Gii han cua ham so

Gii han hu han Gii han vocc, gii han vocc

1. Gii han ac biet:

0
0
l i m
x x
x x

= ;
0
l i m
x x
c c

= (c: hang so)

2. nh l:
a)Neu
0
l i m ( )
x x
f x L

= va
0
l i m ( )
x x
g x M

=
th: | |
0
l i m ( ) ( )
x x
f x g x L M

+ = +
| |
0
l i m ( ) ( )
x x
f x g x L M

=
| |
0
l i m ( ). ( ) .
x x
f x g x L M

=

0
( )
l i m
( ) x x
f x L
g x M
= (neu M 0)
b) Neu f(x) 0 va
0
l i m ( )
x x
f x L

=
th L 0 va
0
l i m ( )
x x
f x L

=
c)Neu
0
l i m ( )
x x
f x L

= th
0
l i m ( )
x x
f x L

=
3. Gii han mot ben:
0
l i m ( )
x x
f x L

0 0
l i m ( ) l i m ( )
x x x x
f x f x L
+

= =

1. Gii han ac biet:
l i m
k
x
x
+
= +; l i m
k
x
neu k chan
x
neu k l e
+
=

l i m
x
c c

= ; l i m 0
k
x
c
x

=

0
1
l i m
x x

= ;
0
1
l i m
x x
+

= +

0 0
1 1
l i m l i m
x x x x
+

= = +
2. nh l:
Neu
0
l i m ( )
x x
f x L

= 0 va
0
l i m ( )
x x
g x

= th:
0
0
0
l i m ( )
l i m ( ) ( )
l i m ( )
x x
x x
x x
neu L va g x cung dau
f x g x
neu L va g x tr ai dau

0
0 0
0
0 l i m ( )
( )
l i m l i m ( ) 0 . ( ) 0
( )
l i m ( ) 0 . ( ) 0
x x
x x x x
x x
neu g x
f x
neu g x vaL g x
g x
neu g x vaL g x

= + = >

= <

* Khi tnh gi i han comot tr ong cac dang vonh:
0
0
,

, , 0. th phai tm cach khdang vonh.

M ot sophng phap khdang vonh:
1. Dang
0
0

a) L =
0
( )
l i m
( ) x x
P x
Q x
vi P(x), Q(x) lacac a thc vaP(x
0
) = Q(x
0
) = 0
Phan tch catvamau thanh nhan tvar ut gon.
VD:
3 2 2
2
2 2 2
8 ( 2)( 2 4) 2 4 12
l i m l i m l i m 3
( 2)( 2) 2 4
4
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
x

+ + + +
= = = =
+ +

b) L =
0
( )
l i m
( ) x x
P x
Q x
vi P(x
0
) = Q(x
0
) = 0 vaP(x), Q(x) lacac bieu thc cha can cung
bac
Sdung cac hang ang thc enhan l ng l i en hp tvamau.
VD:
( )( )
( )
0 0 0
2 4 2 4 2 4 1 1
l i m l i m l i m
4
2 4 2 4
x x x
x x x
x
x x x

+
= = =
+ +

c) L =
0
( )
l i m
( ) x x
P x
Q x
vi P(x
0
) = Q(x
0
) = 0 vaP(x) labieu thc cha can khong ong bac
Gi as: P(x) =
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
m n m n
u x v x vi u x v x a = = .
Ta phan tch P(x) = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
m n
u x a a v x + .
VD:
3 3
0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
l i m l i m
x x
x x x x
x x x
| |
+ +
= + |
\ .

=
0 2 3 3
1 1 1 1 5
l i m
3 2 6
1 1
( 1) 1 1
x
x
x x

| |
+ = + =
|
|
+
+ + + +
\ .

2. Dang

: L =
( )
l i m
( ) x
P x
Q x
vi P(x), Q(x) lacac a thc hoac cac bieu thc cha can.
Neu P(x), Q(x) l acac a thc th chi a catvamau cho l uytha cao nhat cua x.
Neu P(x), Q(x) cocha can th cothechi a catvamau cho l uytha cao nhat cua x
hoac nhan l ng l i en hp.
VD: a)
2
2
2
2
5 3
2
2 5 3
l i m l i m 2
6 3
6 3
1
x x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
+ +
+
+
= =
+ +
+ +

b)
2
2
3
2
2 3
l i m l i m 1
1
1
1 1
x x
x
x
x x
x

= =
+
+

3. Dang : Gii han nay thng cocha can
Ta thng sdung phng phap nhan l ng l i en hp cua tvamau.
VD:
( )
( )( )
1 1 1
l i m 1 l i m l i m 0
1 1
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
+ + +
+ + +
+ = = =
+ + + +

4. Dang 0.:
Ta cung thng sdung cac phng phap nh cac dang tr en.
VD:
2
2 2
2. 0. 2
l i m ( 2) l i m 0
2
2 4
x x
x x x
x
x x
+ +


= = =
+



Bai 1: Tm cac gi i han sau:
a)
2 3
0
1
l i m
1 x
x x x
x
+ + +
+
b)
2
1
3 1
l i m
1 x
x x
x
+

c)
2
si n
4
l i m
x
x
x

| |

|
\ .

d)
4
1
1
l i m
3
x
x
x x

+
e)
2
2
1
l i m
1 x
x x
x
+

f )
2
1
2 3
l i m
1 x
x x
x
+
+

g)
1
8 3
l i m
2 x
x
x
+

h)
3 2
2
3 4 3 2
l i m
1 x
x x
x

+
i )
2
0
1
l i m si n
2 x
x

Bai 2: Tm cac gi i han sau:
a)
3 2
2
1
1
l i m
3 2
x
x x x
x x

+
+
b)
4
3 2
1
1
l i m
2
x
x
x x x
+

+
c)
5
3
1
1
l i m
1
x
x
x

+
+

d)
3 2
4 2
3
5 3 9
l i m
8 9
x
x x x
x x

+ +

e)
5 6
2
1
5 4
l i m
(1 )
x
x x x
x

f )
1
1
l i m
1
m
n
x
x
x

m, n e
g)
0
(1 )(1 2 )(1 3 ) 1
l i m
x
x x x
x
+ + +
h)
2
1
...
l i m
1
n
x
x x x n
x
+ + +

i )
4
3 2
2
16
l i m
2
x
x
x x

+

Bai 3: Tm cac gi i han sau:
a)
2
2
4 1 3
l i m
4
x
x
x

b)
3
3
1
1
l i m .
4 4 2
x
x
x

+
c)
2
0
1 1
l i m
x
x
x
+

d)
2
2 2
l i m
7 3
x
x
x

+
+
e)
1
2 2 3 1
l i m
1 x
x x
x
+ +

f )
2
0 2
1 1
l i m
16 4
x
x
x

+
+

g)
3
0
1 1
l i m
1 1
x
x
x

+
+
h)
2
3
3 2
l i m
3
x
x x
x x

+
+
i )
0
9 16 7
l i m
x
x x
x
+ + +

Bai 4: Tm cac gi i han sau:
a)
3
0
1 1
l i m
x
x x
x
+ +
b)
3
2
2
8 11 7
l i m
3 2
x
x x
x x

+ +
+
c)
3
0
2 1 8
l i m
x
x x
x
+

d)
3
2
0
1 4 1 6
l i m
x
x x
x

+ +
e)
3
2
2
8 11 7
l i m
2 5 2
x
x x
x x

+ +
+
f )
3 3 2
2
1
5 7
l i m
1
x
x x
x

g)
0
1 4 . 1 6 1
l i m
x
x x
x
+ +
h)
3
0
1 2 . 1 4 1
l i m
x
x x
x
+ +
i )
3
0
1 1
l i m
x
x x
x
+

Bai 5: Tm cac gi i han sau:
a)
2
2
1
l i m
2 1
x
x
x x
+
+
+
b)
2
2 1
l i m
2 x
x x
x
+

c)
2
3 2
2 1
l i m
3 2
x
x
x x
+
+
+

d)
2
2
2 3 4 1
l i m
4 1 2
x
x x x
x x

+ + + +
+ +
e)
2
2
4 2 1 2
l i m
9 3 2
x
x x x
x x x

+ +
+
f )
2
1
l i m
1
x
x x
x x
+
+
+ +

g)
2
2
(2 1) 3
l i m
5
x
x x
x x

h)
2
2
2 3
l i m
4 1 2
x
x x x
x x
+
+ +
+ +
i )
2
5 2
l i m
2 1 x
x x
x
+
+

Bai 6: Tm cac gi i han sau:
a)
2
l i m
x
x x x
+
| |
+
|
\ .
b)
2
l i m 2 1 4 4 3
x
x x x
+
| |

|
\ .

c)
3 2 3
l i m 1 1
x
x x
+
| |
+
|
\ .
d) l i m
x
x x x x
+
| |
+ +
|
\ .

e)
( )
3 3
l i m 2 1 2 1
x
x x
+
+ f )
( )
3 3 2
l i m 3 1 2
x
x x

+ +
g)
3
1
1 3
l i m
1
1
x x
x

| |

\ .
h)
2 2
2
1 1
l i m
3 2 5 6
x
x x x x

| |
+
|
+ + \ .

Bai 7: Tm cac gi i han sau:
a)
2
15
l i m
2 x
x
x
+

b)
2
15
l i m
2 x
x
x

c)
2
3
1 3 2
l i m
3 x
x x
x
+

d)
2
2
4
l i m
2 x
x
x
+

e)
2
2
2
l i m
2 5 2
x
x
x x
+

+
f )
2
2
2
l i m
2 5 2
x
x
x x