Chapter 5 DC Motors

Principles of Operation
Conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy is called motor action Two requirements for motor action:
Current flow through a conductor A force on the conductor develops
This force is produced when the conducting wire is placed inside the magnetic field formed between two magnetic poles
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The Right-hand Rule

Shows the direction that conductor carrying current will be moved in a magnetic field

Rotary Motion
Current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field will tend to move at right angles to the field The reaction of the wire to the field produces torque
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Continuous Rotation
Achieved by reversing the direction of current flow in a wire Current change is provided by a switching device called a commutator The commutator and loop form the armature
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DC Motor Operation
The illustration at the right demonstrates the switching action of the brushes and commutator in a process called commutation
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Practical DC Motors
To overcome problems associated with a single loop in the armature of a motor, multiple loops and commutator segments are added
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Control of Field Flux

Because magnetic flux lines have a tendency to repel each other, curved magnets are used at the ends of the poles
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Counterelectromotive Force
Counterelectromotive Force, or CEMF, is a result of a conductor passing through a magnetic field Electromotive force, or EMF, is generated the same way as voltage in a generator is produced The amount of CEMF produced is proportional to three factors:
Physical properties of the armature Strength of the magnetic field Rotational speed of the armature
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Armature Reaction
When the armature loop is at a right angle to the field flux lines, it is on the geometric neutral planes and therefore generates no CEMF This shifting of the neutral plane is called armature reaction
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Results of Armature Reaction

Arcing at the brushes results because of armature reaction and adversely affects the motor:
Reduces torque Motor is less efficient Brush life is shortened and the commutator is damaged
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Interpoles
Interpoles are added to the armature to correct armature reaction Also called commutating poles Interpole windings are self-regulating

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Motor Selection
Depending upon the application, different DC motors may be selected Two characteristics used in motor selection are:
Speed regulation Torque
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Speed Regulation
Motors are designed to operate at full load Operation above full load is overload Less than full load operation is referred to as partial load Ability of a motor to maintain its speed under varying load conditions is called speed regulation
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Torque
Torque is a twisting action that causes a motor to rotate Torque is measured by multiplying the force it will exert by the distance between the center of the shaft and the point where the force is being applied T=F* r
F is magnetic force acting on the armature in pounds

r is the radius in feet T is the rotary action exerted by the motor shaft in pound-feet
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Work
Is equal to distance force W=D*F
D = distance in feet F = force in pounds W = work in foot-pounds

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Horsepower
Power is equal to work over time Motors are rated in horsepower on the nameplate
Speed (in RPM) x Distance (in feet) x Torque (in pounds) HP 33,000
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Motor Efficiency
Some of the power applied to the motor is lost as heat Two types of losses in motors are:
Copper losses Mechanical losses

1. Copper losses
1. Armature I2R losses 2. Field losses

2. Mechanical losses
1. Iron losses
1. 2. Eddy-current Hysteresis

2. Friction losses
1. 2. 3. Bearing Brush Windage (air)
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Basic Motor Construction

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Motor Classification
Motors are generally classified by how their windings are connected to their DC power supply There are three types of wound-field DC motors
Shunt Series Compound
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Shunt Motor
The field winding is in parallel (or shunt) with the armature windings Considered a constant-speed motor
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Series Motor
The field winding is in series with the armature Under no-load conditions, the motor will run away (accelerate until it breaks apart)
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Compound Motor
Has both a series field and shunt field Two types of compound motors:
Cumulative compound Differential compound
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Coil Terminal Identification

Shunt field is indicated as F1 and F2
Resistance = 100500 Ohms

Series field is indicated as S1 and S2

Resistance = 15 Ohms

Armature winding is indicated as A1 and A2

Resistance = very low

Commutating (interpole) winding is indicated as C1 and C2

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