
4
3
= 2,32.10 > 10
0,772.10
Vy dng nc trong ng barmet ch chy xoy. H s ma st:

1
6,81
= 2 lg

0,9
(II.65/380 [1])

Re
3,7
Trong nhm tng i xc nh theo cng thc: =
d td
(II.66/380 [1])
y : nhm tuyt i: = 0,2 mm v dtd: ng knh tng i ca ng.

=
0,2.103
= 1.10

= 2lg
6,81
5

2,32.10
= 0,021
0,2
Nn: h =
0,9
1.103
= 6,903
+
3,7
0,6
2.9,81
3
H 2,5 + 0,021. = 0,0459 + 1,284.10 .H
0,3
Vy:
-3
H=h1+h2+0,5 = 7,999 + 0,0459 + 1,284.10 .H + 0,5
Suy ra: H = 8,56m ; ta chn H = 8,6m

Ngoi ra cn ly thm chiu cao d tr trnh hin tng nc dng ln ngp thit b
do , ta chn chiu cao ca Baromet l 10m.
3.2 Tnh ton v chn bm:
3.2.1. Bm chn khng:
Ta s dng bm chn khng kiu pittong thc hin qu trnh ht hi v kh khng
ngng ra khi thit b ngng t baromet. V nguyn tc lm vic, bm chn khng lm
vic ging ht my nn kh, ch khc p sut lm vic v nn, kh ht p sut thp
hn p sut kh quyn v y p sut ln hn p sut kh quyn mt t. Cch lp t
bm chn khng theo s sau:
1 b cha dung dch
4 thng gin kh
2 thng cha.
5 bm chn khng
3 b phn tch bt
6 bm dung dch
Xt qu trnh ht kh l qu trnh a bin (c trao i nhit vi mi trng v ph

thuc nhiu vo cc yu t), s dng cng thc 3.69/171-[3] tnh cng sut ca
bm:
m
P
N
2 =
m 1
m 1

.P .V
1
(3.69/171-[3])
Trong :
P1, P2 l p sut kh lc ti im ht v y, N/m .

3
V1 l th tch kh ht c, m /s.
m l ch s a bin, ly m = 1,25.
p sut lm vic trong thit b baromet: P = 0,2 at.
o
p sut hi nc ti nhit 40 C: Ph = 0,0752 at (bng I.250/312-[1]).

Suy ra p sut kh lc ht: P1 = P Ph = 0,1248 at
Thay vo cng thc:
1,25 1,033
.0,1248.9,81.10 4.0,00961.
N=
1,25 1
1, 251
1, 25
1 = 309,5 (W)
0,1248
Tnh cng sut ng c:

N
N dc =
tr . dc
. (W)
Trong : tr l hiu sut truyn ng, ly tr = 0,95.

dc l hiu sut ng c, ly dc = 0,95.
l h s d tr cng sut, ly = 1,15.

Vy:
N dc =
309,5
.1,15 = 394,4 (W)
0,95.0,95
3.2.2. Bm ly tm bm nc vo thit b baromet:

Ta dng bm ly tm bm nc vo thit b v cng sut bm c tnh theo
cng thc:
N=
Q. .g.H
1000 (kW)
(II.189/439 [1])
3
Trong : Q- nng sut ca bm, m /s;

o
- khi lng ring ca nc ( 25 C): = 996,9 kg/m ;

2
g- gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81 m/s ;

H- p sut ton phn ca bm, m;
- hiu sut chung ca bm; ta c th chn = 0,85;

Q=
Gn 41,273
3
=
= 0,0414 (m /s)
996,9
p sut ton phn ca bm c xc nh theo cng thc:

P1 P2
+ H0 + hm (m);
.g
H=
(II.185/438 [1])
2
Vi:
P1, P2- p sut trn b mt cht lng trong khng gian y v ht, N/m ;
P1= 0,2 at; P2= 1 at.
hm- p sut thng ton b tr lc trn ng ng ht v y, m;
H0- chiu cao a cht lng ln thp,
H0 = Hh + H
(Vi: Hh: chiu cao ht; H : chiu cao y, m)

0
25 C chiu cao ht thng l Hh = 5 m; chiu cao y bng chiu cao ng

barmet 10 m. Vy H0 = 5 + 10 = 15 m;
ng knh ng ht v y:
d=
4.W
. .
W- lng nc trong ng; W= Gn = 41,273 kg/s;

- vn tc nc trong ng, coi vn tc trong ng ht v y bng nhau v
bng 2,5 m/s.
4.41,273
= 0,145 (m)
3,14.2,5.996,9
d =
Chn ng knh trong ca ng dn bng 0,15 m.

Tnh hm: h =
2 (m).
+
2.g
l- chiu di ton b, chn l = 20 m;

d- ng knh trong ca ng; d = 0,15 m;
- h s ma st;
: tr lc chung.
Vy, vn tc thc ca nc trong ng:
=
Q
41,273
= 2,34m / s
2 =
.0,785.d
996,9.0,785.0,15 2
H s ma st c xc nh qua ch chy Re:
.d. n
Re =
.
o
-3
Vi: - nht ca nc 25 C, =0,8937.10 N.s/m
Re =
2,34.0,15.996,9
4
3
= 392250 > 10 .
0,8937.10
Nn trong ng c ch chy xoy. Do , ta dng cng thc sau tnh h s

ma st:

1
6,81
= 2 lg
0,9
Re
(II.65/380 [1]).
3,7
Vi: l nhm tng i c xc nh theo cng thc: =
d td
Trong : d t: ng knh tng i ca ng

: nhm tuyt i, = 0,2 mm
=
0,2.10 3
= 2.10 3.
0,1
= 2 lg
= 0,024
0,9
6,81

392250
2.10
= 6,455
3,7
Tng tr lc:
o
Tr lc ca vo: 1 = 1; tr lc ca ra: 2 = 1(bng N 10/385-[1]). Tr

o
lc khuu ng: 3 = 1,61 (3 khuu, gc 90 , bng N 32/395-[1]). Van

o
tiu chun: 4 = 4,4 (D = 150 mm, bng N 37/397-[1]).

o
Van 1 chiu: 5 = 1,7 (D = 150 mm, bng N 46/399-[1]).

Vy, = 1 + 1 + 3.1,61 + 4,4 + 1,7 = 12,93
Vy:
0,024.
+ 12,93
= 4,5m
2
2.9,81
4
20
0,15
p sut ton phn ca bm l:

H=
(0,2 1).9,81.104
+ 15 + 4,5 =
996,9.9,81
11,48
Cng sut ca bm: N =
(m)
0,0414.996,9.9,81.11,48
= 5,47KW
1000.0,85
Cng sut ca ng c in: N dc =
N
5,47
=
=
tr .dc 0,9.0,95 6,4KW
(II.190 [1])
Ngi ta thng ly ng c c cng sut ln hn cng sut tnh ton trnh

hin tng qu ti. Chn h s d tr =1,2
Suy ra:Ntt = .Nc = 7,68 KW
3.2.3. Bm ly tm bm dung dch vo thng cao v:
0
Chn bm ly tm, dung dch ban u c nhit 25 C v nng u l 10%.

Khi K 2CO3 = 1088,6 kg/m3 (tra bng I.44/41-[1])
-3
K CO = 1,17.10 N.s/m2 (ton I.21/102-[1])

2
Chn tc i trong ng ht v y l 1 m/s.

ng knh ng ht v y: d =
4.Gd
.w.
G- lng dung dch u; G= 15000 kg/h;
4.15000
= 0,0698 (m)
3,14.1.1088,6.3600
d=
Chn d = 70 mm, vy vn tc thc l 0,995 m/s

Tnh Hm: H =
l
m
2 (m).
+
2.g
H s ma st c tnh qua ch chy Re:

Re =
0,995.0,07.1088,6
.d.dd
4
3
=
= 64808 > 10 .
1,17.10
Ch chy xoy, nn tnh h s ma st theo cng thc:

1
6,81
= 2 lg
0,9
Re
+
3
3,7
( II.65/380 [1]).
Ta c: =
70.10
= 2 lg
= 0,028
0,2.10
3
= 2,86.10 .
6,81

64808
0,9
2,86.10 3
+
= 5,97
3,7
Tr lc chung ly nh phn tnh bm nc vo baromet: = 12,93 (m)
Vy,
H =
m
0,028.
20
0,995 2
0,07 + 12,93
2.9,81
= 1,056m
Chiu cao ca ng ht xem bng 0 (b cha dung dch t cng cao vi

bm); Chiu cao ca ng y; H = 15 m
Mt thong cht lng ca thng cha v thng cao v c p sut tng ng
nhau, tc l Ph = P nn p sut ton phn ca bm l:
H = H + Hm= 15 + 1,056 = 16,06 (m)
Cng sut ca bm:
N=
Gd . .g.H
15000.9,81.16,06
=
= 0,772 (KW)
1000.0,85.3600
1000
Cng sut ng c in:

N dc =
N
0,772
=
=
tr .dc 0,9.0,95 0,903KW
(II.190 [1])
Ngi ta thng ly ng c c cng sut ln hn cng sut tnh ton trnh

hin tng qu ti. Chn h s d tr =1,2.
Suy ra:N= .Nc = 1,084 (KW).
3.3. Thit b gia nhit dung dch u:
Trong tt c cc h thng c c trong cng nghip, gim chi ph nng lng s
dng v ti u chi ph, ngi ta s dng thit b gia nhit hn hp u loi ng chm,
c nhim v nng nhit dung dch ln n nhit si trc khi vo ni u tin
ca h thng c c. Ta tnh tng quan v b mt truyn nhit, s ng, ng knh
thit b , cch chia ngn trong thit b gia nhit ny.
3.3.1. Tnh cc d kin ban u:
Ta s dng hi nc 5 at gia nhit.
o
Nhit hi nc 5 at: 151,1 C.

o
Nhit dung dch ban u: 25 C

S bin i nhit ca lu cht c biu din nh trong th:
Nhit dung dch cui (nhit si ca dung dch K2CO3 10%): 100,96 C.
n nhit ha hi ca hi t 5 at:
r = 2754320 (J/kg) (tra bng I.251/314-[1]).
o
Ta c: t = 151,1 25 = 126,1 C
o
tc = 151,1 100,96 = 50,14 C.

Tnh hiu s nhit trung bnh theo cng
thc:
t tb =
t t c
2,3 lg
t
t c
126,1 50,14
o
82,45 C
126,1 =
2,3.lg
50,14
Nhit trung bnh ca dung dch i trong

o
ng : ttb = 151,1 82,45 = 68,64 C

3.3.2. Tnh b mt truyn nhit :
3.3.2.1. Tnh h s cp nhit ca nc ngng t thnh ng :
Tnh h s cp nhit ca nc theo cng thc sau :
r
1 = 2,04.A.
H
.
t
1
0, 25
Trong : A l h s ph thuc nhit mng nc ngng.

H l chiu cao ca ng truyn nhit, chn H = 3 m.
r l n nhit ha hi ca hi t, J/kg.
t1 l chnh lch nhit gia thnh ng vi nhit hi t
o
Chn t1 = 4,6 C
Ta c:
t1 = thd tT1 suy ra tT1 = thd t1 = 151,1 4,6 = 146,5 C

o
Ly tm = 0,5.(thd + tT1) = 0,5.(151,1 + 146,5) = 148,8 C

Tra bng trang 29-[2], ta c A = 195,32.
0, 25
2754320
2
Vy, 1 =
= 8421,9 (W/m .)
2,04.195,32.
3.4,6
Suy ra : q1 = 1.t1 = 8421,9.4,6 = 38740,8 (W/m )

3.3.2.2. Tnh h s cp nhit ca dung dch:
Tnh h s cp nhit ca dung dch
theo cng thc: 2
Nu.dd
d
Tnh h s dn nhit ca dung dch: dd = A.Cp . .3
(CT I.32/123-[1])
M
-8
Trong : A l h s ph thuc mc lin kt ca cht lng, A = 3,58.10

Cp l nhit dung dch ring ca dung dch, J/kg..
3
: khi lng ring ca dung dch, kg/m
M l khi lng mol ca dung dch, g/mol.

xi
M = mi .M dd + (1 mi ).M H
M d2
2O
mi
V mi c tnh nh sau:
=
xi
M d2
1 x i
10
138
=
10
+ 90
138
18
0,0143
M H2 O
Suy ra: M = 0,0143.138 + (1 0,0143).18 = 19,72 (g/mol)

o
Khi lng ring ca dung dch tra nhit trung bnh 68,64 C:
Tra bng I.44/41-[1], ta c = 1066,9 (kg/m3).
Nhit dung ring ca dung dch : Cp = 4186.(1 0,1) = 3767,4 (J/kg.).
Vy, h s dn nhit ca dung dch : dd = 0,544 (W/m.)
Chn ng knh trong ca ng truyn nhit bng 34 mm, tng ng vi ng

knh ngoi bng 38 mm, v b dy bng 2 mm.
Tnh chun s Nusen trong ch chy xoy theo cng thc:

Pr
Nu = 0,021. . Re 0,8 . Pr 0, 43 .
0, 25
(V.40/14-[2]).
Pr t
0,25
Xem chnh lch nhit gia dng v tng nh th (Pr/Prt)
= 1; v t s
chiu di l so vi ng knh ln hn 50 nn chn 1 = 1.

Tnh chun s Pr theo cng thc: Pr =
C p .
(V.35/12-[2]).
Cp l nhit dung ring ca dung dch tnh, l nht ca dung dich nhit
2
trung bnh v nng 10%. Tra ton I.21/102-[1], c = 0,00033 (N.s/m ).

Suy ra: Pr = 3767,4.0,00033/0,544 = 2,284.
Chn Re = 10000 tng ng vi ch chy xoy.

0,8
0,43
Ta tnh c: Nu = 0,021.1.10000 .2,284

Suy ra h s cp nhit ca dung dch:
2 =
47,47.0,544
= 760 (W/m2.)
0,034
= 47,47.
Tnh hiu s nhit ca dung dch v tng ng v pha dung dch t 2.

Ta c: t2 = tT2 ttb = tT2 68,64
M: tT2 = tT1 t, vi t = q1.r.
-3
Nhit tr ca lp nc sch: r1 = 0,232.10 (m ./W)

-3
Nhit tr lp cn: r2 = 0,383.10 (m ./W)

Nhit tr ca tng: r3 =
-3
Vy, r = 0,659.10
0,002
5
2
= 4.10 (m ./W)
50
(m ./W)
-3
Cho nn: tT2 = tT1 t = 146,5 0,659.10 .38740,8 = 120,97 C

o
V: t2 = tT2 ttb = 120,97 68,64 = 52,33 C

2
V tnh c q2: q2 = 2.t2 = 760.52,33 = 39770,8 (W/m )
Sai s gia q1 v q2:
q1 q2
q2
.100% =
38740 39770,8
39770,8
.100% = 2,59%
3.3.2.3. Tnh b mt truyn nhit:

p dng cng thc: F =
Tnh s ng: n =
G.C p .t
15000.3767,4.(100,96 25)
Q
2
=
= 30,38 (m )
=
qtb 0,5.(q1 + q2 ) 3600.0.5.(38740 + 39770)
30,38
F
= 94,8 (ng).
=
.d.H 3,14.0,034.3
Da vo bng V.11/48-[2], quy chun s ng bng 91 ng. Trong , cc ng c

sp xp theo hnh lc gic u, s hnh 6 cnh l 5 hnh, s ng trn ng xuyn tm
l 11 ng.
Bc ng: t = 1,25dn = 1,25.0,038 = 0,0475 (m) (dn l ng knh ngoi ca ng).
Ta tnh c ng knh trong ca thit b trao i nhit:
Dt = t.(b-1) + 4d = 0,0475.(11 -1) + 4.0,038 = 0,627 (m).
Da vo bng XIII.6/359-[2], quy chun Dt = 0,7 (m).
3.3.3. Chia ngn cho thit b:
Vn tc ca lu th i trong ng tnh vi Re gi s Re = 10000:

Ta c: Re =
Re .
.d.dd
=
d. dd
Suy ra: =
10000.0,00033
= 0,091 (m/s)
0,034.1066,9
Tuy nhin, khi thit k vi s ng quy chun, vn tc ca dung dch i trong

ng phi c tnh li theo cng thc:
=
G
2
n. .
dt
4
15000
3600.1066,9.91.3,14.
= 0,047 (m/s)
0,034
4
Nh vy, vn tc ca dung dch i trong ng gim i so vi khi gi s, vn tc

ny khng m bo ch chy xoy trong ng. Do , tng vn tc ca dng
cn thit phi chia ngn cho thit b. Vn tc s tng t l thun vi s ngn c
chia, tc s ngn phi chia l :
N=
1
0,091
1,94
=
2 0,047 =
Vy, s ngn c chia trong thit b gia nhit l 2 ngn.
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht Tp 1, Tin s Trn Xoa, Tin
s Nguyn Trng Khung, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut, 2004.
[2] S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht Tp 2, Tin s Trn Xoa, Tin
s Nguyn Trng Khung, Tin s Phm Xun Ton, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k
thut, 2004.
[3] Qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht v thc phm, Tp 1, Nguyn Bin,
Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.

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n qu trnh thit b

GVHD: Ths. L Ngc Trung

GVHD: Ths. L Ngc Trung

PHNG N THIT K. .......................................................................................... 5

CH NG 2: TNH TON CNG NGH THIT B CHNH .................................. 10

GVHD: Ths. L Ngc Trung

2.6.4 H s phn b nhit hu ch cho cc ni:

CHNG 3: TNH V CHN CC THIT B PH .............................................. 63

GVHD: Ths. L Ngc Trung

3.1.3 ng knh thit b ngng t:

TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................................... 77

GVHD: Ths. L Ngc Trung

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V SN PHM, PHNG PHP

ng tun hon, ng truyn nhit.

Bung t, bung bc, y np

B cha sn phm, nguyn liu.

Cc loi bm: bm dung dch, bm nc, bm chn

Thit b gia nhit.

Thit b ngng t Baromet.

GVHD: Ths. L Ngc Trung

1.4 C s la chn quy trnh cng ngh

u nhc im ca h thng c c nhiu ni ngc chiu:

GVHD: Ths. L Ngc Trung

1.3 Thuyt minh s cng ngh:

GVHD: Ths. L Ngc Trung

5 thit b gia nhit

7 baromet to chn khng.

8 b cha dung dch c c.

CHNG 2: TNH TON CNG NGH THIT B CHNH

G, Gc l lng dung dch lc u v cui, kg/h

l lng hi th bc hi trong ton h thng, kg/h

Phng trnh cn bng vt liu cho ton h thng:

Phng trnh cn bng vt liu cho cht tan:

Theo s liu ti ta c lng hi th bc ra ton h thng l :

2.1.2 S phn b hi th trong cc ni :

T cch chn t l ny ta tnh c lng hi th bc ra tng ni theo cng

2.1.3 Nng dung dch tng ni:

= 13,18 (% khi lng)

2.2 Phn b p sut lm vic trong cc ni:

Vy p sut lm vic tng ni l:

Gi th1, th2, th3, tnt l nhit ca hi t i vo ni 1, ni 2, ni 3 v thit

2.3 Tn tht nhit mi ni:

Ta s dng cng thc Tisenc:

Trong : 0 l tn tht nhit do nhit si ca dung dch ln hn nhit si

Da vo bng (VI.2/65 [2]) ta bit c tn tht nhit 0 theo nng a

Da vo (I.251/314 [1]) ta xc nh c nhit ha hi r theo p sut hi th:

Nhit ha hi, r.10 , J/kg

Vy, ta tnh c tn tht nhit do nng theo cc cng thc trn:

Suy ra tng tn tht nhit do nng ca h thng: = 29,96 C.

t(P+ P) l nhit si ng vi Ptb.

Po l p sut hi th trn b mt dung dch.

h l chiu cao ca lp dung dch si k t ming ng truyn nhit n mt

dd c ni suy v ngoi suy t bng I.44/41-[1].

P: p sut hi bo ha trn b mt thong ca dung dch

- Ps: p sut hi bo ha ca nc nguyn cht cng nhit vi P, ni

Ni 1: ng vi x1= 13,18% ts1 =103.6 C (theo bng I.204/236 [1])

Ta c: dd = 1095,63 (kg/m ) dds = 547,82 (kg/m )

Ni 2: ng vi x1= 19,15% ts1 =102,87 C (theo bng I.204/236 [1]) Pht

Ta c: dd = 1159,11 (kg/m ) dds = 579,55 (kg/m )

Nhit si ca dung dch trn mt thong: tp = tht + = 131,0671 +9,24 = 140,3 C

Ni 3: ng vi x1= 35% ts1 =123,386 C (theo bng I.204/236 [1])

Ta c: dd = 1310,46 (kg/m ) dds = 655,23 (kg/m )

Nhit si ca dung dch trn mt thong: tp = tht + =54,6+16,148 = 70,7 C