Giao Trinh An Toan Lao Dong

Th.
S Nguyn Thanh Vit
Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG
Chng 1: nhng khi nim chung v khoa hc k thut bo h lao ng

1.1. Nhng khi nim c bn v BHL 1.1.1. iu kin lao ng: iu kin lao ng l tng th cc yu t v t nhin, x hi, k thut, kinh t , t chc th hin qua quy trnh cng ngh, cng c lao ng, i tng lao ng, mi trng lao ng, con ngi lao ng v s tc ng qua li gia chng to iu kin cn thit cho hot ng ca con ngi trong qu trnh sn xut. iu kin lao ng c nh hng n sc kho v tnh mng con ngi. Nhng cng c v phng tin c tin nghi, thun li hay ngc li gy kh khn nguy him cho ngi lao ng, i tng lao ng. i vi qu trnh cng ngh, trnh cao hay thp, th s, lc hu hay hin i u c tc ng rt ln n ngi lao ng. Mi trng lao ng a dng, c nhiu yu t tin nghi, thun li hay ngc li rt khc nghit, c hi, u tc ng rt ln n sc khe ngi lao ng. 1.1.2. Cc yu t nguy him v c hi: Y t nguy him c hi l trong mt iu kin lao ng c th, bao gi cng xut hin cc yu t vt cht c nh hng xu, nguy him, c nguy c gy tai nn hoc bnh ngh nghip cho ngi lao ng. C th l: - Cc yu t vt l nh nhit , m, ting n, rung ng, cc bc x c hi, bi - Cc yu t ho hc nh ho cht c, cc loi hi, kh, bi c, cc cht phng x - Cc yu t sinh vt, vi sinh vt nh cc loi vi khun, siu vi khun, k sinh trng, cn trng, rn - Cc yu t bt li v t th lao ng, khng tin nghi do khng gian ch lm vic, nh xng cht hp, mt v sinh - Cc yu t tm l khng thun li... 1.1.3. Tai nn lao ng: Tai nn lao ng l tai nn gy tn thng cho bt k b phn, chc nng no ca c th ngi lao ng hoc gy t vong, xy ra trong qa trnh lao ng, gn lin vi vic thc hin cng vic hoc nhim v lao ng. Nhim c t ngt cng l tai nn lao ng. Tai nn lao ng c phn ra: Chn thng, nhim c ngh nghip v bnh ngh nghip * Chn thng: L tai nn m kt qu gy nn nhng vt thng hay hu hoi mt phn c th ngi lao ng, lm tn thng tm thi hay mt kh nng lao ng vnh vin hay thm ch gy t vong. Chn thng c tc dng t ngt. * Bnh ngh nghip: L bnh pht sinh do tc ng ca iu kin lao ng c hi, bt li (ting n, rung...) i vi ngi lao ng. Bnh ngh nghip lm suy yu dn dn sc kho hay lm nh hng n kh nng lm vic v sinh hot ca ngi lao ng. Bnh ngh nghip lm suy yu sc kho ngi lao ng mt cch dn dn v lu di. *Nhim c ngh nghip: l s hu hoi sc kho do tc dng ca cc cht c xm nhp vo c th ngi lao ng trong iu kin sn xut 1.2. Mc ch, ngha, tnh cht ca cng tc Bo H lao ng 1.2.1 Mc ch ca cng tc bo h lao ng ( BHL): Mc tiu ca cng tc BHL l thng qua cc bin php v khoa hc k thut, t chc,
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Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit
kinh t, x hi loi tr cc yu t nguy him v c hi c pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut, to nn mt iu kin lao ng thun li, v ngy cng c ci thin tt hn ngn nga tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip, hn ch m au lm gim st sc kho cng nh nhng thit hi khc i vi ngi lao ng, nhm bo v sc kho, m bo an ton v tnh mng ngi lao ng v c s vt cht, trc tip gp phn bo v v pht trin lc lng sn xut, tng nng sut lao ng. 1.2.2. ngha ca cng tc BHL: Bo h lao ng trc ht l phm tr ca lao ng sn xut, do yu cu ca sn xut v gn lin vi qu trnh sn xut. Bo h lao ng mang li nim vui, hnh phc cho mi ngi nn n mang ngha nhn o su sc. Mt khc, nh chm lo sc kho ca ngi lao ng m cng tc BHL mang li hiu qu x hi v nhn o rt cao. BHL l mt chnh sch ln ca ng v Nh nc, l nhim v quan trng khng th thiu c trong cc d n, thit k, iu hnh v trin khai sn xut. BHL mang li nhng li ch v kinh t, chnh tr v x hi. Lao ng to ra ca ci vt cht, lm cho x hi tn ti v pht trin. Bt c di ch x hi no, lao ng ca con ngi cng l yu t quyt nh nht. Xy dng quc gia giu c, t do, dn ch cng nh ngi lao ng. Tr thc m mang cng nh lao ng (lao ng tr c) v vy lao ng l ng lc chnh ca s tin b loi ngi . 1.2.3. Tnh cht ca cng tc bo h lao ng: BHL C 3 tnh cht ch yu l: Php l, Khoa hc k thut v tnh qun chng. Chng c lin quan mt thit v h tr ln nhau. a/ BHL mang tnh cht php l: Nhng quy nh v ni dung v BHL c th ch ho chng thnh nhng lut l, ch chnh sch, tiu chun v c hng dn cho mi cp mi ngnh mi t chc v c nhn nghim chnh thc hin. Nhng chnh sch, ch , quy phm, tiu chun, c ban hnh trong cng tc bo h lao ng l lut php ca Nh nc. Xut pht t quan im: Con ngi l vn qu nht, nn lut php v bo h lao ng c nghin cu, xy dng nhm bo v con ngi trong sn xut, mi c s kinh t v mi ngi tham gia lao ng phi c trch nhim tham gia nghin cu, v thc hin. l tnh php l ca cng tc bo h lao ng . b/ BHL mang tnh KHKT: Mi hot ng ca BHL nhm loi tr cc yu t nguy him, c hi, phng v chng tai nn, cc bnh ngh nghip... u xut pht t nhng c s ca KHKT. Cc hot ng iu tra kho st phn tch iu kin lao ng, nh gi nh hng ca cc yu t c hi n con ngi ra cc gii php chng nhim, gii php m bo an ton u l nhng hot ng khoa hc k thut. Hin nay, vic vn dng cc thnh tu khoa hc k thut mi vo cng tc bo h lao ng ngy cng ph bin. Trong qu trnh kim tra mi hn bng tia gamma (), nu khng hiu bit v tnh cht v tc dng ca cc tia phng x th khng th c bin php phng trnh c hiu qu. Nghin cu cc bin php an ton khi s dng cn trc, khng th ch c hiu bit v c hc, sc bn vt liu m cn nhiu vn khc nh s cn bng ca cn cu, tm vi, iu khin in, tc nng chuyn... Mun bin iu kin lao ng cc nhc thnh iu kin lm vic thoi mi, mun loi tr vnh vin tai nn lao ng trong sn xut, phi gii quyt nhiu vn tng hp phc tp khng nhng phi hiu bit v k thut chiu sng, k thut thng gi, c kh ho, t ng ho... m cn cn phi c cc kin thc v tm l lao ng, thm m cng nghip, x hi hc lao ng...V vy cng tc bo h lao ng mang tnh cht khoa hc k thut tng hp.
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c/ BHL mang tnh qun chng Tt c mi ngi t ngi s dng lao ng n ngi lao ng u l i tng cn c bo v. ng thi h cng l ch th phi tham gia vo cng tc BHL bo v mnh v bo v ngi khc. BHL c lin quan n tt c mi ngi tham gia sn xut. Cng nhn l nhng ngi thng xuyn tip xc vi my mc, trc tip thc hin cc qui trnh cng ngh... do h c nhiu kh nng pht hin nhng s h trong cng tc bo h lao ng, ng gp xy dng cc bin php v k thut an ton, tham gia gp kin v mu m, quy cch dng c phng h, qun o lm vic Mt khc d cc qui trnh, quy phm an ton c ra t m n u, nhng cng nhn cha c hc tp, cha c thm nhun, cha thy r ngha v tm quan trng ca n th rt d vi phm. Mun lm tt cng tc bo h lao ng, phi vn ng c ng o mi ngi tham gia. Cho nn BHL ch c kt qu khi c mi cp, mi ngnh quan tm, c mi ngi lao ng tch cc tham gia v t gic thc hin cc lut l, ch tiu chun, bin php ci thin iu kin lm vic, phng chng tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip. BHL l hot ng hng v c s sn xut v trc ht l ngi trc tip lao ng. N lin quan vi qun chng lao ng. BHL bo v quyn li v hnh phc cho mi ngi, mi nh, cho ton x hi, v th BHL lun mang tnh qun chng su rng. 1.2.4. Thc trng cng tc BHL nc ta hin nay: nc ta, trc cch mng thng Tm, trong thi k khng chin vng tm chin ca Php v min Nam di ch thc dn mi ca M tnh cnh ngi lao ng rt iu ng, tai nn lao ng xy ra rt nghim trng. Cng tc bo h lao ng c ng v Nh nc c bit quan tm. Ngay trong thi k b mt, ng ku gi cng nhn u tranh i ngy lm 8 gi, phn i vic bt ph n v thiu nhi lm vic qu sc, i ci thin iu kin lm vic. Thng 8 nm 1947, sc lnh s 29/SL c ban hnh trong lc cuc trng k khng chin bc vo giai on gay go. y l sc lnh u tin v lao ng ca nc Vit Nam Dn Ch Cng Ho, trong c nhiu khon v BHL. iu 133 ca sc lnh quy nh Cc x nghip phi c phng tin bo an v gi gn sc kho cho cng nhn... iu 140 quy nh: Nhng ni lm vic phi rng ri, thong kh v c nh sng mt tri. Nhng ni lm vic phi cch hn nh tiu, nhng cng rnh trnh mi hi thi, m bo v sinh mi trng lm vic. Ngy 22-5-1950, Nh nc ban hnh sc lnh s 77/SL quy nh thi gian lm vic, ngh ngi v tin lng lm thm gi cho cng nhn. Sau khi khng chin chng Php thng li, ton dn ta bc vo thi k khi phc v pht trin kinh t. T mt nc nng nghip lc hu, s lng cng nhn t i, tin thng ln mt nc X hi ch ngha c cng nghip v nng nghip hin i, vic o to mt i ng cng nhn ng o l mt nhim v cp bch. Trong tnh hnh , cng tc BHL li tr nn cc k quan trng. Hi ngh ban chp hnh Trung ng ng ln th 14 (i hi III) vch r: Phi ht sc quan tm n vic m bo an ton lao ng(ATL), ci thin iu kin lao ng, chm lo sc kho ca cng nhn. Tch cc thc hin mi bin php cn thit BHL cho cng nhn. Ch th 132/CT ngy 13-3-1959 ca Ban B th Trung ng ng c on vit: Cng tc bo v lao ng phc v trc tip cho sn xut v khng th tch ri sn xut. Bo v tt sc lao ng ca ngi sn xut l mt yu t quan trng y mnh sn xut pht trin, xem nh bo m ATL l biu hin thiu quan im qun chng trong sn xut .
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Trong nhng nm chin tranh ph hoi ca quc M, ta vn trin khai cng tc nghin cu khoa hc v BHL. B phn nghin cu v sinh lao ng v bnh ngh nghip ca Vin v sinh dch t c thnh lp t nm 1961 v n nay hon thnh nhiu cng trnh nghin cu, phc v cng nghip c gi tr. Nm 1971, Vin nghin cu khoa hc k thut BHL trc thuc Tng Cng on Vit Nam c thnh lp v ang hot ng c hiu qu. Mn hc Bo h lao ng c cc trng i hc, Trung hc chuyn nghip v cc Trng dy ngh a vo chng trnh ging dy chnh kha. Ngy nay, cng tc bo h c nng ln mt tm cao mi. Hng tun cng nhn ch phi lm vic 5 ngy, cc cng xng, x nghip phi c kim tra cng tc bo an nh k v cht ch. Tng Lin on lao ng Vit Nam c cc phn vin BHL ng cc min kim tra v n c vic thc hin cng tc bo h lao ng. ng v Nh nc ta c nhiu ch th, ngh quyt, hng dn v cng tc BHL. Cc ngnh chc nng ca nh nc (Lao ng v TBXH, Yt, Tng Lin on LVN...) c nhiu c gng trong cng tc BHL. Tuy nhin vn cn mt s c quan, doanh nghip cha nhn thc mt cch nghim tc cng tc BHL, coi nh hay thm ch v trch nhim vi cng tc BHL, vn cn tn ti mt s vn nh h thng t chc qun l v BHL t Trung ng n a phng cha c cng c cht ch, cc vn bn php lut v BHL cha c hon chnh, vic thc hin cc vn bn php lut v BHL cha nghim chnh. iu kin lm vic cn nhiu nguy c e da v ATL, iu kin VSL b xung cp nghim trng.
1.3. Nhng ni dung ch yu ca khoa hc k thut bhl

1.3.1. Ni dung khoa hc k thut: Ni dung khoa hc k thut chim mt v tr rt quan trng, l phn ct li loi tr cc yu t nguy him v c hi, ci thin iu kin lao ng. Khoa hc k thut BHL l lnh vc khoa hc rt tng hp v lin ngnh, c hnh thnh v pht trin trn c s kt hp v s dng thnh tu ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc khc nhau, t khoa hc t nhin (nh ton, vt l, ho hc, sinh hc...) n khoa hc k thut chuyn ngnh ( nh y hc, cc ngnh k thut chuyn mn...) v cn lin quan n cc ngnh kinh t, x hi, tm l hc ... Nhng ni dung nghin cu chnh ca Khoa hc BHL bao gm nhng vn : a/ Khoa hc v sinh lao ng: Mi trng xung quanh nh hng n iu kin lao ng, v do nh hng n con ngi, dng c, my mc thit b, nh hng ny cn c kh nng lan truyn trong mt phm vi nht nh. S chu ng qu ti (iu kin dn n nguyn nhn gy bnh) dn n kh nng sinh ra bnh ngh nghip. phng bnh ngh nghip cng nh to ra iu kin ti u cho sc kho v tnh trng lnh mnh cho ngi lao ng chnh l mc ch ca v sinh lao ng ( bo v sc khe). Cc yu t tc ng xu n h thng lao ng cn c pht hin v ti u ho. Mc ch ny khng ch nhm m bo v sc kho v an ton lao ng m ng thi to nn nhng c s cho vic lm gim s cng thng trong lao ng, nng cao nng sut, hiu qu kinh t, iu chnh nhng hot ng ca con ngi mt cch thch hp. Vi ngha th iu kin mi trng lao ng l iu kin xung quanh ca h thng lao ng cng nh l thnh phn ca h thng. Thuc thnh phn ca h thng l nhng iu kin v khng gian, t chc, trao i cng nh x hi. * i tng v mc ch nh gi: Cc yu t ca mi trng lao ng c c trng bi cc iu kin xung quanh v vt l,
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ho hc, vi sinh vt (nh cc tia bc x, rung ng, bi ...). Mc ch ch yu ca vic nh gi cc iu kin xung quanh l: - m bo sc kho v an ton lao ng. - Trnh cng thng trong lao ng, to kh nng hon thnh cng vic. - m bo chc nng cc trang thit b hot ng tt. - To hng th trong lao ng. C s ca vic nh gi cc yu t mi trng lao ng l:(Hnh I-1) - Kh nng lan truyn ca cc yu t mi trng lao ng t ngun. - S lan truyn ca cc yu t ny thng qua con ngi v tr lao ng.
Ngun truyn Phng tin bo v Ni tc ng (ch lm vic)
Khong cch lan truyn Cng truyn Cng nhn
Hnh I-1: C s nh gi cc yu t trong mi trng lao ng * Tc ng ch yu ca cc yu t mi trng lao ng n con ngi: Cc yu t tc ng ch yu l cc yu t mi trng lao ng v vt l, ho hc, sinh hc v ch xt v mt gy nh hng n con ngi. Tnh trng sinh l ca c th cng chu tc ng v phi c iu chnh thch hp, xt c hai mt tm l v sinh l. Tc ng ca nng sut lao ng cng nh hng trc tip v mt tm l i vi ngi lao ng. Tt nhin nng sut lao ng cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhau (chng hn v ngh nghip, gia nh, x hi...). V vy khi ni n cc yu t nh hng ca mi trng lao ng, phi xt c cc yu t tiu cc nh tn thng, gy nhiu...v cc yu t tch cc nh yu t s dng.( Bng I-1) Mt iu cn ch l s nhn bit mc tc ng ca cc yu t khc nhau i vi ngi lao ng c cc bin php x l thch hp. * o v nh gi v sinh lao ng: u tin l pht hin cc yu t nh hng n mi trng lao ng v mt s lng v ch n nhng yu t nh hng ch yu, t tin hnh o, nh gi. Mi yu t nh hng n mi trng lao ng u c c trng bng nhng i lng nht nh v ngi ta c th xc nh n bng cch o trc tip hay gin tip thng qua tnh ton.
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Bng I-1: Cc yu t ca mi trng lao ng

Cc yu t mi trng lao ng Ting n Yu t nhiu Ph thuc nhiu vo s hot ng ca lao ng( v d: tp trung hay s nhn bit tn hiu m thanh V d: nhng hnh ng chnh xc Yu t tn thng Yu t s dng
Vt qu gii hn cho m thanh dng lm tn php. Ph thuc thi hiu. gian tc ng tn m nhc tc ng tt cho tinh thn. thng thnh gic. Vt qu gii hn cho ng dng trong y hc php. Ph thuc vo thi gian tc ng, tn thng sinh hc, nh hng n tun hon mu. Gim th lc khi cng Dng lm tn hiu cm nhn.Tng cng kh thp. nng sinh hoc. Mt chiu sng cao, Dng lm tn hiu cm vt qu kh nng thch nhn( nhn bit s tng phn, hnh nghi ca mt. dng...) Thi tit vt qu gii iu kin thi tit d hn cho php lm con chu. ngi khng chu ng ni. Nhim c t n mc khng cho php. Tc ng nhit khi vt ng dng trong lnh qu gii hn cho php vc y hc
Rung ng
Chiu sng - Cng sng
Khi khng sng ( cng thp)
- Mt chiu Mt chiu sng cao lm hoa mt. Mt sng chiu sng thay i nh hng n phm vi nhn thy Kh hu - Nhit khng Phm vi cm nhn d chu v thi tit ca con kh ngi. Thi tit n - Cc bc x iu - m - Tc gi sch ca V d: Bi v mi v nh hng n con khng kh ngi Khng c cm nhn Trng in t chuyn i
*C s v cc hnh thc v sinh lao ng: Cc hnh thc ca cc yu t nh hng ca mi trng lao ng l nhng iu kin ch lm vic ( trong nh my hay vn phng ...), trng thi lao ng (lm vic ca ngy hay ca m ...), yu cu ca nhim v c giao (lp rp, sa cha, gia cng c hay thit k, lp chng trnh ...) v cc phng tin lao ng, vt liu. Phng thc hnh ng cn ch n cc vn sau: - Xc nh ng cc bin php v thit k cng ngh, t chc v chng li s lan truyn cc yu t nh hng ca mi trng lao ng (bin php u tin). - Bin php chng s xm nhp nh hng xu ca mi trng lao ng n ch lm vic, chng lan to (bin php th hai). - Bin php ti u lm gim s cng thng trong lao ng (thng qua tc ng i khng).
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- Hnh thc lao ng cng nh t chc lao ng. - Cc bin php c nhn (bo v ng h hp, tai...). b/ C s k thut an ton: * Cc nh ngha v l thuyt trong an ton: + An ton: L xc sut cho nhng s kin c nh ngha( sn phm, phng php, phng tin lao ng...) trong mt khong thi gian nht nh khng xut hin nhng tn thng i vi ngi, mi trng v phng tin. Theo TCVN 3153-79 nh ngha k thut an ton nh sau: K thut an ton l h thng cc bin php, phng tin, t chc v k thut nhm phng nga s tc ng ca cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng sn xut i vi ngi lao ng. + S nguy him:L trng thi hay tnh hung c th xy ra tn thng thng qua cc yu t gy hi hay yu t chu ng. + S gy hi: Kh nng tn thng n sc khe ca ngi hay xut hin bi nhng tn thng mi trng c bit v s kin c bit + Ri ro: L s phi hp ca xc sut v mc tn thng( v d tn thng sc khe) trong mt tnh hung gy hi. * nh gi s gy hi, an ton v ri ro: S gy hi sinh ra do tc ng qua li gia con ngi v cc phn t khc ca h thng lao ng c gi l h thng Ngi-My-Mi trng C nhiu phng php nh gi khc nhau: Phn tch tc ng: L phng php m t v nh gi nhng s c khng mong mun xy ra. V d tai nn lao ng, tai nn trn ng i lm, bnh ngh nghip, hng hc, n v.v... Nhng tiu chun c trng cho tai nn lao ng l: - S c gy tn thng v tc ng t bn ngoi. - S c t ngt. - S c khng bnh thng. - Hot ng an ton S lin quan gia s c xy ra tai nn v nguyn nhn ca n cng nh s pht hin im ch yu ca tai nn da vo c im sau: - Qu trnh din bin ca tai nn mt cch chnh xc cng nh a im xy ra tai nn. - Loi tai nn lin quan n yu t gy tc hi v yu t chu ti. - Mc an ton v tui bn ca cc phng tin lao ng, cc phng tin vn hnh. - Tui, gii tnh, nng lc v nhim v c giao ca ngi lao ng b tai nn. - Loi chn thng. Phn tch tnh trng: L phng php nh gi chung tnh trng an ton v k thut an ton ca h thng lao ng. y cn quan tm l kh nng xut hin nhng tn thng. Phn tch chnh xc nhng kh nng d phng trn c s nhng iu kin lao ng v nhng gi thit khc nhau. c/ Khoa hc v cc phng tin bo v ngi lao ng Ngnh khoa hc ny c nhim v nghin cu, thit k, ch to nhng phng tin bo v tp th hay c nhn ngi lao ng s dng trong sn xut nhm chng li nhng nh hng ca cc yu t nguy him v c hi, khi cc bin php v mt k thut an ton khng th loi tr c chng. c c nhng phng tin bo v hiu qu, c cht lng v thm m cao, ngi ta s dng thnh tu ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc t khoa hc t nhin( vt l, ha hc...), khoa hc v vt liu, m thut cng nghip... n cc ngnh sinh l hc, nhn chng hc...
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Ngy nay cc phng tin bo v c nhn nh mt n phng c, knh mu chng bc x, qun o chng nng, qun o khng p, cc loi bao tay, giy, ng cch in... l nhng phng tin thit yu trong lao ng. d/ Ecgnmi vi an ton sc kho lao ng: * nh ngha v Ecgnmi: Ecgnmi (Ergonomics) l mn khoa hc lin ngnh nghin cu tng hp s thch ng gia cc phng tin k thut v mi trng lao ng vi kh nng ca con ngi v gii phu, tm l, sinh l nhm m bo cho lao ng c hiu qu nht, ng thi bo v sc kho, an ton cho con ngi. * S tc ng gia Ngi -My- Mi trng: Ecgnmi tp trung vo s thch ng ca my mc, cng c vi ngi iu khin nh vo vic thit k, tp trung vo s thch nghi gia ngi lao ng vi my mc nh s tuyn chn v hun luyn, tp trung vo vic ti u ho mi trng xung quanh thch hp vi con ngi v s thch nghi ca con ngi vi iu kin mi trng. Kh nng sinh hc ca con ngi thng ch iu chnh c trong mt phm vi gii hn no , v vy thit b thch hp cho mt ngh th trc ht phi thch hp vi ngi s dng n v v vy khi thit k cc trang thit b ngi ta phi ch n tnh nng s dng ph hp vi vi ngi iu khin n. Mi trng ti ch lm vic chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t khc nhau nhng cn phi bo m s thun tin cho ngi lao ng khi lm vic nht l cc yu t v nh sng, ting n, rung ng, thng thong... Ngoi ra cc yu t v tm l, x hi, thi gian v t chc lao ng u nh hng trc tip n tinh thn cua ngi lao ng. * Nhn trc hc Ecgnmi vi ch lm vic: Ngi lao ng phi lm vic trong t th g b, ngi hoc ng trong thi gian di, thng b au lng, au c v cng thng c bp. Hin tng b chi lo do chiu sng khng tt lm gim hiu qu cng vic, gy mt mi th gic v thn kinh, to nn tm l kh chu. S khc bit v chng tc v nhn chng hc cn c chu , khi nhp khu hay chuyn giao cng ngh ca nc ngoi c s khc bit v cu trc vn ho, x hi, c th dn n hu qu xu. Chng hn ngi Chu nh b phi lm vic vi my mc, phng tin c thit k cho ngi Chu u to ln... Nhn trc hc Ecgnmi vi mc ch nghin cu nhng tng quan gia ngi lao ng v cc phng tin lao ng vi yu cu m bo s thun tin nht cho ngi lao ng khi lm vic c th t c nng sut lao ng cao nht v m bo tt nht sc khe cho ngi lao ng - Nhng nguyn tc Ecgnmi trong thit k h thng lao ng: Cc c tnh thit k cc phng tin k thut hot ng cn phi tng ng vi kh nng con ngi da trn nguyn tc sau: + C s nhn trc hc, c sinh, tm sinh l v nhng c tnh khc ca ngi lao ng. + C s v v sinh lao ng, v an ton lao ng. + Cc yu cu v thm m k thut. - Thit k khng gian lm vic v phng tin lao ng: + Thch ng vi kch thc ngi iu khin + Ph hp vi t th ca c th con ngi, lc c bp v chuyn ng + C cc tn hiu, c cu iu khin, thng tin phn hi. - Thit k mi trng lao ng: Mi trng lao ng cn phi c thit k v bo m trnh c tc ng c hi ca
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cc yu t vt l, ho hc, sinh hc v t iu kin ti u cho hot ng chc nng ca con ngi. - Thit k qu trnh lao ng: Thit k qu trnh lao ng nhm bo v sc kho an ton cho ngi lao ng, to cho h cm gic d chu, thoi mi v d dng thc hin mc tiu lao ng. Cn phi loi tr s qu ti, gy nn bi tnh cht cng vic vt qu gii hn trn hoc di ca chc nng hot ng tm l ca ngi lao ng. 1.3.2. Ni dung xy dng v thc hin php lut v BHL mi quc gia cng tc BHL c a ra mt lut ring hoc thnh mt chng v BHL trong b lut lao ng, mt s nc, ban hnh di dng mt vn bn di lut nh php lnh iu l... Cc nh l lun t sn lp lun rng: Tai nn lao ng trong sn xut l khng th trnh khi, khi nng sut lao ng tng th tai nn lao ng cng tng ln theo. H nu ln l l nh vy nhm xoa du s u tranh ca giai cp cng nhn v che du tnh trng sn xut thiu cc bin php an ton. Thc ra, s tai nn xy ra hng nm cc nc t bn tng ln c nhng nguyn nhn ca n. Chng hn, cng nhn phi lm vic vi cng lao ng qu cao, thi gian qu di, thit b sn xut thiu cc c cu an ton cn thit. Ni lm vic khng m bo iu kin v sinh, cha c ch bi dng thch ng i vi ngi lao ng v.v... Di ch x hi ch ngha, khi ngi lao ng c hon ton gii phng v tr thnh ngi ch x hi, lao ng tr thnh vinh d v ngha v thing ling ca con ngi. Bo h lao ng tr thnh chnh sch ln ca ng v Nh nc. Vit Nam qu trnh xy dng v pht trin h thng lut php ch chnh sch BHL c ng v Nh nc ht sc quan tm.
1.4. Mi quan h gia BHL v mi trng

Vn mi trng ni chung hay mi trng lao ng ni ring l mt vn thi s cp bch c cp n vi quy m ton cu. Cc nh khoa hc t lu bit c s thi cc kh gy Hiu ng nh knh c th lm tri t nng dn ln. Hiu ng nh knh l kt qu hot ng ca con ngi trong qu trnh s dng cc loi nhin liu ho thch (du m, than , kh t ...) thi ra bu kh quyn mt khi lng rt ln cc cht c hi ( trong s quan trng nht l CO2). Nhng kh c ny c xu hng phn x nh sng, lm tri t nng dn ln. Cc nh khoa hc cho rng trong vng 50 nm na s pht thi s lm cho nhit tng ln t 1,50 n 4,50. Trong sut 30 nm qua, c 10 nm khu vc ny li tng thm 1 Fahrenheit ( 10F tng ng 0,550C). Gi y cc dng sng bng Alaska v Bc Xiberie ang bt u tan chy. iu ny s dn n mc nc bin dng cao, nhn chm mt s min duyn hi v nhng hn o, l mm mng ca nhng trn bo lt th k v nhng nguy c ca thm ho sinh thi. Trong nm 1997, hin tng EnNino lm nhit trung bnh ca bu kh quyn tng 0,430C. Mu cht ca tai ha, mt phn chnh nm cc hot ng ca con ngi. Mi nm, con ngi t nht 7 t tn Ccbon vo bu kh quyn. Ngy nay kh CO2 trong khng kh nhiu hn khong 30% so vi nm 1860. Th gii cng nghip cung cp khong mt na lng kh thi trn tri t. Trong bn danh sch v hiu ng nh knh ( do v tinh M xc nh), vng b nhim nhiu nht l khu vc bin Ban Tch, tip theo l b bin pha ty Hn Quc... Nu con ngi hm nay khng thc hin cc bin php hu hiu gim bt s nng ln
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ca tri t, th khng ch hm nay m c th h mai sau s phi hng chu hu qu to ln do s " ni gin" ca thin nhin. c c mt gii php tt to nn mt mi trng lao ng ph hp cho ngi lao ng, i hi s tham gia ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc, c da trn 4 yu t c bn sau: - Ngn chn v hn ch s lan ta cc yu t nguy him v c hi t ngun pht sinh. Bin php tch cc nht l thay i cng ngh sn xut vi cc nguyn liu v nhin liu sch, thit k v trang b nhng thit b, dy chuyn sn xut khng lm nhim mi trng... - Thu hi v x l cc yu t gy nhim. - X l cc cht thi trc khi thi ra khng lm nhim mi trng. - Trang b cc phng tin bo v c nhn.
1.5. S pht trin bn vng

1.5.1. nh ngha v s pht trin bn vng: Pht trin bn vng l cch pht trin tho mn nhu cu ca th h hin ti m khng nh hng n kh nng tho mn nhu cu ca th h mai sau Con ng i lnpht trin b vng khng ging nhau i vi cc nc cng nghip ha, cc nc ang cng nghip ha nhanh v mt s nc ang pht trin. Pht trin bn vng c th c xem l mt tin trnh i hi s tin trin ng thi 4 lnh vc: kinh t, nhn vn, mi trng v k thut. Gia cc lnh vc c s thc y ln nhau. 1.5.2. Cc gii php i vi 4 lnh vc: a/ Lnh vc kinh t: - Gim n mc tiu ph nng lng v nhng ti nguyn khc qua nhng cng ngh tit kim v qua thay i li sng. - Thay i cc mu hnh tiu th nh hng n a dng sinh hc ca cc nc khc. - i u v h tr pht trin bn vng cho cc nc khc. - Gim hng nhp khu hay c chnh sch bo h mu dch lm hn ch th trng cho cc sn phm ca nhng nc ngho. - S dng ti nguyn, k thut v ti chnh pht trin cng ngh sch v cng ngh dng t ti nguyn. - Lm cho mi ngi tip cn ti nguyn mt cch bnh ng. - Gim chnh lch v thu nhp v tip cn y t. - Chuyn tin t chi ph qun s an ninh cho nhng yu cu pht trin. - Dng ti nguyn cho vic ci thin mc sng thng xuyn. - Loi b ngho nn tuyt i. - Ci thin vic tip cn rung t, gio dc v cc dch v x hi. - Thit lp ngnh cng nghip c hiu sut to cng n vic lm v sn xut hng ha cho thng mi v tiu th. b/ Lnh vc nhn vn: - n nh dn s. - Gin di c dn n cc thnh ph qua chng trnh pht trin nng thn. - Xy dng nhng bin php mang tnh cht chnh sch v k thut gim nh hu qu mi trng ca qu trnh th ha. - Nng cao t l ngi bit ch. - Tip cn d dng hn vi chm sc sc khe ban u. - Ci thin phc li x hi, bo v tnh a dng vn ho v u t vo vn con ngi. - u t vo sc khe v gio dc ph n.
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- Khuyn khch s tham gia vo nhng qu trnh phc li x hi. c/ Lnh vc mi trng: - S dng c hiu qu hn t canh tc v cung cp nc bng cch ci thin cch canh tc nng nghip v ng dng tin b k thut nng cao sn lng... - Trnh dng qu mc phn ho hc v thuc tr su. - Bo v nc bng cch chm dt lng ph nc, nng cao hiu sut ca cc h thng nc, ci thin cht lng nc v hn ch rt nc b mt, s dng nc ti mt cch thn trng... - Bo v a dng sinh hc bng cch lm chm li ng k v nu c th th chn ng s tuyt dit ca cc loi, s hu hoi ni cng nh cc h sinh thi. - Trnh tnh trng khng n nh ca kh hu, hu hoi tng zn do hot ng ca con ngi. - Bo v ti nguyn thin nhin cn thit cho sn xut lng thc v cht t trong khi phi m rng sn xut p ng nhu cu gia tng dn s. Trnh m t nng nghip trn t dc hoc t bc mu. - Lm chm hoc chn ng s hy hoi rng nhit i, h sinh thi san h, rng ngp mn ven bin, nhng vng t ngp nc hoc cc ni c o khc bo v tnh a dng sinh hoc. d/ Lnh vc k thut: - Chuyn dch sang nn k thut sch v c hiu sut hn gim tiu th nng lng v cc ti nguyn thin nhin khc m khng lm nhim khng kh, nc v t. - Gim pht thi CO2 gim t l tng ton cu ca kh nh knh v sau cng l gim nng ca nhng kh ny trong kh quyn. - Cng vi thi gian phi gim ng k s dng nhin liu ho thch v tm ra nhng ngun nng lng mi. - Loi b vic s dng CFCs trnh lm tn thng n tng zn bo v tri t. - Bo tn nhng k thut truyn thng vi t cht thi v cht nhim, nhng k thut ti ch cht thi ph hp vi h t nhin. - Nhanh chng ng dng nhng k thut c ci tin cng nh nhng quy ch ca Chnh ph v vic thc hin nhng quy ch .
Chng 2: lut php, ch chnh sch bHL

2.1. H thng lut php ch chnh sch BHL ca Vit nam
Trong thp nin 90 nhm p ng nhu cu ca cng cuc i mi v s nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc chng ta y mnh cng tc xy dng php lut ni chung v php lut BHL ni ring. n nay chng ta c mt h thng vn bn php lut ch chnh sch BHL tng i y . H thng lut php ch chnh sch BHL gm 3 phn: Phn I: B lut lao ng v cc lut khc c lin quan n ATVSL. Phn II: Ngh nh 06/CP v cc ngh nh khc lin quan n ATVSL. Phn III: Cc thng t, ch th, tiu chun qui phm ATVSL. C th minh ha h thng lut php ch chnh sch BHL ca Vit Nam bng s sau:
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Hin php
B lut L
Cc Lut, Php lut c lin quan
N 06/CP
Cc Ngh nh c lin quan
Ch th
Thng t
H thng T/C qui phm v ATL
2.1.1. B lut lao ng v cc lut php c lin quan n ATVSL a/ Mt s iu ca B lut Lao ng ( ngoi chng IX ) c lin quan n ATVSL: Cn c vo quy nh iu 56 ca Hin php nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit nam: " Nh nc ban hnh chnh sch, ch bo h lao ng, Nh nc quy nh thi gian lao ng, ch tin lng, ch ngh nghi v ch bo him x hi i vi vin chc Nh nc v nhng ngi lm cng n lng..." B lut Lao ng ca nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam c Quc hi thng qua ngy 23/6/1994 v c hiu lc t 01/01/1995. Php lut lao ng quy nh quyn v ngha v ca ngi lao ng v ca ngi s dng lao ng, cc tiu chun lao ng, cc nguyn tc s dng v qun l lao ng, gp phn thc y sn xut. Trong B lut Lao ng c chng IX v " An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng" vi 14 iu ( t iu 95 n iu 108 s c trnh by phn sau). Ngoi chng IX v An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng trong B lut Lao ng c nhiu iu thuc cc chng khc nhau cng cp n nhng vn c lin quan n BHL vi nhng ni dung c bn ca mt s iu chnh sau: - iu 29. Chng IV qui nh hp ng lao ng ngoi cc ni dung khc phi c ni dung iu kin v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng. - iu 39. Chng IV qui nh mt trong nhiu trng hp v chm dt hp ng l: Ngi s dng lao ng khng c n phng chm dt hp ng lao ng khi ngi lao ng m au hay b tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip ang iu tr, iu dng theo quyt nh ca thy thuc. - iu 46. Chng V qui nh mt trong nhng ni dung ch yu ca tho c tp th l an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng. - iu 68 tit 2 Chng VII qui nh vic rt ngn thi gian lm vic i vi nhng ngi lm cng vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him. - iu 69 Chng VII quy nh s gi lm thm khng c vt qu trong mt ngy v trong mt nm. - iu 71 Chng VII quy nh thi gian ngh ngi trong thi gian lm vic, gia hai ca lm vic. - iu 84 Chng VIII qui nh cc hnh thc x l ngi vi phm k lut lao ng
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trong c vi phm ni dung ATVSL. - iu 113 Chng X quy nh khng c s dng lao ng n lm nhng cng vic nng nhc, nguy him, c hi c quy nh. - iu 121 Chng XI quy nh cm ngi lao ng cha thnh nin lm nhng cng vic nng nhc, nguy him, tip xc vi cc cht c hi theo danh mc quy nh. - iu 127 Chng XI quy nh phi tun theo nhng quy nh v iu kin lao ng, cng c lao ng, an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng ph hp vi ngi tn tt. - iu 143 tit 1 Chng XII quy nh vic tr lng, chi ph cho ngi lao ng trong thi gian ngh vic cha tr v tai nn lao ng hoc bnh ngh nghip. - iu 143 tit 2 Chng XII quy nh ch t tut, tr cp thm mt ln cho thn nhn ngi lao ng b cht do tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip. Ngy 02/04/2002 Quc hi c lut Quc Hi s 35/2002 v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca B lut Lao ng ( vc Quc hikho IX k hp th 5 thng qua ngy 23/6/1994) Ngy 11/4/2007 Ch tch nc lnh cng b lut s 02/2007/L-CTN v lut s i, b sung iu 73 ca B lut Lao ng. Theo t nm 2007, ngi lao ng s c ngh lm vic hng nguyn lng ngy gi t Hng Vng ( ngy 10/3 m lch) v nh vy tng ngy l tt c ngh trong nm l 09 ngy. b/ Mt s lut, php lnh c lin quan n an ton v sinh lao ng: B lut Lao ng cha c th cp mi vn , mi kha cnh c lin quan n ATL, VSL, do trong thc t cn nhiu lut, php lnh vi mt s iu khon lin quan n ni dung ny. Trong s cn quan tm n mt s vn bn php l sau: - Lut bo v mi trng (1993) vi cc iu 11, 19, 29 cp n vn p dng cng ngh tin tin, cng ngh sch, vn nhp khu, xut khu my mc thit b, nhng hnh vi b nghim cm ... c lin quan n bo v mi trng v c vn ATVSL trong doanh nghip nhng mc nht nh. - Lut bo v sc kho nhn dn (1989) vi cc iu 9, 10, 14 cp n v sinh trong sn xut, bo qun, vn chuyn v bo v ho cht, v sinh cc cht thi trong cng nghip v trong sinh hot, v sinh lao ng. - Php lnh qui nh v vic qun l nh nc i vi cng tc PCCC (1961). Tuy chy trong phm vi v m khng phi l ni dung ca cng tc BHL, nhng trong cc doanh nghip chy n thng do mt an ton, v sinh gy ra, do vn m bo an ton VSL, phng chng chy n gn b cht ch vi nhau v u l nhng ni dung k hoch BHL ca doanh nghip. - Lut Cng on (1990). Trong lut ny, trch nhim v quyn Cng on trong cng tc BHL c nu rt c th trong iu 6 chng II, t vic phi hp nghin cu ng dng khoa hc k thut BHL, xy dng tiu chun quy phm ATL, VSL n trch nhim tuyn truyn gio dc BHL cho ngi lao ng, kim tra vic chp hnh php lut BHL, tham gia iu tra tai nn lao ng... - Lut hnh s (1999). Trong c nhiu iu vi ti danh lin quan n ATL, VSL nh iu 227 (Ti vi phm quy nh v ATL, VSL...), iu 229 (Ti vi phm quy nh v xy dng gy hu qu nghim trng), iu 236, 237 lin quan n cht phng x, iu 239, 240 lin quan n cht chy, cht c v vn phng chy... 2.1.2. Ngh nh 06/CP v cc ngh nh khc c lin quan Trong h thng cc vn bn php lut v BHL cc ngh nh c mt v tr rt quan
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trng, c bit l ngh nh 06/CP ca Chnh ph ngy 20/1/1995 qui nh chi tit mt s iu ca B lut Lao ng v ATL, VSL. Ngh nh 06/CP gm 7 chng 24 iu: Chng I. i tng v phm vi p dng. Chng II. An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng. Chng III. Tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip. Chng IV. Quyn v ngha v ca ngi s dng lao ng, ngi lao ng. Chng V. Trch nhim ca c quan nh nc. Chng VI. Trch nhim ca t chc cng on. Chng VII. iu khon thi hnh. Trong ngh nh, vn ATL, VSL c nu kh c th v c bn, n c t trong tng th ca vn lao ng vi nhng kha cnh khc ca lao ng, c nu ln mt cch cht ch v hon thin hn so vi nhng vn bn trc . Ngy 27/12/2002 chnh ph ban hnh ngh nh s 110/2002/N-CP v vic sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh 06?CP ( ban hnh ngy 20/01/1995) quy nh chi tit mt s iu ca B lut lao ng v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng. Ngoi ra cn mt s ngh nh khc vi mt s ni dung c lin quan n ATVSL nh: - Ngh nh 195/CP (31/12/1994) ca Chnh ph qui nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca B lut Lao ng v thi gi lm vic, thi gi ngh ngi. - Ngh nh 38/CP (25/6/1996) ca Chnh ph qui nh x pht hnh chnh v hnh vi vi phm php lut lao ng trong c nhng qui nh lin quan n hnh vi vi phm v ATVSL. - Ngh nh 46/CP (6/8/1996) ca Chnh ph qui nh x pht hnh chnh trong lnh vc qun l Nh nc v y t, trong c mt s quy nh lin quan n hnh vi vi phm v VSL. 2.1.3. Cc Ch th, Thng t c lin quan n ATVSL a. Cc ch th: Cn c vo cc iu trong chng IX B lut Lao ng, Ngh nh 06/CP v tnh hnh thc t, Th tng ban hnh cc ch th nhng thi im thch hp, ch o vic y mnh cng tc ATVSL, phng chng chy n... Trong s cc ch th c ban hnh trong thi gian thc hin B lut Lao ng, c 2 ch th quan trng c tc dng trong mt thi gian tng i di, l: - Ch th s 237/TTg (19/4/1996) ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic tng cng cc bin php thc hin cng tc PCCC. Ch th nu r nguyn nhn xy ra nhiu v chy, gy thit hi nghim trng l do vic qun l v t chc thc hin cng tc PCCC ca cc cp, ngnh c s v cng dn cha tt. - Ch th s 13/1998/CT-TTg (26/3/1998) ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic tng cng ch o v t chc thc hin cng tc BHL trong tnh hnh mi. y l mt ch th rt quan trng c tc dng tng cng v nng cao hiu lc qun l nh nc, vai tr, trch nhim ca mi t chc, c nhn trong vic bo m ATVSL, phng chng chy n, duy tr v ci thin iu kin lm vic, bo m sc khe v an ton cho ngi lao ng trong nhng nm cui ca th k XX v trong thi gian u ca th k XXI. b. Cc Thng t: C nhiu thng t lin quan n ATVSL, nhng y ch nu ln nhng thng t cp ti cc vn thuc ngha v v quyn ca ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng: - Thng t lin tch s 14/1998/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT-TLLVN (31/10/1998) hng
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dn vic t chc thc hin cng tc BHL trong doanh nghip, c s sn xut kinh doanh vi nhng ni dung c bn sau: + Quy nh v t chc b my v phn nh trch nhim v BHL doanh nghip. + Xy dng k hoch BHL. + Nhim v v quyn hn v BHL ca Cng on doanh nghip. + Thng k, bo co v s kt tng kt v BHL. - Thng t s 10/1998/TT-LTBXH ( 28/5/1998) hng dn thc hin ch trang b phng tin bo v c nhn. - Thng t s 08/TT-LTBXH ( 11/4/95) hng dn cng tc hun luyn v ATVSL. - Thng t s 13/TT-BYT (24/10/1996) hng dn thc hin qun l v sinh lao ng, qun l sc kho ca ngi lao ng v bnh ngh nghip. - Thng t lin tch s 08/1998/TTLT-BYT-BLTBXH ( 20/4/98) hng dn thc hin cc quy nh v bnh ngh nghip. - Thng t lin tch s 03/1998/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT-TLLVN ( 26/3/1998) hng dn khai bo v iu tra tai nn lao ng. - Thng t lin tch s 10/1999/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT hng dn thc hin ch bi dng bng hin vt i vi ngi lao ng lm vic trong iu kin c yu t nguy him, c hi. - Thng t s 23/LTBXH ( 18/11/96) hng dn thc hin ch thng k bo co nh k tai nn lao ng.
2.2. Nhng ni dung v ATVSL trong b lut lao ng

Nhng ni dung ny c quy nh ch yu trong Chng IX v " An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng " ca B lut Lao ng v c quy nh chi tit trong Ngh nh 06/CP ngy 20/1/1995 ca Chnh ph. 2.2.1. i tng v phm vi p dng chng IX B lut Lao ng v ngh nh 06/CP: (c quy nh trong iu 2, 3, 4 chng I B lut Lao ng v c c th ha trong iu 1 Ngh nh 06/CP) i tng v phm vi c p dng cc qui nh v ATL, VSL bao gm: Mi t chc, c nhn s dng lao ng, mi cng chc, vin chc, mi ngi lao ng k c ngi hc ngh, th vic trong cc lnh vc, cc thnh phn kinh t, trong lc lng v trang v cc doanh nghip, t chc, c quan nc ngoi, t chc quc t ng trn lnh th Vit Nam. 2.2.2. An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng: c th hin trong tng phn hoc ton b cc iu 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104 ca B lut lao ng v c c th ha trong chng II ca N06/CP t iu 2 n iu 8 bao gm cc ni dung chnh sau: - Trong xy dng, m rng, ci to cc cng trnh, s dng, bo qun, lu gi cc loi my, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v ATL, VSL, cc ch u t, ngi s dng lao ng phi lp lun chng v cc bin php m bo ATL, VSL. Lun chng phi c y ni dung vi cc bin php phng nga, x l v phi c c quan thanh tra ATVSL chp thun. Phi c th ho cc yu cu, ni dung, bin php m bo ATVSL theo lun chng c duyt khi thc hin. - Vic thc hin tiu chun ATL, VSL l bt buc. Ngi s dng lao ng phi xy dng qui trnh m bo ATVSL cho tng loi my, thit b, vt t v ni quy ni lm vic. - Vic nhp khu cc loi my, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim nght v ATL,
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VSL phi c php ca c quan c thm quyn. - Ni lm vic c nhiu yu t c hi phi kim tra o lng cc yu t c hi t nht mi nm mt ln, phi lp h s lu gi v theo di ng qui nh. Phi kim tra v c bin php x l ngay khi thy c hin tng bt thng. - Quy nh nhng vic cn lm ni lm vic c yu t nguy him c hi d gy tai nn lao ng cp cu tai nn, x l s c nh: trang b phng tin cp cu, lp phng n x l s c, t chc i cp cu... - Quy nh nhng bin php khc nhm tng cng bo m ATVSL, bo v sc khe cho ngi lao ng nh: trang b phng tin bo v c nhn, khm sc kho nh k, hun luyn v ATVSL, bi dng hin vt cho ngi lao ng... 2.2.3. Tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip: c quy nh trongcc iu 105, 106, 107, 108 ca B lut Lao ng v c c th ha trong cc iu 9, 10, 11, 12 chng III ngh nh 06/CP vi nhng ni dung chnh sau: - Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng i vi ngi b tai nn lao ng: S cu, cp cu kp thi. Tai nn lao ng nng, cht ngi phi gi nguyn hin trng v bo ngay cho c quan Lao ng, Y t, Cng on cp tnh v Cng an gn nht. - Trch nhim ca ngi s dng lao ng i vi ngi mc bnh ngh nghip l phi iu tr theo chuyn khoa, khm sc khe nh k v lp h s sc khe ring bit. - Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng bi thng cho ngi b tai nn lao ng hoc bnh ngh nghip. -Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng t chc iu tra cc v tai nn lao ng c s tham gia ca i din BCH Cng on, lp bin bn theo ng quy nh. - Trch nhim khai bo, thng k v bo co tt c cc v tai nn lao ng cc trng hp b bnh ngh nghip. 2.2.4. C ch 3 bn trong cng tc BHL: C ch 3 bn bt ngun t m hnh t chc v hot ng ca t chc lao ng quc t (ILO). T chc ny c thnh lp nm 1919, t nm 1944 hot ng nh mt t chc chuyn mn gn lin vi Lin hp quc. Cc thnh vin Lin hp quc ng nhin l thnh vin ca ILO. Hng nm ILO hp hi ngh ton th. on i biu mi nc gm 3 bn: 1 i din chnh ph, 1 i din ngi s dng lao ng v 1 i din ngi lao ng ( Cng on) BHL l mt vn quan trng thuc phm tr lao ng, n c lin quan n ngha v v quyn ca 3 bn: Nh nc, Ngi s dng lao ng, Ngi lao ng (i din l t chc cng on), mt khc BHL l mt cng tc rt a dng v phc tp, n i hi phi c s cng tc, phi hp cht ch ca 3 bn th cng tc BHL mi t kt qu tt. 2.2.5. Ngha v v quyn ca cc bn trong cng tc BHL a/ Ngha v v quyn ca Nh nc. Qun l Nh nc trong BHL: (iu 95, 180, 181 ca B lut Lao ng, iu 17, 18, 19 ca N06/CP) *Ngha v v quyn ca nh nc: - Xy dng v ban hnh lut php, ch chnh sch BHL, h thng tiu chun, quy trnh, quy phm v ATL, VSL. - Qun l nh nc v BHL: Hng dn ch o cc ngnh, cc cp thc hin lut php, ch chnh sch, tiu chun, quy trnh, quy phm v ATVSL. Kim tra, n c, thanh tra vic thc hin. Khen thng nhng n v, c nhn c thnh tch v x l cc vi phm v ATVSL. - Lp chng trnh quc gia v BHL a vo k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi v ngn
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sch Nh nc. u t nghin cu khoa hc k thut BHL, o to cn b BHL. * B my t chc qun l cng tc BHL trung ng, a phng: - Hi ng quc gia v ATL, VSL (gi tt l BHL) c thnh lp theo iu 18 ca N06/CP. Hi ng lm nhim v t vn cho Th tng Chnh ph v t chc phi hp hot ng ca cc ngnh, cc cp v ATL, VSL. - B LTBXH thc hin qun l nh nc v ATL i vi cc ngnh v cc a phng trong c nc, c trch nhim: + Xy dng, trnh ban hnh hoc ban hnh cc cc vn bn php lut, ch chnh sch BHL, h thng quy phm Nh nc v ATL, tiu chun phn loi lao ng theo iu kin lao ng. + Hng dn ch o cc ngnh cc cp thc hin vn bn trn, qun l thng nht h thng quy phm trn. + Thanh tra v ATL. + Thng tin, hun luyn v ATVSL. + Hp tc quc t trong lnh vc ATL. - B Y t thc hin qun l Nh nc trong lnh vc VSL, c trch nhim: + Xy dng, trnh ban hnh hoc ban hnh v qun l thng nht h thng quy phm VSL, tiu chun sc khe i vi cc ngh, cng vic. + Hng dn, ch o cc ngnh, cc cp thc hin cc quy nh v VSL. +Thanh tra v v sinh lao ng. + T chc khm sc khe v iu tr bnh ngh nghip cho ngi lao ng. + Hp tc quc t trong lnh vc VSL. - B Khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng c trch nhim: + Qun l thng nht vic nghin cu v ng dng khoa hc k thut v ATL, VSL. + Ban hnh h thng tiu chun cht lng, quy cch cc phng tin bo v c nhn trong lao ng. + Phi hp vi B LTBXH, B Y t xy dng, ban hnh v qun l thng nht h thng tiu chun k thut Nh nc v ATL, VSL. - B Gio dc v o to c trch nhim ch o vic a ni dung ATL, VSL vo chng trnh ging dy trong cc trng i hc, cc trng K thut, qun l v dy ngh. - Cc b v cc ngnh khc c trch nhim ban hnh h thng tiu chun, quy phm ATL, VSL cp ngnh mnh sau khi c tha thun bng vn bn ca B LTBXH, B Y t. Vic qun l nh nc v ATL, VSL trong cc lnh vc: Phng x, thm d khai thc du kh, cc phng tin vn ti ng st, ng b, ng hng khng v trong cc n v thuc lc lng v trang do cc c quan qun l ngnh chu trch nhim c s phi hp ca B LTBXH v B Y t. - U ban nhn dn tnh, Thnh ph trc thuc trung ng c trch nhim: + Thc hin qun l Nh nc v ATL, VSL trong phm vi a phng mnh. + Xy dng cc mc tiu m bo an ton, v sinh v ci thin iu kin lao ng a vo k hoch pht trin kinh t- x hi v ngn sch a phng. b/ Ngha v v Quyn ca Ngi s dng lao ng: *Ngha v ca Ngi s dng lao ng : iu 13 chng IV ca N06/CP quy nh ngi s dng lao ng c 7 ngha v sau: 1- Hng nm khi xy dng k hoch sn xut kinh doanh ca x nghip phi lp k hoch, bin php ATL, VSL v ci thin iu kin lao ng. 2- Trang b y phng tin bo h c nhn v thc hin cc ch khc v BHL i
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vi ngi lao ng theo quy nh ca Nh nc. 3- C ngi gim st vic thc hin cc quy nh, ni dung, bin php ATL, VSL trong doanh nghip. Phi hp vi Cng on c s xy dng v duy tr s hot ng ca mng li an ton v sinh vin. 4- Xy dng ni quy, quy trnh ATL, VSL ph hp vi tng loi my, thit b, vt t k c khi i mi cng ngh theo tiu chun quy nh ca Nh nc. 5- T chc hun luyn, hng dn cc tiu chun, quy nh bin php an ton, VSL i vi ngi lao ng. 6- T chc khm sc khe nh k cho ngi lao ng theo tiu chun, ch quy nh. 7- Chp hnh nghim chnh quy nh khai bo, iu tra tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip v nh k 6 thng, hng nm bo co kt qu, tnh hnh thc hin ATL, VSL, ci thin iu kin lao ng vi S LTBXH ni doanh nghip hot ng. * Quyn ca Ngi s dng lao ng: iu 14 chng IVca N06/CP quy nh ngi s dng lao ng c 3 quyn sau: 1- Buc ngi lao ng phi tun th cc quy nh, ni quy, bin php ATL, VSL. 2- Khen thng ngi chp hnh tt v k lut ngi vi phm trong vic thc hin ATL, VSL. 3- Khiu ni vi c quan Nh nc c thm quyn v quyt nh ca Thanh tra v ATL, VSL nhng vn phi nghim chnh chp hnh quyt nh . c/ Ngha v v Quyn ca ngi lao ng trong cng tc BHL: * Ngha v ca Ngi lao ng: iu 15 chng IV Ngh nh 06/CP quy nh ngi lao ng c 3 ngha v sau: 1- Chp hnh cc quy nh, ni quy v ATL, VSL c lin quan n cng vic, nhim v c giao. 2- Phi s dng v bo qun cc phng tin bo v c nhn c trang b, nu lm mt hoc h hng th phi bi thng. 3- Phi bo co kp thi vi ngi c trch nhim khi pht hin nguy c gy tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip, gy c hi hoc s c nguy him, tham gia cp cu v khc phc hu qu tai nn lao ng khi c lnh ca Ngi s dng lao ng. * Quyn ca Ngi lao ng: iu 16 chng IV Ngh inh 06/CP quy nh Ngi lao ng c 3 quyn sau: 1- Yu cu Ngi s dng lao ng m bo iu kin lm vic an ton, v sinh, ci thin iu kin lao ng, trang cp y phng tin bo v c nhn, hun luyn, thc hin bin php ATL, VSL. 2- T chi lm cng vic hoc ri b ni lm vic khi thy r nguy c xy ra tai nn lao ng, e do nghim trng tnh mng, sc kho ca mnh v phi bo ngay ngi ph trch trc tip, t chi tr li lm vic ni ni trn nu nhng nguy c cha c khc phc. 3- Khiu ni hoc t co vi c quan Nh nc c thm quyn khi Ngi s dng lao ng vi phm quy nh ca Nh nc hoc khng thc hin ng cc giao kt v ATL, VSL trong hp ng lao ng, tho c lao ng. d/ T chc Cng on ( gi tt l Cng on): * Trch nhim v quyn ca Cng on: Cn c vo iu 156 ca B lut Lao ng, iu 67 chng II lut Cng on nm 1990, cc iu 20, 21 ca N 06/CP, Tng Lin on lao ng Vit Nam c th ha cc ngha v v quyn ca Cng on v BHL trong ngh quyt 01/TL ngy 21/4/1995 ca on ch tch
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TLLVN vi 8 ni dung sau: 1- Tham gia vi cc cp chnh quyn, c quan qun l v Ngi s dng lao ng xy dng cc vn bn php lut, cc tiu chun an ton VSL, ch chnh sch v BHL, k hoch BHL, cc bin php m bo an ton v VSL. 2- Tham gia vi cc c quan Nh nc xy dng chng trnh BHL quc gia, tham gia xy dng v t chc thc hin chng trnh, ti nghin cu KHKT v BHL. Tng Lin on qun l v ch o cc Vin nghin cu KHKT BHL tin hnh cc hot ng nghin cu v ng dng KHKT BHL. 3- C i din tham gia vo cc on iu tra tai nn lao ng, phi hp theo di tnh hnh tai nn lao ng, chy n, bnh ngh nghip. 4- Tham gia vic xt khen thng, x l cc vi phm v BHL. 5- Thay mt Ngi lao ng k tho c lao ng tp th vi Ngi s dng lao ng trong c cc ni dung BHL. 6- Thc hin quyn kim tra gim st vic thi hnh lut php, ch , chnh sch, tiu chun, quy nh v BHL, vic thc hin cc iu v BHL trong tha c tp th k vi Ngi s dng lao ng. 7- Tham gia t chc vic tuyn truyn ph bin kin thc ATVSL, ch chnh sch BHL, Cng on gio dc vn ng mi ngi lao ng v ngi s dng lao ng thc hin tt trch nhim, ngha v v BHL. Tham gia hun luyn BHL cho ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng, o to k s v sau i hc v BHL. 8- T chc phong tro v BHL, pht huy sng kin ci thin iu kin lm vic, t chc qun l mng li an ton v sinh vin v nhng on vin hot ng tch cc v BHL. * Nhim v v quyn hn ca Cng on doanh nghip McV thng t lin tch s14/1998/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT-TLLVN ngy 31/10/1998 quy nh Cng on doanh nghip c 5 nhim v v 3 quyn sau: + Nhim v: 1- Thay mt ngi lao ng k tho c lao ng tp th vi ngi s dng lao ng trong c cc ni dung BHL. 2- Tuyn truyn vn ng, gio dc ngi lao ng thc hin tt cc quy nh php lut v BHL, kin thc KHKT BHL, chp hnh quy trnh, quy phm, cc bin php lm vic an ton v pht hin kp thi nhng hin tng thiu an ton v sinh trong sn xut, u tranh vi nhng hin tng lm ba, lm u, vi phm qui trnh k thut an ton. 3- ng vin khuyn khch ngi lao ng pht huy sng kin ci tin thit b, my nhm ci thin mi trng lm vic, gim nh sc lao ng. 4- T chc ly kin tp th ngi lao ng tham gia xy dng ni quy, quy ch qun l v ATVSL, xy dng k hoch BHL, nh gi vic thc hin cc ch chnh sch BHL, bin php m bo an ton, sc khe ngi lao ng. Tng kt rt kinh nghim hot ng BHL ca Cng on doanh nghip tham gia vi Ngi s dng lao ng. 5- Phi hp t chc cc hot ng y mnh cc phong tro bo m an ton VSL, bi dng nghip v v cc hot ng BHL i vi mng li an ton vin. + Quyn: 1- Tham gia xy dng cc quy ch, ni quy v qun l BHL, ATL v VSL vi ngi s dng lao ng. 2- Tham gia cc on kim tra cng tc BHL do doanh nghip t chc, tham gia cc cuc hp kt lun ca cc on thanh tra, kim tra, cc on iu tra tai nn lao ng. 3- Tham gia iu tra tai nn lao ng, nm tnh hnh tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip v
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vic thc hin k hoch BHL v cc bin php m bo an ton, sc khe ngi lao ng trong sn xut. xut cc bin php khc phc thiu st, tn ti.
2.3. Nhng vn khc c lin quan n cng tc BHL trong b lut lao ng
2.3.1. Thi gi lm vic v thi gi ngh ngi Vn ny c quy nh trong cc iu 68, 70, 71, 72, 80, 81 chng XII B lut Lao ng, c quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh trong ngh nh 195/CP ngy 31/12/1994 v thng t s 07/LTBXH ngy 11/4/1995. a/ Thi gi lm vic: - Thi gian lm vic khng qu 8 gi trong mt ngy hoc 40 gi trong mt tun. Ngi s dng lao ng c quyn quy nh thi gi lm vic theo ngy hoc tun v ngy ngh hng tun ph hp vi iu kin sn xut kinh doanh ca doanh nghip nhng khng c tri vi quy nh trn v phi thng bo trc cho ngi lao ng bit. - Thi gi lm vic hng ngy c rt ngn t mt n hai gi i vi nhng ngi lm cc cng vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him theo danh mc do B LTBXH ban hnh km theo quyt nh s 1453/LTBXH-Q ngy 13/10/1995, s 915/LTBXH-Q ngy 30/7/1996 v s 1629/LTBXH ngy 26/12/1996. - Ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng c th tho thun lm thm gi, nhng khng c qu 4 gi/ngy v 200 gi/nm. i vi cng vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him ngi lao ng khng c lm thm qu 3 gi/ ngy v 9 gi / tun. - Thi gi tnh lm vic ban m c quy nh nh sau: + T 22 n 6 gi sng cho khu vc t Tha Thin - Hu tr ra pha Bc. + T 21 n 5 gi sng cho khu vc t Nng tr vo pha Nam. b/ Thi gian ngh ngi - Ngi lao ng lm vic 8 gi lin tc th c ngh t nht na gi, tnh vo gi lm vic. - Ngi lm vic ca m c ngh gia ca t nht 45 pht, tnh vo gi lm vic. - Ngi lm vic theo ca c ngh t nht 12 gi trc khi chuyn sang ca khc. - Mi tun ngi lao ng c ngh t nht mt ngy ( 24 gi lin tc) c th vo ngy ch nht hoc mt ngy c nh khc trong tun. - Ngi lao ng c ngh lm vic, hng nguyn lng nhng ngy l sau y: Tt dng lch:1 ngy, tt m lch: 4 ngy, ngy chin thng(30/4 Dng lch): 1 ngy, ngy Quc t lao ng(1/5 Dng lch): 1 ngy, ngy Quc khnh(2/9): 1 ngy. Nu nhng ngy ngh ni trn trng vo ngy ngh hng tun th ngi lao ng c ngh b vo ngy tip theo. - Ngi lao ng c 12 thng lm vic ti mt doanh nghip hoc vi mt ngi s dng lao ng th c ngh php hng nm, hng nguyn lng theo quy nh sau y: + 12 ngy ngh php, i vi ngi lm cng vic trong iu kin bnh thng. + 14 ngy ngh php, i vi ngi lm vic nng nhc, c hi, nguy him hoc nhng ni c iu kin sng khc nghit v i vi ngi di 18 tui. + 16 ngy ngh php, i vi ngi lm vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him. - Ngi lao ng c ngh v vic ring m vn hng nguyn lng trong nhng trng hp sau: Kt hn ngh 3 ngy, con kt hn ngh mt ngy, b m (c bn v v bn chng) cht, v hoc chng cht, con cht ngh 3 ngy. 2.3.2. Quy nh v an ton - v sinh lao ng a/ Lp lun chng an ton - v sinh lao ng: - Vic xy dng mi hoc m rng, ci to c s sn xut, s dng, bo qun, lu gi v
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tng tr cc loi my, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v ATL, VSL, phi c lun chng v cc bin php m bo ATL, VSL i vi ni lm vic ca ngi lao ng v mi trng xung quanh theo quy nh ca php lut. - Vic sn xut, s dng, bo qun, vn chuyn cc loi my, thit b, vt t, nng lng, in, ho cht, vic thay i cng ngh, nhp khu cng ngh mi phi c thc hin theo tiu chun ATL, VSL. Phi c khai bo, ng k v xin cp giy php vi c quan thanh tra nh nc v ATL,VSL. b/ Bi thng tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip: - Ngi s dng lao ng phi chu ton b chi ph y t t khi s cu, cp cu n khi iu tr xong cho ngi b tai nn lao ng hoc bnh ngh nghip. Ngi lao ng c hng ch bo him x hi v tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip. - Ngi s dng lao ng c trch nhim bi thng t nht bng 30 thng lng cho ngi lao ng b suy gim kh nng lao ng t 81% tr ln hoc cho thn nhn ngi cht do tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip m khng do li ca ngi lao ng. Trng hp do li ca ngi lao ng, th cng c tr cp mt khon tin t nht bng 12 thng lng. 2.3.3. Bo h lao ng i vi lao ng n, lao ng v thnh nin, lao ng tn tt a/ i vi lao ng n: Lao ng n c nhng c th so vi lao ng nam, ngoi lao ng cn c chc nng sinh , nui con. iu 113 ca B lut Lao ng, iu 11 ca ngh nh 23/CP (18/4/19960), thng t s 03/TTLB-LTBXH-BYT (28/11/1994) quy nh cc iu kin lao ng c hi v cc cng vic khng c s dng lao ng n. Ni dung chnh ca cc iu v vn bn trn nh sau: - Ngi s dng lao ng khng c s dng ngi lao ng n lm nhng cng vic nng nhc, nguy him hoc tip xc vi cc cht c hi c nh hng xu ti chc nng sinh v nui con. - Doanh nghip ang s dng lao ng n lm cc cng vic ni trn phi c k hoch o to ngh, chuyn dn ngi lao ng n sang cng vic khc ph hp, tng cng cc bin php bo v sc khe, ci thin iu kin lao ng hoc gim bt thi gi lm vic. Ngoi ra cn mt s vn bn hng dn ni dung thc hin ch i vi lao ng n : - Nghim cm ngi s dng lao ng c hnh vi phn bit i x vi ph n, xc phm danh d v nhn phm ph n. Phi thc hin nguyn tc bnh ng nam n v tuyn dng, s dng, nng bc lng v tr cng lao ng. - Ngi lao ng n c ngh trc v sau khi sinh con l 6 thng. Khng c s dng lao ng n c thai t thng th 7 hoc ang nui con di 12 thng lm thm gi, lm vic ban m v i cng tc xa. Trong thi gian nui con di 12 thng c ngh mi ngy 60 pht. - Ni c s dng lao ng n phi c ch thay qun o, bung tm v bung v sinh n. - Trong thi gian ngh vic i khm thai, do sy thai, ngh chm sc con di 7 tui m au, ngi lao ng c hng tr cp bo him x hi. b/ i vi lao ng cha thnh nin: Nhng vn BHL i vi lao ng cha thnh nin ( ngi lao ng di 18 tui) c quy nh trong cc iu121, 122 ca B lut Lao ng v thng t s 09/TTLT-LTBXHBYT ngy 13/4/1995 bao gm mt s ni dung chnh sau: - Ngi s dng lao ng ch c s dng lao cha thnh nin vo nhng cng vic ph hp vi sc khe m bo cho s pht trin th lc, tr lc, nhn cch v c trch nhim quan tm chm sc ngi lao ng cha thnh nin v cc mt lao ng, tin lng, sc khe, hc tp trong qu trnh lao ng. Cm s dng ngi lao ng cha thnh nin lm nhng cng vic
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nng nhc, nguy him hoc tip xc vi cc cht c hi. - Thi gi lm vic ca lao ng cha thnh nin khng c qu 7 gi / ngy. Ngi s dng lao ng ch c s dng ngi lao ng cha thnh nin lm thm gi, lm vic ban m trong mt s ngh v cng vic khng nng nhc, c hi, nguy him. - Ni c s dng ngi lao ng cha thnh nin phi lp s theo di ring, ghi y h tn, ngy sinh, cng vic ang lm, kt qu kim tra sc khe nh k. - Nghim cm nhn tr em cha 15 tui vo lm vic, tr 1 s ngh do B Lao ng Thng binh v X hi quy nh. c/ i vi lao ng l ngi tn tt: Nh nc bo h quyn lm vic ca ngi tn tt v c nhng quy nh v ATL, VSL ph hp vi trng thi sc khe ca lao ng l ngi tn tt trong cc iu 125, 126, 127 ca B lut Lao ng. C th nh sau: - Nh nc bo h quyn lm vic ca ngi tn tt v khuyn khch vic thu nhn, to vic lm cho ngi tn tt. Thi gi lm vic ca ngi tn tt khng qu 7 gi/ ngy. - Nhng ni dy ngh cho ngi tn tt hoc s dng lao ng l ngi tn tt phi tun theo nhng quy nh v iu kin lao ng, cng c lao ng, ATL, VSL ph hp v thng xuyn chm sc sc khe ca ngi tn tt. - Cm s dng ngi tn tt b suy gim kh nng lao ng t 51% tr ln lm thm gi, lm vic ban m.
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Chng 3: K thut v sinh lao ng

3.1. nhng vn chung v k thut v sinh lao ng
3.1.1. i tng v nhim v ca v sinh lao ng V sinh lao ngl mn khoa hc nghin cu nh hng ca nhng yu t c hi trong sn xut i vi sc khe ngi lao ng, tm cc bin php ci thin iu kin lao ng, phng nga cc bnh ngh nghip v nng cao kh nng lao ng cho ngi lao ng. Trong sn xut, ngi lao ng c th phi tip xc vi nhng yu t c nh hng khng tt n sc khe nhiu mc khc nhau nh mt mi, suy nhc, gim kh nng lao ng, pht sinh cc bnh thng thng hoc gy ra cc bnh ngh nghip. V d trong gia cng nng yu t tc hi ngh nghip l do nhit cao, ting n, khi bi...Cc yu t nh hng khng tt n sc khe ngi lao ng cn c gi l nhng tc hi ngh nghip. Cc tc hi ngh nghip c th phn thnh cc loi sau: - Tc hi lin quan n qu trnh sn xut: Bao gm cc yu t: + Cc yu t vt l v ha hc: iu kin vi kh hu, bc x in t, bc x cao tn, siu cao tn, ting n, bi v cht c, cht phng x...trong sn xut. + Yu t sinh vt: Vi khun, siu vi khun, k sinh trng v cc nm mc gy bnh. - Tc hi lin quan n t chc lao ng: Bao gm cc yu t: + B tr thi gian lm vic khng hp l nh lm vic lin tc, qu lu, khng ngh... + B tr cng vic khng hp l nh cng lao ng qu cao khng ph hp vi tnh trng sc khe ngi lao ng, s hot ng qu khn trng lm cng thng cc h thng c th v cc gic quan... + B tr ch lm vic ngh nghi khng hp l. + B tr v tr lm vic khng hp l nh t th g b, khng thoi mi phi ci lom khom, vn mnh... + Cng c lao ng khng ph hp vi c th v trng lng, hnh dng kch thc... - Tc hi lin quan n iu kin v sinh an ton: Bao gm cc yu t: + B tr h thng chiu sng khng hp l nh thiu hoc tha nh sng... + Lm vic ngoi tri c thi tit xu nh nng v ma h, lnh v ma ng... + Thiu cc trang thit b cho h thng thng gi, chng bi, chng n, ht kh c... + Thiu trang b phng h lao ng hoc c nhng s dng v bo qun khng tt... + Cng tc thc hin quy tc VSL v ATL cha tt, cha trit . 3.1.2: Cc bin php phng tc hi ngh nghip: Ty tnh hnh c th, c th p dng cc bin php phng sau: a. Bin php k thut cng ngh: Bng cch ci tin k thut, i mi cng ngh, c kh ha, t ng ha , hn ch dng hoc thay th cc cht c tnh c cao... b. Bin php k thut v sinh: bng cch ci tin cc h thng thng gi, chiu sng, ht bi... ci thin iu kin lm vic. c. Bin php phng h c nhn: y l mt bin php h tr nhng trong mt s iu kin sn xut c th th cc phng tin bo v c nhn ng vai tr ch yu bo v ngi lao ng trong sn xut v phng bnh ngh nghip. d. Bin php t chc lao ng khoa hc: Bng cch thc hin phn cng lao ng khoa hc v hp l ph hp vi c im sinh l ca ngi lao ng.
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e. Bin php y t bo v sc khe:Bao gm cc cng tc kim tra sc khe ngi lao ng, khm tuyn khng chn ngi mc bnh no vo lm nhng v tr bt li v sc khe. Theo di sc khe ngi lao ng thng xuyn v lin tc. Tin hnh gim nh kh nng lao ng v hng dn tp luyn phc hi li kh nng lao ng cho nhng ngi lao ng b tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip hoc bnh mn tnh.... Thng xuyn kim tra VSATL, cung cp y nc ung, thc n m bo cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm.
3.2. Vi kh hu trong sn xut

3.2.1. Khi nim v nh ngha Vi kh hu l trng thi l hc ca khng kh trong khong khng gian thu hp gm cc yu t nhit , m, bc x nhit v vn tc chuyn ng khng kh. iu kin vi kh hu trong sn xut ph thuc vo tnh cht ca qu trnh cng ngh v kh hu a phng. V mt v sinh, vi kh hu c nh hng n sc kho, bnh tt ca cng nhn. Lm vic lu trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh v m c th mc bnh thp khp, vim ng h hp trn, vim phi v lm cho bnh lao nng thm. Vi kh hu lnh v kh lm cho ri lon vn mch thm trm trng, gy kh nim mc, nt n da. Vi kh hu nng m lm gim kh nng bay hi m hi, gy ra ri lon thng bng nhit, lm cho mt mi xut hin sm, n cn to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin, gy cc bnh ngoi da. Tu theo tnh cht to nhit ca qu trnh sn xut ngi ta chia ra 3 loi vi kh hu sau: - Vi kh hu tng i n nh: nhit to ra khong 20 kcal/m3.h ( trong xng c kh, dt ...). - Vi kh hu nng: nhit to ra nhiu hn 20 kcal/m3.h ( trong xng c, rn, cn, luyn kim ...). - Vi kh hu lnh: nhit to ra di 20 kcal/m3.h ( trong xng ln men ri bia, nh p lnh, ch bin v bo qun thc phm ...). 3.2.2. Cc yu t vi kh hu a/ Nhit khng kh: Nhit l yu t quan trng trong sn xut, ph thuc vo cc qu trnh sn xut v ngun pht nhit: l nung, ngn la, nng lng in, c bin thnh nhit, phn ng ho hc sinh nhit, bc x nhit ca mt tri. nhit do ngi lao ng sinh ra.... Nhng ngun nhit ny c th lm cho nhit khng kh ln n 500 600C. Khi nhit tng c th ngi c cc hin tng: tng s mt mi, gim kh nng lao ng, tim p nhanh, huyt p tng, gim hot ng cc c quan tiu ho, tng s phn b mu da, tng s bi tit m hi. iu l v sinh quy nh nhit ti a cho php ni lm vic ca cng nhn v ma h l 300 v khng c vt qu nhit cho php t 3050C. Ni sn xut nng nh xng rn, xng c, xng cn, xng luyn thp... nhit khng qu 40oC. Lao ng nhit lnh d gy bnh thp khp, vim ng h hp, vim ph qun, kh nim mc gy cm lnh... b/ m : m tuyt i l lng hi nc c trong khng kh biu th bng gam trong mt mt khi khng kh hoc bng sc trng hi nc tnh bng mm ct thy ngn. m cc i l lng hi nc bo ho c trong khng kh mt nhit nht nh. m tng i l t l phn trm gia m tuyt i mt thi im no so vi m cc i ng vi cng nhit . V mt v sinh ngi ta thng s dng m tng i biu th mc m cao hay thp. m l nhn t ngoi cnh nh hng n sc khe ca cng nhn. iu l v sinh quy
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nh m tng i ni sn xut nn trong khong 75%85%. Khi m qu cao, lng xy m c th ht vo phi b gim do hm lng hi nc trong khng kh tng, lm cho c th thiu xy, sinh ra u oi, phn x chm, d gy tai nn. Khi m cao cn lm tng s ng nc, lm cho vic i li trn nn xi mng b trn, d ng. m cao cn tng kh nng truyn dn in, d chm mt i vi mch in ca cc my in v truyn in vo mi trng m, gy ra tai nn in git. Khi m qu cao c th b tr h thng thng gi vi lng khng kh kh thch hp iu chnh m. Khi m thp, khng kh hanh kh, da kh n, nht l nhng ngi tip xc vi du m, lp m trn da b du m ho tan cng lm mt da kh cng, cng d b kh nt. Cc vt nt n trn da lm cho chn tay b au n, gim linh hot v cng l nguyn nhn xy ra cc tai nn lao ng. c/ Bc x nhit: Bc x nhit l nhng ht nng lng truyn trong khng kh di dng dao ng sng in t bao gm tia hng ngoi, tia sng thng v tia t ngoi. Bc x nhit do cc vt th en c nung nng pht ra. Khi nung ti 5000C cc vt th ch pht ra tia hng ngoi, nung ti 18000-20000C cn pht ra tia sng thng v tia t ngoi, nung tip n 30000C lng tia t ngoi pht ra cng nhiu. V mt v sinh, cng bc x nhit c biu th bng Cal/m2.pht v c o bng nhit k cu hoc Actinometre. cc xng rn, c, cn thp cng bc x nhit ln ti 510 Kcal/m2.pht. (Tiu chun v sinh cho php 1 Kcal/m2.pht). d/ Vn tc chuyn ng khng kh: c biu th bng m/s.Tiu chun cho php vn tc khng kh khng vt qu 3 m/s, trn 5m/s gy kch thch bt li cho c th. nh gi tc dng tng hp ca cc yu t nhit , m v vn tc gi ca mi trng khng kh i vi cm gic nhit ca c th con ngi, ngi ta a ra khi nim v "Nhit hiu qu tng ng k hiu l thqt. Nhit hiu qu tng ng ca khng kh (c nhit t, m v vn tc chuyn ng gi v) l nhit ca khng kh bo ho hi nc c = 100% v khng c gi v = 0 m gy ra cm gic nhit ging ht nh cm gic gy ra bi khng kh vi t, , v cho. Da trn thc nghim, Hi Si m v thng gi Hoa k lp ra biu xc nh nhit hiu qu tng ng sau ( Hnh III.1): m tng i ca khng kh c th xc nh bng nhit kh v t cho nn trn biu c 2 trc nhit kh ( tk) v t ( t). Ngoi ra trn biu ngi ta v chm tng ng vi nhit kh 36,50C (nhit bnh thng ca c th con ngi). Hai ng cong bin tng ng vi vn tc gi v = 0 m/s v v = 3,5 m/s. Ngi ta ghi cc tr s ca nhit hiu qu tng ng trn cc ng cong bin, ng cong vi cc tr s khc nhau ca vn tc gi(v). Cc ng cong ny ct nhau ti mt im. V d sau y cho ta bit cch s dng biu : V d ta bit nhit kh tk= 200C (im A), nhit t t = 150C (im B). Ni 2 im A v B, ng AB ct ng cong v = 0 m/s ti im C. im C cho tr s thqt = 18,30C. Nu khng kh c tk v t nh trn nhng v = 0,5 m/s th thqt = 17,50C. Theo biu , chng ta thy trc nhit kh ct cc ng cong biu din vn tc gi. Trong vng nm pha tri ca trc tk khc vi cng pha bn phi l c th con ngi cm thy lnh hn nu khng kh c m cao hn. iu c th gii thch c bng s tng dn nhit ca khng kh khi m tng v ng thi lc cng hp th cc tia bc x ca hi nc trong khng kh cng tng cng vi m .
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Hnh III.1: Thang nhit hiu qu tng ng Vi tr s tk >36,50C th c th ngi khng phi trng hp mt nhit na m thu nhit t mi trng, lc nu vn tc chuyn ng ca khng kh cng ln th con ngi cm thy nng bc bi v trao i nhit i lu s tng khi m tng. i vi ngi Vit Nam c th ly vng n ho d chu v ma h thqt = 230 270 v ma ng thqt = 200 250 trong d chu nht l 250 v ma h v 230 v ma ng. 3.2.3. iu ho thn nhit ngi C th ngi c nhit khng i trong khong 370C 0,50C l nh 2 qu trnh iu nhit do trung tm ch huy iu nhit iu khin. Trong iu kin vi kh hu nng, c th thi nhit tha duy tr thng bng nhit bng cch gin mch ngoi bin v tng cng tit m
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hi. Chuyn mt lt mu t ni tng ra ngoi da thi c khong 2,5 kcal v nhit h c 30C. Mt lt m hi bay hi hon ton thi ra c khong 580 kcal. Trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh c th tng cng qu trnh sinh nhit v hn ch qu trnh thi nhit duy tr cn bng nhit. Thng bng nhit ch c th thc hin c trong phm vi trng iu nhit, gm 2 vng: vng iu nhit ho hc v vng iu nhit l hc.Trn hnh III.2 gii thiu ng cong chuyn ha cc nhit khc nhau. Vt qu gii hn ny v pha di c th s b nhim lnh, ngc li v pha trn s b nng.
Trng iu nhit ca ngi
Vng nhit thp Vng nhit
Vng iu nhit ha hc
Vng iu nhit l hc
cao
Tocht do lnh
To gii hn di
To trung ha nhit
To gii hn trn
To cht do nng
Hnh III.2: ng cong chuyn ha cc nhit khc nhau a/ iu nhit ho hc: iu ho nhit ho hc l qu trnh bin i sinh nhit do s xy ho cc cht dinh dng. Bin i chuyn ho thay i theo nhit khng kh bn ngoi v trng thi lao ng hay ngh ngi ca c th. Qu trnh chuyn ho tng khi nhit bn ngoi thp v lao ng nng, ngc li qu trnh gim khi nhit mi trng cao v c th trng thi ngh ngi. b/ iu nhit l hc: iu nhit l hc l tt c cc qu trnh bin i thi nhit ca c th gm truyn nhit, i lu, bc x v bay hi m hi v.v...Thi nhit bng truyn nhit l hnh thc mt nhit ca c th khi nhit ca khng kh v cc vt th m ta tip xc c nhit thp hn nhit da. Khi da c nhit cao hn nhit mi trng s xy ra qu trnh truyn nhit ngc li. 3.2.4. nh hng ca vi kh hu i vi c th ngi a/ nh hng ca vi kh hu nng: * Bin i v sinh l: Nhit da c bit l da trn rt nhy cm i vi nhit khng kh bn ngoi. Bin cm gic lnh; i v cm gic ca da trn nh sau: 28 290C 0 cm gic mt; 29 30 C 0 30 31 C cm gic d chu; 0 cm gic nng; 31,5 32,5 C 0 cm gic rt nng; 32,5 33,5 C 0 cm gic cc nng. > 33,5 C
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Thn nhit ( di li) nu thy tng thm 0,310C l c th c s tch nhit. Thn nhit 38,50C c coi l nhit bo ng, c nguy him, sinh chng say nng. * Chuyn ho nc: C th ngi hng ngy c s cn bng gia lng nc n ung vo v thi ra. Lng nc cn cung cp hng ngy cho c th khong 2,53lt v thi ra qua thn t 11,5 lt, 0,2 lt qua phn, lng cn li theo m hi v hi th ra ngoi. Trong iu kin lm vic nng bc, c th phi tit m hi h nhit , lng nc c th b mt ti 57lt trong mt ca lm vic v lm cho c th gim st 0,44 kg th trng. Khi thot m hi c th mt i mt lng mui n khong 20 gam v mt s mui khong gm cc ion K, Na, I, Fe, cc vi tamin C, B1, B2 , PP... Do mt nc nhiu nn t trng mu tng ln, tim phi lm vic nhiu thi lng nhit tha ca c th. Khi ra m hi nc bi tit qua thn gim ch cn li 1015 % so vi lc bnh thng lm cho chc nng hot ng ca thn b nh hng. Trong nc tiu xut hin ambumin v hng cu. Lc ny nu ung nhiu nc, dch v s b long ra nn mt cm gic thm n, n khng ngon, kh nng dit trng ca dch v gim st lm ng rut d b vim nhim, chc nng thn kinh b nh hng lm gim s ch , gim phn x dn ti d b tai nn lao ng. Trong iu kin vi kh hu nng, cc bnh thng tng ln gp i so vi lc bnh thng. Ri lon bnh l do vi kh hu nng thng gp l chng say nng v chng co gt, lm cho con ngi b chng mt, au u, bun nn v au tht lng. Thn nhit c th ln cao ti 39 400C, mch nhanh, nhp th nhanh. Trng hp nng c th b chong, mch nh, th nng. b/ nh hng ca vi kh hu lnh: Lnh lm cho c th mt nhit nhiu, nhp tim, nhp th gim v tiu th xy tng. Lnh lm cc c co li gy hin tng ni da g, cc mch mu co tht sinh cm gic t cng chn tay, vn ng kh khn. Trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh thng xut hin mt s bnh vim dy thn kinh, vim khp, vim ph qun, hen v mt s bnh mn tnh khc do mu lu thng km v sc khng ca c th gim. c/ nh hng ca bc x nhit: Trong cc phn xng gia cng nng, cc dng bc x ch yu do cc tia hng ngoi c bc sng n 10 m, khi hp th tia ny to ra nhit. Bc x nhit ph thuc vo di bc sng, cng dng bc x, thi gian chiu x, din tch b mt b chiu, vng b chiu, gin on hay lin tc, gc chiu, lung bc x v qun o. Cc tia hng ngoi trong vng nh sng thy c v cc tia hng ngoi c bc sng n 1,5 m c kh nng thm su vo c th, t b da hp th. V vy khi lm vic di nng c th b chng say nng do cc tia hng ngoi c th xuyn qua hp s nung nng mng no v cc t chc. Nhng tia c bc sng ngn khong 3 m gy bng da mnh nht. Ngoi ra tia hng ngoi cn gy ra bnh gim th lc, c nhn mt... Tia t ngoi c 3 loi: Loi A c bc sng t 400 315 nm. Loi B c bc sng t 315 280 nm. Loi C c bc sng nh hn 280 nm. Tia t ngoi loi A xut hin nhit cao hn, thng c trong tia la hn, n dy tc, n hunh quang. Tia t ngoi B thng xut hin trong n thu ngn, l h quang...Tia t ngoi gy cc bnh v mt nh ph hu gic mc, gim th lc, bng da, ung th da...Tia Laser hin nay c dng nhiu trong cng nghip, trong nghin cu khoa hc... cng gy bng da, bng vng mc...
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3.2.5 Cc bin php phng chng vi kh hu xu a/ Bin php k thut: Tong cc phn xng, nh my nng c cn c p dng cc tin b KHKT nh iu khin t xa, quan st t xa, c kh ho, t ng ho cc qu trnh sn xut gim nh lao ng v nguy him cho cng nhn. Trong cc nh my c thit b ta nhit ln, c th gim nhit ta ra mi trng bng cch cch nhit cho thit b nh dng vt liu cch nhit samt, samt nh, diatmit..., tng chiu dy lp cch nhit, dng cc mn chn nhit, lm ngui v thit b bng nc, hi nc..., gim thiu din tch ca s quan st hoc hn ch m... Trong cc phn xng, nh my ta nhiu nhit cn b tr cc h thng iu ho khng kh, m bo thng thong v mt ni lm vic. Trong cc phn xng nng v bi c th b tr h thng phun nuc ht mn va lm mt ng thi lm sch bi trong khng kh. b/ Bin php t chc sn xut hp l: Nhng tiu chun v sinh khi thit k x nghip nh nhit ti u v nhit cho php, m tng i, vn tc gi ch lm vic c nh...cn phi c thc hin y v thng xuyn kim tra iu chnh cho ph hp vi iu kin cng vic lao ng c th. Lp thi gian biu sn xut sao cho nhng cng on sn xut ta nhiu nhit khng cng mt lc m tri ra trong ca sn xut. Lao ng trong nhng iu kin nhit cao cn phi m bo ch n ung bi dng, nc ung phi cn pha thm cc mui K, Na, Ca, P v cc Vitamin B, C..., ngh ngi hp l nhanh chng phc hi sc lao ng. Trang b y cc phng tin BHL nh o qun chng nng, chng lnh, khu trang, knh mt v.v.... Lao ng trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh cn phi phng cm lnh, n calo cho lao ng v chng rt, trang b qun o m, ng, dy m, gng tay m... c/ Bin php v sinh y t: Trc ht cn quy nh ch lao ng thch hp cho tng ngnh ngh thc hin trong iu kin vi kh hu xu. Khm tuyn khi nhn ngi b tr cng vic ph hp, khm kim tra sc kho nh k kp thi pht hin bnh v iu tr...
3.3. Chng ting n v rung ng trong sn xut

3.3.1. Nhng khi nim chung a. Ting n: Ting n l tp hp nhng m thanh khc nhau v cng v tn s khng c nhp gy cho con ng cm gic kh chu. V mt vt l, m thanh l dao ng sng ca mi trng n hi gy ra bi s dao ng ca cc vt th. Khng gian trong c sng m lan truyn gi l trng m. p sut sut m p l p sut d trong trng m (n v l dyn/cm2 hay l bar.) Cng m I l s nng lng sng m truyn qua din tch b mt 1 cm2, vung gc vi phng truyn sng trong mt giy ( n v l erg/cm2.s hoc w/cm2). Cng m v p sut m lin h vi nhau qua biu thc:
I= p2 (erg/cm2) trong l mt ca mi trng ( g/cm3) . C
Trong khng gian t do cng m I t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch r n ngun m:
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I= Ir 4 . r 2

trong Ir l cng m cch ngun im mt khong r.
Tai chng ta tip nhn m nh dao ng ca p sut m. p sut m t l vi bin i cng m nhng trong khi cng m I bin i n ln th p sut m bin i n ln. nh gi cm gic nghe, ch nhng c trng vt l ca m l cha v tai chng ta phn bit cm gic nghe khng theo s tng tuyt i ca cng m (hay p sut m) m theo s tng tng i ca n. Cng v th ngi ta khng nh gi cng m v p sut m theo n v tuyt i m theo n v tng i v dng thang logarit thay cho thang thp phn thu hp phm vi tr s o. Khi ta c mc cng m o bng xiben ( k hiu dB):
LI = 10 lg I (dB). I0
Trong : I - Cng m I0 - Cng m ngng nghe c hay cn gi l mc khng. Mc khng I0 l mc cng m ti thiu m tai ngi cm nhn c, tuy nhin ngng nghe c thay i theo tn s. Tng t ta c mc p sut m:
LP = 20 lg P (dB) Trong P0 l ngng quy c 2.10-5 N/m2. P0
W (dB) Trong W0 l ngng khng hay ngng quy c W0 =10-12. W0
Mc cng sut m:
LW = 10 lg
Nh vy khi m thanh c p lc bng 2.10-5 N/m2 hay cng I0 = 10-12 w/m2 th c mc m bng 0 dB. Vn tc lan truyn sng m c (m/s) c mi quan h vi tn s m f (Hz), bc sng m , bin y qua cng thc: c = .f (m/s). Vn tc lan truyn sng m ph thuc vo cc tnh cht v mt mi trng. V d nhit 00C vn tc sng m trong khng kh l 330 m/s, trong nc l 1440 m/s, trong thp, nhm, thu tinh l 5000 m/s, trong ng 3500 m/s, trong cao su 4050 m/s. Dao ng m m tai nghe c c tn s t 16 Hz n 20 kHz. Gii hn ny mi ngi khng ging nhau, tu theo la tui v c quan thnh gic. Dao ng m c tn s di 16 Hz gi l h m tai ngi khng nghe c v dao ng m c tn s trn 20 kHz gi l siu m (tai ngi cng khng nghe c). Ngi ta nhn thy rng nhy cm ca tai tng dn khi tn s m tng ln cn mc p sut m v mc to thc t c tr s nh nhau trong phm vi tn s t 500 2000 Hz b. Cc loi ting n: Trong thc t ty theo quan im phn loi ngi ta phn ra nhiu loi ting n khc nhau: * Ting n theo thng k: l loi ting n do t hp hn lon cc m khc nhau v cng v tn s trong phm vi t 5002000 Hz. * Ting n c m sc: l loi ting n c m c trng. * Ting n theo c tnh: y l loi ting n do c trng to ting n gy ra trong c phn ra ngun to ting n bao gm cc loi sau:
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- Ting n c hc: sinh ra do s chuyn ng ca cc chi tit hay b phn my mc c khi lng khng cn bng v v ting n ca my phay, trc b r mn... - Ting n va chm: sinh ra do mt s quy trnh cng ngh, v d: rn dp, nghin p - Ting n kh ng: sinh ra khi khng kh, hi chuyn ng vi vn tc cao, nh ng c phn lc, my nn kh, my hi nc... - Ting n hoc xung: sinh ra khi ng c t trong lm vic... * Ting n theo di tn s: ty thuc vo tn s m, ting n c ra cc loi: - Ting n tn s cao: khi f > 1000 Hz - Ting n tn s trung bnh khi f = 300 1000Hz - Ting n tn s thp: khi f < 300 Hz Sau y l cc tr s gn ng v mc n ca mt s ngun: + Ting n va chm: Xng rn : 98 dB Xng c : 112 dB Xng g, tn : 113 117 dB + Ting n c kh: My tin: 93 96 dB My bo : 97 dB my khoan: 114 dB My nh bng; 108 dB + Ting n kh ng: Mt: 105 dB My bay tuc bin phn lc: 135 dB Trong cc phn xng c nhiu ngun gy n th mc n khng phi l mc n tng ngun cng li. Mc n tng cng cng mt im cch u nhiu ngun c xc inh theo cng thc sau: Ltng = L1 +10 lgn ( dB) Mc n tng cng c o theo thang A ca my o ting n gi l mc m dBA. c/ Rung ng: Khi cc my mc v ng c lm vic khng ch sinh ra cc dao ng m tai ta nghe c m cn sinh ra cc dao ng c hc di dng rung ng ca cc vt th v cc b mt xung quanh. Rung ng l dao ng c hc ca vt th n hi sinh ra khi trng tm hoc trc i xng ca chng x dch trong khng gian hoc do s thay i c tnh chu k hnh dng m chng c trng thi tnh. Rung ng ca mt tn s vng no y c c trng bng 3 thng s: bin dch chuyn , bin ca vn tc v bin ca gia tc . Mc vn tc dao ng ca rung ng c xc nh nh sau: dB Lc = 20 lg 0 Trong 0 l ngng quy c ca bin vn tc dao ng 0 = 5.10-8 m/s. Cc b mt dao ng bao gi cng tip xc vi khng kh xung quanh n lm lp khng kh b dao ng to thnh sng m v gy ra mt p sut m. 3.3.2. nh hng ca ting n v rung ng i vi sinh l con ngi
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a. nh hng ca ting n: Ting n tc ng trc ht n h thn kinh trung ng, sau n h thng tim mch, nhiu c quan khc v cui cng l n c quan thnh gic. Ting n lm ri lon h thng thn kinh, ngay c khi khng ng k ( 50 70 dB) ting n cng to ra mt ti trng ng k ln h thng thn kinh c bit i vi nhng ngi lao ng tr c. i vi m tn s 2000 4000 Hz, tc dng mt mi s bt u t 80 dB, i vi m 5000 6000 Hz th bt u t 60 dB. Ting n cn gy ra nhng thay i trong h thng tim mch km theo s ri lon trng lc bnh thng ca mch mu v ri lon nhp tim. Nhng ngi lm vic lu trong mi trng n thng b au d dy v cao huyt p. Khi chu tc ng ca ca ting n, nhy cm thnh gic gim xung, ngng nghe tng ln. Lm vic lu trong mi trng n th sau khi thi lm vic phi mt mt thi gian di thnh gic mi tr li bnh thng. Nu tc dng ting n lp li nhiu ln, hin tng mt mi thnh gic kh c kh nng hi phc hon ton v trng thi bnh thng v sau thi gian di s pht trin thnh bnh nng tai hoc ic. Ting n ln hn cng 70 dB th khng cn nghe ting ni ca ngi vi nhau na v mi s thng tin bng m thanh ca con ngi tr thnh v hiu. Nhng c th khc nhau th tc hi ca ting n cng khc nhau. Con ngi c kh nng thch nghi vi iu kin lm vic c ting n nhng mc thch nghi ny ch gii hn trong khong nht nh. b. nh hng ca rung ng: Tn s nhng rung ng m ta m ta cm nhn c nm trong khong 12- 8000 Hz. Cng ging nh ting n, nh hng ca rung ng trc ht n h thn kinh trung ng v sau n cc b phn khc. Theo hnh thc tc ng, ngi ta chia rung ng thnh hai loi: rung ng chung v rung ng cc b. Rung ng chung gy ra dao ng cho ton c th, cn rung ng cc b ch lm cho tng b phn c th dao ng. Rung ng gy ri loi chc nng tuyn gip trng, tuyn sinh dc nam, n. Rung ng lm cho h thng thn kinh s b ri lon, con ngi nhanh chng cm thy mt mi. Rung ng cng gy ra vim khp, vi ha cc khp 3.3.3. Cc bin php phng chng ting n v rung ng Cng tc chng ting n v rung ng cn phi c nghin cu t m t khi lp quy hoch tng th mt bng nh my ti khi xy dng cc xng sn xut, thit k quy trnh cng ngh v trong qu trnh sn xut. Cc bin php c bn chng ting n v rung ng bao gm: a.Bin php chung: Khi lp tng mt bng nh my cn nghin cu cc bin php quy hoch xy dng chng ting n v rung ng hn ch s lan truyn ting n ngay trong phm vi nh my hoc lan truyn ra ngoi nh my. Gia cc khu nh v nh sn xut, gia cc khu nh sn xut c ting n cn c khong cch ti thiu v trng cc di cy xanh bo v ting n khng vt mc cho php. B tr mt bng nh my cn ch ti hng gi ma chnh trong nm nht l vo ma h. Cc xng gy n nn b tr cui hng gi v khng nn tp trung vo mt ni. Cn thit phi xy cc bung lm vic cch m vi ngun to n, xy tng chn m, hoc iu khin t xa cc thit b qu n b. Gim ting n v rung ng ti ni pht sinh:
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y l bin php chng n ch yu bao gm vic lp rp c cht lng cao cc my mc v ng c, sa cha kp thi cc my mc thit b, khng nn s dng cc thit b c, lc hu Gim ting n ti ni pht sinh c th thc hin theo cc bin php sau: - Hin i ha thit b, hon thin qu trnh cng ngh bng cch: + T ng ho qu trnh cng ngh v p dng h thng iu khin t xa. + Thay i tnh n hi v khi lng ca cc b phn my mc thay i tn s dao ng ring ca chng trnh hin tng cng hng. + Thay thp bng cht do, tecxtolit, fibrlit..., m crm hoc qut mt cc chi tit bng sn hoc dng cc hp kim t vang hn khi va chm. + Bc cc mt thit b chu rung ng bng cc vt liu ht hoc gim rung ng c ni ma st ln nh bitum, cao su, vng pht, aming, cht do, matit c bit. + S dng b gim rung bng l xo hoc cao su cch rung ng. + S dng cc loi lp ph cng hoc mm ht rung ng. - Quy hoch thi gian lm vic ca cc xng hp l: + B tr cc xng n lm vic vo nhng bui t ngi lm vic + Lp th lm vic cho cng nhn h c thi gian ngh nghi hp l, lm gim thi gian c mt ca h nhng nic mc n cao. c/ Bin php gim ting n trn ng lan truyn: Ch yu p dng cc nguyn tc ht m v cch m. Trn hnh III.3 m t s lan truyn sng m trn ng i. Nng lng m lan truyn trong khng kh th mt phn nng lng b phn x, mt phn b vt liu ca kt cu ht v mt phn xuyn qua kt cu bc x vo phng bn cnh. Ef Et S phn x v ht nng lng m ph thuc vo tn s v gc ti ca sng m, vo tnh cht vt l ca kt cu phn cch nh rng, cng, b dy Vt liu ht m c phn thnh 4 loi: + Vt liu c nhiu l nh. + Vt liu c nhiu l nh t sau tm Eh c l. + Kt cu cng hng. Ex + Nhng tm ht m n. Hnh III.3: S lan truyn sng Vn cch m da trn nguyn l khi m trn ng i sng m truyn ti b mt kt cu no th kt cu s tr thnh ngun m mi. Cng sut ngun m mi yu i bao nhiu so vi ngun m ban u th kh nng cch m ca kt cu cng tt by nhiu. cch m thng thng ngi ta lm v bc cho ng c, my nn v cc thit b cng nghip khc. Vt liu lm v cch m thng l bng kim loi, g, cht do, knh v cc vt liu khc. gim dao ng truyn t my vo v bc, lin kt gia chng khng lm cng, thm ch lm v hai lp gia l khng kh. V bc nn t trn m cch chn ng lm bng vt liu n hi. chng ting n kh ng ngi ta c th s dng cc bung tiu m, ng tiu m v tm tiu m. Trn hnh III.4 v hnh III.5 gii thiu cu to nguyn l ca ng tiu m v tm tiu m.
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Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit
Gio trnh An ton lao ng

2
4 1
Hnh III.4: ng tiu m 1. V ng; 2. Vt liu ht m 3. ng c l hoc li st
Hnh III.5: Tm tiu m 1. Thnh tm; 2. Vt liu ht m; 3. Tm c l; 4. ng dn hi
d/ Bin php phng chng n bng phng tin bo v c nhn: Cn s dng cc loi dng c sau: Ci bt tai lm bng cht do, c hnh dng c nh dng cho vo l tai, c tc dng h thp mc m tn s 125 500 Hz, mc h m l 10dB, tn s 2000Hz l 24dB v tn s 4000Hz l 29dB. Vi m c tn s cao hn na tc dng h m s gim. Ci che tai c tc dng tt hn nt bt tai. Thng dng cho cng nhn g, mi v cng nhn ngnh hng khng Bao p tai dng trong trng hp ting n ln hn 120dB. bao c th che kn c tai v phn xng s quanh tai. Ngoi ra chng rung ng ngi ta s dng cc bao tay c m n hi, giy(ng) c chng rung...
3.4. Phng chng bi trong sn xut

3.4.1. nh ngha v phn loi bi a/ nh ngha: Bi l tp hp nhiu ht c kch thc ln, nh khc nhau tn ti lu trong khng kh di dng bi bay, bi lng v cc h kh dung nhiu pha gm hi, khi, m; khi nhng ht bi nm l lng trong khng kh gi l aerozon, khi chng ng li trn b mt vt th no gi l aerogen. b/ Phn loi: - Theo ngun gc: Bi kim loi (Mn, Si, r st,... ); bi ct, bi g; bi ng vt: bi lng, bi xng; bi thc vt: bi bng, bi gai; bi ho cht (grafit, bt phn, bt hn the, bt x phng, vi ...) - Theo kch thc ht bi: Bi bay c kch thc t 0,00110 m; cc ht t 0,1 10 m gi l m, cc ht t 0,001 0,1 m gi l khi chng, chuyn ng Brao trong khng kh. Bi lng c kch thc >10 m thng gy tc hi cho mt. - Theo tc hi: Bi gy nhim c (Pb, Hg, benzen...); bi gy d ng; bi gy ung th nh nha ng, phng x, cc cht brm; bi gy x phi nh bi silic, aming... 3.4.2 Tc hi ca bi Bi c tc hi n da, mt, c quan h hp, c quan tiu ho, cc ht bi ny bay l lng
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trong khng kh, khi b ht vo phi chng s gy thng tn ng h hp. Khi chng ta th nh c lng mi v mng nim dch ca ng h hp nn nhng ht bi c kch thc ln hn 5 m b gi li hc mi (ti 90%). Cc ht bi kch thc (25)m d dng theo khng kh vo ti ph qun, ph nang, y bi c cc lp thc bo bao vy v tiu dit khong 90% na, s cn li ng phi gy nn bnh bi phi v cc bnh khc (bnh silicose, asbestose, siderose,...). Bnh phi nhim bi thng gp nhng cng nhn khai thc ch bin, vn chuyn qung , kim loi, than v.v... Bnh silicose l bnh do phi b nhim bi silic th c, th khoan , th m, th lm gm s v vt liu chu laBnh ny chim 40 70% trong tng s cc bnh v phi. Ngoi cn c cc bnh asbestose (nhim bi aming), aluminose (bi boxit, t st), siderose (bi st). Bnh ng h hp: Bao gm cc bnh nh vim mi, vim hng, vim ph qun, vim teo mi do bi crm, asen Bnh ngoi da: bi c th dnh bm vo da lm vim da, lm bt kn cc l chn lng v nh hng n bi tit, bi c th bt cc l ca tuyn nhn gy ra mn, l lot da, vim mt, gim th lc, mng tht Bnh ng tiu ho: Cc loi bi sc cnh nhn vo d dy c th lm tn thng nim mc d dy, gy ri lon tiu ho. Chn thng mt: Bi kim, axit c th gy ra bng gic mc, gim th lc. 3.4.3 Cc bin php phng chng bi a/ Bin php k thut: - C kh ho v t ng ho qu trnh sn xut sinh bi cng nhn khng phi tip xc vi bi v bi t lan ta ra ngoi. - Thay i bng bin php cng ngh nh vn chuyn bng hi, dng my ht, lm sch bng nc thay cho vic lm sch bng phun ct... - Bao kn thit b v c th c dy chuyn sn xut khi cn thit. - Thay i vt liu sinh nhiu bi bng vt liu t sinh bi hoc khng sinh bi... - S dng h thng thng gi, ht bi trong cc phn xng c nhiu bi. b/ Bin php y hc: - Khm v kim tra sc kho nh k, pht hin sm bnh cha tr, phc hi chc nng lm vic cho cng nhn. - Dng cc phng tin bo v c nhn (qun o, mt n, khu trang). 3.4.4. Lc bi trong sn xut cng nghip cc nh my sn xut cng nghip lng bi thi vo mi trng khng kh rt ln nh cc nh my xi mng, nh my dt, nh my luyn kim v.v... lm sch khng kh trc khi thi ra mi trng, ta phi tin hnh lc sch bi n gii hn cho php. Ngoi ra c th thu hi cc bi qu. lc bi, ngi ta s dng nhiu thi b lc bi khc nhau v tu thuc vo bn cht cc lc tc dng bn trong thit b, ngi ta phn ra cc nhm chnh sau: * Bung lng bi: Qu trnh lng xy ra di tc dng ca trng lc. * Thit b lc bi kiu qun tnh: Li dng lc qun tnh khi thay i chiu hng chuyn ng tch bi ra khi dng khng kh. * Thit b lc bi kiu ly tm - xiclon: Dng lc ly tm y cc ht bi ra xa tm quay ri chm vo thnh thit b, ht bi b mt ng nng v ri xung di y.
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* Li lc bng vi, li thp, giy, vt liu rng bng khu s, khu kim loi...: Trong thit b lc bi loi ny cc lc qun tnh, lc trng trng v c lc khuych tn u pht huy tc dng. Hin nay c rt nhiu thit b lc bi trong cng nghip vi nhiu nguyn l khc nhau nhng c th chia thnh 2 loi: Loi kh v loi t. Trong cng nghip khi mt loi thit b khng p ng c yu cu th ngi ta c th t hp nhiu loi thit b lc bi trong cng mt h thng.
3.5. Thng gi trong cng nghip

3.5.1. Mc ch ca thng gi cng nghip: Mi trng khng kh c tnh cht quyt nh i vi vic to ra cm gic d chu, khng b ngt ngt, khng b nng bc hay qu lnh. Trong cc nh my, x nghip sn xut cng nghip ngun ta c hi ch yu do cc thit b v qu trnh cng ngh to ra. Mi trng lm vic lun b nhim bi cc hi m, bi bn, cc cht kh do h hp thi ra v bi tit ca con ngi: CO2, NH3, hi nc...Ngoi ra cn cc cht kh khc do qu trnh sn xut sinh ra nh CO, NO2, cc hi axt, baz... Thng gi trong cc x nghip nh my sn xut c 2 nhim v chnh sau: - Thng gi chng nng: Thng gi chng nng nhm mc ch a khng kh mt , kh ro vo nh v y khng kh nng m ra ngoi to iu kin vi kh hu ti u. Ti nhng v tr thao tc vi cng cao, nhng ch lm vic gn ngun bc x c nhit cao ngi ta b tr nhng h thng qut vi vn tc gi ln ( 2-5m/s) lm mt khng kh. - Thng gi kh bi v hi c: nhng ni c ta bi hoc hi kh c hi, cn b tr h thng ht khng kh b nhim thi ra ngoi, ng thi a khng kh sch t bn ngoi vo b li phn khng kh b thi i. Trc khi thi c th cn phi lc hoc kh ht cc cht c hi trong khng kh trnh nhim kh quyn xung quanh. 3.5.2. Cc bin php thng gi Da vo nguyn nhn to gi v trao i khng kh, c th chia bin php thng gi thnh thng gi t nhin v thng gi nhn to. Da vo phm vi tc dng ca h thng thng gi c th chia thnh thng gi chung v thng gi cc b. a/ Thng gi t nhin: Thng gi t nhin l trng hp thng gi m s lu thng khng kh t bn ngoi vo nh v t trong nh thot ra ngoi thc hin c nh nhng yu t t nhin nh nhit tha v gi t nhin. Da vo nguyn l khng kh nng trong nh i ln cn khng kh ngui xung quanh i vo thay th, ngi ta thit k v b tr hp l cc ca vo v gi ra, cc ca c cu to l chp khp m c, lm l hng dng v thay i din tch ca... thay i c ng i ca gi cng nh hiu chnh c lu lng gi vo, ra... b/ Thng gi nhn to: Thng gi nhn to l thng gi c s dng my qut chy bng ng c in lm khng kh vn chuyn t ch ny n ch khc. Trong thc t thng dng h thng thng gi thi vo v h thng thng gi ht ra. C 2 phng php thng gi nhn to: * Thng gi chung: L h thng thng gi thi vo hoc ht ra c phm vi tc dng trong ton b khng gian ca phn xng. N phi c kh nng kh nhit tha v cc cht c hi to ra trong phn xng a nhit v nng c hi xung di mc cho php. C th s dng thng gi chung theo nguyn tc thng gi t nhin hoc theo nguyn tc thng gi nhn to.
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* Thng gi cc b: L h thng thng gi c phm vi tc dng trong tng vng hp ring bit ca phn xng. H thng ny c th ch thi vo cc b hoc ht ra cc b. - H thng thi cc b: Thng s dng h thng hoa sen khng kh v thng c b tr thi khng kh sch v mt vo nhng v tr thao tc c nh ca cng nhn, m ti to nhiu kh hi c hi v nhiu nhit ( v d nh cc ca l nung, l c, xng rn...). - H thng ht cc b: Dng ht cc cht c hi ngay ti ngun sn sinh ra chng v thi ra ngoi, khng cho lan to ra cc vng chung quanh trong phn xng. y l bin php thng gi tch cc v trit nht kh c hi ( v d cc t ha nghim, b phn ht bi mi, b phn ht bi trong my d khun c...). 3.5.3. Lc sch kh thi trong cng nghip Trong cc x nghip nh my sn xut v d cc nh my sn xut ha cht, cc nh my luyn kim v.v.. thi ra mt lng kh v hi c hi i vi sc kho con ngi v ng thc vt. V vy m bo mi trng trong sch, cc kh thi cng nghip trc khi thi ra bu kh quyn cn c lc ti nhng nng cho php. C cc phng php lm sch kh thi sau: - Phng php ngng t: ch p dng khi p sut hi ring phn trong hn hp kh cao, nh khi cn thng cc thit b, thng van an ton. Trc khi thi hi kh ra ngoi cn cho I qua thit b lm lnh. Phng php ny khng kinh t nn t c s dng. - Phng php t chy c xc tc: to thnh CO2 v H2O c th t chy tt c cc cht hu c, tr kh thi ca nh my tng hp hu c, ch bin du m v.v... - Phng php hp ph: thng dng silicagen hp th kh v hi c. Cng c th dng than hot tnh cc loi lm sch cc cht hu c rt c. Phng php hp ph c s dng rng ri v cht hp ph thng dng l nc, sn phm hp th khng gy nguy him nn c th thi ra theo cng rnh. Nhng sn phm c tnh cht c hi, nguy him cn phi tch ra, cht hp ph s lm hi liu ti sinh. lc sch bi trong cc phn xng ngi ta thng dng cc h thng thit b dng a thp, li, m, xiclo hoc phn ly tnh in
3.6. Chiu sng trong sn xut

Trong sn xut, chiu sng cng nh hng nhiu ti nng sut lao ng. nh sng chnh l nhn t ngoi cnh rt quan trng i vi sc kho v kh nng lm vic ca cng nhn. Trong sinh hot v lao ng con mt i hi phi c chiu sng thch hp. Chiu sng thch hp s trnh mt mi th gic, trnh tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip. 3.6.1. Mt s khi nim v nh sng, n v o nh sng v sinh l mt ngi a/ Cc khi nim v nh sng: *nh sng thy c: l nhng bc x photon c bc sng trong khong 380 m n 760 m ng vi cc di mu tm, lam, xanh, lc, vng, da cam, hng, ...Bc x in tc bc sng xc nh trongmin thy c, khi tc dng vo vo mt ngi s to mt cm gic mu sc xc nh.V d bc x c bc sng = 380 m 450m mt ngi cm gic mu tm nhng khi = 620 m 760 m con ngi cm gic mu . nhy ca mt ngi khng ging nhau vi nhng bc x c bc sng khc nhau. Mt chng ta nhy vi bc x n sc mu vng lc = 555 m. nh gi sng t ca cc loi bc x khc nhau, ngi ta ly sng tng i ca bc x vng lc lm chun so snh.
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* Quang thng (): l phn cng sut bc x c kh nng gy ra cm gic sng cho th gic ca con ngi. Quang thng c s dng nh gi kh nng pht sng ca vt. Nu gi cng sut bc x nh sng n sc ca vt l F, th quang thng do chm tia n sc gy ra l: = C.F.V Trong : V - sng t tng i ca nh sng n sc . C - hng s ph thuc vo n v o, nu quang thng c o bng lumen (lm), cng sut bc x F o bng watt th hng s C = 638. Vi chm tia sng a sc khng lin tc th: = C F V = 683 F V (lm)
i
i i
Vi chm tia sng a sc lin tc th:
=C
FV d = 638 FV d ( lm)
1
Quang thng ca n dy tc nung 100 w khong 1600 lm, cn n dy tc nung loi 60 w khong 850 lm. * Cng sng (I): Quang thng ca mt ngun sng ni chung phn b khng u theo cc phng do c trng cho kh nng pht sng theo cc phng khc nhau ca ngun ngi ta dng i lng cng sng I. Cng sng theo phng n l mt quang thng bc x phn b theo phng n . Cng sng In l t s gia lng quang thng bc x d trn vi phn gc khi d theo d phng n ( H III.6): s d . In = d d n v o cng sng l candela (cd). Hnh III.6: Cch xc nh Candela l cng sng o theo phng vng cng nh sng In gc vi tia sng ca mt phng bc x ton phn 2 c din tch 1/600 000 m , bc x nh mt vt bc x ton phn( nhit 2046 0K) tc l nhit ng c ca platin di p sut 101.325 N/m2. 1candela=
1lumen 1stearadian
Cng sng ca mt vi ngun sng nh sau: 1 cd Nn trung bnh: I n dy tc 60W: I 68 cd n dy tc 100W: I 128 cd n dy tc 500W: I 700 cd n dy tc 1500 : I 2500 cd * ri (E): ri l i lng nh gi sng ca mt b mt c chiu sng. ri ti mt im M trn b mt c chiu sng l mt quang thng ca lung nh sng ti im . ri EM ti im M l t s gia lng quang thng chiu n d trn vi phn din tch dS c chiu sng ti im :
EM = d . n v o l lux ( lx) dS
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1lux =
1lumen . 1m 2
Sau y l ri trong mt s trng hp thng gp: + Nng gia tra: 100.000 lux. 1.000 lux. + Tri nhiu my: 30 lux + c sch: 500 lux. + lm vic tinh vi: 0,5 lux. + li xe: 0,25 lux + m trng trn: nh sng yu cu va phi, khng qu sng lm lo mt, gy u c cng thng; hoc qu ti, khng sng, nhn khng r cng d gy tai nn. Nhu cu nh sng i vi mt s trng hp c th nh sau: Phng c sch: 200 lux; xng dt: 300 lux; ni sa cha ng h: 400 lux * chi (B): chi nhn theo phng n l t s dln gia cng pht ra theo phng no trn din tch hnh chiu ca mt sng xung mt phng thng gc vi phng n ( H III.7):
Bn = dI n . dS cos
1candela 1m 2
n v o chi l nt: nt =
Hnh III.7: Cch xc nh chi Bn chi ca mt vi vt: + i chi nh nht mt ngi c th nhn bit: + Mt tri gia tra: + Dy tc ca bng n: + n neon:
10-6 nt. 2.109 nt. 106 nt. 103 nt.
b/ Quan h gia chiu sng v s nhn ca mt: S nhn r ca mt lin h trc tip vi nhng yu t sinh l ca mt, v vy cn phn bit th gic ban ngy v th gic hong hn (ban m). * Th gic ban ngy: Th gic ban ngy lin h vi s kch thch ca t bo hu sc. Khi ri E ln (vi E 10 lux- tng ng nh sng ban ngy) th t bo hu sc cho cm gic mu sc v phn bit chi tit ca vt quan st. Nh vy khi ri E 10 lux th th gic ban ngy lm vic. * Th gic ban m( cn gi l th gic hong hn): Th gic ban m lin h vi s kch thch ca t bo v sc. Khi ri E 0,01 lux ( tng ng nh sng hong hn) th t bo v sc lm vic. Thng thng 2 th gic ng thi tc dng vi mc khc nhau, nhng khi E 0,01 lux th ch c t bo v sc lm vic. Khi E = 0,01lux 10 lux th c 2 t bo cng lm vic. * Qu trnh thch nghi: Khi chuyn t ri ln qua ri nh, t bo v sc khng th t ngay hot ng cc i m cn c thi gian quen dn, thch nghi v ngc li t trng nhn ti sang trng
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nhn sng, mt cn thi gian nht nh, thi gian gi chung l thi gian thch nghi. Thc nghim nhn thy thi gian khong 15 20 pht mt thch nghi nhn thy r t trng sng sang trng ti, v ngc li khong 8 10 pht. * Tc phn gii v kh nng phn gii ca mt: Qu trnh nhn bit mt vt ca mt khng xy ra ngay lp tc m phi qua mt thi gian no . Thi gian ny cng nh th tc phn gii ca mt cng ln. Tc phn gii ph thuc vo chi v ri sng trn vt quan st. Tc phn gii tng nhanh t ri bng 0 lux n 1200 lux sau tng khng ng k. Ngi ta nh gi kh nng phn gii ca mt bng gc nhn ti thiu ng m mt c th nhn thy c vt. Mt c kh nng phn gii trung bnh ngha l c kh nng nhn bit c hai vt nh nht di gc nhn ng = 1 trong iu kin chiu sng tt. c/ tng phn gia vt quan st v nn: T l chi gia vt quan st v nn ch mc khc nhau v cng sng gia vt quan st v nn ca n. T l ny biu th bng h s tng phn K:
K= Bv Bn B = Bn Bn
Trong : Bn - chi ca nn. Bv - chi ca vt. Biu thc ny cho thy rng mt vt sng t trn nn ti, gi tr K > 0 v bin thin t 0 n + . Ngc li mt vt ti t trn nn sng gi tr K<0 v bin thin t 0 n -1. Gi tr K nh nht m mt c th phn bit c vt quan st gi l phn bit nh nht ( Kmin) cn gi l ngng tng phn (Kmin = 0,01). Nghch o ca Kmin gi l nhy tng phn Smin n c trng cho nhy ca mt khi quan st:
S= 1 1 = K min B B b min
nhy tng phn ph thuc vo mt vi mc kh ln ngoi, ph thuc vo chi ca nn v ph thuc vo kch thc vt quan st( tc l gc nhn ). Gc nhn cng b th nhy tng phn cng gim. 3.6.2. K thut chiu sng a. Hnh thc chiu sng: Trong i sng cng nh trong sn xut, ngi ta thng dng hai ngun sng: nh sng t nhin v nh sng in. * Chiu sng t nhin: Tia sng mt tri xuyn qua kh quyn mt phn b kh quyn tn x v hp th, mt phn truyn thng n mt t. nh sng mt tri khi chiu xung mt t i xuyn qua lp kh quyn b cc ht trong tng khng kh hp th nn cc tia truyn thng (trc x) mt mt b yu i, mt khc b cc ht khuych tn sinh ra ng sng tn x lm cho bu tri sng ln. nh sng mt tri v bu tri sinh ra l nh sng c sn, thch hp v c tc dng tt v mt sinh l i vi con ngi, song khng n nh v ph thuc vo thi tit v iu kin b tr... ri do nh sng tn x ca bu tri gy ra trn mt t v ma h t n 60 000 70 000 lux, v ma ng cng t ti 8 000 lux.
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Bc x trc tip l nhng tia truyn thng xung mt t to nn ri trc x Etx. Trong vm tri thng xuyn c nhng ht l lng trong kh quyn lm khuych tn v tn x nh sng mt tri to nn ngun nh sng khuych tn vi ri Ekt. Ngoi ra c s phn x ca mt t v cc b mt xung quanh to nn ri do phn x Ep. Nh vy mt ni quang ng v mt im bt k no ngoi nh, ri s l: Eng = Etx + Ekt + Ep ri Eng thay i thng xuyn theo tng gi, tng ngy, tng thng, tng nm v cn theo v tr a l tng vng, theo thi tit kh hu v th nh sng trong phng cng thay i theo. tin cho tnh ton chiu sng t nhin, ngi ta ly i lng khng phi l ri hay chi trn mt phng lao ng m l mt i lng quy c gi l h s chiu sng t nhin vit tt l HSCSTN. Ta c HSCSTN ti mt im M trong phng l t s gia ri ti mt im ( EM) vi ri sng ngoi nh (Eng) trong cng mt thi im tnh theo t s phn trm: HSCSTNem =
EM 100% Eng
eM .E ng 100
vi EM =
H thng ca chiu sng trong nh cng nghip dng chiu sng t nhin bng ca s, ca tri (ca mi) hoc ca s ca tri hn hp. Ca s chiu sng thng dng l loi ca s mt tng, ca s nhiu tng, ca s lin tc hoc gin on. Ca tri chiu sng l loi ca tri hnh ch nht, hnh M, hnh thang, hnh chm cu, hnh rng ca v.v... Ca s bn cnh c nh gi bng HSCSTN ti thiu emin. Ca s ca tri, ca s tng caoc nh gi bng HSCSTN trung bnh ( Etb). Thit k chiu sng t nhin cho phng phi ty thuc vo c im v tnh cht ca n, vo yu cu thng gi, thot nhit vi nhng gii php che ma nng chn hnh thc ca chiu sng thch hp. Vi iu kin kh hu nc ta, kinh nghim cho thy thch hp nht l kiu mi hnh rng ca. Trn hnh III.8 gii thiu ca chiu sng mi kiu rng ca
Bc
Bc
Ca chiu sng tt
Ca chiu sng tt, thng gi tt
Hnh III.8: Cc loi ca chiu sng t nhin trong cng nghip
Khi thit k cn tnh ton din tch ca ly nh sng y , cc ca phn b u, cn chn hng b tr ca Bc-Nam, ca chiu sng t v hng bc, ca thng gi m rng v pha Nam trnh chi lo, phi c kt cu che chn hoc iu chnh c mc chiu sng.
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* Chiu sng nhn to ( chiu sng dng n in): Khi chiu sng in cho sn xut cn phi to ra trong phng mt ch nh sng m bo iu kin nhn r, nhn tinh v phn gii nhanh cc vt nhn ca mt trong qu trnh lao ng. Dng in th c th iu chnh c nh sng mt cch ch ng nhng li rt tn km. - Ngun chiu sng nhn to: n in chiu sng thng dng n dy tc nung nng, n hunh quang, n thu ngn cao p. + n nung sng: Pht sng theo nguyn l cc vt rn khi c nung trn 5000C s pht sng. n dy tc nung sng do cha nhiu thnh phn mu , vng gn vi quang ph ca mu la nn rt ph hp vi tm sinh l con ngi, ngoi ra n nung sng r tin d ch to, d bo qun v s dng. n nung sng pht sng n nh, khng ph thuc vo nhit mi trng, c kh nng chiu sng tp trung vi cng thch hp. Loi n ny c nhiu loi vi cng sut t 1 1500 W. n nung sng c th pht sng khi in p thp hn in p nh mc ca n nn c s dng chiu sng s c hoc chiu sng an ton... + n hunh quang: l ngun sng nh phng in trong cht kh. n hunh quang chiu sng da trn hiu ng quang in. C nhiu loi n hunh quang khc nhau nh n thu ngn thp, cao p, n hunh quang thp cao p v cc n phng in khc. Chng c u im hiu sut pht sng cao, thi gian s dng di v th hiu qu kinh t cao hn n nung sng t 2 n 2,5 ln. n hunh quang cho quang ph pht x gn vi nh sng ban ngy. Tuy nhin chng c nhc im nh: pht quang khng n nh khi nhit khng kh dao ng, in p thay i thm ch khng pht sng. Ngoi ra n hunh quang c gi thnh cao, s dng phc tp hn. Hu ht n hunh quang v n phng in trong cht kh c thm thnh phn bc sng di ( mu , mu vng, mu da cam...) nn khng thun vi tm sinh l ca con ngi. n hunh quang cn c hin tng quang thng dao ng theo tn s ca in p xoay chiu lm kh chu khi nhn, c hi cho mt. - Cc loi thit b chiu sng: Thit b chiu sng c nhim v sau: - Phn b nh sng ph hp vi mc ch chiu sng. - Bo v mt trong khi lm vic khng b chi, la - Bo v ngun sng, trnh va chm, b gi, ma, nng, bi - c nh v a in vo ngun sng C nhiu loi n chiu sng khc nhau v c phn loi theo cc mc ch khc nhau: * Theo c trng phn b nh sng ca n: + Chiu sng phn b nh sng trc tip: loi ny hn 90% quang thng ri trc tip xung b mt lm vic. + Chiu sng phn b nh sng bn trc tip: loi ny khong 60-90% nh sngtrc tip ri xung mt lm vic, mt phn tng c ri sng nn hon cnh nh sng tin nghi hn. + Chiu sng phn b nh sng hn hp: loi ny khong 40-60% nh sng trc tip ri xung b mt lm vic, cc b mt gii hn ca phng cng nhn c nh sng. + Chiu sng phn b nh sng gin tip: loi ny hn 90% quang thng hng ln trn, nh sng c c nh s phn x nh sng xung ca cc b mt gii hn nh: trn, tng loi ny khng dng trong sn xut. * Theo kiu dng cu to dng c chiu sng: + n h, chp n c ming h + n kn, chp n l qu cu trn bng thy tinh xuyn sng. +n chng m, vt liu v cu to m bo chng c m t. + n chng bi.
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+ n chng chy n. * Theo mc ch chiu sng: + n chiu sng trong nh. + n chiu sng ngoi nh. + n chiu sng ni c bit. b/ Thit k v tnh ton chiu sng in: * Thit k chiu sng in: Thit k chiu sng in phi m bo iu kin sng cho ngi lao ng tt nht, hp l nht m li kinh t nht. C ba phng thc chiu sng c bn: + Phng thc chiu sng chung: trong ton phng c mt h thng chiu sng t trn xung gy ra mt chi khng gian nht nh v mt ri nht nh trn ton b cc mt phng lao ng. + Phng thc chiu sng cc b: chia khng gian ln ca phng ra nhiu khng gian nh, mi khng gian nh c mt ch chiu sng khc nhau. + Phng thc chiu sng hn hp: va chiu sng chung va kt hp vi chiu sng cc b. * Tnh ton chiu sng in: Tnh ton chiu sng in ch yu l tnh cng sut in cn thit chiu sng theo tiu chun ca nh nc quy nh. Trong k thut chiu sng, thng s dng hai phng php l phng php cng sut n v v phng php h s s dng: + Phng php cng sut n v: l phng php da vo tnh cht lao ng v cc thng s ca n chiu sng, xc nh cng sut cn thit cho mt n v din tch 1m2 ca gian nh: W(
EKZ w )= 2 m
Trong : E - ri nh nht theo tiu chun nh nc( lux) K - h s d tr ca n ph thuc vo c im ca gian phng ( nhiu hay t bi) thng K= 1,5 1,7 Z=
Etb l t s ri trung bnh v ri nh nht Z= 11,25 Em
- Hiu sut pht quang ca n (lm/w) - H s chiu sng hu ch ca n, ph thuc vo loi n chiu sng. T cng sut n v w, tnh c cng sut ca c phng P vi N l s n: P SW , ( w) P= = S N Phng php cng sut n v n gin, dng tnh ton s b nh thit k, kim nghim kt qu cc phng php tnh khc v so snh tnh kinh t ca h thng chiu sng nhng phng php ny km chnh xc. + Phng php h s s dng : c dng tnh ton cho chiu sng chung. Trc khi i vo tnh ton c th cn xc nh cch b tr n. B tr i xng n theo kiu treo thnh hng dc hoc hng ngang ca gian nh th nh sng u nhng tn in. Sau xc nh L/Hc, trong L l khong cch treo n, Hc l cao treo n. Da vo t s L/Hc, Nu b tr hnh ch nht th L/Hc ly t 1,42, hnh thoi ly t 1,72,5. Tnh Hc theo cng thc: Hc = H-Hc-Hp trong H l chiu cao t sn ti trn, Hc chiu cao t n ti trn cn Hp l chiu cao t sn n b mt lm vic. Da vo kt qu tnh Hc v t s L/Hc suy ra L.
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Xc nh ch s phng i: i =
S vi a, b l chiu rng v chiu di. H c (a + b) ) Cn c vo i xc nh h s s dng :
Vi i 0,8 th = 0,05 0,36 i 2 th = 0,080,47 Cui cng xc nh tr s quang thng ca ngn n n v t tr s tm c xc nh cng sut cho mt ngn n:
n = E.S .K .Z , ( Lm) Trong : E- ri theo tiu chun nh nc quy nh( lux). n.
S - Din tch cn c chiu sng, m2 K- h s d tr. Z - T s gia ri etb v emin ly t 1,5-1,25 n - S n chiu sng cho gian phng.
3.7. nh hng ca cc iu kin lao ng khc

T th lm vic khng thun li: khi ngi gh thp m tay phi vi cao hn, ni lm vic cht hp to nn th ng khng thun li, lm vic t th lun ng, lun vn ngi v mt pha no , ... V tr lm vic kh khn: trn cao, di nc, trong nhng hm su, khng gian lm vic cht hp, v tr lm vic gn ni nguy him nn b khng ch tm vi, khng ch cc chuyn ng,... Cc dng sn xut c bit: v d tip xc vi cc my truyn nhn tin lun chu nh hng ca sng in t, lm vic lu bn my vi tnh, tip xc vi cc loi keo dn c bit, lm vic nhng ni c in cao th, c sng v tuyn v.v...
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Chng 4: K thut an ton lao ng

4.1: khI nim chung v cc yu t nguy him v bin php phng nga
4.1.1. Cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng trong sn xut - Cc b phn v c cu sn xut: C cu chuyn ng, trc, khp ni truyn ng, g, cc b phn chuyn ng tnh tin. - Cc mnh dng c, vt liu gia cng vng bn ra: Dng c ct, mi, phi, chi tit gia cng, bavia khi lm sch vt c, khi rn dp - in git ph thuc cc yu t nh cng dng in, ng i ca dng in qua c th, thi gian tc ng, c im c th v.v.. - Cc yu t v nhit: Kim loi nng chy,vt liu c nung nng, thit b nung, kh nng, hi nc nng ... c th lm bng cc b phn ca c th con ngi. - Cht c cng nghip: Xm nhp vo c th con ngi qua qu trnh thao tc, tip xc - Cc cht lng hot tnh: Cc axt v kim n mn. - Bi cng nghip: Gy cc tn thng c hc, bi c hay nhim c sinh ra cc bnh ngh nghip, gy chy n, hoc m in gy ngn mch - Nguy him n: N ho hc v n vt l. - Nhng yu t nguy him khc: Lm vic trn cao khng eo dy an ton, thiu ro chn, cc vt ri t trn cao xung, trt trn, vp ng khi i li. 4.1.2. Cc nhm nguyn nhn gy chn thng trong sn xut a/ Nhm cc nguyn nhn k thut: - My, trang b sn xut v qu trnh cng ngh cha ng cc yu t nguy him, c hi: Tn ti cc khu vc nguy him, bi kh c, hn hp n, n, rung, bc x c hi, in p nguy him ... - My, trang b sn xut c thit k, kt cu khng thch hp vi c im tm sinh l ca ngi s dng. - bn ca chi tit my khng m bo gy s c trong qu trnh s dng. - Thiu thit b che chn an ton cho cc b phn chuyn ng, vng c in p nguy him, bc x mnh.. - Thiu h thng pht tn hiu an ton, cc c cu phng nga qu ti nh van an ton, phanh hm, c cu khng ch hnh trnh - Khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng ng cc quy tc v k thut an ton nh khng kim nghim cc thit b p lc trc khi a vo s dng, s dng qu hn cc thit b van an ton - Thiu iu kin trang b c kh ha, t ng ha nhng khu lao ng c tnh cht c hi, nng nhc, nguy him v d nh trong cc ngnh tuyn khong, luyn kim, cng nghip ha cht - Thiu hoc khng s dng cc phng tin bo v c nhn, s dng khng thch hp nh dng phng tin bo v khng ph hp tiu chun yu cu, dng nhm mt n phng c. b/ Nhm cc nguyn nhn v t chc : - T chc ch lm vic khng hp l: cht hp, t th thao tc kh khn... - B tr, trang b my sai nguyn tc, s c my ny c th gy nguy him cho my khc
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hoc ngi xung quanh... - Bo qun nguyn liu v thnh phm khng ng nguyn tc an ton nh: ln ha cht c th phn ng vi nhau, xp cc chi tit cng knh d , xp cc bnh cha kh chy gn vi khu vc c nhit cao - Thiu phng tin c chng cho ngi lao ng lm vic ph hp vi cng vic.. - Khng t chc hoc t chc hun luyn, gio dc BHL khng t yu cu. c/ Nhm cc nguyn nhn v v sinh cng nghip: - Vi phm cc yu cu v v sinh cng nghip khi thit k nh my hay phn xng sn xut nh b tr cc ngun pht sinh hi, kh, bi c sai hng gi ch o hoc khng lc bi, hi c trc khi thi ra ngoi - Pht sinh bi, kh c trong phn xng sn xut do s r r t cc thit b cha - iu kin vi kh hu xu, vi phm tiu chun cho php. - Chiu sng ch lm vic khng hp l, n, rung vt qu tiu chun cho php. - Trang b bo h c nhn khng m bo ng yu cu s dng ca ngi lao ng. - Khng thc hin nghim chnh cc yu cu v sinh c nhn. 4.1.3. Cc bin php v phng tin k thut an ton c bn a/ Bin php an ton d phng tnh n yu t con ngi: - Thao tc lao ng, nng v mang vc vt nng ng nguyn tc an ton, trnh cc t th ci gp ngi, lom khom, vn mnhgi ct sng thng, trnh thot v a m, trnh vi chn thng ct sng ... - m bo khng gian thao tc vn ng trong tm vi ti u, thch ng vi 90% s ngi s dng v t th lm vic, iu khin thun li vi cc c cu iu khin, gh ngi ph hp - m bo iu kin lao ng th gic: kh nng nhn r qu trnh lm vic, nhn r cc phng tin thng tin, c cu iu khin, cc k hiu, biu , mu sc. - m bo iu kin s dng thng tin thnh gic, xc gic. - m bo ti trng th lc nh ti trng i vi tay,chn, ti trng tnh - m bo tm l ph hp, trnh qu ti hay n iu. b/ Thit b che chn an ton: * Mc ch ca thit b che chn an ton: - Cch ly vng nguy him vi ngi lao ng. - Ngn nga tai nn lao ng nh ri, ng, vt rn bn vo ngi * Mt s yu cu i vi thit b che chn: - Ngn nga c tc ng xu do b phn ca thit b sn xut gy ra. - Khng gy tr ngi cho thao tc ca ngi lao ng. - Khng nh hng n nng sut lao ng, cng sut ca thit b. * Phn loi mt s thit b che chn: c th phn ra cc loi thit b che chn sau: - Thit b dng che chn cc b phn, c cu chuyn ng. - Thit b dng che chn vng vng bn ca cc mnh dng c, ca vt liu gia cng. - Thit b dng che chn b phn dn in. - Thit b dng che chn ngun bc x c hi. - Thit b dng lm ro chn cho khu vc lm vic trn cao, ho h su - Thit b dng che chn tm thi( di chuyn c) hoc che chn c nh( khng di chuyn c).
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c/ Thit b v c cu phng nga: Khng mt my mc thit b no c coi l hon thin v a vo hot ng nu khng c cc thit b phng nga thch hp. * Mc ch s dng thit b v c cu phng nga: Ngn chn tc ng xu do s c ca qu trnh sn xut gy ra nh qu ti, chuyn ng vt qu gii hn quy nh, nhit cha t yu cu. * Nhim v ca c cu phng nga: T ng iu chnh hoc ngt my, thit b, b phn ca my khi c mt thng s no vt qu gi tr gii hn cho php. * Phn loi thit b v c cu phng nga: Theo kh nng phc hi li s lm vic ca thit b c cu phng nga c chia ra lm 3 loi: - H thng phng nga c th t ng phc hi kh nng lm vic khi thng s kim tra gim n mc quy nh nh: ly hp ma st, r le nhit, ly hp vu, l xo, van an ton kiu i trng hoc l xo - Cc h thng phng nga c th phc hi kh nng lm vic bng cch thay th c mi nh: cu ch, cht ct, then ct...( cc b phn ny thng l khu yu nht ca h thng). - Cc h thng phc hi kh nng lm vic bng tay nh: r le ng ngt in, cu dao in... Theo chng loi phng nga cho thit b ngi ta phn ra: - Phng nga qu ti cho thit b chu p lc - Phng nga qu ti ca my ng lc. - Phng nga s dch chuyn ca cc b phn khi vt qu gii hn cho php. - Phng nga chy n. Ni chung thit b phng nga ch m bo lm vic tt khi tnh ton chnh xc khu thit k, ch to v nht l khi s dng phi tun th cc quy nh v k thut an ton. d/ C kh ha, t ng ha v iu khin t xa: - C cu iu khin gm cc nt m, ng my, h thng tay gt, cc v lng iu khin ... iu khin theo mun ngi lao ng v khng nm trong vng nguy him ng thi phi lm vic tin cy, d vi tay ti, d phn bit, iu khin chnh xc - Phanh hm l b phn dng ch ng iu khin vn tc chuyn ng ca cc phng tin, cc b phn theo mun ca ngi lao ng.Yu cu c cu phanh phi gn, nh, nhanh nhy, khng b trt, khng b kt, khng b rn nt, khng t ng ng m khi khng c s iu khin. - Kha lin ng l loi c cu t ng loi tr kh nng gy ra tai nn lao ng cho ngi lao ng khi h thao tc vi phm quy trnh vn hnh my. Kho lin ng c th dng in, c kh, thu lc, in - c kt hp hoc dng t bo quang in. V d: my tin CNC khi cha ng ca che chn th khng th khi ng my lm vic c. - iu khin t xa: c tc dng a ngi lao ng ra khi vng nguy him ng thi gim nh iu kin lao ng nng nhc nh: iu khin ng m hoc iu chnh cc van trong cng nghip ho cht, iu khin sn xut t phng iu khin trung tm nh my in, trong tip xc vi phng x ( kt hp cc thit b truyn hnh) e/ Tn hiu an ton v bin bo phng nga: * Mc ch ca cc tn hiu an ton v bin bo phng nga: - Bo trc cho ngi lao ng nhng nguy him c th xy ra. - Hng dn thao tc. - Nhn bit quy nh v k thut v k thut an ton qua cc du hiu quy c (mu sc
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hoc hnh v). * Cc yu cu i vi tn hiu an ton v bin bo phng nga: - D nhn bit. - Kh nng nhm ln thp, tin cy cao. - D thc hin, ph hp vi tp qun, c s khoa hc v yu cu ca tiu chun ha. * Cc loi tn hiu an ton: - nh sng hoc mu sc: mu , mu vng, mu xanh hoc cc mu tng phn. - m thanh: ci, chung, kng - Mu sn, hnh v, ch vit - ng h, dng c o lng ( o cng , in p, p sut, nhit ) * Cc loi bin bo phng nga: - Bng bin bo hiu: Nguy him cht ngi STOP - Bng cm: Khu vc cao p, cm n gn, Cm ng in ang sa cha , Cm ht thuc l "... - Bng hng dn: Khu vc lm vic, khu vc cm ht thuc l, hng dn ng m cc thit b g/ Khong cch v kch thc an ton: Khong cch an ton l khong khng gian ti thiu gia ngi lao ng v cc phng tin my mc hoc khong cch nh nht gia chng vi nhau khng b tc ng xu ca cc yu t sn xut. Ty thuc vo qu trnh cng ngh, c im ca tng loi thit b c nhng quy nh khong cch an ton khc nhau. V d trong c kh l khong cch gia cc my, gia cc b phn nh ra ca my, gia cc b phn chuyn ng ca my vi cc b phn c nh h/ Phng tin bo v c nhn: L nhng vt dng c s dng nhm bo v c th khi b tc ng ca cc yu t nguy him. Ngoi cc loi thit b v bin php bo v nu trn, phng tin bo v c nhn l bin php k thut b sung, h tr ng vai tr rt quan trng trong cng tc BHL nht l khi iu kin thit b v cng ngh cn lc hu. Cc phng tin bo v c nhn c phn theo cc nhm chnh sau: - Trang b bo v mt: gm loi bo v mt khi b tn thng do vt rn bn vo, b bng v loi bo v khi b tn thng do tia bc x. - Trang b bo v c quan h hp: nhm trnh cc loi hi, kh c, bi thm nhp vo c quan h hp v d: khu trang, mt n phng c, mt n c phin lc,... - Trang b bo v c quan thnh gic: Nhm ngn nga ting n tc ng xu n c quan thnh gic ca ngi lao ng nh: nt bt tai ( t ngay trong l tai), bao p tai (che kn c phn khoanh tai). - Trang b phng tin bo v u: nhm chng cc chn thng c hc, chng cun tc hoc chng cc loi tia nng lng trong cc trng hp c th khc nhau nh: cc loi m mm, cng, m cho cng nhn hm l, m chng ma nng, m chng chy, m chng va chm mnh, m vi, m nha, m st,... - Trang b bo v chn tay: chng m t, chng n mn ca ha cht, cch in, chng trn trt, chng rungv d: gng tay cc loi, dy, ng, dp cc loi, - Trang b bo v thn ngi: bo v thn ngi khi b tc ng ca nhit, tia nng lng, ha cht, kim loa lng bn tv d: o qun bo h loi thng, loi chng nng, loi chng chy...
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f/ Kim nghim d phng thit b: Kim nghim bn tin cy ca my, thit b, cng trnh v cc b phn ca chng trc khi a vo s dng. Mc ch ca kim nghim d phng l nh gi cht lng ca thit b v cc mt tnh nng, bn v tin cy quyt nh a thit b vo s dng hay khng. Kim nghim d phng c tin hnh nh k, hoc sau nhng k sa cha, bo dng. V d: Th nghim tin cy ca phanh hm, th nghim bn, st kn ca thit b p lc, ng ng, van an ton, th nghim cch in ca cc dng c k thut in v phng tin bo v c nhn
4.2. Nhng yu cu chung v an ton khi thit k cc c s sn xut

4.2.1. An ton khi thit k tng mt bng a/ Yu cu an ton v sinh lao ng: Khi chn vng t x nghip, vic b tr cc ngi nh v cng trnh trn phi ch ti hng mt tri v hng gi chnh, m bo iu kin chiu sng t nhin, thng gi cc phng tt v chng bc x mt tri. Cc phn xng trong qu trnh sn xut lm thot ra khng kh cc loi hi kh c phi b tr v cui hng gi i vi vng dn c gn nht v cch mt khong t 50 100 m tu loi x nghip. Khong cch v sinh t cc kho vt liu nhiu bi n cc nh sinh hot khng t hn 50 m; cc ng giao thng i li trong x nghip phi b tr theo ng thng, c mi tn ch ng, bng hng dn v tn hiu an ton. ng cho cc phng tin vn chuyn phi rng, dc hai bn ng phi c va h cho ngi i b, chiu rng ti thiu l 1,5 mt, va h phi lt gch hoc b tng v phi cch ng tu ti thiu 3mt. Cn b tr cc h thng cng rnh thot nc i km cc ng i li trong x nghip. Ming cc cng hm, ho thot nc cn c np y chc chn hoc cc ro ngn cch bo v. Cc phng v sinh, h x khng cch ni sn xut qu 100m v phi s lng theo tiu chun. Nh tiu nam v n phi xy ring. Cng cn c phng ht thuc ring cho cng nhn nghin thuc. Phng ht thuc b tr khng xa qu 100 m so vi ni sn xut. Ngoi ra, cn b tr phng ngh cho ph n. Phng ngh t xut v tm thi cho ph n nn b tr gn trm y t v c t thuc, ging ng, vi nc v c ca cch m b/ Yu cu an ton phng chy n: Khong cch an ton phng chy phi m bo theo quy phm. V d khong cch t kho cha xng du n cc cng trnh hay phn xng t 3050 m, khong cch t trm cc bnh cha kh chy c dung tch 1000 m3 tr ln n cc phn xng t 100150m, bo v cc b cha, khu vc kho cha cc cht lng chy, ngi ta o xung quanh cc knh rng 2m, su 1m. 4.2.2. An ton khi thit k cc phn xng sn xut. Khi thit bt k phn xng sn xut no cng cn ch ti cc yu cu sau: Kch thc, din tch, th tch, chiu cao phn xng, cu to mt bng phn xng, b tr din tch lm vic, my mc, thit b, dng c, nguyn vt liu... phi hp l m bo an ton. Chiu cao ca phng sn xut khng thp hn 3,2 m, tng ngm, phng kho ln hn 2,2m. Khong cch gia cc my > 1m, gia cc thit b chuyn ng v nguy him ln n 1,52 m,
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khong cch gia cc hng thit b phi cha li qua li rng t nht 2,5 m. Thit k phn xng nn cao ro, sch s, sng sa, b tr h thng thng gi, thot hi tt, li dng c nh sng t nhin tt nht. Phi c cch m, cch rung ng, cch nhit tt. Cc kt cu v xy dng ca phn xng phi bn chc v mt chu lc. Ca ra vo ca cc phn xng phi b tr rng v thun tin phn tn cng nhn nhanh nht phng khi xy ra cc tai nn chy, n v cc s c nguy him khc. Trong vic b tr hng trc ca gian nh, phi trnh chi nng, tt nht l b tr ng trc nh theo hng ng-Ty. thng gi c tt th ng trc nh nn b tr mt gc 450 vi hng gi chnh trong nm ca vng t xng. Cc phn xng c n qu 90dB phi ring hoc c lp cch m. Cc thit b k thut sinh hi c hi c bit phi b tr ngoi nh sn xut. Hnh lang, ng hm cho ngi qua li phi b tr ngn nht, trnh cc li r ngot, cc bc ln xung trnh va chm bt ng hoc bc ht gy tai nn. 4.2.3. Cp thot nc v lm sch nc thi. Nc sau khi khi s dng trong sn xut, nc thi sinh hot, nc ma ri trn mt t thng b nhim bn, cha nhiu tp cht hu c, v c v vi trng, do phi c thi ra khi x nghip, ng thi phi lm sch nc thi trc khi thi ra sng m bo v sinh cho ngun nc v sc kho cho nhn dn.
4.3. k thut an ton trong c kh v luyn kim

4.3.1. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng trong C kh v Luyn kim a/ nh ngha v nhng mi nguy him trong C kh v Luyn kim: Mi nguy him trong C kh v Luyn kim l nhng ni pht sinh nguy him do hnh dng, kch thc, chuyn ng ca cc phng tin lm vic, phng tin tr gip, phng tin vn chuyn cng nh chi tit b tn thng trong qu trnh lao ng nh kp cht, ct xuyn thng, thng, va p, bn t kim loigy ra s c tn thng cc mc khc nhau. Trn hnh IV.1 gii thiu cc vng nguy him ca cc my mc c th gy ra tai nn lao ng. b/ Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng trong gia cng ngui-lp rp-sa cha: Do cc dng c cm tay (ca st, da, c) va chm vo ngi lao ng hoc ngi lao ng dng u cc dng c cm tay( ba long cn, cha kho khng ng c, ming cha bin dng khng cn song song nhau) Do cc my mc, thit b n gin (my p c nh, my khoan bn, mi my...) c kt cu khng m bo bn, thiu ng b, thiu cc c cu an ton. Do g kp chi tit khng cn thn, khng ng k thut, b tr cc bn ngui khng ng quy cch k thut. Do mi b v vng ra, chm vo mi, vt mi bn t vo Do ng tc v t th thao tc khng ng . Do thao tc cc my t, dp khng ng quy trnh, quy phm v ATL... c/ Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng trong gia cng ct gt: Trong my cng c, my tin chim t l cao (40%) v my tin c s dng kh ph bin v vy nguyn nhn gy chn thng i vi my tin l do tc cao, phoi ra nhiu v lin tc, phoi ra thnh dy di, qun v vng ra xung quanh, phoi c nhit cao, phoi vn c th bn vo ngi ng pha i din ngi ang gia cng. Khi khoan, mi khoan lp khng cht c th vng ra, bn g kp phi khng cht lm cho vt gia cng b vng ra.
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Hnh IV.1: Cc vng nguy him trn cc my gia cng. 1-Truyn ng bng xch v a xch. 9- My mi 2- Truyn ng bng dy ai. 10- Ca a. 3- Truyn ng bng bnh rng-thanh rng 11- Ca vng 4-Trc cn 12- My phay. . 5- Truyn ng bng bnh rng 13- My bo ngang 6- Vng cui ca bng ti. 14- My dp. 7- My tin 15- My ct 8- My khoan 16- My un
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Khi mi nu ng khng ng v tr, khi mi v c th vng ra ngoi, tay cm khng chc hoc khong cch ngn lm cho mi c th tip xc vo tay cng nhn Cc c cu truyn ng trong cc my cng c ni chung nh bnh rng, dy cu roa,... cng c th gy ra tai nn. o qun cng nhn khng ng c, khng gn gng...c th b qun vo my v gy nn tai nn d/ Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng trong c- Luyn kim Kim loi lng nhit cao to ra bc x nhit ln vo mi trng, ct h quang khi nu luyn kim loi lng cn pht ra tia t ngoi c nng lng rt ln c th gy vim mt, bng da Mt nguyn nhn thng gy nn tai nn ph bin trong ngnh luyn kim l b bng do nc kim loi bn to vo hoc do cc vt tip xc vi nc kim loi khng c hong kh hoc do khun c cha sy kh nn hi m bm trn cc vt b kim loi lng lm cho bc hi mnh gy bn to, thm ch gy n do tng th tch t ngt. Trong vic lm sch h thng rt v cht ba via trn vt c cng d b xy xt chn tay do mt x x v sc cnh ca vt c gy nn. Trong qu trnh chun b nguyn vt liu cho nu luyn, sa cha thng rt, mng c lin tc, qu trnh nu luyncng d gy tai nn. e/ Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng trong hn v ct kim loi: Khi hn in c th b in git. H quang hn bc x rt mnh d lm bng da, lm au mt. Khi hn kim loi lng bn to d gy bng da th hn v nhng ngi xung quanh Ngn la hn c th gy chy, n. Khi que hn chy sinh nhiu kh c hi v bi nh CO2, bi si lc, bi mng gan, bi xit km,... rt c hi cho h h hp v sc kho ca cng nhn. Khi hn cc v tr kh khn nh: hn trong ng, nhng ni cht chi, nhiu bi, gn ni m thp hoc hn trn cao u l nhng nguy c gy tai nn Khi hn hi d n bnh hoc sinh ra ho hon g/ Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng trong gia cng p lc: Qu trnh cn, rn t do hoc dp th tch thng tin hnh gia cng trng th nng do nhiu nguyn nhn gy nn tai nn nh b bng, tip xc mi trng nhit cao.. Do vt rn ang nng nhit cao nn cng nhn v s, dm vo. Do cn ba tra vo khng cht nn ba d b vng ra khi quai ba hoc km kp khng cht lm cho vt rn b ri ra khi ly ra khi l. Do t sai v tr vt rn trn b e nn d b vng ra khi dng my ba. Do kp phi v iu chnh khun khi dp trn my khng ng d b bung khun 4.3.2. Nhng bin php an ton trong ngnh C kh-Luyn kim a/ K thut an ton trong khu thit k my v trang thit b: Khi thit k my v thit b ph tr phi m bo khoa hc v Ecgnmi ( c nghin cu trong chng I). Mt s vn c th cn phi ch sau: - My thit k phi ph hp vi th lc v cc c im ca ngi s dng. Phi tnh n kh nng iu khin ca con ngi, ph hp vi tm vc ngi, tm vi tay, chiu cao, chn ng, tm nhn quan st xung quanh, kh nng nghe c v.v... My thit k phi to c t th lm vic thoi mi, trnh gy cho ngi s dng t th g b, chng mi mt ... Hnh thc, kt cu my, mu sn cng nn chn cho c tnh thm m v ph hp vi tm
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sinh l ngi lao ng, to cm gic d chu khi lm vic, d phn bit khi dng ... Cc b phn my phi d quan st, kim tra, lp rp v sa cha, bo dng...Phi ch b tr trng tm ca my cho chun, gi vng vng... m bo cho my lm vic n nh. Phi thit k cc c cu bao che, c cu t ngt, c cu phanh, hm. Phi c cc c cu an ton nh n hiu, pht tn hiu m thanh (ci, chung reo...) hay cc ng h bo cc ch s trong phm vi an ton. Cc c cu phi b tr thun li cho thao tc, trnh nhm ln khi s dng b/ K thut an ton khi lp rp, sa cha v th my: Khi lp rp sa cha my cn thit phi m bo cc ni dung sau: m bo an ton khi di chuyn, tho lp v c ch kim tra sau khi lp rp. Vic sa cha bo dng nh k hoc t xut phi bo cho c cng bit. Ch nhng cng nhn c in, c qua hun luyn mi sa cha, iu chnh my mc thit b. Trc khi sa cha, iu chnh phi ngt ngun in, tho ai truyn khi puli v treo bng Cm m my trn b phn m my. Khi sa cha, tho d hoc lp t thit b, tuyt i khng c dng cc v ko, ct, tng nh neo, kch ko... phng qu ti i vi cc kt cu kin trc gy tai nn sp mi, ct, tng... Sa cha nhng my cao qu 2m phi c gin gio, c sn lm vic, cu thang leo ln xung v tay vn chc chn. Khi s dng cc dng c cm tay bng kh nn phi ch kim tra cc u ni, khng r kh, cc ch ni phi chc chn, cc van ng m phi d dng. Cm s dng cc dng c kh nn lm vic ch khng ti. Khi sa cha, iu chnh xong, phi kim tra li ton b cc thit b an ton che chn ri mi c th my. D khuyt tt nu cn thit sau khi lp rp hay sa cha xong. Th my khi kim tra lp t my: bao gm chy th khng ti, chy non ti, chy qu ti an ton. Khng s dng qu cng sut my, ch vn hnh ng hng dn vn hnh v yu cu ca quy trnh cng ngh. phng cng nhn b v tnh chm cc nt iu khin in yu cu cc nt iu khin phi lp t thp hn mp hp bo v v phi ghi r chc nng Hm, M ; Tt ... c/ K thut an ton khi gia cng ngui: Bn ngui phi ph hp vi kch thc quy nh: chiu rng khu lm vic mt pha khng c nh hn 750 mm v khi lm vic hai pha phi > 1300mm. Chiu cao bn ngui 850950 mm. i vi bn ngui lm vic hai pha, chnh gia bn phi c li chn vi kch thc quy nh cho chiu cao khng thp hn 800 mm v mt li khng ln hn 3x3 mm. Khi bn ngui lm vic mt pha phi trnh hng phoi bn v pha ch lm vic ca cc cng nhn khc. Cc t lp trn bn ngui phi chc chn, khong cch gia hai t trn mt bn khng c nh hn 1000 mm. Khi mi cc mi khoan, dao tinphi mi theo ng nhng gc k thut quy nh. Vic mi cc dng c ny ch c nhng cng nhn c qua hun luyn mi c php lm. Thit b phi c t trn nn c cng vng chu c ti trng ca bn thn thit b v lc ng do thit b khi lm vic sinh ra. Ch lm vic ca cng nhn cn c gi, t, ngn bn, cha dng c v phi c ch xp phi liu v thnh phm. Cc bn, gi, t phi b tr gn v khng tr ngi n cc ng vn chuyn trong ni b phn xng. d/ K thut an ton khi gia cng p lc: Cn cc loi ba tay, ba t phi lm bng g, th dc, kh, do, khng c mt v vt
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nt. Yu cu cn i vi ba tay c chiu di t 350450 mm, v cn ba t chiu di t 650850 mm. u ba phi nhn v hi li, mp l khng c vt nt. Trc cn ba phi vung gc vi ng trc dc ca u ba. Khi nm ba khng c cn ba c vt nt dc trc . Cc dng c rn t do nh: c, mi t... phi c chiu di ti thiu l 150 mm. u nh ba phi phng, khng b vt nghing, nt. Vi cc dng c c chui phi c ai chng lng v chng nt cn. Nhng dng c cm tay s dng hi nn cn c li bao cc khp ni trnh cc chi tit ny vng ra. Kha cc van iu khin phi nhy v c hiu qu m tt. ng cao su dn hi nn phi ph hp vi kch thc ca khp ng v p sut s dng. Vic di chuyn cc phi rn ln phi tin hnh bng c gii ho, khng c lm th cng d xy ra tai nn do phi tut khi km kp bng tay. Cc e rn phi t trn g th dc, g chc, di v phi c ai xit cht v chn su xung t ti thiu na mt. Gia cc e vi nhau phi c khong cch t nht 2,5 m trnh cc ng quai ba ct nhau. Mt e phi nhn, nghing khng qu 2%. Khong cch ti thiu t l nung n e l 1,5 m. Gia l v e khng c b tr ng vn chuyn. Ca l phi chc chn, nu b tr ca l gn vng nhit cao phi xy mt lp gch chu nhit khng ch nhit khu vc lm vic khng nng qu 400C. Cc loi ca l ng m bng i trng phi bao che ng di chuyn ca i trng phng cp t, i trng ri gy tai nn. Vic t cc ng khi l nung phi m bo c cao, cao hn nhng cng trnh kin trc xung quanh v phi c thit b chng st, c chp che ma v khng t ng khi cnh nhng phn d bt la ca cu trc nh xng. Khi thao tc ba my khng c ba nh trc tip ln mt e. Nu ba nh lin hai ln ca mt ln p bn p iu khin phi ngng lm vic sa cha. Sau khi iu khin phi nhc chn ra khi bn p. i vi cc my t dp phi thng xuyn kim tra cc c cu an ton xem hot ng ca chng c bnh thng khng v tuyt i khng dng mt tay iu khin cc c cu quy nh iu khin bng hai tay. Cc khun dp phi bt cht trn bn my. Tt c cc b phn my chu p lc ca cht lng hay cht kh u phi kim tra nh k. i vi my t dp t ng cm khng dng tay cp phi. Ngoi ra cn thng gi tt (chng nng), nhc nh cng nhn trnh mt mi, bun ng dn n nh ba khng chnh xc. e/ K thut an ton trong qu trnh c-Luyn kim: Khi lm khun phi chng nhim bi ( bi ct, bt grafit). Khi sy khun li cn ch khng tip xc vo l sy v to iu kin thng gi tt cho hi m thot d dng. Khi nu luyn v rt kim loi phi c bin php chng nng, chng bng v chng mt nc ( vi nng lng ln c th gy vim mt, bng da ). Phi c o qun v dy dp chuyn dng trnh b bng do nc kim loi bn t vo c th hoc do cc vt tip xc vi nc kim loi, phi eo knh luyn kim chng tia bc x. Khng lm mt bng nc m ch cho php dng qut gi. Ch khi lm sch vt c trnh va chm vi cc ba via ca cc vt c lm xy xt chn tay do mt x x, sc cnh ca vt c. Phi trang b phng h lao ng trnh bi v kh c do qu trnh nu luyn sinh ra cc nh cc bi Mn, Si, CO, Si02 g/ K thut an ton khi hn v ct kim loi : * Khi hn in: Cn phi c mt n che mt v o qun bo h lao ng chuyn dng trong khi hn trnh lm chy bng da, lm au mt cng nh kim loi lng bn to gy bng da th hn.
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Cn trnh hn gn nhng ni c vt d bt la, d chy n phng h quang hn c th gy chy, n cc vt xung quanh. Cn phi bao che xung quanh khu vc hn khi nh hng n nhng ngi lm vic ln cn. B tr mi trng lm vic phi thong, mt, hoc phi c qut thng gi. Khi hn cc v tr kh khn nh: trong ng, nhng ni cht chi, bi nhiuth cn c qut thng gi. Khi hn trn cao cn c dy an ton. Trong khi hn cc thng kn, nh kn phi thng gi tt v phi c ngi canh chng cng nhn trnh tnh trng trng trng c hi hn. Cc n cng nhn c bnh tim, phi khng c hn trong cc thng kn. Cc vt hn trc khi hn phi co sch cc loi sn, nht l sn c pha ch, lau sch m, lm sch vt hn ti thiu 50 mm hai bn ng hn. Tuyt i khng c hn cc vt dng ang cha cc cht c p lc nh hi nn, cht lng, cao p... i vi cc bnh cha cc cht d chy, n trc khi hn phi sc sch v khi hn phi m np phng chy n. Khi hn trn cao, cng nhn phi c dy bo him. Khi ct cc cu kin nh: x, dm phi buc cht phn ct trnh cc vt ri xung gy tai nn. Khu vc hn cn c din tch t my, sn phm hn v khong thao tc cho cng nhn. Din tch thao tc cho mt cng nhn hn khng t hn 3 m2. Nn nh phi bng phng, dn nhit km v khng chy. Mu tng trnh dng mu sng hn ch s phn x nh sng, gy chi mt cho khu vc xung quanh. My hn phi c bao che v c cch in chc chn, cn ni t cc loi my hn trnh r in gy in git. Ht sc trnh lm my b t do ma hoc nc bn vo. in p khng ti ca my hn phi m bo quy nh. Ngun in hn phi m bo an ton, khng xy ra s c. My hn nn t cng gn ngun in cng tt. Trc khi lm vic cn kim tra h thng in ngun, in p vo my hn ng cha, my hn c hot ng bnh thng khng? Cc ng dy in c cch in tt khng? Cu dao c an ton khng. Kim tra v vn cht cc c vt trn my, m bo my chy m khng rung ng nhiu, khng phng in do vn khng cht... Dy cp hn phi c cao su bao bc. Khi b tr cc dy cp hn phi gn, khng gy kh khn cho ngi khc, khng vng ng i li d gy vp ng sinh ra tai nn... Khi vn hnh my cn t my ng v tr, khng b vnh, nghing lm my d b . Thi sch bi, cht du m bn dnh trn my. y l nhng cht c th sinh chy, n. Khi lm sch c th dng cc dng c bng kh nn, lau bng gi kh... Khi sa cha my hoc khi cn thay i dng in hn (bng cch thay i s vng dy, thay i in p, hay u li u dy) nht thit phi ct in cu dao v cng nhn phi c gng tay cch in. Khi ht gi lm vic, nht thit phi ng ngt cu dao my hn v cu dao chnh. *Khi hn kh: Kim tra bnh cha kh cn trong thi hn s dng hay khng. Bnh c kim nh an ton cha. Nn xem trn bnh c cc vt nt, vt lm, hay cc khuyt tt khc khng v khi pht hin c cc khuyt tt th cn tm cch khc phc kp thi hoc phi bo ngay cho n v tm cch thay th. Kim tra cc van c vn cht khng. Khng ln cc bnh cn kh vi cc bnh ht kh d gy nhm ln khi s dng. Khng cc bnh cha kh nn cnh ni c ngun nhit nht l nhng ni c ngn la nh l rn, ngn la hn hi. Khi p sut trong bnh tng ln cng vi nhng khuyt tt trn bnh c th gy n, v th cc bnh ny cn cch xa ngun nhit t nht l trn 1m v cch xa ngn la khong trn 5 m. Bnh cha kh phi t thng ng (cho php nghing trong 1 thi gian ngn). Cn lau chi sch cc vt bn, du m, cc cht d bt la trn cc dy dn kh, van
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kh... v nhng cht ny d gy chy, sinh ra n bnh hoc sinh ra ha hon. Khi m van kh lau chi hay vn hnh, cng nhn khng c ng i din cc van trn m phi ng v mt bn. Cc van kh c th vn m - ng" d dng. Khi gp nhng van cht qu phi cn thn khi m hoc phi tr li nh my sn xut x l. Cc bnh cha kh nh xy thng khng gy chy, nhng khi tip xc cc cht nh du m, th chng c th bt la v gy chy n, v th trnh khng cho du m ri dnh vo cc bnh cha. Cc bnh cha kh chy c th pht la do s ma st khi ng m van v vy khi thao tc m bnh phi lm nh nhng, nn trnh va p khi vn hnh, di chuyn, trnh gy ma st mnh pht tia la... Khng nn nhiu bnh kh ( >10 bnh) cng nhiu cng nhn trong mt phn xng. Khi c hin tng chy qut ca ngn la, th lp tc phi kho cc van kh li. Khi c ha hon th nht thit phi chuyn cc bnh axtylen i trc. Khi vn hnh trong thi gian di, bt xp trong bnh axtylen c th b nh vn v nn cht li lm cho lng kh axtylen trn ln pha trn, rt nguy him khi c hin tng chy qut ca ngn la. Khi hn cn li mt t kh axtylen khng kh khng vo bnh th gy n v bo v lp bt xp cng axtn trong bnh: Khng cho php mang vc cc bnh trn vai, trn lng m phi dng xe y hay cng khing,...Cho php ln y cc bnh trong cc khong cch ngn (khong 15 25 m). Kho cha cc bnh kh nn phi cch xa cc ngn la khong trn 10 m. Cc bnh cha b chy c th gy n, cho nn vic trc ht cn tch cc bnh gy chy ra khi ni nguy him, tch chng khi cc bnh cha kh khc. Khi s dng bnh iu ch kh axtylen th kho bo him phi lun lun y nc n mc quy nh, phi t bnh cch xa ni c ngn la trn 10 m, cn kim tra cc van v kho an ton trc khi lm vic. Khng dng cc chi kim loi lm sch cc van, kho, khng dng chi ng gt vi ra khi bnh v d gy tia la, gy chy n. Khi m bnh cn nh nhng, khng ht thuc khi tip xc vi cc bnh trc khi vn hnh. Khi ang lm vic, cn phi c ngi thng xuyn kim tra v quan st, Khng t n trong cc hp v d sinh kh c th lm chy kho. Cc bnh cha kh thng c bo qun ni c tng xy bao quanh chc chn. h/ K thut an ton trong gia cng ct gt: * Bin php phng nga chung: Hng dn cho cng nhn cch s dng my thnh tho. Phi chn v tr ng gia cng cho thch hp vi tng loi my. Phi mang dng c bo h lao ng, n mc gn gng, eo knh bo h. Trc khi s dng my phi kim tra h thng in, tip t, sit cht cc bu lng c vt, kim tra cng ai, kim tra cc c cu truyn dn ng, tra du m, trc khi gia cng cn chy th my kim tra. Nhng thit b trong khi sn xut gy rung ng ln phi b tr xa ni c mt cng nhn ln v nn mng phi c ho chng rung. Cc nt iu khin phi nhy, lm vic tin cy. Cc b phn iu khin my phi b tr va tm tay cho cng nhn thun tin thao tc, khng phi vi, khng phi ci. i vi cc my c dung dch nc ti lm mt, x nghip phi cho cng nhn s dng my bit tnh cht, c im v mc c hi nga trc nhng nguy him c th xy ra. Khi ht ca, cng nhn ng my phi ngt ngun in, lau chi my, thu dn dng c gn gng, bi trn nhng ni quy nh. Vic thu dn phoi phi dng cc mc, co, bn chi, chi Cm khng c dng tay trc tip thu dn phoi. Cng nhn lm vic my no th ch
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c php lau chi my v h hiu r my mnh ang lm vic tt hn my khc. Cm dng tay khng lau chi my m phi dng gi, bn chi st. Cc thit b lm sch phi liu phi b tr bung ring, c thit b thng gi v c cc thit b ht bi cc b nhng ni sinh bi. Tt c cc b phn truyn ng ca cc my u phi che chn kn, c ca ci chc chn k c cc khp ni ma st, khp ni trc cc ng. * Cc bin php an ton khi s dng mt s my cng c: + K thut an ton i vi my tin: Yu cu cc g kp chi tit gia cng nh mm cp, ng... phi c bt cht trn my. Khi tin cc chi tit my quay nhanh, mi tm ca ng phi l mi tm quay. Nu chi tit gia cng c chiu di ln hoc yu phi c gi pha sau phng chi tit vng ra do lc ly tm hoc phng phi un. Khng c g dao cng sn qu di v khi phi khng trn hay km cng vng d gy ra rung ng lm dao b gy, mnh dao bn ra gy nguy him cho ngi. i vi my tin vn nng thng thng, chiu di phi nh ra pha sau trc chnh khng c qu 0,5m. Khng cho php dng da r cc cnh sc ca chi tit khi ang tin, bi v c th trt, mt lm tay t da trt vo vt ang quay gy tai nn. m bo phoi tin khng n ra qu di lm t tay, cun vo b mt chi tit ang gia cng lm gim nhn b mt chi tit hoc gy kh khn cho vic quan st chi tit, dao ct ngi ta chn loi dao b phoi hoc chn thng s hnh hc ca dao hp l. V d: Khi tin thp C45 hoc thp hp kim 20Cr vi tc ct V = 100 300m/ph, nu chn thng s hnh hc ca dao sau: =450; = -100; = -50 s c tc dng b phoi tt. + K thut an ton i vi my phay: i vi my phay, tc ct gt nh hn my tin, song cng cn ht sc lu vn an ton. Cc u vt trn bn phay, u phn v nhng ch c th vng phi c che chn tt. Khi tho lp dao phay cn c g kp chuyn dng. Khi dao ang chy khng c a tay vo vng dao hot ng. C cu phanh hm bnh ca my phay phi hot ng tt, nhy v bo m an ton. + K thut an ton trn my khoan: i vi my khoan, khi g lp mi khoan phi kp cht mi khoan v m bo ng tm vi trc ch ng. Cc chi tit gia cng phi c kp cht trc tip hoc qua g vi bn khoan. Tuyt i khng c dng tay gi chi tit gia cng v khng c dng gng tay khi tin hnh khoan. Khi phoi ra b qun vo mi khoan hoc g mi khoan, khng c dng tay trc tip tho g phoi khoan. + K thut an ton i vi my mi: mi gm nhng ht mi kt dnh li bng cc cht kt dnh ( nh bakelit, gm) nn chu ko km. mi cng nhng dn, d b v, khng chu c rung ng v ti trng va p. m ca mi cng nh hng nhiu n bn ca . c im chung ca my mi l tc ln ( V= 35 300 m/s) v vy khi mi quay s gy ra lc ly tm rt ln, nu mi khng m bo lin kt tt, khng cn bng s gy v . Vic chn mi phi cn c vo yu cu k thut ca quy trnh gia cng chn ng loi . Sau khi lp phi cn bng ng v phi th nghim bn c hc ca nh sau : i vi c ng knh t 30 90 phi kim tra vi tc cao hn tc nh mc 50%
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trong thi gian 3 pht, ng knh 150 475 trong 5 pht v > 500 trong 7 pht. Nu khng bit tc quay cho php ca th phi th vi tc ln hn 60% tc lm vic trong 10 pht. mi phi c bo qun ni kh ro. Khng c trong mi trng c axit v c cht n mn khc. Cm khng c xp chng ln nhau hoc chng cc vt nng khc ln trnh rn nt. Cc loi mi dng cht kt dnh bng magi, nu thi hn bo qun qu mt nm th khng c s dng na v cht kt dnh khng bo m na. Khi lp vo trc chnh, mi phi c kp u gia hai mt bch bng nhau. Gia v mt bch kp phi n mt lp vt liu n hi. Khi lp v iu chnh cm dng ba thp g mi. Khe h gia trc v l phi m bo trong khong t 2 5% ng knh l phng trc gin n nhit trong qu trnh lm vic. Cn phi cn bng tnh hoc cn bng ng. Khi ng knh mi gim v khong cch gia v bch kp nh hn 3 mm th phi thay mi. mi khi lm vic phi c bao che chn, khe h gia v mt bn phi nm trong khong t 10 15mm, vt liu che chn khng c qu mng v phi lm theo tiu chun quy nh (Bng IV.1), gc m ca v che chn chn sao cho nh nht trnh gy tai nn. Cng nhn ng my khng c ng pha khng c bao che chn. Khi mi th, mi nhn bng phng php kh th yu cu phi c my ht bi. Bng IV.1: B dy nh nht ca v che chn mi
Vt liu lm v che chn Vn tc ct ( m/s) B dy ln nht ca mi( mm) 50 100 150 v hn 35 Thp c 50 100 150 v hn 50 100 150 v hn 50 100 150 v hn ng knh ca mi 75 150 S S1 6 6 8 8 10 8 4 6 6 6,5 8 10 3,5 4 5 4 6 6 6,5 7 7 2 2 3 175 300 S S1 9 8 9 8 9 8 6 8 10 7 9 11 5 6,5 7 4 6 8 7 8 8 3,5 4 4 325 400 S S1 13 9 13 9 16 13 8 10 12 12 12 14 7 7 8 6 8 10 10 10 11 5 5 6 425 500 S S1 16 13 16 13 13 16 10 12 14 13 15 17 8 9 10 8 10 12 10 12 14 6,5 7 9
Gang do
Thp c 50 Thp tm v thp l hi
+ K thut an ton i vi my bo: Tt c cc my bo u cn khng ch khong hnh trnh ca u bo. Trong khi my chy khng c qua li trc hnh trnh chuyn ng ca my. Cc thit b phi c y cc c cu an ton. Nhng cm kt cu c chuyn ng lui ti trn my bo ging hay bo ngang phi b tr v tr vn xa nht ca b phn di chuyn quay vo
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tng, cch tng ti thiu 0,5 m hoc cch mp ng vn chuyn ti thiu 1m. Phi bao che cc c cu bnh rng, thanh rng, c cu dch chuynTrong khi my ang chy tuyt i khng g lp iu chnh vt gia cng.
4.4. K thut an ton in

4.4.1. Mt s khi nim c bn v an ton in. a/Tc ng ca dng in i vi c th ngi: Dng in i qua c th con ngi gy nn phn ng sinh l phc tp nh lm hu hoi b phn thn kinh iu khin cc gic quan bn trong ca ngi, lm t lit c tht, sng mng phi, hu hoi c quan h hp v tun hon mu. Mt trong nhng yu t chnh gy tai nn cho ngi l dng in ( ph thuc in p m ngi chm phi) v ng i ca dng in qua c th ngi vo t. Dng in c th tc ng vo c th ngi qua mt mch in kn hoc bng tc ng bn ngoi nh phng in h quang. Tc hi v hu qu ca dng in gy nn ph thc vo ln v loi dng in, in tr ca ngi, ng i ca dng in qua c th ngi, thi gian tc dng v tnh trng sc khe ca ngi. Cho n nay vn c nhiu kin khc nhau v tr s ca dng in c th gy cht ngi. Trng hp ni chung, dng in c th lm cht ngi c tr s khong 100 mA. Tuy nhin vn c trng hp tr s dng in ch khong 510 mA lm cht ngi tu thuc iu kin ni xy ra tai nn v trng thi sc kho ca nn nhn. Nguyn nhn cht ngi, do dng in phn ln lm hy hoi kh nng lm vic ca cc c quan ca ngi hoc lm ngng th hoc do s thay i nhng hin tng sinh ha trong c th ngi. Trng hp b bng trm trng cng gy nguy him cht ngi. Hin nay c nhiu quan im gii thch v qu trnh tn thng do in. T lu ngi ta cho rng khi c dng in i qua s to nn hin tng phn tch mu v cc cht nc khc lm tm t cc t chc huyt cu v lm y huyt qun. Nhiu nh sinh l hc v bc s li cho rng do dng in lm cho s co gin ca tim b ri lon khng lu thng mu c trong c th. Ngy nay mt s nh khoa hc gii thch nguyn nhn l do dng in gy nn hin tng phn x do qu trnh kch thch v lm nh tr hot ng ca c quan no b, iu c ngha l s hy hoi chc nng lm vic ca c quan h hp. * in tr ca ngi: Thn th ngi gm c da tht xng, thn kinh, mu... to thnh. Lp da c in tr ln nht m in tr ca da li do in tr ca lp sng trn da (dy khong 0,050,2 mm) quyt nh. Xng v da c in tr tng i ln cn tht v mu c in tr b. in tr ca ngi rt khng n nh v khng ch ph thuc vo trng thi sc kho ca c th tng lc m cn ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh, iu kin tn thng... in tr ca ngi c th thay i t vi chc K n 600 . in tr ngi ph thuc nhiu vo chiu dy lp sng da, trng thi thn kinh ca ngi. Nu mt lp sng trn da th in tr ngi s gim xung ng k. Khi c dng in i qua ngi, in tr ngi s gim xung do da b t nng, m hi thot ra Th nghim cho thy: vi dng in 0,1mA in tr ngi Rng = 500.000 , vi dng in 10 mA in tr ngi Rng = 8.000 . Mt khc nu da ngi b d mnh trn cc cc in, in tr da cng gim i. Vi in p b 50 60 V c th xem in tr t l nghch vi din tch tip xc. in tr ngi gim t l vi thi gian tc dng ca dng in v da b t nng v c s thay i v in phn.
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in p t vo cng rt nh hng n in tr ca ngi v ngoi hin tng in phn nu trn cn c hin tng chc thng khi in p U > 250 V. Vi lp da mng th hin tng chc thng c th xut hin in p 1030 V, lc ny in tr ngi xem nh tng ng b bc ht lp da ngoi. * nh hng ca tr s dng in git: Dng in chnh l nhn t vt l trc tip gy tn thng khi b in gt cn in tr ca thn ngi, in p t vo ngi ch l nhng i lng lm bin i tr s dng in m thi. Tc ng ca dng in ln c th ngi ph thuc nhiu vo tr s ca n. Nhng tr s trn c rt ra t cc trng hp tai nn thc t vi phng php o lng tinh vi v chnh xc. Trn bng IV.2 dn ra cc trng thi c th ngi khi tr s dng in thay i. Tuy nhin khi phn tch v tai nn do in git, khng nn n thun xt theo tr s dng in m phi xt n c mi trng, hon cnh xy ra tai nn cng nh kh nng phn x ca nn nhn, bi v trong nhiu trng hp in p b, dng in c tr khng ln hn tr s dng in gy chong bao nhiu nhng c th lm cht ngi. Hin nay tr s dng in an ton quy nh 10 mA i vi dng xoay chiu c tn s 5060Hz v 50mA i vi dng mt chiu. Bng IV.2: Tc ng ca tr s dng in ln c th ngi Dng in ( mA) 0,61,5 23 57 810 2025 5080 90100 Tc dng ca dng in xoay chiu Dng in mt chiu 50-60 Hz Bt u thy t ngn tay Khng c cm gic g Ngn tay t rt mnh Khng c cm gic g Bp tht co li v rung au nh kim chm, cm gic thy nng Tay kh ri khi vt c in nhng Nng tng ln vn ri c Tay khng ri c vt c in, au, Nng cng tng ln, tht co qup li kh th nhng cha mnh Th b t lit. Tim bt u p mnh Cm gic nng mnh. Bp tht tay co rt. Kh th Th b t lit. Ko di 3 giy hoc di Th b t lit hn, tim b t lit i n ngng p
* nh hng ca thi gian in git: Thi gian tc ng ca dng in vo c th ngi rt quan trng vi cc biu hin hnh thi khc nhau. Thi gian tc dng cng lu, in tr ngi cng b gim xung v lp da b nng dn ln, lp sng trn da b chc thng ngy cng tng. Khi thi gian tc ng ngn th mi nguy him ph thuc vo nhp p ca tim. Mi chu k gin ca tim ko di 1 giy. Trong chu k c khong 0,1giy tim ngh lm vic (gia trng thi co v gin) v thi im ny tim rt nhy cm vi dng in i qua n. Nu thi gian dng in qua ngi ln hn 1 giy th th no cng trng vi thi im ni trn ca tim. Th nghim cho thy rng d dng in ln ( gn bng 10 mA) i qua ngi m khng gp thi im ngh ca tim cng khng c nguy him g.
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Cn c vo l lun trn, cc mng cao p 110 kV, 35 kV, 10 kV, 6 kV tai nn do in gy ra t dn n trng hp tim ngng p hay ngng h hp. Bi v vi mng in p cao, dng in xut hin trc khi ngi chm vo vt mang in, nn nhn cha kp chm vo vt mang in th h quang pht sinh v dng in rt ln( c th vi Ampe). Dng in ny tc ng rt mnh vo ngi v gy cho c th ngi mt phn x tc thi, kt qu l h quang b dp tt ngay( hoc chuyn qua b phn mang in bn cnh), dng in ch tn ti trong khong thi gian vi phn ca giy. Vi thi gian ngn nh vy rt t khi lm tim ngng p hay h hp b t lit. Tuy nhin khng nn kt lun in p cao khng nguy him v dng in ln ny qua c th trong thi gian ngn nhng c th t chy nghim trng hoc lm cht ngi. Hn na khi lm vic trn cao do phn x m d b ri xung t rt nguy him.
Theo U ban in quc t (IEC), thi gian tip xc cho php ph thuc vo in p tip xc v c dn ra trn bng IV.3.
* ng i ca dng in git: Nhiu nh nghin cu u cho rng ng i ca dng in qua c th ngi c tm quan trng ln nht l s phn trm ca dng in tng qua c quan h hp v tim. Qua th nghim nhiu ln v c kt qu sau: - Dng in i t tay sang tay s c 3,3% ca dng in tng i qua tim. - Dng in i t tay phi qua chn s c 6,7% ca dng in tng i qua tim.
Bng IV.3: Thi gian tip xc cho php vi cc tr s in p khc nhau

in p tip xc ( V) Dng in xoay chiu Dng in mt chiu < 50 <120 50 120 75 140 90 160 110 175 150 200 220 250 280 310 Thi gian tip xc (s) >5 5 1 0,5 0,2 0,1 0,05 0,03
- Dng in i t chn qua chn s c 0,4% ca dng in tng i qua tim. - Dng in i t tay tri qua chn s c 3,7% ca dng in tng i qua tim. T kt qu th nghim trn, c th rt ra mt s nhn xt sau: - ng i ca dng in c ngha quan trng v lng dng in chy qua tim hay c quan h hp ph thuc vo cch tip xc ca ngi vi ngun in. - Dng in phn b tng i u trn cc c ca lng ngc. - Dng in i t tay phi n chn c phn lng qua tim nhiu nht. - Dng in i t chn sang chn tuy nh (to ra in p bc) khng nguy him nhng khi c dng in i qua, c bp ca chn b co rt lm nn nhn ng v lc s ni in vo ngi s khc i ( dng in i t chn qua tay...). * nh hng ca tn s dng in : Tng tr ca c th con ngi gim xung lc tn s tng ln v in khng ca da ngi do in dung to nn ( X = 1/ 2 fc) s gim xung. Tuy nhin trong thc t th ngc li khi tn s cng tng cao th mc nguy him cng gim i.
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Hin nay cha khng nh vi loi tn s no th nguy him nht v vi tn s no th t nguy him nht. Tuy nhin i vi cc nh nghin cu th cho rng tn s t 50 60 Hz l nguy him nht, khi tr s ca tn s b hoc ln hn tr s ni trn mc nguy him s gim xung. * in p cho php: D on tr s dng in qua ngi trong nhiu trng hp khng lm c v cn ph thuc vo nhiu nhiu l do v hon cnh khc nhau. Do vy xc nh gii hn an ton cho ngi khng nn da vo dng in an ton m nn theo in p cho php. Dng in p cho php rt thun li v vi mi mng in c mt in p tng i n nh. Tiu chun in p cho php mi nc mt khc: Ba lan, Thy S, in p cho php l 50 V, H Lan, Thy in in p cho php l 24 V, Php in p xoay chiu cho php l 24 V, Nga tu theo mi trng lm vic in p cho php c th c cc tr s khc nhau: 65 V, 36 V, 12 V. Theo TCVN in p cho php c quy nh 42 V (xoay chiu), 50 V (mt chiu). b/ Cc dng tai nn in: Tai nn in c phn thnh 2 dng: chn thng do in v in git: * Cc chn thng do in: Chn thng do in l s ph hu cc b cc m ca c th do dng in hoc h quang in. Chn thng do in s nh hng n sc khe v kh nng lao ng, thm ch t vong. Cc c trng ca chn thng in gm: Bng in, du vt in, kim loi ha mt da, co git c v vim mt. - Bng in: Gy nn do dng in qua c th con ngi hoc do tc ng ca h quang. Bng do h quang gy ra bi tc ng t nng ca ngun nhit h quang v c th do mt phn bt kim loi nng chy bn vo. - Du vt in: Khi dng in chy qua s to nn cc du vt trn b mt da ti im tip xc. - Kim loi ha b mt da: Gy nn do cc ht kim loi nh bn vo, khi vi tc ln c th thm su vo trong da gy ra bng. - Co git c: Khi c dng in qua ngi, cc c b co git - Vim mt: Gy nn do tc dng ca tia cc tm. * in git: Dng in qua c th s gy kch thch cc m km theo co git c cc mc khc nhau: - C b co git nhng ngi khng b ngt. - C b co git, ngi b ngt nhng vn duy tr c h hp v tun hon. - Ngi b ngt, hot ng ca tim v h h hp b ri lon. - Cht lm sng (khng th, h tun hon khng hot ng). in git chim mt t l rt ln, khong 80% trong tng s tai nn in v 8587% s v tai nn in cht ngi l do in git. * Phn loi ni t thit b in theo mc nguy him: nh gi, xc nh iu kin mi trng khi lp t thit b in cng nh la chn thit b, ng dy, ng cp cn thit phi nm c nhng quy nh v mc nguy him ni t thit b in. Theo quy nh hin hnh, ni t thit b in c phn loi nh sau: - Ni nguy him: l ni c cha cc yu t sau:
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+ m (vi m ca khng kh vt qu 75%) trong thi gian di hoc c bi dn in ( bm vo dy dn, thanh dn hay lt vo trong thit b). +Nn nh dn in( bng kim loi, b tng, ct thp, gch). + Nhit cao( c nhit vt qu 350C trong thi gian di). + Nhng ni ngi c th ng thi tip xc mt bn vi kt cu kim loi ca nh, cc thit b my mc ni t v mt bn vi v kim loi ca thit b in. - Ni c bit nguy him: l ni c mt trong nhng yu t sau: + Rt m ( m tng i ca khng kh xp x 100%). + Mi trng c hot tnh ha hc ( c cha hi, kh, cht lng trong thi gian di, c th ph hy cht cch in v cc b phn mang in). + ng thi c hai yu t tr ln ca ni nguy him( nu ni nguy him). - Ni t nguy him ( bnh thng): l nhng ni khng thuc hai loi trn. 4.4.2. Bo v ni t, bo v ni dy trung tnh v bo v chng st. a/ Bo v ni t: Khi cch in ca nhng b phn mang in b h hng, b chc thng, nhng phn kim loi ca thit b in hay cc my mc khc thng trc kia khng c in by gi mang hon ton in p lm vic. Khi chm vo chng, ngi c th b tn thng do dng in gy nn.
Mc ch ni t l m bo an ton cho ngi lc chm vo cc b phn c mang in p. V ni t l gim in p i vi t ca nhng b phn kim loi ca thit b in n mt tr s an ton i vi ngi.
Nh vy ni t l s ch nh ni in cc b phn thit b mang in vi h thng ni t. H thng ni t bao gm cc thanh ni t v dy dn ni t. Ngoi nhng ni t m bo an ton cho ngi cn c loi ni t vi mc ch xc nh ch lm vic ca thit b in. Loi ni t ny gi l ni t lm vic.V d nh ni t trung tnh my bin p, my pht in, ni t chng st bo v chng qu in p, chng st nh trc tip Ni t ring l cho tng thit b in l khng hp l v rt nguy him v khi c chm t hai im to nn th hiu nguy him trn phn ni t ca thit b. V vy cn thit phi ni chung li thnh mt h thng ni t ( tr nhng thu li ng ring l). ngha ca ni t c th xt theo s in sau( Hnh IV.1). Gi thit thit b in
2
U
2 g2
g2 g1 g2 g gng g1 1 a/ b/ Ung
g = g1 + gng + g 1 c/
Hnh IV.1: Bo v ni t trong mng in hai dy
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c ni vo mch in mt pha hay mch in mt chiu, v thit b c ni vo mch in v c ni t. Ngi c in dn gng khi chm vo v thit b ( H.IV.1.a) c dng in b chc thng s mc song song vi in dn ca ni t g v in dn ca dy dn 1 g1 ( H.IV.1.b ) v ng thi ni tip vi in dn g2 ca dy dn 2 i vi t. K hiu g = g1 + gng + g. (H.IV.1.c) in dn tng mch in: g =
g 1 + g ng + g d g 2 g' g2 . = g '+ g 2 g 1 + g ng + g d + g 2
in p t vo ngi c xc nh theo t s sau: Thay cc gi tr vo cng thc ta c: U ng = Dng in i qua ngi: I ng = U ng .g ng =

Ug 2 g ng gd
U ng U
g U .g Ung = g g
Ug 2 g1 + g 2 + g ng + g d
Ug 2 g ng
g1 + g 2 + g ng + g d
B qua cc tr s g1, g2, gng di mu s v chng rt b so vi gd ta c:

I ng = U ng g ng =
T cng thc trn ta rt ra kt lun sau: Mun gim tr s dng in qua ngi th c th hoc gim in dn ca ngi ( gng ) hoc gim in dn cch in ca dy dn ( g2 ), hoc tng in dn ca vt ni t ( g). Tuy nhin thc t vic tng in dn ca vt ni t l d dng v n gin, ta c th lm c. ngha ca ni t y l to nn gia v thit b v t mt mch in c mt dn in ln khi chm vo v thit b c cch in b chc thng th dng in i qua ngi tr nn khng nguy him na. T Hnh IV.1 chng ta thy bo v ni t tp trung t yu cu khi:
U ng = Id = I d rd U txcp . gd
Khi tr s g b, h thng ni t ch em li nguy him khi mt trong cc thit b b chc thng cch in qua v th ton b th hiu nguy him s t vo h thng ni t. Nh vy iu kin an ton i vi thit b mang in c th thc hin bng 2 cch: - Gim dng in I bng cch tng cch in ca mng in. - Gim in tr ni t r bng cch dng nhiu cc ni t cm trong t c in dn ln. b/ Bo v ni dy trung tnh: * ngha ca bo v ni dy trung tnh: Bo v ni dy trung tnh tc l ni cc b phn khng mang in (v thit b in) vi dy trung tnh, dy trung tnh ny c ni t nhiu ch. Bo v ni dy trung tnh dng thay cho bo v ni t trong cc mng in 4 dy 3 pha in p thp (loi 380/220 Vv 220/110V) nu trung tnh ca mng in ny trc tip ni t. ngha ca vic thay th ny xut pht t ch bo v ni t dng cho mng in di 1000 V khi trung tnh c ni t khng m bo iu kin an ton. iu ny c gii thch trn s in hnh IV.2 v hnh IV.3 cho mng li in di 1000 V. Trn Hnh IV.2 trnh by s bo v ni t. Lc cch in ca thit b b chc thng,
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3 2 1
U
In
3 2 1 0
I
U
I rd
In.rd
r0
Id.r0
r0
Hnh IV..2: S bo v ni t cho mng in in p di 1000 V c trung tnh ni t
Hnh IV.3: S dng bo v ni dy trung tnh
v s c dng in i vo t tnh theo biu thc gn ng:

Id = U rd + r0
y: U - in p pha ca mng in. rd - in tr ca thanh ni t. r0 - in tr ni t lm vic. .
Tr s dng in lc in p di 1000V khng phi lc no cng cho dy chy ca cu ch b chy hay lm cho bo v tc ng ct ch b h hng. V d chng ta c mng in 380/220 V, r0 = r = 4. Nh vy dng in i qua t s l:
Id =
220 = 27,5 A 4+4
Vi tr s dng in nh vy ch lm chy c dy chy ca loi cu ch b vi dng in nh mc: Iccm =

27,5 = (14 11) A 2 2,5
urd . r0 + rd
Nu dng in ni trn tn ti lu th trn v thit b c in p: U d = I d rd =
Nu r0 = r th in p c tr s bng na in p pha v iu kin khc cn c th c tr s ln hn. Gim in p ny n mc an ton bng cch chn ng s tng quan gia r0 v r:
r0 U 40 = rd 40
Tr s 40V l in p ging trn v thit b nu xy ra chm v. Theo quy trnh, in tr r ly bng 4 cho mng in c in p b hn 1000V. Dng in i qua v thit b vo t, tr s ln nht l 10A. V th U = 10x4 = 40 V. Tuy nhin cn phi ch l khi xy ra chm v thit b mt pha, in p ca 2 pha cn
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li i vi t c th tng ln n tr s khng cho php. Vi mng in 380/220V in p ny bng 347 V. Nu chng ta c th tng dng in I n tr s no bo v c th ct nhanh ch s c th mi m bo c an ton. Bin php n gin nht l dng dy dn ni v thit b vi dy trung tnh. Mc ch ni dy trung tnh l bin s chm v thit b thnh ngn mch mt pha bo v lm vic ct nhanh ch b h hng. * Phm vi ng dng bo v ni dy trung tnh: - Bo v ni dy trung tnh cho mng in 4 dy in p b hn 1000V c trung tnh ni t dng cho mi c s sn xut, khng ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh. - Vi mng in 4 dy cp in p 220/127V vic bo v ni dy trung tnh ch cn thit trong cc trng hp hoc l xng c bit nguy him v mt an ton hoc l thit b t ngoi tri. - Ngoi ra vi in p 220/127V cng c th dng bo v ni dy trung tnh cho cc chi tit bng kim loi m ngi hay chm n nh tay cm, tay quay, v ng c in nu chng ni trc tip vi cc my phay, my bo, my tin c- Bo v chng st: * Nhng khi nim c bn: St l hin tng phng in gia cc m my tch in tri du hoc gia my v t khi cng in trng t n tr s cng phng in trong khng kh. Khi bt u phng in, th gia cc m my hoc my v t c th t ti tr s hng vn n hng triu vn, cn dng in st t hng chc ngn ampe n hng trm ngn ampe, tr s cc i ca dng in st t n 200 KA 300 KA. Nng lng ca st khi phng in rt ln c th ph hoi cng trnh, thit b, nh ca, gy cht ngi v sc vt bo v chng st ngi ta s dng cc h thng chng st bng ct thu li hoc li chng st. Ni dung bo v chng st bao gm: - Bo v chng st nh trc tip (nh thng): bo v chng st nh trc tip vo cc cng trnh thng dng cc thp hoc ct thu li c chiu cao ln hn cao ca cng trnh cn bo v. Trn nh ct c gn mi nhn kim loi gi l kim thu st. Kim ny c ni vi dy dn st xung t i vo vt ni t. Khng gian chung quanh ct thu li c c bo v bng cch thu st vo ct c gi l phm vi bo v. Ct thu li c th t c lp hoc t ngay trn trn cc thit b cn bo v c tit din ca dy dn khng c nh hn 50 mm2. Nhng mi nh lp bng tn khng cn c thu li m ch cn ni t vi mi tt. Nhng mi nh khng dn in c bo v bng li thp vi kch thc 5m x 5 m, mng li phi ni t tt v dy dng lm li phi c 7 hoc 8mm. in tr tip t < 4. - Bo v chng st cm ng (cm ng tnh in v cm ng in t): c thc hin bng cch ni t cc kt cu kim loi, cc vt kim loi nh v thit b, b myhoc ni cc ng ng kim loi i gn nhau trnh hin tng phng in. - Bo v chng st lan truyn: Thng chn mt s gii php cho cng tc bo v chng st lan truyn nh sau: cc on ng cp in, ng ng khi dn vo cng trnh th nn t di t, ni t cc kt cu kim loi, v cp, dy trung tnh, t cc khe h phng in u vo kt hp bo v cc thit b in. * Tnh ton phm vi bo v chng st nh trc tip:
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Phm vi bo v l khong khng gian di kim hay dy thu st m khi cng trnh c b tr trong s c xc sut st nh rt nh. Nu cng trnh c cao l hx th ngi ta phi lm ct thu st c cao h, trn c lp kim thu st v dy ni t dn dng in st xung t. Khi bo v cng trnh bng mt kim thu st, phm vi bo v ca n l mt hnh nn c ng sinh b gy khc cao 2h/3( h l cao ca kim). Bn knh bo v ca kim rx cao hx c xc nh nh sau ( H IV.4):
rx = 1,6.(h hx ) .p hx 1+ h
y: p l h s ph thuc cao - khi h 30 m th p=1 - khi h=30m 100m th: p =

5,5 h
Thc t cho thy nn dng nhiu ct c cao khng ln bo v thay cho cho mt ct c cao qu ln.
0,2h ha h
2/3h
hx 0 0,75 1,5h rx
Hnh IV.4: Phm vi bo v ca mt kim thu st. 4.4.3. Cc bin php cn thit m bo an ton in. a/ Cc quy tc chung: m bo an ton in cn phi thc hin ng cc quy nh: - Phi che chn cc thit b v b phn ca mng in trnh nguy him khi tip xc bt ng vo vt dn in. - Phi chn ng in p s dng v thc hin ni t hoc ni dy trung tnh cc thit b in cng nh thp sng theo ng quy chun. - Nghim chnh s dng cc thit b, dng c an ton v bo v khi lm vic. - T chc kim tra vn hnh theo ng cc quy tc an ton. - Phi thng xuyn kim tra d phng cch in ca cc thit b cng nh ca h thng
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in. Qua kinh nghim cho thy, tt c cc trng hp xy ra tai nn in git th nguyn nhn chnh hu nh khng phi l do thit b khng hon chnh, cng khng phi do phng tin bo v an ton cha m bo m chnh l do vn hnh sai quy nh, trnh vn hnh km, sc khe khng m bo. V vy vn hnh an ton cng nh thit b m bo an ton, cn phi phn cng trc y , thng xuyn kim tra, sa cha thit b theo k hoch nh, khi sa cha phi theo ng quy trnh vn hnh, phi tuyn chn cn b k thut v m cc lp hun luyn v chuyn mn, cc kt qu kim tra cn phi ghi chp vo s trc v xut cc kin cng nh ln k hoch sa cha. Th t khng ng trong khi ng, ngt mch in cng l nguyn nhn ca s c nghim trng v tai nn nghim trng cho ngi vn hnh. V vy cn vn hnh cc thit b in theo ng quy trnh vi s ni dy in ca cc ng dy bao gm tnh trng thc t ca cc thit b in v nhng im c ni t. Khi tip xc vi mng in, cn tro cao, trong phng kn t nht phi c 2 ngi, mt ngi thc hin cng vic cn mt ngi theo di v kim tra v l ngi lnh o ch huy ton b cng vic. Cc thao tc phi c tin hnh theo mnh lnh, tr cc trng hp xy ra tai nn mi c quyn t ng thao tc ri bo co sau. b/ Cc bin php k thut an ton in: phng nga, hn ch tc hi do tai nn in, cn p dng cc bin php k thut an ton in sau y: * Cc bin php ch ng phng xut hin tnh trng nguy him c th gy tai nn: - m bo tt cch in ca thit b in: Trc khi s dng cc thit b in cn kim tra cch in gia cc pha vi nhau, gia pha v v. Tr s in tr cch in cho php ph thuc vo in p ca mng in. - m bo khong cch an ton, bao che, ro chn cc b phn mang in: nhng ni c in, in th nguy him phng ngi v tnh i vo v tip xc vo, cn phi c bao bc bo v, hng ro bo v bng li, c hnh lang bo v ng dy in cao p trn khng (gii hn bi hai mt ng song song vi ng dy), c khong cch n dy ngoi cng khi khng c gi. - S dng in p thp, my bin p cch ly. - S dng tn hiu, bin bo, kha lin ng * Cc bin php ngn nga, hn ch tai nn in: - Thc hin ni khng bo v, v thc hin ni t bo v, cn bng th: phng in r ra cc b phn khc, tn dng in vo trong t v gi mc in th thp trn cc vt ta ni khng bo v, ni t an ton v cn bng th. Ni t nhm bo v cho ngi khi chm phi v cc thit b in trong trng hp cch in ca thit b b h - S dng my ct an ton. - S dng cc phng tin bo v,dng c phng h: Khi ng m cu dao bng phn phi in phi i ng cch in. Cc cn gt cu dao phi lm bng vt liu cch in v kh ro. Tay t hoc c nhiu m hi cm khng c ng m cu dao bng phn phi in. Ch ng ca cng nhn thao tc cng c phi c bc g thong v chc chn c/ Cp cu ngi b in git: Nguyn nhn chnh lm cht ngi v in git do hin tng kch thch l chnh ch khng phi do b chn thng. V vy khi b tai nn in, vic tin hnh s cu nhanh chng, kp thi v ng phng php l nhng yu t quyt nh cu sng nn nhn. Th nghim v thc t cho thy rng t lc b in git n mt pht sau nu c cu cha ngay th 90% trng hp cu sng c, 6 pht sau mi c ch c th cu sng 10%, nu t 10 pht
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mi cp cu th rt t trng hp cu sng c. Khi s cu ngi b nn cn thc hin hai bc c bn: Tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in sau lm h hp nhn to. * Tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in: Ty thuc vo cp in p ca mng li in m nn nhn b git, cn phi c nhng bin php khc nhau tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in. Nn nhn chn vo in h p, cn nhanh chng ct ngun in ( ti cc v tr cu dao, p t mt, cu ch). Nu khng th ct nhanh ngun in c th dng cc vt cch in kh (so, gy tre, g kh) gt dy in ra khi nn nhn. Nu nn nhn nm cht vo dy in, cn phi ng trn cc vt cch in ( b g, tm cch in) ko nn nhn ra hoc i ng cch in hoc dng gng tay cch in g nn nhn ra. Trong trng hp cn thit c th dng km cch in, dao hoc ru c cn g kh ct hoc cht t dy in. i vi nn nhn b chm hoc b phng in t thit b c in p cao th khng th n cu ngay trc tip m cn phi i ng, dng gy, so cch in tch ngi b nn ra khi phm vi c in. ng thi bo cho ngi qun l n ct in trn ng dy. Nu ngi b nn ang lm vic ng dy trn cao, dng dy dn ni t lm ngn mch ng dy( cn tin hnh ni t trc sau nm dy ln lm ngn mch ng dy) ng thi c bin php nn nhn khi ri ng. * Lm h hp nhn to v xoa bp tim ngoi lng ngc: Ngay sau khi tch c ngi b nn ra khi b phn mang in, t nn nhn ch thong mt, ci cc phn qun o b thn( nh cc c, tht lng), lau sch mu, nc bt v cc cht bn sau tin hnh lm h hp nhn to v xoa bp tim ngoi lng ngc theo trnh t sau: - Lm h hp nhn to: + t nn nhn nm nga, k gy bng vt mm u nga v pha sau. + Kim tra kh qun nn nhn c thng sut hay khng v ly cc d vt ra. Nu hm b co cng phi m ming bng cch tay p vp pha di ca gc hm di, t ngn ci vo mp hm y hm di ra. + Ko nga mt nn nhn v pha sau sao cho cm v c trn mt ng thng m bo cho khng kh vo c d dng. y hm di v pha trc phng li ri xung ng thanh qun. + M ming v bt mi nn nhn, ngi cp cu ht hi v thi mnh vo ming nn nhn( nn dng khu trang hoc khn sch t ln ming nn nhn). Nu khng th thi vo ming c th c th bt kn ming v thi vo mi nn nhn. + Lp li thao tc trn nhiu ln, c kt hp vi thao tc xoa bp tim. Vic thi kh cn lm nhp nhng v lin tc 1012 ln/pht vi ngi ln, 20 ln/pht vi tr em. - Xoa bp tim ngoi lng ngc: + Nu c hai ngi cp cu th mt ngi thi ngt cn mt ngi xoa bp tim. Ngi xoa bp tim t hai tay chng ln nhau v t 1/3 phn di xng c ca nn nhn, n khong 46 ln th dng li 2 giy ngi th nht thi khng kh vo phi nn nhn. Khi n p mnh lng ngc xung 46 cm, sau gi tay li khong 1/3 giy ri mi ri tay khi lng ngc cho tr v v tr c. + Nu ch c mt ngi cp cu th c sau hai ba ln thi ngt, n vo lng ngc nn nhn nh trn t 46 ln. Cc thao tc phi c lm lin tc cho n khi nn nhn xut hin du hiu sng tr li, h h hp c th t ng hot ng n nh. kim tra nhp tim, nn ngng xoa bp khong
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23 giy. Sau khi thy sc mt tr li hng ho, ng t co gin, tim phi bt u hot ng nh cn tip tc cp cu khong 510 pht na tip sc thm cho nn nhn. Sau cn kp thi chuyn ngay nn nhn ti bnh vin. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn vn phi tip tc tin hnh cng vic cp cu lin tc.
4.5. K thut an ton i vi cc thit b nng chuyn

4.5.1. Nhng khi nim c bn a/ Phn loi thit b nng: Thit b nng l nhng thit b dng nng h ti. Theo TCVN 4244-86 v quy phm an ton th thit b nng h bao gm nhng thit b sau: My trc, xe ti chy trn ng ray trn cao, pa lng in, th cng, ti in, ti th cng, my nng. - My trc: l nhng thit b nng hot ng theo chu k dng nng, chuyn ti( c gi bng mc hoc cc b phn mang ti khc nhau) trong khng gian. C nhiu loi my trc khc nhau nh: My trc kiu cn, my trc kiu cu, my trc kiu ng cp. - Xe ti chy trn ng ray trn cao. - Pa lng: l thit b nng c treo vo kt cu c nh hoc treo vo xe con. Pa lng dn ng bng in gi l Palng in, Palng c dn ng bng tay gi l Palng th cng. - Ti: l thit b nng dng nng h v ko ti. - My nng: l my c b phn mang ti c nng h theo khung dn hng. My nng dng nng nhng vt c khi lng ln, cng knh nn d gy nguy him. b/ Cc thng s c bn v n nh ca thit b nng: * Cc thng s c bn ca thit b nng: l nhng thng s xc nh c tnh v kch thc, ng hc v ng lc hc cng nh tnh cht lm vic ca thit b nng. Bao gm cc thng s sau: - Trng ti Q: l trng lng cho php ln nht ca ti c tnh ton trong iu kin lm vic c th. - M men ti: l tch s gia trng ti v tm vi tng ng v ch c cc my trc kiu cn. - Tm vi: l khong cch t trc quay ca phn quay ca my trc n trc quay ca mc ti. - di ca cn: l khong cch gia cc c cn lc v c rng rc u cn - cao nng mc: l khong cch tnh t mc ng thit b nng xung tm ca mc. - su h mc: l khong cch tnh t ng mc thit b nng xung tm ca mc. - Vn tc nng ( h ): l vn tc di chuyn ti theo phng thng ng. - Vn tc quay: l s vng quay trong mt pht ca phn quay. * n nh ca thit b nng: n nh l kh nng m bo cn bng v chng lt ca thit b nng. Mc n nh ca thit b nng c xc nh bi biu thc ca t s gia cc m men chng lt v lt:
K= M cl Ml
Trong K l h s n nh, Mcl l m mem chng lt v Ml l m men lt.
Mc n nhca cn trc lun lun thay thay i ty theo v tr ca cn, tm vi, ti trng, mt bng t cu trc. n nh ca cn trc phi bo m trong mi trng hp v mi iu kin. m bo cc yu cu trn, cn trc thng c trang b cc thit b n nh nh: n trng, i trng cn, i trng cn trc, chn chng ph, chng buc Nguyn nhn ca s mt n nh l qu ti tm vi tng ng, do chn chng khng
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c hoc k kch khng hp l, mt bng lm vic dc qua mc, phanh t ngt khi nng, khng s dng kp ray c/ Nhng s c, tai nn thng xy ra ca thit b nng: Trong qu trnh nng h, cc thit b nng thng gy nn cc s c sau: - Ri ti trng: Do nng qu ti lm t cp nng ti, nng cn, mc buc ti. Do cng nhn li khi nng hoc lc quay cn ti b vng vo cc vt xung quanh. Do phanh ca c cu nng b hng, m phanh mn qu mc quy nh, m men phanh qu b, dy cp b mn hoc b t, mi ni cp khng m bo - Sp cn: l s c thng xy ra v gy cht ngi do ni cp khng ng k thut, kha cp mt, hng phanh, cu qu ti tm vi xa nht lm t cp. - cu: l do vng t mt bng lm vic khng n nh (t ln, gc nghing qu quy nh), cu qu ti hoc vng vo cc vt xung quanh, dng cu nh cy hay kt cu chn su - Tai nn v in: do thit b in chm v, cn cu chm vo mng in, hay b phng in h quang, thit b ln dy cp mang in 4.5.2: Cc bin php k thut an ton: a/ Yu cu an ton i vi mt s chi tit, c cu quan trng ca thit b nng: * Cp: cp l chi tit quan trng trong my trc. V vy khi chn cp cn ch : - Cp s dng phi c kh nng chu lc ph hp vi lc tc dng ln cp. - Cp phi c cu to ph hp vi tnh nng s dng. - Cp phi c chiu di cn thit. i vi cp dng buc th phi m bo gc to thnh gia cc nhnh cp khng ln hn 900. i vi cp s dng cc c cu nng, h ti th cp phi c di sao cho khi ti hoc cn v tr thp nht th trn tang cun cp vn cn li mt s vng d tr cn thit ph thuc vo cch c nh u cp. - Sau mt thi gian s dng, cp s b mn do ma st, r, gy, t cc si do b cun vo tang v qua rng rc, hin tng pht trin dn n khi qu tI b t. Ngoi ra si cp cn b tht nt, b ketdo cn phi kim tra tnh trng dy cp thng xuyn cn thit loi b khi thy khng m bo an ton. * Xch: Xch dng trong my nng thng l loi xch l v xch hn. Khi chn xch c kh nng ph hp vi lc tc dng ln dy. Khi mt xch mn qu 10% kch thc ban u th phi thay xch. * Tang v rng rc: Tang dng cun cp hay cun xch. Cn phi bo m ng ng knh yu cu v c cu to ph hp vi yu cu lm vic. Khi b rn nt cn phi thay th. Rng rc dng thay i hng chuyn ng ca cp hay xch lm li v lc hay tc . Rng rc cng cn phi m bo ng knh puli theo yu cu, c cu to ph hp vi ch lm vic. Khi b rn, hay mn su qu 0,5mm ng knh cp cn phi thay th. * Phanh: c s dng tt c cc loi my trc v hu ht cc c cu ca chng. Tc dng ca phanh l dng ngng chuyn ng ca mt c cu no hoc thay i tc ca n. Theo nguyn tc hot ng, phanh c chia ra hai loi: Phanh thng ng v phanh thng m. Theo cu to, phanh c chia thnh cc loi nh: phanh m, phanh ai, phanh a, phanh cn. Khi chn phanh cn phi tnh ton theo yu cu:
Mp Mt K p Trong : Mp l m men do
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phanh sinh ra, Mt l m men trc truyn ng, Kp l h s d tr ca phanh (ph thuc dng truyn ng v ch lm vic ca my). Cn phi loi b phanh trong cc trng hp sau: Khi m phanh mn khng u, m phanh m khng u, m mn ti inh vt gi m phanh, bnh phanh b mn su qu 1mm, phanh c vt rn nt, h ca m phanh v bnh phanh ln hn 0,5 mm khi ng knh bnh phanh 150200mm v ln hn1-2mm khi ng knh bnh phanh 300mm, bnh phanh b mn t 30% tr ln, dy ca m phanh mn qu 50%. b/ Nhng yu cu v an ton khi lp t, vn hnh v sa cha thit b nng: * Yu cu v an ton khi lp t: Yu cu chung: - Phi lp t thit b nng v tr trnh c s cn thit phi ko l ti trc khi nng v c th nng ti cao hn chng ngi vt 0,5m. - Nu l thit b nng dng nam chm in mang ti, th cm t chung lm vic trn nh, trn cc cng trnh thit b. - i vi cu trc, khong cch t phn cao nht ca cu trc v phn thp nht cc kt cu trn phi ln hn 1800mm. Khong cch t mt t, mt sn thao tc n phn thp nht ca cu trc phi ln hn 200mm. Khong cch theo phng nm ngang t im bin ca my n cc dm xng hay chi tit ca kt cu xng khng nh hn 60mm. - Khong cch theo phng nm ngang t my trc di chuyn theo phng ng ray n cc kt cu xung quanh, cao < 2m phi >700mm, cao>2m phi >400mm - Nhng my trc ng lm vic cnh nhau, t cch xa nhau mt khong cch ln hn tng tm vi ln nht ca chng v bo m khi lm vic khng va p vo nhau. - Nhng my trc lp gn ho h phi m bo khong cch t im ta gn nht ca my trc n ming ho phi ln hn gi tr trn bng IV.4: Bng IV.4: Khong cch ti thiu t im ta gn nht ca my trc n ming h, h:
Chiu su ( m) 1 2 3 4 5 t ct v t mn 1,5 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 Khong cch theo loi cht t ( m) Pha ct Pha st st 1,25 1,0 1,0 2,4 2,0 1,5 3,6 3,25 1,75 4,4 4,0 3,0 5,3 4,75 3,5 t rng 1,0 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
Yu cu khi vn hnh: - Trc khi vn hnh, cn phi kim tra k tnh trng k thut ca cc c cu v chi tit quan trng. Nu pht hin c h hng phi khc phc xong mi a vo s dng. - Pht tn hiu cho nhng ngi xung quanh bit trc khi cho c cu hot ng. - Ti c nng khng c ln hn trng ti ca thit b nng. Ti phi c gi chc chn, khng b ri, trt trong qu trnh nng chuyn ti. - Cm ngi ng trn ti khi nng chuyn hoc dng ngi cn bng ti. - Ti phi nng cao hn cc chng ngi vt t nht 500mm. - Cm a ti qua u ngi. - Khng c va nng ti, va quay hoc di chuyn thit b nng, khi nh my ch to khng quy nh trong h s k thut.
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- Ch c php n v iu chnh ti cch b mt ngi mc ti ng mt khong cch khng ln hn 200mm v cao khng ln hn 1m tnh t mt sn cng nhn ng. - Ti phi c h xung ni quy nh, m bo sao cho t khng b , trt, ri. Cc b phn gi ti ch c php tho ra khi ti tnh trng n nh. - Cm dng thit b nng tho dy ang b nng. - Khi xp d ti ln cc phng tin vn ti phi tin hnh sao cho khng lm mt n nh ca phng tin. - Cm ko hoc y ti khi ang treo. - m bo an ton in nh ni t hoc ni khng phng in chm v. Yu cu khi sa cha: Cng tc sa cha c chia ra 4 loi sau: - Bo qun trong tng ca lm vic: Phi xem xt tnh trng thit b, cc s in theo quy nh. Thi gian kim tra khong 15 20 pht. - Kim tra nh k theo quy phm. - Sa cha nh, ch yu sa cc chi tit d b n mn v h hng hoc thay th nh k cc chi tit c thi gian s dng nht nh. - Sa cha ton b ( i tu). c/ Khm nghim thit b nng: Ni dung khm nghim my nng bao gm bao gm: - Kim tra bn ngoi: ch yu dng mt pht hin cc khuyt tt h hng biu hin bn ngoi my trc. - Th khng ti: Th tt c cc c cu, cc thit b an ton( tr thit b khng ch qu ti), cc thit b in , thit b iu khin, chiu sng, thit b ch bo - Th ti tnh: nhm mc ch kim tra kh nng chu ng ca cc kt cu thp, tnh trng lm vic ca cc chi tit v c cu nng ti, nng cn, hm phanhTrong my trc c tm vi thay i cn phi kim tra tnh trng n nh ca my. Phng php th tnh bng cch treo ti bng 125% trng ti quy nh( v tr bt li cho my) trong thi gian 10 pht, cao 100200mm i vi cn trc v t 200300mm cho cu trc hoc cn trc cng xn. Sau h ti v kim tra my trc pht hin cc vt rn nt, bin dng hoc h hng. - Th ti ng: Bao gm th ti ng cho c cu nng cng nh cho tt c cc c cu khc ca my trc. Phng php th ti ng bng cch cho my trc mang ti th bng 110% trng ti v to ra cc ng lc th tng c cu ca my trc: + Th c cu nng ti: nng ti ln cao 1000mm, sau h phanh t ngt, lm i lm li 3 ln sau kim tra tnh trng my. + Th c cu nng cn: Nu trong l lch my c cho php h cn khi nng ti th phi th ng cho c cu nng cn v ti th ly bng 110% trng ti tm vi ln nht. + Th c cu quay: i vi cc my trc c c cu quay th cho my nng ti th v cho c cu quay hot ng ri phanh t ngt c cu quay. + Th c cu di chuyn: cc thit b nng va c c cu di chuyn my trc va c c cu di chuyn xe con th phi th ti trng cho tng c cu ( nu cp chc nng quay cho php) bng cch cho my mang ti th ln cao 500mm ri cho c cu di chuyn, phanh t ngt, dng my kim tra 4.5.3: Qun l v thanh tra vic qun l, s dng thit b nng: a/ Qun l thit b nng: Ni dung cng tc qun l thit b nng c s bao gm:
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- Lp h s k thut tng thit b nng nh l lch thit b nng( theo mu quy nh), thuyt minh hng dn k thut lp t, bo qun, v s dng - T chc bo dng v sa cha nh k - T chc khm nghim thit b nng. b/ Thanh tra vic qun l, s dng thit b nng: Bao gm cc cng vic sau: * Nghe bo co: - nm c s lng, chng loi thit b nng. - Tnh hnh ng k, khm nghim thit b nng. - Tnh trng k thut ca thit b nng - Tnh hnh bo dng v sa cha nh k. - Tnh hnh o to v hun luyn cng nhn. - Tnh hnh s c v tai nn thit b nng. * Kim tra h s ti liu: - Cc vn bn v phn cng trch nhim. - Cc h s k thut ( l lch, bin bn khm nghim, ti liu hng dn k thut v lp t, bo dng s dng). - S giao ca. - Ti liu v hun luyn cng nhn. - S lit k cc b phn mang ti. - Cc bin bn nghim thu. * Kim tra thc t hin trng - V tr lp t thit b nng. - Tnh trng k thut. - Trnh th. - Cc bin php an ton.
4.6. K thut an ton i vi cc thit b chu p lc

4.6.1. Mt s khi nim c bn v thit b chu p lc. * Thit b chu p lc: l nhng thit b dng tin hnh cc qu trnh nhit hc, ho hc, sinh hc cng nh dng bo qun, vn chuyn...cc mi cht trng thi c p sut nh kh nn, kh ho lng v cc cht lng khc. Thit b p lc gm nhiu loi khc nhau v c tn gi ring ( V d: ni hi, my nn kh, my lnh, chai, bnh iu ch C2H2, thng cha, bnh hp) * Ni hi: l thit b chu p lc dng thu nhn hi c p sut ln hn p sut kh quyn phc v cc mc ch khc nhau ngoi bn thn n nh nng lng c to ra do t nhin liu trong cc bung t. * Phn loi cc loi thit b chu p lc: theo quan im an ton ngi ta phn cc thit b p lc thnh cc loi: h p, trung p, cao p v siu p. Vic phn loi theo p sut cn ty thuc vo mi cht khc nhau v d: i vi bnh iu ch C2H2 th h p l thit b c p sut nh hn 0,1t, trung p t 0,1 n 1,5t, cao p t 1,5t tr ln nhng vi bnh cha xy th h p c p sut ti 16 t, trung p c p sut t 16 n 64 t cn cao p c p sut trn 64t. 4.6.2. Nhng yu t nguy him c trng ca thit b p lc * Nguy c n: do thit b chu p lc lun cha p sut ln hn p sut kh quyn nn lun c xu hng cn bng p sut km theo s gii phng nng lng khi iu kin thun li
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( chng hn khi thit b khng m bo bn). Hin tng n xy ra c th n thun l n vt l nhng trong mt s trng hp c th l s kt hp ca hin tng n vt l v n ha hc. * Nguy c bng: do thit b chu p lc thng lm vic vi mi cht c nhit cao nn d c nguy c gy bng khi va chm , tip xc, x h mi cht thm ch c c nguy c bng do ha cht * Cc cht nguy him c hi: Cc thit b chu p lc s dng trong cng nghip, trong nghin cu khoa hc c bit l cng nghip ha cht thng c yu t nguy him do cc cht hoc sn phm ca n c tnh nguy him, c hi. 4.6.3. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra s c ca thit b p lc v bin php phng nga a/ Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra s c thit b p lc: * Nguyn nhn k thut: - Thit b c thit k v ch to khng m bo quy cch, tiu chun k thut, kt cu khng ph hp, khng p ng tnh ton an ton hoc thit b lm vic ch lu di di tc ng ca cc thng s vn hnh. - Thit b qu c, h hng nng, khng c sa cha kp thi, cht lng sa cha km. - Khng c thit b o lng hoc thit b kim tra khng tin cy. - Khng c c cu an ton, hoc c cu an ton khng lm vic theo chc nng yu cu. - ng ng v thit b ph tr khng m bo ng quy nh. - Tnh trng nh xng, h thng chiu sng, thng tin khng m bo kh nng kim tra theo di, vn hnh, x l s c mt cch kp thi. * Nguyn nhn t chc: - Ngi qun l thiu quan tm n vn an ton trong khai thc, s dng thit b chu p lc, c bit l thit b lm vic vi p lc thp, cng sut v dung tch nh dn ti tnh trng qun l lng lo, nhiu khi khng ng kim vn a vo s dng. - Trnh vn hnh ca cng nhn yu, thao tc sai quy trnh hoc nhm ln b/ Nhng bin php phng nga s c thit b chu p lc: * Bin php t chc: - Qun l thit b theo cc quy nh trong h s k thut thit b. - o to, hun luyn ngi qun l v cng nhn vn hnh. - Xy dng cc ti liu k thut. * Bin php k thut: - Thit k, ch to: Cc gii php k thut nhm ngn nga s c cc thit b chu p lc thng bt u t khu thit k ch to. Cc gii php bao gm vic chn kt cu, tnh bn, chn la vt liu v gii php gia cng ch to - Kim nghim d phng: Bao gm cng tc kim nghim k thut nh: xem xt thit b xc nh tnh trng, th nghim bn bng p lc nc, th nghim kn bng kh nn, kim tra chiu dy thnh thit b, khuyt tt cc mi hn * Sa cha phng nga: Bao gm cc dng sa cha s c v sa cha nh k. 4.6.4. Nhng yu cu an ton i vi thit b chu p lc: a/ Yu cu v mt qun l thit b: - Ni hi v thit b chu p lc phi c ng k ti c quan thanh tra k thut an ton ni hi v chu trch nhim khm nghim thit b . - Ni hi v thit b chu p lc c ng kim phi l nhng thit b c h s theo
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quy nh trong cc tiu chun quy phm, sau khi ng k phi c ghi vo s theo di. - Khng c php a vo vn hnh cc ni hi v thit b chu p lc cha c ng kim. - Ni hi v thit b chu p lc phi c kim tra nh k theo quy nh( bnh p lc 3 nm khm nghim ton b 1 ln, 1 nm th p lc 1 ln). Thanh tra an ton lao ng c quyn nh ch s hot ng ca ni hi v thit b chu p lc khi pht hin thy nhng trc trc, h hng, hnh vi vi phmc th gy s c v tai nn lao ng. b/ Yu cu thit k, ch to, lp t v sa cha: * Yu cu i vi cng tc thit k: - Vic thit k, chn kt cu ca thit b phi xut pht t c tnh ca mi cht cng tc, ca qu trnh hot ng thit b. - Kt cu ca thit b phi m bo cng vng, n nh, thao tc thun tin, tin cy, tho lp v kim tra d dng. - Kt cu, kch thc ca thit b phi m bo bn c hc, ha hc v nhit hc. * Yu cu v ch to, lp t v sa cha: - Vic ch to v sa cha ni hi v thit b chu p lc ch c php tin hnh nhng ni c y cc iu kin v con ngi, my mc, thit b gia cng, cng ngh v iu kin kim tra th nghim m bo nh cc quy nh trong tiu chun, quy phm v phi c cp c thm quyn cho php. - Ch to v sa cha phi m bo dung sai cho php, th hn phi c bng hn p lc mi c tin hnh hn, phi kim tra nh gi mi hn theo cc tiu chun, quy phm. - Khi lp t cc thit b cn phi m bo kch thc khong cch gia cc thit b vi nhau, gia cc thit b vi tng xy v cc kt cu khc ca nh xng. c/ Yu cu i vi dng c kim tra o lng v c cu an ton: Vic trang b cc dng c kim tra, o lng l bt buc i vi ni hi v thit b chu p lc gip ngi vn hnh theo di cc thng s lm vic ca thit b nhm loi tr nhng thay i c kh nng gy s c thit b. Cc dng c o lng v kim tra gm cc loi nh: dng c o p sut, o chn khng, o nhit , o mc, o bin dng v kim tra cc tc ng ca p sut v nhit Cc c cu an tonc rt nhiu loi v hot ng theo nhiu nguyn l khc nhau v vy khi chn phi p ng vi yu cu v cht lng ca c cu an ton, khng c s dng cc c cu an ton khi cha kim nh, cha c kp chv khi lp phi theo ng quy trnh quy phm k thut lp t ca cc c cu an ton.
4.7. Phng chng nhim c trong sn xut

4.7.1. c tnh chung ca ho cht c. Cht c cng nghip l nhng cht dng trong sn xut, khi xm nhp vo c th d ch mt lng nh cng gy nn tnh trng bnh l. Bnh do cht c gy ra trong sn xut gi l nhim c ngh nghip. Khi c tnh cht c vt qu gii hn cho php, sc khng ca c th yu c cht s gy ra nhim c ngh nghip. Cc ho cht c c trong mi trng lm vic c th xm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp, tiu ho v qua vic tip xc vi da. Cc loi ho cht c th gy c hi: CO, C2H2, MnO, ZnO2, hi sn, hi xit Cr khi m, hi cc axit... Tnh c hi ca cc ho cht ph thuc vo cc loi ho cht, nng , thi gian tn ti trong mi trng m ngi lao ng tip xc vi n. Cc cht c cng d tan vo nc th cng c v chng d thm vo cc t chc thn
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kinh ca ngi v gy tc hi. Trong mi trng sn xut c th cng tn ti nhiu loi ho cht c hi. Nng ca tng cht c th khng ng k, cha vt qu gii hn cho php, nhng nng tng cng ca cc cht c cng tn ti c th vt qu gii hn cho php v c th gy trng c cp tnh hay mn tnh. 4.7.2 Tc hi ca cc cht c a/ Phn loi cc nhm ho cht c: Nhm 1: Cht gy bng, kch thch da, nim mc: nh axit c, kim c v long (vi ti, NH3)... Nu b trng c nh th dng nc l di ra ngay. (ch bng nng c th gy chong, m man, nu trng mt c th b m). Nhm 2: Cc cht kch thch ng h hp trn v ph qun: hi clo (Cl), NH3, SO3, NO, SO2, hi fluo, hi crm v.v... Cc cht gy ph phi: NO2, NO3, Cc cht ny thng l sn phm chy cc hi t nhit trn 800 oC. Nhm 3: Cc cht lm ngi b ngt do lm long khng kh nh: CO2, C2H5, CH4, N2, CO... Nhm4: Cc cht c i vi h thn kinh nh cc loi hydro cacbua, cc loi ru, xng, H2S, CS2, v.v... Nhm 5: Cc cht gy c vi c quan ni tng nh hydrocacbon, clorua metyl, bromua metyl v.v...Cht gy tn thng cho h to mu: Benzen, phenol. Cc kim loi v kim c nh ch, thu ngn, mangan, hp cht asen, v.v... b/ Mt s cht c v cc dng nhim c ngh nghip thng gp: * Ch v hp cht ch: Tc hi ca ch (Pb) l lm ri lon vic to mu, lm ri lon tiu ho v lm suy h thn kinh, vim thn, au bng ch, th trng suy sp. Nhim c ch mn tnh c th gy mt mi, t ng, n km, nhc u, au c xng, to bn th nng c th lit cc chi, gy tai bin mch mu no, thiu mu ph hoi tu xng. Nhim c ch c th xy ra khi in n, khi lm c quy, ... Ch cn c th xut hin di dng Pb(C2H5)4, hoc Pb(CH3)4. Nhng cht ny pha vo xng chng kch n, song ch c th xm nhp c th qua ng h hp, ng da (rt d thm qua lp m di da). Vi nng cc cht ny 0,182 ml/lt khng kh th c th lm cho sc vt th nghim cht sau 18 gi. * Thu ngn v hp cht ca n: Thu ngn (Hg) dng trong cng nghip ch to mui thu ngn, lm thuc giun Calomen, thuc li tiu, thuc tr su Thy ngn v hp cht ca n thm nhp vo c th bng ng h hp, ng tiu ho v ng da. Thy ngn v hp cht ca n gy ra nhim c mn tnh, gy vim li, vim ming, lot nim mc, vim hng, ri lon chc nng gan, gy bnh Parkinson, bun ng, km nh, mt tr nh, ri lon thn kinh thc vtvi n gii cn gy ri lon kinh nguyt v gy qui thai, sy thai * Asen v hp cht ca Asen: Cc cht Asen nh As203 dng lm thuc dit chut, AsCl3 sn xut gm, As205 dng trong sn xut thu tinh, bo qun g, dit c, nm Asen v hp cht ca n c th gy ra cc loi nhim c sau: + Nhim c cp tnh: au bng, nn, vim thn,vim thn kinh ngoi bin, suy ty, c tim b tn thng v c th gy cht ngi.
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+ Nhim c mn tnh: gy vim da mt, vim mng kt hp, vim mi kch thch, thng vch ngn mi, vim da th chm, vy sng v xm da, gy bnh ng mch vnh, thiu mu, kh thi ca t hoc gan to, x gan, ung th gan v ung th da * Ccbon xit (CO): Ccbon xit l kh khng mu, khng mi, khng kch thch, t trng 0,967 c to ra do chy khng hon ton ( c trong l cao, cc phn xng c, rn, nhit luyn v c trong ng c t trong). CO gy ngt th ha hc khi ht phi n, hoc lm cho ngi b au u, tai, dng nh s gy au u tai dai dng, st cn, mt mi, chng mt, bun nn, khi b trng c nng c th b ngt xu ngay, c th cht. * Crm v hp cht ca Crm: Gy lot da, lot mc mi, thng vch ngn mi, kch thch h hp gy ho, co tht ph qun v ung th phi * Man gan v hp cht ca n: Gy ri lon tm thn v vn ng, ni kh v dng i tht thng, thao cung v chng Parkinson, ri lon thn kinh thc vt, gy bnh vim phi, vim gan, vim thn. * Benzen (C6H6): Benzen c trong cc dung mi ho tan du, m, sn, keo dn, trong k ngh nhum, dc phm, nc hoa, trong xng t...Benzen vo trong c th ch yu bng ng h hp v gy ra chng thiu mu nng, chy mu rng li, khi b nhim nng c th b suy ty, nhim trng huyt, gim hng cu v bch cu, nhim c cp c th gy cho h thn kinh trung ng b kch thch qu mc. * Xianua (CN): Xianua( gc CN) xut hin di dng hp cht nh: NaCN, KCN khi thm ccbon v ni t. y l cht rt c. Nu ht phi hi NaCN liu lng 0,06 g c th b cht ngt. Nu ng c Xianua th xut hin cc chng rt c, chy nc bt, au u tc ngc, i rt, a chy...Khi b ng c Xianua phi a i cp cu ngay. * Axit cromic (H2CrO4): Loi ny thng khi m crm cho cc trang sc, m bo v cc chi tit my. Hi axit crmic lm rch nim mc, gy vim ph qun, vim da * Hi xit nit ( NO2 ): Chng c nhiu trong cc ng khi cc l phn x, trong khu nhit luyn thm than, trong kh x ca ng c Diezel v trong khi hn in. Hi NO2 lm mt, rt mt, gy vim ph qun, t lit thn kinh, hn m Khi hn in c th cc cc hi c v bi c nh: FeO, Fe2O3, SiO2, MnO, CrO3, ZnO, CuO 4.7.3. Cc bin php phng trnh a/ Bin php chung phng v k thut: - Hn ch hoc thay th cc ha cht c hi. - T ng ho qu trnh sn xut ho cht. - Cc ho cht phi bo qun trong thng kn, phi c nhn r rng. - Ch cng tc phng chy cha chy. - Cm thc n, thc ung v ht thuc gn khu vc sn xut. - T chc hp l ho qu trnh sn xut: b tr ring cc b phn to ra hi c, t cui chiu gi. Phi thit k h thng thng gi ht hi kh c ti ch
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b/ Bin php phng h c nhn: Phi trang b dng c bo h lao ng bo v c quan h hp, bo v mt, bo v thn th, chn tay nh: mt n phng c, gng tay, ng, khu trang... c/ Bin php v sinh-yt: - X l cht thi trc khi ra ngoi. - C k hoch kim tra sc kho nh k, phi c ch bi dng bng hin vt. - V sinh c nhn nhm gi cho c th sch s d/ Bin php s cp cu: Khi c nhim c cn tin hnh cc bc sau: - a bnh nhn ra khi ni nhim c, thay b qun o b nhim c, ch gi yn tnh v m cho nn nhn. - Cho ngay thuc tr tim, hay h hp nhn to sau khi bo m kh qun thng sut, nu b bng do nhit phi cp cu bng. - Ra sch da bng x phng ni b thm cht c kim, axit phi ra ngay bng nc sch. - S dng cht gii c ng hoc phng php gii c ng cch( gy nn, xong cho ung 2 tha than hot tnh hoc than go gi nh vi 1/3 bt nc ri ung nc ng gluco hay nc ma, hoc ra d dy) - Nu bnh nhn b nhim c nng a cp cu bnh vin.
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Chng V: k thut an ton phng chng chy n

5.1. Khi nim v chy, n
5.1.1. nh ngha qu trnh chy: Theo nh ngha c in nht th qu trnh chy l phn ng ha hc km theo hin tng ta nhit ln v pht sng. Theo quan im ny qu trnh chy thc cht l mt qu trnh xy ha-kh. Cc cht chy ng vai tr ca cht kh, cn cht xy ha th ty phn ng c th khc nhau. Theo quan im hin i th qu trnh chy l qu trnh ho l phc tp, trong xy ra cc phn ng ho hc km theo hin tng to nhit v pht sng. Nh vy qu trnh chy gm hai qu trnh c bn l qu trnh ha hc v qu trnh vt l. Qu trnh ha hc l cc phn ng ha hc gia cht chy v cht xy ha. Qu trnh vt l l qu trnh khuych tn kh v qu trnh truyn nhit t gia vng ang chy ra ngoi. nh ngha trn c nhng ng dng rt thc t trong k thut phng chng chy, n. Chng hn khi c m chy, mun hn ch tc qu trnh chy tin ti dp tt hon ton m chy, ta c th s dng hai nguyn tc hoc l hn ch tc cp khng kh vo phn ng chy hoc gii ta nhanh ngun nhit t vng chy ra ngoi v tt hn c l p dng c hai. Nh vy chy ch xy ra khi c 3 yu t: Cht chy (Than, g, tre, na, xng, du, kh mtan, hydr, xit ccbon...), xy trong khng kh (> 14-15% ) v ngun nhit thch ng (ngn la, thuc l ht d, chp in,...). 5.1.2. Nhit chp chy, nhit bc chy, nhit t bc chy: a/Nhit chp chy: Gi s c mt cht chy trng thi lng( v d nhin liu diezel) c t trong cc bng thp. Cc c nung nng vi tc nng nhit xc nh. Khi tng dn nhit ca nhin liu th tc bc hi ca n cng tng dn. Nu a ngn la trn n ming cc th ngn la s xut hin km theo ting n nh, nhng sau ngn la li tt ngay. Vy nhit ti thiu ti ngn la xut hin khi tip xc vi ngn la trn sau tt ngay gi l nhit chp chy ca nhin liu diezel. S d ngn la tt l v nhit tc bay hi ca nhin liu diezel nh hn tc tiu tn nhin liu vo phn ng chy vi khng kh. b/ Nhit bc chy: Nu ta tip tc nng nhit ca nhin liu cao hn nhit chp chy th sau khi a ngn la trn ti ming cc, qu trnh chy xut hin, sau ngn la vn tip tc chy. Nhit ti thiu ti ngn la xut hin v khng b dp tt gi l nhit bc chy ca nhin liu diezel. c/ Nhit t bc chy: Gi s ta c mt hn hp cht chy v cht xy ha ( v d metan v khng kh ) c gi trong mt bnh kn. Thnh phn ca hn hp ny c tnh ton trc phn ng c th tin hnh c. Nung nng bnh t t ta s thy nhit nht nh th hn hp kh trong bnh s t bc chy m khng cn c s tip xc vi ngn la trn. Vy nhit ti thiu ti hn hp kh t bc chy khng cn tip xc vi ngn la trn gi l nhit t bc chy ca n. Ba loi nhit trn cng thp th kh nng chy, n cng ln, cng nguy him v cng phi c bit quan tm ti cc bin php phng nga chy, n. 5.1.3. p sut t bc chy: Gi s c mt hn hp kh gm mt cht chy v mt cht xy ha (nh metan v khng kh) c pha trn theo mt t l ph hp vi phn ng chy. Hn hp kh c gi trong ba
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bnh phn ng ging nhau, nhit nung nng T0 ban u ca ba bnh ging nhau, nhng p sut P trong ba bnh khc nhau theo th t tng dn: P1<P2<P3 Quan st ba bnh phn ng trn, ngi ta nhn thy: bnh c p sut P1, qu trnh chy khng xy ra, bnh c p sut P2 chy xy ra v bnh c p sut P3 s chy xy ra rt d dng.
CH4 + khng kh CH4 + khng kh CH4 + khng kh
T0& P1
T0& P2
T0& P3
p sut t bc chy ca hn hp kh l p sut ti thiu ti qu trnh t bc chy xy ra. th nghim trn th p sut t bc chy l p sut P2.. p sut t bc chy cng thp th nguy c chy, n cng ln. 5.1.4. Thi gian cm ng ca qu trnh t bc chy: th nghim trn, trong bnh c p sut P2 sau khi hn hp c nung nng n nhit 0 T th phn ng chy vn cha tin hnh c m phi ch mt thi gian na th ngn la mi xut hin trong bnh. Khong thi gian ( t khi t n p sut t bc chy cho n khi ngn la xut hin ) gi l thi gian cm ng. Thi gian cm ng ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin c th ca qu trnh chy. Thi gian cm ng cng ngn th hn hp kh cng d chy, n v cn phi c bit quan tm phng chng. V d: s chy ca hydrocacbon trng thi kh vi khng kh c thi gian cm ng ch vi phn trm giy, trong khi thi gian ny ca vi loi than trong khng kh ko di hng ngy thm ch hng thng. 5.1.5. Tc lan truyn ngn la trong hn hp cht chy v cht xy ha: Tc lan truyn ngn la l mt thng s vt l quan trng ca hn hp kh, n ni ln kh nng chy n ca hn hp l d hay kh v c nhiu ng dng thc t trong k thut phng chy, n. Tc lan truyn ca ngn la cng ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t. V d hi xng chy vi khng kh trong ng c xng, khi tc lan truyn ngn la l 15-35m/giy th qu trnh chy c coi bnh thng, nhng nu tc lan truyn >35m/giy th l chy kch n.. Chy kch n l qa trnh chy qu nhanh to ra sng p sut trong ng c nn c ting g lm tui th ca ng c b gim. Vi nhng hn hp kh chy cc nhanh nh l hydro hoc axetylen vi khng kh th tc lan truyn ngn la c th ln ti hng Km/giy
5.2. nhng Nguyn nhn gy chy, n v bin php Phng chng chy, n 5.2.1. Nhng nguyn nhn gy chy, n:
- Nguyn nhn t bc chy: g thng 250oC, giy 184oC, vi si ho hc 180oC - Nguyn nhn chy do nhit cao sc t chy mt s cht nh que dim, dm bo, g (750-800oC) nh khi hn hi, hn in... - Nguyn nhn chy do ma st (mi, my bay ri).
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- Nguyn nhn chy do tc dng ca ho cht. - Nguyn nhn chy do st nh, do chp in, do ng cu dao in. - Nguyn nhn s dng cc thit b c nhit cao nh l t, l nung, cc ng ng dn kh chy, cc b cha nhin liu d chy, gp la hay tia la in c th gy chy, n - Nguyn nhn do bn thit b khng m bo. - Nguyn nhn ngi sn xut thao tc khng ng quy nh * N l hc: l trng hp n do p sut trong mt th tch tng cao m v bnh cha khng chu ni p sut nn nn b n. * N ho hc: l hin tng n do chy cc nhanh gy ra (thuc sng, bom, n, mn... ).
5.2.2. Phng v chng chy, n:

N thng c tnh c hc v to ra mi trng xung quanh p lc ln lm ph hu nhiu thit b, cng trnh... Chy nh my, chy ch, cc nh kho...Gy thit hi v ngi v ca, ti sn ca nh nc, doanh nghip v ca t nhn, nh hng n an ninh trt t v an ton x hi. V vy cn phi c bin php phng chng chy, n mt cch hu hiu. a/ Bin php hnh chnh, php l: iu 1 php lnh phng chy cha chy 4/10/1961 quy nh r: Vic phng chy v cha chy l ngha v ca mi cng dn v trong cc c quan x nghip, kho tng, cng trng, nng trng, vic PCCC l ngha v ca ton th cn b vin chc v trc ht l trch nhim ca th trng n v y. Ngy 31/5/1991 Ch tch HBT nay l Th tng chnh ph ra ch th v tng cng cng tc PCCC. iu192, 194 ca b lut hnh s nc CHXHCNVN quy nh trch nhim hnh s i vi mi hnh vi vi phm ch , quy nh v PCCC. b/ Bin php k thut: * Nguyn l phng, chng chy, n: Nguyn l phng chy, n l tch ri 3 yu t l cht chy, cht xy ho v mi bt la th chy n khng th xy ra c. Nguyn l chng chy, n l h thp tc chy ca vt liu ang chy n mc ti thiu v phn tn nhanh nhit lng ca m chy ra ngoi. thc hin 2 nguyn l ny trong thc t c th s dng cc gii php khc nhau: - Hn ch khi lng ca cht chy (hoc cht xy ho) n mc ti thiu cho php v phng din k thut. - Ngn cch s tip xc ca cht chy v cht xy ho khi chng cha tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut. Cc kho cha phi ring bit v cch xa cc ni pht nhit. Xung quanh cc b cha, kho cha c tng ngn cch bng vt liu khng chy. - Trang b phng tin PCCC (bnh bt AB, Bnh CO2, bt kh nh ct, nc. Hun luyn s dng cc phng tin PCCC, cc phng n PCCC. To vnh ai phng chng chy. - C kh v t ng ho qu trnh sn xut c tnh nguy him v chy, n. - Thit b phi m bo kn, hn ch thot hi, kh chy ra khu vc sn xut. - Dng thm cc cht ph gia tr, cc cht c ch, cc cht chng n gim tnh chy n ca hn hp chy. - Cch ly hoc t cc thit b hay cng on d chy n ra xa cc thit b khc v nhng ni thong gi hay t hn ngoi tri. - Loi tr mi kh nng pht sinh ra mi la ti nhng ch sn xut c lin quan n cc cht d chy n. c/ Cc phng tin cha chy: * Cc cht cha chy: l nhng cht a vo m chy nhm dp tt n nh:
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- Nc: Nc c n nhit ho hi ln lmgim nhanh nhit nh bc hi. Nc c s dng rng ri chng chy v c gi thnh r. Tuy nhin khng th dng nc cha chy cc kim loi hot ng nh K, Na, Ca hoc t n v cc m chy c nhit cao hn 17000C. - Bi nc: Phun nc thnh dng bi lm tng ng k b mt tip xc ca n vi m chy. S bay hi nhanh cc ht nc lm nhit m chy gim nhanh v pha long nng cht chy, hn ch s xm nhp ca xy vo vng chy. Bi nc ch c s dng khi dng bi nc trm kn c b mt m chy. - Hi nc: Hi nc cng nghip thng c p sut cao nn kh nng dp tt m chy tng i tt. Tc dng chnh ca hi nc l pha long nng cht chy v ngn cn nng xy i vo vng chy. Thc nghim cho thy lng hi nc cn thit phi chim 35% th tch ni cn cha chy th mi c hiu qu. - Bt cha chy: cn gi l bt ho hc. Chng c to ra bi phn ng gia 2 cht: sunpht nhm Al2(S04)3 v bicacbonat natri (NaHCO3). C 2 ho cht tan trong nc v bo qun trong cc bnh ring. Khi s dng ta trn 2 dung dch vi nhau, khi ta c cc phn ng: Al2(S04)3 + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 H2SO4 + 2NaHCO3 Na2SO4 +2H2O + 2CO2 Hydroxyt nhm Al(OH)3 l kt ta dng ht mu trng to ra cc mng mng v nh c CO2 l mt loi kh m to ra bt. Bt c tc dng cch ly m chy vi khng kh bn ngoi, ngn cn s xm nhp ca xy vo vng chy. Bt ho hc c s dng cha chy xng du hay cc cht lng khc. - Bt cha chy: l cht cha chy rn dng cha chy kim loi, cc cht rn v cht lng. V d cha chy kim loi kim ngi ta s dng bt kh gm 96% CaCO3 + 1% graphit + 1% x phng ... - Cc cht halogen: loi ny c hiu qu rt ln khi cha chy. Tc dng chnh l km hm tc chy. Cc cht ny d thm t vo vt chy nn hay dng cha chy cc cht kh hm t nh bng, vi, si v.v.. l Brometyl (CH3Br) hay Tetraclorua cacbon (CCl4). * Xe cha chy chuyn dng: c trang b cho cc i cha chy chuyn nghip ca thnh ph hay th x. Xe cha chy loi ny gm: xe cha chy, xe thng tin v nh sng, xe phun bt ho hc, xe ht khi v.v..Xe c trang b dng c cha chy, nc v dung dch cha chy (lng nc n 400 5.000 lt, lng cht to bt 200 lt.) * Phng tin bo v cha chy t ng: Phng tin bo t ng dng pht hin chy t u v bo ngay v trung tm ch huy cha chy. Phng tin cha chy t ng l phng tin t ng a cht chy vo m chy v dp tt ngn la. * Cc trang b cha chy ti ch: l cc loi bnh bt ho hc, bnh CO2, bm tay, ct, xng, thng, x ng nc, cu lim v.v..Cc dng c ny ch c tc dng cha chy ban u v c trang b rng ri cho cc c quan, x nghip, kho tng.
Chng 6: hot ng BHL trong doanh nghip

6.1. B my t chc qun l cng tc BHL trong doanh nghip
6.1.1. S b my t chc qun l cng tc BHL trong doanh nghip: BHL trong doanh nghip l mt cng tc bao gm nhiu ni dung phc tp, n c lin quan n nhiu b phn, phng ban, c nhn v ph thuc vo c im ca doanh nghip.
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Mi doanh nghip c th chn mt m hnh b my t chc qun l cng tc BHL c nhng nt ring ph hp vi c im ca mnh, tuy nhin phi p ng c cc yu cu sau: - Pht huy c sc mnh tp th ca ton doanh nghip i vi cng tc BHL. - Th hin r trch nhim chnh v trch nhim phi hp ca cc b phn phng ban, c nhn i vi tng ni dung c th ca cng tc BHL, ph hp vi chc nng ca mnh. - Bo m s ch o tp trung thng nht v c hiu qu ca gim c trong cng tc ny v ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut. Trn hnh VI.1 trnh by s b my t chc qun l thng c dng trong cc doanh nghip:
Gim c
H BHL DN
Khi trc tip SX FX-Qun c PX T trng SX
Khi PB chc nng Phng k thut Phng k hoch P. T chc Lao ng Phng ti v
Khi QL AT-VSL P. BHL hoc cn b chuyn trch, Ban chuyn trch BHL Mng li ATVS vin
Hnh VI.1: S b my t chc qun l cng tc BHL trong doanh nghip

6.1.2. Hi ng BHL trong doanh nghip: a/ C s php l v ngha ca hi ng BHL doanh nghip: Hi ng BHL c thnh lp theo quy nh ca Thng t lin tch s 14 gia b LTHXH, B Y t v Tng Lin on lao ng Vit Nam ngy 31/10/1998. Hi ng BHL do Gim c doanh nghip quyt nh thnh lp. Hi ng BHL l t chc phi hp gia ngi s dng lao ng v Cng on doanh nghip nhm t vn cho ngi s dng lao ng v cc hot ng BHL doanh nghip, qua m bo quyn tham gia v quyn kim tra gim st v BHL ca cng on. b/ Thnh phn hi ng BHL: 1. Ch tch H - i din c thm quyn ca ngi s dng lao ng (thng l Ph Gim c k thut). 2. Ph ch tch H - i din ca Cng on doanh nghip (thng l Ch tch hoc ph ch tch Cng on doanh nghip). 3. U vin thng trc kim th k hi ng (l trng b phn BHL ca doanh nghip hoc cn b ph trch cng tc BHL ca doanh nghip). Ngoi ra i vi cc doanh nghip ln, cng ngh phc tp, c nhiu vn v ATVSL c th c thm cc thnh vin i din phng k thut, y t, t chc c/ Nhim v v quyn hn ca hi ng:
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- Tham gia kin v t vn vi ngi s dng lao ng v nhng vn BHL trong doanh nghip. - Phi hp vi cc b phn c lin quan trong vic xy dng cc vn bn v quy ch qun l, chng trnh, k hoch BHL ca doanh nghip. - nh k 6 thng, hng nm t chc kim tra tnh hnh thc hin cng tc BHL cc phn xng sn xut. - Yu cu ngi qun l sn xut thc hin cc bin php loi tr cc nguy c mt an ton trong sn xut. 6.1.3. Trch nhim qun l cng tc BHL trong khi trc tip sn xut: a/ Trch nhim v quyn ca qun c phn xng hoc chc v tng ng: Qun c phn xng l ngi chu trch nhim trc gim c doanh nghip v cng tc BHL ti phn xng. * Trch nhim: - T chc hun luyn, km kp, hng dn i vi lao ng mi tuyn dng hoc mi chuyn n lm vic ti phn xng v ATVSL khi giao vic cho h. - B tr ngi lao ng lm vic ng ngh c o to, c hun luyn v qua st hch kin thc ATVSL t yu cu. - Thc hin v kim tra n c cc t trng sn xut v mi ngi thc hin tiu chun, quy phm, quy trnh, bin php lm vic an ton v cc quy nh v BHL. - T chc thc hin y cc ni dung k hoch BHL, x l kp thi cc thiu st c pht hin qua kim tra, qua cc kin ngh ca cc t sn xut, cc on thanh tra, kim tra c lin quan n trch nhim ca phn xng v bo co vi cp trn nhng vn ngoi kh nng gii quyt ca phn xng. - Thc hin khai bo, iu tra tai nn lao ng xy ra trong phn xng theo quy nh ca nh nc v phn cp ca doanh nghip. - Phi hp vi ch tch cng on b phn nh k t chc kim tra v BHL n v, to iu kin mng li an ton, v sinh vin ca phn xng hot ng c hiu qu. * Quyn: - Khng ngi lao ng lm vic nu h khng thc hin cc bin php bo m ATVSL, khng s dng y cc trang b, phng tin lm vic an ton, trang b phng tin bo v c nhn c cp pht. - T chi nhn ngi lao ng khng trnh v nh ch cng vic i vi ngi lao ng ti vi phm cc quy nh bo m an ton, VSL v phng chng chy, n.. b/ Trch nhim v quyn ca t trng sn xut hoc chc v tng ng: T trng sn xut l ngi chu trch nhim trc qun c phn xng iu hnh cng tc BHL trong t. * Trch nhim: - Hng dn v thng xuyn n c ngi lao ng thuc quyn qun l, chp hnh ng quy trnh, bin php lm vic an ton, qun l s dng tt cc trang b, phng tin bo v c nhn, trang b phng tin k thut an ton v cp cu y t. - T chc ni lm vic m bo an ton v v sinh, kt hp vi an ton vin ca t thc hin tt vic t kim tra pht hin v x l kp thi cc nguy c e da n an ton v sc khe pht sinh trong qu trnh lao. - Bo co vi cp trn mi hin tng thiu an ton v sinh trong sn xut m t khng gii quyt c v cc trng hp xy ra tai nn lao ng, s c thit b c bin php x l kp thi.
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- Kim im nh gi tnh trng ATVSL v vic chp hnh cc quy nh v ATL trong cc k hp kim im tnh hnh lao ng sn xut ca t. * Quyn: - T chi nhn ngi lao ng khng trnh ngh nghip v kin thc v ATVSL. - T chi nhn cng vic hoc dng cng vic ca t nu thy c nfguy c e da tnh mng, sc khe ca t vin v bo co kp thi vi phn xng x l. 6.1.4. Cng tc chuyn trch v BHL: a/ nh bin cn b BHL trong doanh nghip: - Cc doanh nghip c di 300 lao ng, phi b tr t nht 1cn b bn chuyn trch BHL. - Cc doanh nghip c t 300 n di 1000 lao ng, phi b tr t nht 1 cn b chuyn trch BHL. - Cc doanh nghip c t 1.000 lao ng tr ln phi b tr t nht 2 cn b chuyn trch BHL v c th t chc phng Ban BHL. - Cc Tng cng ty Nh nc qun l nhiu doanh nghip c nhiu yu t c hi nguy him phi t chc phng hoc ban BHL. b/ Nhim v v quyn hn ca phng, ban hoc cn b lm cng tc BHL: * Nhim v: - Phi hp vi b phn t chc lao ng xy dng ni quy, qui ch qun l cng tc BHL ca doanh nghip. - Ph bin cc chnh sch, ch , tiu chun, qui phm v ATVSL ca Nh nc v ca doanh nghip n cc cp v ngi lao ng. - xut vic t chc cc hot ng tuyn truyn v ATVSL v theo di n c vic chp hnh. - D tho k hoch BHL hng nm, phi hp vi b phn k thut, qun c phn xng, cc b phn lin quan cng thc hin ng cc bin php ra trong k hoch BHL. - Phi hp vi b phn k thut, qun c phn xng, cc b phn lin quan xy dng quy trnh, bin php ATVSL, phng chng chy n, qun l, theo di vic kim nh, xin giy php s dng i vi cc thit b c yu cu nghim ngt v ATVSL. - Phi hp vi b phn t chc lao ng, b phn k thut, qun c phn xng hun luyn v BHL cho ngi lao ng. - Phi hp vi b phn y t t chc o c cc yu t c hi trong mI trng lao ng, theo di tnh hnh bnh ngh nghip, tai nn lao ng, xut vi ngi s dng lao ng cc bin php qun l v chm sc sc khe ngi lao ng. - Kim tra vic chp hnh cc ch , th l BHL, tiu chun ATVSL trong doanh nghip v xut bin php khc phc nhng tn ti. - iu tra v thng k cc v tai nn lao ng xy ra trong doanh nghip. - Tng hp v xut vi ngi s dng lao ng giI quyt kp thi cc xut, kin ngh ca cc on thanh tra, kim tra. - D tho trnh lnh o doanh nghip k cc bo co v BHL theo quy nh hin hnh. * Quyn hn: - c tham d cc cuc hp giao ban sn xut, s kt, tng kt tnh hnh sn xut kinh doanh v kim kim vic thc hin k hoch BHL.
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- c tham d cc cuc hp v xy dng k hoch sn xut kinh doanh, lp v duyt cc n thit k, thi cng, nghim thu v tip nhn a vo s dng nh xng mi xy dng ci to, m rng hoc my, thit b mi sa cha, lp t c kin v mt ATVSL. - Trong khi kim tra cc b phn sn xut nu pht hin thy cc vi phm hoc c nguy c xy ra tai nn lao ng c quyn ra lnh tm thi nh ch cng vic( nu thy khn cp) hoc yu cu ngi ph trch b phn sn xut ra lnh nh ch cng vic thi hnh cc bin php cn thit bo m an ton lao ng, ng thi bo co ngi s dng lao ng. 6.1.5. Phng, ban, trm y t doanh nghip hoc cn b lm cng tc y t doanh nghip: Ty theo mc c hi ca mi trng sn xut v ty theo s lng lao ng, cc doanh nghip phi b tr yt, y s, bc s lm cng tc y t doanh nghip. a/ nh bin cn b y t: - Doanh nghip c nhiu yu t c hi: + S lao ng < 150 ngi phi c 1 y t. + S lao ng t 150 n 300 ngi phi c t nht 1 y s. + S lao ng t 301 n 500 ngi phi c 1 bc s v 1 y t. + S lao ng t 501 n 1000 ngi phi c 1 bc s v mi ca lm vic c1 y t. + S lao ng >1000 ngi phi thnh lp trm y t ( phng, ban) ring. - Doanh nghip c t yu t c hi: + S lao ng < 300 ngi, t nht phi c 1 y t. + S lao ng t 301 n 500 ngi, t nht phi c 1 y s v 1 y t. + S lao ng t 501 n 1000 ngi, t nht phi c 1 bc s v 1 y t. + S lao ng >1000 ngi phi thnh lp trm y t ( phng ban) ring. b/ Nhim v v quyn hn ca b phn hoc cn b y t doanh nghip v BHL: * Nhim v: - T chc hun luyn cho ngi lao ng v cch s cu tai nn lao ng, mua sm, bo qun trang thit b, thuc phc v s cu, cp cu v t chc tt vic thng trc theo ca sn xut cp cu kp thi cc trng hp tai nn lao ng. -Theo di tnh hnh sc khe, t chc khm sc khe nh k, t chc khm bnh ngh nghip. - Kim tra vic chp hnh iu l v sinh, phng chng dch bnh v phi hp vi b phn BHL t chc o, kim tra, gim st cc yu t c hi trong mi trng lao ng, hng dn cc phn xng v ngi lao ng thc hin cc bin php v VSL. - Qun l h s VSL v mi trng lao ng. - Theo di v hng dn vic t chc thc hin ch bi dng bng hin vt cho nhng ngi lm vic trong iu kin lao ng c hi n sc khe. - Tham gia iu tra cc v tai nn lao ng xy ra trong doanh nghip. - Thc hin cc th tc gim nh thng tt cho ngi lao ng b tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip. - ng k vi c quan y t a phng v quan h cht ch, tham gia cc cuc hp, hi ngh a phng trao i kinh nghim v nhn s ch o v chuyn mn nghip v. - Xy dng cc bo co v qun l sc khe, bnh ngh nghip theo ng quy nh. * Quyn hn: - c tham d cc cuc hp c lin quan tham gia cc kin v mt VSL bo v sc khe ngi lao ng. - C quyn yu cu ngi ph trch b phn sn xut ra lnh nh ch cng vic khi pht hin nguy c e da nghim trng sc khe ngi lao ng thi hnh cc bin php cn thit
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khc phc kp thi nguy c trn, ng thi bo co vi ngi s dng lao ng. - c s dng con du ring theo mu quy nh ca ngnh y t giao dch trong chuyn mn nghip v. 6.1.6. Mng li an ton v sinh vin: Mng li an ton v sinh vin l hnh thc hot ng v BHL ca ngi lao ng c thnh lp theo tha thun gia ngi SDL v BCH Cng on doanh nghip nhm bo m quyn, li ch hp php, chnh ng ca ngi lao ng v ngi SDL. a/ T chc mng li: Tt c cc doanh nghip u phi t chc mng li ATVS vin. Mi t sn xut phi b tr t nht mt ATVS vin. Tt c ATVS vin trong cc t to thnh mng li ATVS vin ca doanh nghip. ATVS vin do t bu ra, l NL trc tip, c tay ngh cao, am hiu tnh hnh sn xut v ATVS trong t, c nhit tnh v gng mu v BHL. m bo tnh khch quan v hiu qu cao trong hot ng, ATVS vin khng c l t trng sn xut. Ngi SDL phi hp vi BCH Cng on c s ra quyt nh cng nhn ATVS vin v thng bo cng khai mi NL bit. T chc Cng on qun l hot ng hot ng ca mng li ATVS vin. ATVS vin c ch sinh hot, c bi dng nghip v v c ng vin v mt vt cht v tinh thn hot ng c hiu qu. b/ Nhim v v quyn hn ca ATVS vin: - n c, kim tra gim st mi ngi trong t chp hnh nghim chnh cc quy nh v ATVS trong sn xut, bo qun cc thit b an ton, s dng trang thit b bo v c nhn, nhc nh t trng sn xut chp hnh cc ch BHL, hng dn bin php lm an ton i vi cng nhn mi tuyn dng hoc mi chuyn n lm vic t. - Tham gia gp vi t trng sn xut trong vic xut cc ni dung ca k hoch BHL c lin quan n t hoc phn xng. - Kin ngh vi t trng hoc cp trn thc hin y cc ch BHL, bin php ATVS L v khc phc kp thi nhng hin tng thiu ATVS ca my mc thit b ni lm vic. 6.1.7: Khi cc phng, ban chc nng: Cc phng, ban trong doanh nghip ni chung u c giao nhim v c lin quan n cng tc BHL ca doanh nghip. Cc phng, ban chc nng c trch nhim sau: a/ PhngT chc lao ng: - Phi hp vi cc phn xng v cc b phn c lin quan t chc v hun luyn lc lng phng chng tai nn, s c trong sn xut ph hp vi c im ca doanh nghip. - Phi hp vi b phn BHL v cc phn xng sn xut t chc thc hin cc ch BHL, o to, nng cao tay ngh kt hp vi hun luyn v ATVSL, trang b phng tin bo v c nhn, thi gian lm vic, ngh ngi, bi dng hin vt, bi thng tai nn lao ng, bo him x hi - Bo m vic cung cp y , kp thi nhn cng thc hin tt cc ni dung, bin php ra trong k hoch BHL. b/ Phng k thut: - Nghin cu ci tin trang tht b, hp l ha sn xut v cc bin php v k thut an ton, k thut v sinh a vo k hoach BHL v hng dn gim st vic thc hin cc bin php ny.
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- Bin son, sa i, b sung v hon thin cc quy trnh, cc bin php lm vic an ton i vi cc my mc, thit b, ha cht v tng cng vic, cc phng n ng cu khn cp khi c s c, bin son ti liu ging dy v ATVSL v phi hp vi b phn BHL t chc hun luyn cho NL. - Tham gia kim tra nh k v ATVSL v tham gia iu tra tai nn lao ng. - Phi hp vi b phn BHL theo di vic qun l, ng k, kim nh v xin cp giy php s dng cc my mc, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim nght v ATVSL v ch th nghim i vi cc loi thit b an ton, trang b bo v c nhn theo quy nh. c/ Phng k hoch, phng vt t v phng ti v: - Tham gia vo vic lp k hoch BHL, tng hp cc yu cu v nguyn vt liu, nhn lc v cung cp kinh ph trong k hoch BHL vo k hoch sn xut kinh doanh ca doanh nghip v t chc thc hin. - Cung cp kinh ph mua sm, bo qun cp pht y , kp thi, ng cht lng nhng vt liu, dng c, trang b, phng tin BHL, phng tin khc phc s c sn xut c cht lng theo ng k hoch. d/ Phng bo v: Phng bo v ngoi chc nng tham gia cng tc BHL trong doanh nghip, c th c giao nhim v t chc v qun l lc lng cha chy ca doanh nghip nn nhim v ca phng bo v l: - T chc lc lng cha chy vi s lng v cht lng m bo. - Trang b y cc phng tin, thit b, dng c cha chy. - Hun luyn nghip v cha chy cho lc lng phng chy cha chy. - Phi hp vi cng an phng chng cha chy a phng xy dng cc tnh hung chy v phng n cha chy ca doanh nghip.
6.2. Ni dung cng tc BHL trong doanh nghip

6.2.1. K hoch bo h lao ng: c thc hin theo Thng t lin tch s 14 gia B LTBXH, B Y t v Tng Lin on lao ng Vit Nam ngy 31/10/1998. a/ ngha ca k hoch BHL: K hoach BHL l mt vn php l ca doanh nghip nhm ch ng phng nga, ngn chn tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip hoc nhng tc ng xu n sc khe ngi lao ng K hoch BHL l ngha v u tin ca ngi SDL v BHL c quy nh trong iu 13 chng IV Ngh nh 06/CP. Da vo k hoch BHL ngi ta c th nh gi c thc trch nhim, tnh chp hnh php lut cng nh s quan tm c th n cng tc BHL ca ngi SDL. Ch khi c k hoch BHL th cng tc BHL ca doanh nghip mi c thc hin tt. b/ Ni dung ca k hoch BHL: K hoch BHL gm 5 ni dung chnh sau: - Cc bin php v k thut an ton v phng chng chy n. - Cc bin php v k thut VSL v ci thin iu kin lm vic. - Trang b phng tin bo v c nhn cho NL lm cng vic nguy him c hi. - Chm sc sc khe ngi lao ng, phng nga bnh ngh nghip. - Tuyn truyn, gio dc, hun luyn v BHL. c/ Yu cu ca k hoach BHL: - K hoch BHL phi m bo ATVSL, p ng yu cu sn xut kinh doanh ca
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doanh nghip, ph hp vi tnh hnh doanh nghip. - K hoch BHL phi bao gm nm ni dung trn vi nhng bin php c th km theo kinh ph, vt t, ngy cng, thi gian bt u, thi gian hon thnh, trch nhim ca tng b phn, c nhn trong vic t chc thc hin. d/ Lp v t chc thc hin k hoch BHL: * Cn c lp k hoch: - Nhim v, phng hng k hoch sn xut kinh doanh v tnh hnh lao ng ca nm k hoch. - K hoch BHL ca nm trc v nhng thiu st, tn ti trong cng tc BHL c rt ra t cc v tai nn lao ng, chy n, bnh ngh nghip, t cc bo co kim im vic thc hin cng tc BHL nm trc. - Cc kin ngh phn nh ca ngi lao ng, kin ca t chc Cng on v kin ngh ca on thanh tra, kim tra. - Tnh hnh ti chnh ca doanh nghip. Kinh ph trong k hoch BHL c hch ton vo gi thnh sn phm hoc ph lu thng ca doanh nghip. * T chc thc hin: - Sau khi k hoch BHL c ngi SDL hoc cp c thm quyn ph duyt th b phn k hoch ca doanh nghip c trch nhim t chc trin khai thc hin. - Ban BHL hoc cn b BHL phi hp vi b phn k hoch ca doanh nghip n c kim tra vic thc hin v thng xuyn bo co vi ngi SDL, bo m k hoch BHL c thc hin y , ng thi hn. - Ngi SDL c trch nhim nh k kim im, nh gi vic thc hin k hoch BHL v thng bo kt qu thc hin cho ngi lao ng trong n v bit. 6.2.2. Cng tc hun luyn ATL, VSL: a/ C s php l v ngha ca cng tc hun luyn: Cng tc hun luyn v ATVSL c iu 102 ca B lut Lao ng quy nh v c c th ha trong iu 13 chng IV Ngh nh 06/CP, trong thng t 08/LTBXH ngy 11/4/1995 v Thng t 23/LTBXH ngy 19/05/1995. - Hun luyn ATVSL l mt trong nhng bin php phng trnh tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip c hiu qu rt cao v rt kinh t, khng i hi mt nhiu tin bc cng nh thi gian. b/ Yu cu ca cng tc hun luyn: Cng tc hun luyn ATVS L cn t c nhng yu cu sau: - Tt c mi ngi tham gia qu trnh lao ng sn xut u phi c hun luyn y v ATVSL. - Phi c k hoch hun luyn hng nm trong nu r thi gian hun luyn, s t hun luyn, s ngi hun luyn ( hun luyn ln u v hun luyn li). - Phi c y h s hun luyn theo ng quy nh: s ng k hun luyn, bin bn hun luyn, danh sch kt qu hun luyn ... - Phi m bo hun luyn y cc ni dung quy nh: Mc ch, ngha ca cng tc ATVSL, nhng ni dung c bn php lut, ch , chnh sch BHL, cc quy trnh, qui phm an ton, cc bin php t chc qun l sn xut, lm vic ATV ... - Phi bo m cht lng hun luyn: T chc qun l cht ch, b tr ging vin c cht lng, cung cp y ti liu p ng yu cu hun luyn, t chc kim tra, st hch nghim tc, cp th an ton hoc ghi kt qu vo s theo di hun luyn i vi nhng ngi kim tra t yu cu.
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6.2.3. Qun l v sinh lao ng, sc kho ngi lao ng, bnh ngh nghip: a/ Qun l v sinh lao ng: - Ngi s dng lao ng phi c kin thc v VSL, bnh ngh nghip v cc bin php phng chng tc hi ca mi trng lao ng, phi t chc cho ngi lao ng hc tp cc kin thc . - Phi kim tra cc yu t c hi trong mi trng lao ng t nht mi nm mt ln v c bin php x l kp thi. C h s lu tr v theo di kt qu o theo quy nh. - Phi c lun chng v cc bin php bo m ATVSL i vi cc cng trnh xy dng mi hoc ci tao, cc my mc thit b, vt t c yu cu nghim ngt v VSL, lun chng phi do thanh tra v sinh xt duyt. b/ Qun l sc kho ngi lao ng, bnh ngh nghip: - Phi trang b y phng tin k thut y t thch hp, c phng n cp cu d phng c th s cp cu kp thi. - Phi t chc lc lng cp cu, t chc hun luyn cho h phng php cp cu ti ch. - T chc khm sc kho trc khi tuyn dng; khm sc kho nh k 6 thng hoc mt nm mt ln. - T chc khm bnh ngh nghip cho nhng ngi lm vic trong iu kin c nguy c mc bnh ngh nghip pht hin v iu tr kp thi. c/ Ch bo co: Ngi s dng lao ng phi lp k hoch v thc hin ch bo co nh k 3, 6, 12 thng cc ni dung trn cho s Y t a phng. 6.2.4. Khai bo, iu tra, thng k, bo co nh k v tai nn lao ng. a/ Khai bo, iu tra tai nn lao ng: Tai nn lao ng c phn thnh ba loi TNL cht ngi, TNL nng v TNL nh. Mc ch ca cng tc iu tra TNL nhm xc nh r nguyn nhn ca TNL, quy r trch nhim nhng ngi xy ra TNL, c bin php x l, gio dc ng mc v t ra nhng bin php thch hp phng nhng tai nn tng t xy ra. Yu cu ca cng tc iu tra TNL l phi phn nh chnh xc, ng thc t tai nn, tin hnh iu tra ng cc th tc, ng cc mt nh h s, trch nhim, chi ph v thi gian theo quy nh. b/ Thng k bo co nh k: * Nguyn tc chung: - Cc v TNL m ngi b tai nn phi ngh 1ngy tr ln u phi thng k v bo co nh k. - C s c tr s chnh ng a phng no th bo co nh k TNL vi s LTBXH a phng v c quan qun l cp trn nu c. - Cc v TNL thuc lnh vc c bit ( phng x, khai thc du kh, vn ti thy, b, hng khng) ngoi vic bo co theo quy nh cn phi bo co vi c quan nh nc v ATL, VSL chuyn ngnh Trung ng. * Ch bo co nh k v TNL: Theo ph lc thng t 23/LTBXH-TT th cc doanh nghip phi tng hp tnh hnh TNL trong 6 thng u nm trc ngy 10/7, c nm trc ngy15/1 nm sau v bo co vi s LTBXH. Ngoi ra doanh nghip cn phi thc hin bo co chung nh k nh trn v cng tc BHL gi c quan qun l cp trn theo mu ph lc quy nh.
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6.2.5. Thc hin mt s ch c th v BHL i vi ngi lao ng a/ Trang b phng tin bo v c nhn: i tng c trang b phng tin bo v c nhn l tt c nhng ngi lao ng trc tip trong mi trng c yu t nguy him, c hi, cc cn b qun l thng xuyn i thanh tra, kim tra, gim st hin trng c cc yu t trn, cc cn b nghin cu, gio vin ging dy, sinh vin thc tp, hc sinh hc ngh, ngi th vic trong mi trng c yu t nguy him, c hi. Yu cu i vi phng tin bo v c nhn l phi ph hp vic ngn nga c hiu qu cc tc hi ca cc yu t nguy him, c hi trong mi trng lao ng nhng li thun tin v d dng trong s dng cng nh bo qun ng thi bo m t tiu chun quy phm v ATL ca nh nc ban hnh. b/ Ch bi dng bng hin vt i vi ngi lao ng lm vic trong iu kin c yu t nguy him c hi: *Nguyn tc bi dng bng hin vt: - Khi ngi lao ng p dng cc bin php k thut, cc thit b an ton v sinh lao ng ci thin iu kin lao ng nhng cha khc phc c ht cc yu t c hi th ngi SDL phi t chc bi dng bng hin vt cho ngi lao ng ngn nga bnh tt v m bo sc kho cho ngi lao ng. - Vic t chc bi dng bng hin vt phi thc hin trong ca lm vic, bo m thun tin v v sinh, khng c tr bng tin, khng c a vo n gi tin lng ( c hch ton vo gi thnh sn phm hoc ph lu thng). * Mc bi dng: Bi dng bng hin vt c tnh theo nh sut v c gi tr bng tin theo cc mc sau: - Mc 1, c gi tr bng 2.000 . - Mc 2, c gi tr bng 3.000 . - Mc 3, c gi tr bng 4.500 . - Mc 4, c gi tr bng 6.000 ( ch p dng vi cc ngh, cng vic m mi trng lao ng c yu t c bit c hi nguy him) Hin vt dng bi dng phi p ng c nhu cu v gip c th thi c, b p nhng tn tht v nng lng, cc mui khong v vi chtC th dng ng, sa, trng, ch, hoa qu hoc cc hin vt c gi tr tng ng. c/ Ch tr cp tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip Ngi lao ng nu b tai nn s c: - Ngi SDL thanh ton cc khon chi ph y t v tin lng t khi s cu, cp cu n khi iu tr n nh thng tt. Tin lng tr trong thi gian cha tr c tnh theo mc tin lng ng bo him x hi ca thng trc khi b TNL. - c hng tr cp mt ln t 4 n 12 thng lng ti thiu nu mc suy gim kh nng lao ng t 5 - 30% hoc hng tr cp hng thng vi mc t 0,4 - 1,6 thng tin lng ti thiu nu mc suy gim kh nng lao ng t 31 - 100%. - c ph cp phc v bng 80% mc tin lng ti thiu nu mc suy gim kh nng lao ng t 81% tr ln m b lit ct sng, m 2 mt, ct 2 chi, tm thn nng. - c trang cp phng tin tr gip cho sinh hot ph hp vi tn tht chc nng do tai nn gy ra nh: chn tay gi, mt gi, rng gi, my tr thnh, xe ln - Ngi lao ng cht khi b tai nn lao ng ( k c cht trong thi gian iu tr ln u)
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th gia nh c tr cp mt ln bng 24 thng tin lng ti thiu v c hng ch t tut. - Ngi lao ng b mc bnh ngh nghip theo danh mc bnh ngh nghip hin hnh c hng ch tr cp bnh ngh nghip nh i vi ngi b tai nn lao ng ni trn. 6.2.6. Khen thng, x pht v BHL trong doanh nghip a/ Khen thng: - Khen thng ring v BHL trong cc t s, tng kt cng tc BHL ca doanh nghip bng hnh thc giy khen v vt cht. - Khen thng hng thng kt hp thnh tch BHL vi sn xut v th hin trong vic phn loi A, B, C nhn lng. - Nhng ngi c thnh tch xut sc trong mt thi gian di c th c doanh nghip ngh cp trn khen thng. b/ X pht: C th x pht ngi lao ng vi phm BHL vi nhng mc sau: - Khng chp hnh quy nh v BHL nhng cha gy tai nn v cha nh hng n sn xut s b tr im thi ua v ch phn loi B, C, khng c xt lao ng gii, thm ch s chm xt nng bc lng. - Trng hp vi phm nng hn tu theo mc phm li c th b x l theo iu 84 ca B Lut lao ng vi cc hnh thc sau: + Khin trch + Chuyn lm cng vic khc c mc lng thp hn ti a l 6 thng + Sa thi( ch p dng trong nhng trng hp ghi trong iu 85) - V trch nhim vt cht: Nu ngi lao ng lm h hng dng c, thit b hoc c hnh vi khc gy thit hi cho ti sn ca doanh nghip th phi bi thng theo quy nh ca php lut v thit hi gy ra. Nu gy thit hi khng nghim trng do s sut, th phi bi thng nhiu nht 3 thng lng v b khu tr dn vo lng tuy nhin khng c khu tr qu 30% tin lng thng.
-HT-
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Giao Trinh An Toan Lao Dong

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Giao Trinh An Toan Lao Dong

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S Nguyn Thanh Vit

Gio trnh AN TON LAO NG

Chng 1: nhng khi nim chung v khoa hc k thut bo h lao ng

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1.3. Nhng ni dung ch yu ca khoa hc k thut bhl

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Khong cch lan truyn Cng truyn Cng nhn

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Bng I-1: Cc yu t ca mi trng lao ng

Chiu sng - Cng sng

Khi khng sng ( cng thp)

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1.4. Mi quan h gia BHL v mi trng

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1.5. S pht trin bn vng

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Chng 2: lut php, ch chnh sch bHL

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Cc Lut, Php lut c lin quan

Cc Ngh nh c lin quan

H thng T/C qui phm v ATL

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2.2. Nhng ni dung v ATVSL trong b lut lao ng

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Chng 3: K thut v sinh lao ng

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