Giao Trinh KT Mang Lan 208

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH
M C L C
MC LC.......................................................................................................................................................3
........................................................................................................................................................................3
BI 1 : TNG QUAN V THIT K V CI T MNG.....................................................................7
1. Tin trnh xy dng mng ..........................................................................................................................7
1.1. Thu thp yu cu ca khch hng....................................................................................................7
1.2. Phn tch yu cu ............................................................................................................................8
1.3. Thit k gii php ............................................................................................................................8
1.3.1. Thit k s mng mc lun l .............................................................................................8
1.3.2. Xy dng chin lc khai thc v qun l ti nguyn mng ......................................................9
1.3.3. Thit k s mng vt l .......................................................................................................9
1.3.4. Chn h iu hnh mng v cc phn mm ng dng ...............................................................9
1.4. Ci t mng .................................................................................................................................10
1.4.1 Lp t phn cng .......................................................................................................................10
1.4.2. Ci t v cu hnh phn mm ..................................................................................................10
1.5. Kim th mng .............................................................................................................................10
1.6. Bo tr h thng .............................................................................................................................10
2. M hnh OSI. ............................................................................................................................................10
BI 2 : CC CHUN MNG CC B.....................................................................................................15
1. Phn loi mng .........................................................................................................................................15
2. Mng cc b v giao thc iu khin ......................................................................................................15
3. Cc s ni kt mng LAN (LAN Topologies) ...................................................................................16
4. Cc loi thit b s dng trong mng LAN .............................................................................................17
5. Cc t chc chun ha v mng Ethernet.................................................................................................17
5.1. Mng Ethernet................................................................................................................................18
5.2. Lch s hnh thnh ........................................................................................................................18
BI 3 : C S CU NI (Bridge)..............................................................................................................20
1. Gii thiu v lin mng ............................................................................................................................20
2. Gii thiu v cu ni ................................................................................................................................21
2.1. Cu ni trong sut .........................................................................................................................21
2.1.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................21
2.1.2. Nguyn l hot ng ..................................................................................................................22
2.1.3. Vn vng qun - Gii thut Spanning Tree ..........................................................................23
2.2. Cu ni xc nh ng i t ngun ............................................................................................24
2.2.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................24
2.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng ..................................................................................................................24
2.2.3. Cu trc khung ...........................................................................................................................25
2.3. Cu ni trn ln (Mixed Media Bridge) .......................................................................................26
BI 4 : C S V B CHUYN MCH..................................................................................................27
1. Chc nng ca b chuyn mch switch ...................................................................................................27
2. Kin trc ca switch .................................................................................................................................28
3. Cc gii thut hon chuyn.......................................................................................................................28
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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3.1. Gii thut hon chuyn lu v chuyn tip (Store and Forward Switching) ...............................28
3.2. Gii thut xuyn ct (Cut-through) ...............................................................................................29
3.3. Hon chuyn tng thch (Adaptive - Switching) .......................................................................29
4. Thng lng tng (Aggregate throughput) .............................................................................................29
5. Phn loi Switch........................................................................................................................................29
5.1. B hon chuyn nhm lm vic (Workgroup Switch) .................................................................29
5.2. B hon chuyn nhnh mng (Segment Switch) .........................................................................30
5.3. B hon chuyn xng sng (Backbone Switch) ........................................................................30
5.4. B hon chuyn i xng (Symetric Switch) ..............................................................................31
5.5. B hon chuyn bt i xng (Asymetric Switch) ......................................................................31
1. Cc khi nin chung .................................................................................................................................32
2. Chc nng ca b nh tuyn...................................................................................................................33
3. Nguyn tc hot ng ca b chn ng...............................................................................................33
3.1. Bng chn ng (Routing table) ................................................................................................33
3.2. Nguyn tc hot ng ...................................................................................................................34
3.3. Vn cp nht bng chn ng................................................................................................35
4. Gii thut chn ng ..............................................................................................................................36
4.1. Chc nng ca gii thut vch ng ..........................................................................................36
4.2. i lng o lng (Metric) ........................................................................................................36
4.3. Mc ch thit k ..........................................................................................................................36
4.4. Phn loi gii thut chn ng ...................................................................................................37
4.4.1. Gii thut chn ng tnh - Gii thut chn ng ng .......................................................37
4.4.2. Gii thut chn ...........................................................................................................................37
4.4.3. Gii thut chn ng bn trong (khu vc - lin khu vc )......................................................37
4.4.4. Gii thut chn ng theo kiu trng thi ni kt (Link State Routing) v Gii thut chn
ng theo kiu vector khong cch (Distance vector) ......................................................................38
5. Thit k lin mng vi giao thc IP .........................................................................................................39
5.1. Xy dng bng chn ng .........................................................................................................39
5.2. ng i ca gi tin .....................................................................................................................41
5.3. Giao thc phn gii a ch (Address Resolution Protocol) ........................................................41
5.4. Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP .............................................................................43
(ReverseAddressResolution Protocol)..................................................................................................43
5.5. Giao thc thng ip iu khin mng Internet ICMP.................................................................44
(Internet Control Message Protocol)....................................................................................................44
5.6. Giao thc chn ng RIP (Routing Information Protocol) .......................................................45
5.6.1. Gii thiu....................................................................................................................................45
5.6.2. Vn cp nht ng i (Routing Update) ............................................................................45
5.6.3. Thc o ng i ca RIP ......................................................................................................45
5.6.4. Tnh n nh ca RIP .................................................................................................................45
5.6.5. B m thi gian ca RIP (RIP Timer) .....................................................................................45
5.6.6. nh dng gi tin RIP ................................................................................................................46
5.6.7. nh dng ca gi tin RIP 2 ......................................................................................................46
5.7. Gii thut vch ng OSPF ........................................................................................................47
5.7.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................47
5.7.2. Vch ng phn cp (Routing Hierarchy). .............................................................................47
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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5.7.3. nh dng gi tin (Packet Format) ............................................................................................49

5.8. Gii thut vch ng BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) ............................................................50
5.8.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................50
5.8.2. Cc thuc tnh ca BGP .............................................................................................................51
5.5.8.3 Chn la ng i trong BGP (BGP Path Selection) .............................................................57
BI 6 : M NG CUC B O (Virtual LAN).............................................................................................58
1. Gii thiu ..................................................................................................................................................58
2. Vai tr ca Switch trong VLAN ..............................................................................................................58
2.1. C ch lc khung (Frame Filtering) .............................................................................................59
2.2. C ch nhn dng khung (Frame Identification) .........................................................................59
3. Hn ch truyn qung b. .........................................................................................................................59
4. Cc m hnh ci t VLAN ......................................................................................................................60
4.1. M hnh ci t VLAN da trn cng ..........................................................................................61
4.2. M hnh ci t VLAN tnh ..........................................................................................................61
4.3. M hnh ci t VLAN ng ........................................................................................................62
Hnh 6.7 -Ci t VLAN ng .....................................................................................................................62
BI 7 : DANH SCH IU KHIN TRUY CP ...................................................................................63
1. Khi nim danh sch truy cp ..................................................................................................................63
2. Nguyn tc hot ng ca Danh sch truy cp ........................................................................................63
2.1. Tng quan v cc lnh trong Danh sch truy cp ........................................................................66
BI 8: THIT K MNG CC B LAN..................................................................................................67
1. Gii thiu tin trnh thit k mng LAN .................................................................................................67
2. Lp s thit k mng ...........................................................................................................................67
2.1. Pht trin s mng tng vt l ..............................................................................................67
2.2. Ni kt tng 2 bng switch ...........................................................................................................71
BI 9 : S DNG PHN MM MICROSOFT VISIO THIT K MNG............................................73
1. Gii thiu...................................................................................................................................................73
2. Lm vic vi VISIO .................................................................................................................................74
2.1. M v thot khi Visio .................................................................................................................74
2.2. To mi, lu, ng v m li bn v ...........................................................................................74
2.3. Thay i ca s mn hnh v cc thanh cng c ..........................................................................75
2.4. Cc thao tc c bn (hiu chnh v nh dng ) ...........................................................................76
BI 10 : XY DNG MNG LAN............................................................................................................77
1. Cc k thut u ni..................................................................................................................................77
2. Cc bc tin hnh thi cng......................................................................................................................77
3. u ni v cu hnh phn cng................................................................................................................77
4. Ci t h iu hnh mng........................................................................................................................77
Ci t Windowns 2000 Server................................................................................................................77
Cc yu cu chun b trc khi ci t.................................................................................................77
Ci t Windows 2000 Server t a CD.............................................................................................78
Nng cp ln Windows 2000 Server ...................................................................................................84
Thit lp cu hnh TCP/IP trn Windows 2000 Server........................................................................87
Tp lnh c bn h tr kim tra cu hnh mng..................................................................................90
Thc hnh s dng chc nng My Network Places duyt cc my tnh trong mng....................94
5. Ci t cc dch v mng..........................................................................................................................96
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Ci t v qun tr dch v DHCP v WINS trn Windows Server 2000....................................................96

Dch v cp pht a ch IP ng..............................................................................................................96
Gii thiu dch v DHCP (Dynamic Host Configutation Protocol)....................................................96
Cc bc ci t DHCP........................................................................................................................97
Cu hnh dch v DHCP......................................................................................................................99
Cu hnh IP ng cho my Client.......................................................................................................104
Cch kim tra a ch IP c cp pht cho my tnh.......................................................................105
Dch v WINS.........................................................................................................................................105
Gii thiu dch v WINS....................................................................................................................105
Ci t WINS......................................................................................................................................106
Cu hnh my ch v my khch vi WINS......................................................................................106
Cu hnh my phc v WINS.............................................................................................................108
Cu hnh my khch WINS...............................................................................................................108
B sung my ch WINS....................................................................................................................109
Khi ng v ngng WINS:...............................................................................................................110
Xem thng k trn my ch:...............................................................................................................111
Cu hnh my phc v WINS.............................................................................................................112
Cp nht thng tin thng k WINS....................................................................................................113
Qun l hot ng ng k, gia hn v gii phng tn......................................................................113
Lu v phc hi cu hnh WINS........................................................................................................114
Qun l c s d liu WINS :............................................................................................................115
Sao lu v phc hi c s d liu WINS...........................................................................................116
Xo trng WINS v bt u vi c s d liu mi:...........................................................................117
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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BI 1 : T NG QUAN V THI T K V CI T M NG
1. Ti n trnh xy d ng m ng
Ngy nay, mng my tnh tr thnh mt h tng c s quan trng ca tt c cc
c quan x nghip. N tr thnh mt knh trao i thng tin khng th thiu c
trong thi i cng ngh thng tin. Vi xu th gi thnh ngy cng h ca cc thit b
in t, kinh ph u t cho vic xy dng mt h thng mng khng vt ra ngoi kh
nng ca cc cng ty x nghip. Tuy nhin, vic khai thc mt h thng mng mt cch
hiu qu h tr cho cng tc nghip v ca cc c quan x nghip th cn nhiu vn
cn bn lun. Hu ht ngi ta ch ch trng n vic mua phn cng mng m
khng quan tm n yu cu khai thc s dng mng v sau. iu ny c th dn n
hai trng hp: lng ph trong u t hoc mng khng p ng cho nhu cu s dng
C th trnh c iu ny nu ta c k hoch xy dng v khai thc mng mt cch r
rng. Thc t, tin trnh xy dng mng cng tri qua cc giai on nh vic xy dng
v pht trin mt phn mm. N cng gm cc giai on nh: Thu thp yu cu ca
khch hng (cng ty, x nghip c yu cu xy dng mng), Phn tch yu cu, Thit k
gii php mng, Ci t mng, Kim th v cui cng l Bo tr mng.
Phn ny s gii thiu s lc v nhim v ca tng giai on ta c th hnh dung
c tt c cc vn c lin quan trong tin trnh xy dng mng.
1.1. Thu thp yu cu ca khch hng
Mc ch ca giai on ny l nhm xc nh mong mun ca khch hng
trn mng m chng ta sp xy dng. Nhng cu hi cn c tr li trong giai on ny
l:
*
Bn thit lp mng lm g? s dng n cho mc ch g?
*
Cc my tnh no s c ni mng?
*
Nhng ngi no s c s dng mng, mc khai thc s dng mng ca
tng ngi / nhm ngi ra sao?
*
Trong vng 3-5 nm ti bn c ni thm my tnh vo mng khng, nu c u,
s lng bao nhiu ?
Phng php thc hin ca giai on ny l bn phi phng vn khch hng, nhn vin
cc phng mng c my tnh s ni mng. Thng thng cc i tng m bn
phng vn khng c chuyn mn su hoc khng c chuyn mn v mng. Cho nn bn
nn trnh s dng nhng thut ng chuyn mn trao i vi h. Chng hn nn hi
khch hng Bn c mun ngi trong c quan bn gi mail c cho nhau khng?,
hn l hi Bn c mun ci t Mail server cho mng khng? . Nhng cu tr li ca
khch hng thng khng c cu trc, rt ln xn, n xut pht t gc nhn ca ngi s
dng, khng phi l gc nhn ca k s mng. Ngi thc hin phng vn phi c k
nng v kinh nghim trong lnh vc ny. Phi bit cch t cu hi v tng hp thng tin.
Mt cng vic cng ht sc quan trng trong giai on ny l Quan st thc a xc
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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nh nhng ni mng s i qua, khong cch xa nht gia hai my tnh trong mng, d
kin ng i ca dy mng, quan st hin trng cng trnh kin trc ni mng s i
qua. Thc a ng vai tr quan trng trong vic chn cng ngh v nh hng ln n
chi ph mng. Ch n rng buc v mt thm m cho cc cng trnh kin trc khi
chng ta trin khai ng dy mng bn trong n. Gii php ni kt mng cho 2 ta
nh tch ri nhau bng mt khong khng phi c bit lu . Sau khi kho st thc a,
cn v li thc a hoc yu cu khch hng cung cp cho chng ta s thit k ca
cng trnh kin trc m mng i qua.
Trong qu trnh phng vn v kho st thc a, ng thi ta cng cn tm hiu yu cu
trao i thng tin gia cc phng ban, b phn trong c quan khch hng, mc
thng xuyn v lng thng tin trao i. iu ny gip ch ta trong vic chn bng
thng cn thit cho cc nhnh mng sau ny
1.2. Phn tch yu cu
Khi c c yu cu ca khch hng, bc k tip l ta i phn tch yu cu
xy dng bng c t yu cu h thng mng, trong xc nh r nhng vn sau:
*
Nhng dch v mng no cn phi c trn mng ? (Dch v chia s tp tin,chia s
my in, Dch v web, Dch v th in t, Truy cp Internet hay khng?, ...)
*
M hnh mng l g? (Workgoup hay Client / Server? ...)
*
Mc yu cu an ton mng.
*
Rng buc v bng thng ti thiu trn mng.
1.3. Thit k gii php
Bc k tip trong tin trnh xy dng mng l thit k gii php tha mn
nhng yu cu t ra trong bng c t yu cu h thng mng. Vic chn la gii php
cho mt h thng mng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, c th lit k nh sau:
*
Kinh ph dnh cho h thng mng.
*
Cng ngh ph bin trn th trng.
*
Thi quen v cng ngh ca khch hng.
*
Yu cu v tnh n nh v bng thng ca h thng mng.
*
Rng buc v php l.
Ty thuc vo mi khch hng c th m th t u tin, s chi phi ca cc yu t s
khc nhau dn n gii php thit k s khc nhau. Tuy nhin cc cng vic m giai on
thit k phi lm th ging nhau. Chng c m t nh sau
1.3.1. Thit k s mng mc lun l
Thit k s mng mc lun l lin quan n vic chn la m hnh mng, giao
thc mng v thit t cc cu hnh cho cc thnh phn nhn dng mng.
M hnh mng c chn phi h tr c tt c cc dch v c m t trong bng
c t yu cu h thng mng. M hnh mng c th chn l Workgroup hay Domain
(Client / Server) i km vi giao thc TCP/IP, NETBEUI hay IPX/SPX.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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V d:
*
Mt h thng mng ch cn c dch v chia s my in v th mc gia nhng ngi
dng trong mng cc b v khng t nng vn an ton mng th ta c th chn M
hnh Workgroup.
*
Mt h thng mng ch cn c dch v chia s my in v th mc gia nhng ngi
dng trong mng cc b nhng c yu cu qun l ngi dng trn mng th phi chn
M hnh Domain.
*
Nu hai mng trn cn c dch v mail hoc kch thc mng c m rng,s
lng my tnh trong mng ln th cn lu thm v giao thc s dng cho mng phi l
TCP/IP. Mi m hnh mng c yu cu thit t cu hnh ring. Nhng vn chung nht
khi thit t cu hnh cho m hnh mng l:
*
nh v cc thnh phn nhn dng mng, bao gm vic t tn cho
Domain,Workgroup, my tnh, nh a ch IP cho cc my, nh cng cho tng dch v.
*
Phn chia mng con, thc hin vch ng i cho thng tin trn mng.
1.3.2. Xy dng chin lc khai thc v qun l ti
nguyn mng
Chin lc ny nhm xc nh ai c quyn lm g trn h thng mng. Thng
thng, ngi dng trong mng c nhm li thnh tng nhm v vic phn quyn c
thc hin trn cc nhm ngi dng.
1.3.3. Thit k s mng vt l
Cn c vo s thit k mng mc lun l, kt hp vi kt qu kho st thc
a bc k tip ta tin hnh thit k mng mc vt l. S mng mc vt l m t
chi tit v v tr i dy mng thc a, v tr ca cc thit b ni kt mng nh Hub,
Switch, Router, v tr cc my ch v cc my trm. T a ra c mt bng d tr
cc thit b mng cn mua. Trong mi thit b cn nu r: Tn thit b, thng s k
thut, n v tnh, n gi,
1.3.4. Chn h iu hnh mng v cc phn mm ng
dng
Mt m hnh mng c th c ci t di nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau. Chng
hn vi m hnh Domain, ta c nhiu la chn nh: Windows NT, Windows 2000,
Netware, Unix, Linux,... Tng t, cc giao thc thng dng nh TCP/IP, NETBEUI,
IPX/SPX cng c h tr trong hu ht cc h iu hnh. Chnh v th ta c mt phm
vi chn la rt ln. Quyt nh chn la h iu hnh mng thng thng da vo cc yu
t nh:
*
Gi thnh phn mm ca gii php.
*
S quen thuc ca khch hng i vi phn mm.
*
S quen thuc ca ngi xy dng mng i vi phn mm.
H iu hnh l nn tng cho cc phn mm sau vn hnh trn n. Gi thnh phn
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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mm ca gii php khng phi ch c gi thnh ca h iu hnh c chn m n cn

bao gm c gi thnh ca cc phm mm ng dng chy trn n. Hin nay c 2 xu hng
chn la h iu hnh mng: cc h iu hnh mng ca Microsoft Windows hoc cc
phin bn ca Linux.
Sau khi chn h iu hnh mng, bc k tip l tin hnh chn cc phn mm ng
dng cho tng dch v. Cc phn mm ny phi tng thch vi h iu hnh chn.
1.4. Ci t mng
Khi bn thit k c thm nh, bc k tip l tin hnh lp t phn cng v
ci t phn mm mng theo thit k
1.4.1 Lp t phn cng
Ci t phn cng lin quan n vic i dy mng v lp t cc thit b ni kt
mng (Hub, Switch, Router) vo ng v tr nh trong thit k mng mc vt l m
t.
1.4.2. Ci t v cu hnh phn mm
Tin trnh ci t phn mm bao gm:
*
Ci t h iu hnh mng cho cc server, cc my trm
*
Ci t v cu hnh cc dch v mng.
*
To ngi dng, phn quyn s dng mng cho ngi dng.
Tin trnh ci t v cu hnh phn mm phi tun th theo s thit k mng mc lun
l m t. Vic phn quyn cho ngi dng pheo theo ng chin lc khai thc v
qun l ti nguyn mng.
Nu trong mng c s dng router hay phn nhnh mng con th cn thit phi thc hin
bc xy dng bng chn ng trn cc router v trn cc my tnh
1.5. Kim th mng
Sau khi ci t xong phn cng v cc my tnh c ni vo mng. Bc k
tip l kim tra s vn hnh ca mng.
Trc tin, kim tra s ni kt gia cc my tnh vi nhau. Sau , kim tra hot ng ca
cc dch v, kh nng truy cp ca ngi dng vo cc dch v v mc an ton ca h
thng.
Ni dung kim th da vo bng c t yu cu mng c xc nh lc u
1.6. Bo tr h thng
Mng sau khi ci t xong cn c bo tr mt khong thi gian nht nh
khc phc nhng vn pht sinh xy trong tin trnh thit k v ci t mng
2. M hnh OSI.
d dng cho vic ni kt v trao i thng tin gia cc my tnh vi nhau, vo

nm 1983, T chc tiu chun th gii ISO pht trin mt m hnh cho php hai my
tnh c th gi v nhn d liu cho nhau. M hnh ny da trn tip cn phn tng (lp),
vi mi tng m nhim mt s cc chc nng c bn no .
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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hai my tnh c th trao i thng tin c vi nhau cn c rt nhiu vn lin quan.

V d nh cn c Card mng, dy cp mng, in th tn hiu trn cp mng, cch thc
ng gi d liu, iu khin li ng truyn vv... Bng cch phn chia cc chc nng
ny vo nhng tng ring bit nhau, vic vit cc phn mm thc hin chng tr
nn d dng hn. M hnh OSI gip ng nht cc h thng my tnh khc bit nhau khi
chng trao i thng tin. M hnh ny gm c 7 tng:
Tng 1: Tng vt k (Physical Layer)
iu khin vic truyn ti tht s cc bit trn ng truyn vt l. N nh ngha cc
thuc tnh v c, in, qui nh cc loi u ni, ngha cc pin trong u ni, qui nh
cc mc in th cho cc bit 0,1,.
Tng 2: Tng lin kt d liu (Data-Link Layer)
Tng ny m bo truyn ti cc khung d liu (Frame) gia hai my tnh c ng
truyn vt l ni trc tip vi nhau. N ci t c ch pht hin v x l li d liu nhn.
Tng 3: Tng mng (Network Layer)
Tng ny m bo cc gi tin d liu (Packet) c th truyn t my tnh ny n my tnh
kia cho d khng c ng truyn vt l trc tip gia chng. N nhn nhim v tm
ng i cho d liu n cc ch khc nhau trong mng.
Tng 4: Tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer)
Tng ny m bo truyn ti d liu gia cc qu trnh. D liu gi i c m bo
khng c li, theo ng trnh t, khng b mt mt, trng lp. i vi cc gi tin c kch
thc ln, tng ny s phn chia chng thnh cc phn nh trc khi gi i, cng nh tp
hp li chng khi nhn c.
Tng 5: Tng giao dch (Session Layer)
Tng ny cho php cc ng dng thit lp, s dng v xa cc knh giao tip gia chng
(c gi l giao dch). N cung cp c ch cho vic nhn bit tn v cc chc nng v
bo mt thng tin khi truyn qua mng.
Tng 6: Tng trnh by (Presentation Layer)
Tng ny m bo cc my tnh c kiu nh dng d liu khc nhau vn c th trao i
thng tin cho nhau. Thng thng cc my tnh s thng nht vi nhau v mt kiu nh
dng d liu trung gian trao i thng tin gia cc my tnh. Mt d liu cn gi i s
c tng trnh by chuyn sang nh dng trung gian trc khi n c truyn ln mng.
Ngc li, khi nhn d liu t mng, tng trnh by s chuyn d liu sang nh dng
ring ca n.
Tng 7: Tng ng dng (Application Layer)
y l tng trn cng, cung cp cc ng dng truy xut n cc dch v mng. N bao
gm cc ng dng ca ngi dng, v d nh cc Web Browser (Netscape Navigator,
Internet Explorer), cc Mail User Agent (Outlook Express, Netscape Messenger, ...) hay
cc chng trnh lm server cung cp cc dch v mng nh cc Web Server (Netscape
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Enterprise, Internet Information Service, Apache, ...), Cc FTP Server, cc Mail server
(Send mail, MDeamon). Ngi dng mng giao tip trc tip vi tng ny.
V nguyn tc, tng n ca mt h thng ch giao tip, trao i thng tin vi tng n ca h
thng khc. Mi tng s c cc n v truyn d liu ring:
*
Tng vt l: bit
Tng lin kt d liu: Khung (Frame)
Tng Mng: Gi tin (Packet)
Tng vn chuyn: on (Segment)
Trong thc t, d liu c gi i t tng trn xung tng di cho n tng thp nht ca
my tnh gi. , d liu s c truyn i trn ng truyn vt l. Mi khi d liu
c truyn xung tng pha di th n b "gi" li trong n v d liu ca tng di.
Ti bn nhn, d liu s c truyn ngc ln cc tng cao dn. Mi ln qua mt tng,
n v d liu tng ng s c tho ra.
n v d liu ca mi tng s c mt tiu ring
Hnh 1.1 - X l d liu qua cc tng

OSI ch l m hnh tham kho, mi nh sn xut khi pht minh ra h thng mng ca
mnh s thc hin cc chc nng tng tng theo nhng cch thc ring.Cc cch thc
ny thng c m t di dng cc chun mng hay cc giao thc mng. Nh vy dn
n trng hp cng mt chc nng nhng hai h thng mng khc nhau s khng tng
tc c vi nhau. Hnh di s so snh kin trc ca cc h iu hnh mng thng dng
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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vi m hnh OSI.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 1.2 - Kin trc ca mt s h iu hnh mng thng dng

thc hin cc chc nng tng 3 v tng 4 trong m hnh OSI, mi h thng mng s
c cc protocol ring:
*
UNIX: Tng 3 dng giao thc IP, tng 4 giao thc TCP/UDP
*
Netware: Tng 3 dng giao thc IPX, tng 4 giao thc SPX
*
Giao thc NETBEUI ca Microsoft ci t chc nng ca 2 tng 3 v 4
Nu ch dng li y th cc my tnh UNIX, Netware, NT s khng trao i thng tin
c vi nhau. Vi s ln mnh ca mng Internet, cc my tnh ci t cc h iu hnh
khc nhau i hi phi giao tip c vi nhau, tc phi s dng chung mt giao thc.
chnh l b giao thc TCP/IP, giao thc ca mng Internet.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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BI 2 : CC CHU N M NG C C B
1. Phn lo i m ng
Mng cc b (LAN - Local Area Network) thng c bit n nh mt mng
truyn d liu tc cao trin khai trong mt phm vi nh nh mt phng, mt ta nh
hay mt khu vc. Trong khi mng din rng (WAN - Wide Area Network) c phm vi
ln hn, c th tri di trn mt quc gia, mt chu lc hay thm ch c hnh tinh. y l
cch phn loi mng da trn tiu chun phn loi l phm vi a l. Ngoi ra, ta c th
phn loi mng da vo k thut truyn ti thng tin s dng trong mng.
Mng LAN s dng k thut mng qung b (Broadcast network), trong cc thit b
cng chia s mt knh truyn chung. Khi mt my tnh truyn tin, cc my tnh khc u
nhn c thng tin. Ngc li, mng WAN s dng k thut Mng chuyn mch
(Switching Network), c nhiu ng ni kt cc thit b mng li vi nhau. Thng tin
trao i gia hai im trn mng c th i theo nhiu ng khc nhau. Chnh v th cn
phi c cc thit b c bit nh ng i cho cc gi tin, cc thit b ny c gi l
b chuyn mch hay b chn ng (router). Ngoi ra gim bt s lng ng ni
kt vt l, trong mng WAN cn s dng cc k thut a hp v phn hp.
2. M ng c c b v giao th c i u khi n
V ch c mt ng truyn vt l trong mng LAN, ti mt thi im no LAN

ch cho php mt thit b c s dng ng truyn truyn tin. Nu c hai my tnh
cng gi d liu ti mt thi im s dn n tnh trng ua tranh. D liu ca hai thit
b ny s b ph lp ln nhau, khng s dng c. V th cn c mt c ch gii quyt
s cnh tranh ng truyn gia cc thit b. Ngi ta gi phng php gii quyt cnh
tranh ng truyn gia cc thit b trong mt mng cc b l Giao thc iu khin truy
cp ng truyn (Media Access Control Protocol hay MAC Protocol). C hai giao thc
chnh thng c dng trong cc mng cc b l: Giao thc CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Detection) v Token Passing.
Trong cc mng s dng giao thc CSMA/CD nh Ethernet chng hn, cc thit b mng
tranh nhau s dng ng truyn. Khi mt thit b mun truyn tin, n phi lng nghe
xem c thit b no ang s dng ng truyn hay khng. Nu ng truyn ang rnh,
n s truyn d liu ln ng truyn. Trong qu trnh truyn ti, n ng thi lng nghe,
nhn li cc d liu m n gi i xem c s ng vi d liu ca cc thit b
khc hay khng. Mt cuc ng xy ra nu c hai thit b cng truyn d liu mt cch
ng thi. Khi ng xy ra, mi thit b s tm dng mt khon thi gian ngu nhin
no trc khi thc hin truyn li d liu b ng . Khi mng cng bn rn th tn
sut ng cng cao. Hiu sut ca mng gim i mt cch nhanh chng khi s lng
cc thit b ni kt vo mng tng ln.
Trong cc mng s dng giao thc Token-passing nh Token Ring hay FDDI, mt gi tin
c bit c tn l th bi (Token) c chuyn vng quanh mng t thit b ny n thit
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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b kia. Khi mt thit b mun truyn ti thng tin, n phi i cho n khi c c token.
Khi vic truyn ti d liu hon thnh, token c chuyn sang cho thit b k tip. Nh
ng truyn c th c s dng bi cc thit b khc. Tin li ln nht ca mng
Token-passing l ta c th xc nh c khon thi gian ti a mt thit b phi ch
c c ng truyn v gi d liu. Chnh v th mng Token-passing thng c
s dng trong cc mi trng thi gian thc, nh iu khin thit b cng nghip, ni m
thi gian t lc pht ra mt tn hiu iu khin cho n khi thit b nhn c tn hiu
lun m bo phi nh hn mt hng s cho trc.
3. Cc s n i k t m ng LAN (LAN Topologies)
LAN topology nh ngha cch thc m cc thit b mng c t chc sp

xp. C ba s ni kt mng LAN ph bin l: dng thng (Bus), dng hnh sao (Star)
v dng hng vng (ring).
- Bus topology l mt mng vi kin trc tuyn tnh trong d liu truyn ti ca mt
trm s c lan truyn trn sut chiu di ca ng truyn v c nhn bi tt c cc
thit b khc.
- Star topology l mt kin trc mng trong cc my trm c ni kt vo mt b tp
trung ni kt, gi l HUB
- Ring topology l mt kin trc mng m n bao gm mt lot cc thit b c ni li
vi nhau trn mt knh truyn c hng theo dng vng.
Bus topology
Star topology
Hnh 2.1 Topology thng s dng cho mng LAN
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
Ring topology
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4. Cc lo i thi t b s d ng trong m ng LAN

xy dng mng LAN, ngi ta thng dng cc thit b sau:
*
Card giao tip mng (NIC- Network Interface Card)
Dy cp mng (Cable)
B khuych i (Repeater)
B tp trung ni kt (HUB)
Cu ni (Brigde)
B chuyn mch (Switch)
B chn ng (Router)
5. Cc t ch c chu n ha v m ng Ethernet
cc thit b phn cng mng ca nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau c th u
ni, trao i thng tin c vi nhau trong mt mng cc b th chng phi c sn xut
theo cng mt chun. Di y l mt s t chc chun ha quan trng lin quan n cc
thit b mng:
*
EIA (Electronic Industry Association)
TIA (Telecom Industry Association)
ISO (International Standard Organization)
ANSI (American National Standard Institute)
*
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
Trong hai t chc TIA v EIA kt hp vi nhau a ra nhiu c t cho cc thit b
truyn dn cng nh a ra nhiu s ni dy.
IEEE c nhiu tiu ban (Committee). Trong Tiu ban 802 ph trch v cc chun cho
mng cc b. Mt s chun mng cc b quan trng do tiu ban ny a ra nh:
*
802.3: Chun cho mng Ethernet
802.4: Chun cho mng Token-Bus
802.5: Chun mng Token-Ring
*
802.11: Chun mng khng dy.
Cc chun do IEEE 802 nh ngha thc hin chc nng ca tng 2 trong m hnh tham
kho OSI. Tuy nhin, chng chia tng 2 thnh hai tng con (sublayer) l Tng con iu
khin ni kt lun l (LLC - Logical Link Control) v Tng con iu khin truy cp
ng truyn (MAC - Medium Access Control).
Tng con iu khin truy cp ng truyn m bo cung cp dch truyn nhn thng tin
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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theo kiu khng ni kt. Trong khi tng con iu khin ni kt lun l cung cp dch v
truyn ti thng tin theo kiu nh hng ni kt.
Hnh 2.2 Kin trc mng cc b theo IEEE 802

5.1. M ng Ethernet
Thut ng Ethernet dng ch n h mng cc b c xy dng theo chun
IEEE 802.3 s dng giao thc CSMA/CD chia s ng truyn chung. Ethernet c
xem nh l k thut mng cc b ch o trn th trng ni kt cc my tnh c nhn li
vi nhau (chim khong 85% th trng) bi v giao thc ca n c cc c tnh sau:
*
D hiu, d ci t, qun tr v bo tr
*
Cho php chi ph xy dng mng thp
*
Cung cp nhiu s ni kt mm do trong ci t
*
m bo thnh cng vic lin ni kt mng v vn hnh ca mng cho d cc thit
b c cung cp bi nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau.
5.2. L ch s hnh thnh
Mng Ethernet u tin c pht trin vo nm 1970 bi cng ty Xerox l mt
mng th nghim, s dng dy cp ng trc vi tc truyn ti d liu 3 Mbps. Mng
s dng giao thc CSMA/CD.
S thnh cng ca d n ny gy ch cho cc nh sn xut thit b in t thi .
Chnh v th m nm 1980, ba nh sn xut thit b in t hng u l Digital Equipment
Coperation, Intel Corporation v Xerox Corporation cng nhau pht trin phin bn
Ethernet 1.0 vi tc truyn ti d liu l 10 Mbps.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Nm 1983, chun mng IEEE 802.3 c son tho vi ni dung tng t nh chun
mng Ethernet phin bn 1.0. n nm 1985 th IEEE 802.3 c chun ha. Sau
nhiu chun mng cc b khc c pht trin da theo nguyn tc chia s ng
truyn chung ca giao thc CSMA/CD. C th lit k cc chun mng s dng giao thc
CSMA/CD nh sau:
*
Chun mng 802.3:
- C tn l mng Ethernet
- Tc truyn ti d liu l 10 Mbps
- H tr 4 chun vt l l 10Base-5 (cp ng trc bo), 10Base-2 (Cp
ng trc gy), 10Base-T (Cp xon i) v 10Base-F (Cp quang).
*
Chun mng 802.3u
- C tn l mng Fast Ethernet
- Tc truyn ti d liu l 100 Mbps
- H tr 3 chun vt l l 100Base-TX
(Cp xon i), 100Base-T4
(Cp
xon i) v 100Base-FX (Cp quang).
*
Chun mng 802.3z:
- C tn l mng Giga Ethernet
- Tc truyn ti d liu l 1 Gbps
H tr 3 chun vt l l 1000Base-LX, 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-CX.
1000Base-LX, 1000Base-SX s dng cp quang. 1000Base-CX s dng
dy cp ng bc kim.
*
Chun mng 802.3ab:
- C tn l mng Giga Ethernet over UTP
- Tc truyn ti d liu l 1 Gbps
- H tr chun vt l 1000Base-TX s dng dy cp xon i khng bc kim.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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BI 3 : C S C U N I (Bridge)
1. Gi i thi u v lin m ng
Lin mng (Internetwork) l mt tp hp ca nhiu mng ring l c ni kt li
bi cc thit b ni mng trung gian v chng vn hnh nh ch l mt mng ln. Ngi ta
thc hin lin mng (Internetworking) ni kt nhiu mng li vi nhau nh m rng
c phm vi, s lng my tnh trong mng, cng nh cho php cc mng c xy
dng theo cc chun khc nhau c th giao tip c vi nhau.
Lin mng c th c thc hin nhng tng khc nhau, ty thuc vo mc ch cng
nh thit b m ta s dng.
Tng ni kt
Mc ch
Thit b s dng
Tng vt l
Tng s lng v phm vi mng
HUB / Repeater
LAN
Tng lin kt d liu Ni kt cc mng LAN c tng vt
Cu ni (Bridge)
l khc nhau
B hon chuyn
Phn chia vng ng ci thin
(Switch)
hiu sut mng
Tng mng
M rng kch thc v s lng my
Router
tnh trong mng,hnh thnh mng
WAN
Cc tng cn li
Ni kt cc ng dng li vi nhau
Gateway
Trong chng ny ta s xem xt cc vn lin quan n vic lin mng tng 2, gii
thiu v c ch hot ng, tnh nng ca cu ni (Brigde).Nhc im ca cc thit b lin
mng tng 1 (Repeater, HUB)
Hnh 3.1 Hn ch ca Repeater/HUB

Xt mt lin mng gm 2 nhnh mng LAN1 v LAN2 ni li vi nhau bng mt
Repeater. Gi s my N2 gi cho N1 mt Frame thng tin. Frame c lan truyn trn
LAN1 v n cng 1 ca Repeater di dng mt chui cc bits. Repeater s khuch i
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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chui cc bits nhn c t cng 1 v chuyn chng sang cng 2. iu ny v tnh

chuyn c khung N2 gi cho N1 sang LAN2. Trn LAN1, N1 nhn ton b Frame. Trn
LAN2 khng c my trm no nhn Frame c. Ti thi im , nu N5 c nhu cu gi
khung cho N4 th n s khng thc hin c v ng truyn ang b bn.
Ta nhn thy rng, Frame N2 gi cho N1 khng cn thit phi gi sang LAN 2 trnh
lng ph ng truyn trn LAN 2. Tuy nhin, do Repeater hot ng tng 1, n
khng hiu Frame l g, n s chuyn i mi th m n nhn c sang cc cng cn li.
Lin mng bng Repeater hay Hub s lm tng vng ng ca mng, kh nng ng
khi truyn tin ca cc my tnh s tng ln, hiu nng mng s gim xung.
2. Gi i thi u v c u n i
By gi ta thay th Repeater bng mt Bridge. Khi Frame N2 gi cho N1 n cng

1 ca Bridge n phn tch v thy rng khng cn thit phi chuyn Frame sang LAN 2.
Hnh 3.2 Bridge khc phc nhc im ca Repeater/HUB

Bridge l mt thit b hot ng tng 2 trong m hnh OSI. Bridge lm nhim v chuyn
tip cc khung t nhnh mng ny sang nhnh mng khc. iu quan trng l Bridge
thng minh , n chuyn frame mt cch c chn lc da vo a ch MAC ca cc my
tnh. Bridge cn cho php cc mng c tng vt l khc nhau c th giao tip c vi
nhau. Bridge chia lin mng ra thnh nhng vng ng nh, nh ci thin c
hiu nng ca lin mng tt hn so vi lin mng bng Repeater hay Hub.
C th phn Bridge thnh 3 loi:
*
Cu ni trong sut (Transparent Bridge): Cho php ni cc mng Ethernet/ Fast
Ethernet li vi nhau.
*
Cu ni xc nh ng i t ngun (Source Routing Bridge): Cho php ni cc
mng Token Ring li vi nhau.
*
Cu ni trn ln (Mixed Media Bridge): Cho php ni mng Ethernet v Token
Ring li vi nhau
2.1. C u n i trong su t
2.1.1. Gi i thi u
Cu ni trong sut c pht trin ln u tin bi Digital Equipment Corporation
vo nhng nm u thp nin 80. Digital trnh pht minh ca mnh cho IEEE v c
a vo chun IEEE 802.1.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Cu ni trong sut c s dng ni cc mng Ethernet li vi nhau. Ngi ta gi l

cu ni trong sut bi v s hin din v hot ng ca n th trong sut vi cc my trm.
Khi lin mng bng cu ni trong sut, cc my trm khng cn phi cu hnh g thm
c th truyn ti thng tin qua lin mng.
2.1.2. Nguyn l ho t ng
Khi cu ni trong sut c m in, n bt u hc v tr ca cc my tnh trn
mng bng cch phn tch a ch my gi ca cc khung m n nhn c t cc cng
ca mnh. V d, nu cu ni nhn c mt khung t cng s 1 do my A gi, n s kt
lun rng my A c th n c nu i ra hng cng 1 ca n. Da trn tin trnh
ny,cu ni xy dng c mt Bng a ch cc b (Local address table) m t a ch
ca cc my tnh so vi cc cng ca n.
a ch my tnh (a ch MAC)
00-2C-A3-4F-EE-07
00-2C-A3-5D-5C-2F
Cng hng n my tnh

1
2
Hnh 3.3 - Bng a ch cc b ca cu ni

Cu ni s dng bng a ch cc b ny lm c s cho vic chuyn tip khung. Khi
khung n mt cng ca cu ni, cu ni s c 6 bytes u tin ca khung xc nh
a ch my nhn khung. N s tm a ch ny trong bng a ch cc b v s ng x
theo mt trong cc trng hp sau:
*
Nu my nhn nm cng mt cng vi cng nhn khung, cu ni s b qua
khung v bit rng my nhn nhn c khung.
*
Nu my nhn nm trn mt cng khc vi cng nhn khung, cu ni s chuyn
khung sang cng c my nhn.
*
Nu khng tm thy a ch my nhn trong bng a ch, cu ni s gi khung n
tt c cc cng cn li ca n, tr cng nhn khung.
Trong mi trng hp, cu ni u cp nht v tr ca my gi khung vo trong bng a
ch cc b.
Cu ni trong sut thnh cng trong vic phn chia mng thnh nhng vng ng
ring ri. c bit khi qu trnh gi d liu din ra gia hai my tnh nm v cng mt
hng cng ca cu ni, cu ni s lc khng cho lung giao thng ny nh hng n
cc nhnh mng trn cc cng cn li. Nh iu ny cu ni trong sut cho php ci thin
c bng thng trong lin mng.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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2.1.3. V n vng qu n - Gi i thu t Spanning Tree

Cu ni trong sut s hot ng sai nu nh trong hnh trng mng xut hin cc
vng. Xt v d nh hnh di y:
Gi s M gi khung F cho N, c hai cu ni B1 v B2 cha c thng tin g v a ch ca
N. Khi nhn c khung F, c B1 v B2 u chuyn F sang LAN 2, nh vy trn LAN 2
xut hin 2 khung F1 v F2 l phin bn ca F c sao li bi B1 v B2. Sau F1 n
B2 v F2 n B1. Tip tc B1 v B2 li ln lt chuyn F2 v F1 sang LAN1, qu trnh
ny s khng dng, dn n hin tng rc trn mng. Ngi ta gi hin tng ny l
vng qun trn mng.
Hnh 3.4 Vn vng qun trong mng

khc phc hin tng vng qun, Digital a ra gii thut ni cy, sau ny c
chun ha di chun IEEE 802.1d.
Mc tiu ca gii thut ny l nhm xc nh ra cc cng to nn vng qun trn mng v
chuyn n v trng thi d phng (stand by) hay kha (Blocked), a s mng v
dng hnh cy (khng cn cc vng). Cc cng ny c chuyn sang trng thi hot
ng khi cc cng chnh b s c.
Gii thut ny da trn l thuyt v th. Gii thut yu cu cc vn sau:
*
Mi cu ni phi c gn mt s hiu nhn dng duy nht.
*
Mi cng cng c mt s nhn dng duy nht v c gn mt gi.
Gii thut tri qua 4 bc sau:
*
Chn cu ni gc (Root Bridge): n gin cu ni gc l cu ni c s nhn
dng nh nht.
*
Trn cc cu ni cn li, chn cng gc (Root Port): L cng m gi ng i t
cu ni hin ti v cu ni gc thng qua n l thp nht so vi cc cng cn li.
*
Trn mi LAN, chn cu ni c ch nh (Designated BrIDge): Cu ni c ch
nh ca mt LAN l cu ni m thng qua n, gi ng i t LAN hin ti v gc l
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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thp nht. Cng ni LAN v cu ni c ch nh c gi l cng c ch nh

(Designated Port).
*
t tt c cc cng gc, cng ch nh trng thi hot ng, cc cng cn li
trng thi kha
V d: Cho mt lin mng gm cc LAN V,W,X,Y,Z c ni li vi nhau bng 5 cu
ni c s nhn dng t 1 n 5. Trn lin mng ny tn ti nhiu vng qun. p dng gii
thut ni cy xc nh c cc cng gc (k hiu bng R) v cc cng c ch nh (K
hiu bng D). Bn cnh cc cng gc c c gi v gc thng qua cng ny (nm trong du
ngoc R(30)). T v li hnh trng mng sau khi loi b cc vng qun.
Hnh 3.5 Mng xy dng li bng gii thut Spanning tree

2.2. C u n i xc nh ng i t ngu n
2.2.1. Gi i thi u
Cu ni xc nh ng i t ngun (SRB-Source Route Bridge) c pht trin
bi IBM v c trnh ln y ban IEEE 802.5 nh l mt gii php ni cc mng
Token li vi nhau.
Cu ni SRB c gi tn nh th bi v chng qui nh rng : ng i y t my
tnh gi n my nhn phi c a vo bn trong ca khung d liu gi i bi my gi
(Source). Cc cu ni SRB ch c nhim v lu v chuyn cc khung nh c ch dn
bi ng i c lu trong trong khung.
2.2.2. Nguyn l ho t ng
Xt mt lin mng gm 4 mng Token Ring c ni li vi nhau bng 4 cu ni
SRB nh hnh di y:
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 3.6 Cu ni trong mng Token Ring

Gi s rng my X mun gi mt khung d liu cho my Y. u tin X cha bit c Y
c nm cng LAN vi n hay khng. xc nh iu ny, X gi mt Khung kim tra
(Test Frame). Nu khung kim tra tr v X m khng c du hiu nhn ca Y, X s kt
lun rng Y nm trn mt nhnh mng khc.
xc nh chnh xc v tr ca my Y trn mng xa, X gi mt Khung thm d
(Explorer Frame). Mi cu ni khi nhn c khung thm d (Bridge 1 v Bridge 2 trong
trng hp ny) s copy khung v chuyn n sang tt c cc cng cn li. Thng tin v
ng i c thm vo khung thm d khi chng i qua lin mng. Khi cc khung thm
d ca X n c Y, Y gi li cc khung tr li cho tng khung m n nhn c theo
ng i thu thp c trong khung thm d. X nhn c nhiu khung tr li t Y
vi nhiu ng i khc nhau. X s chn mt trong s ng i ny, theo mt tiu chun
no . Thng thng ng i ca khung tr li u tin s c chn v y chnh l
ng i ngn nht trong s cc ng i (tr v nhanh nht).
Sau khi ng i c xc nh, n c a vo cc khung d liu gi cho Y trong
trng thng tin v ng i (RIF- Routing Information Field). RIF ch c s dng n
i vi cc khung gi ra bn ngoi LAN.
2.2.3. C u trc khung
Cu trc ca RIF trong khung c m t nh hnh di y:
Hnh 3.7 Cu trc ca trng thng tin v ng i

KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Trong :
*
Routing Control Field: l trng iu khin ng i, n bao gm cc trng con
sau:
- Type: C th c cc gi tr mang ngha nh sau:
*
Specifically routed: Khung hin ti c cha ng i y n
my nhn
*
All paths explorer: L khung thm d.
*
Spanning-tree explorer: L khung thm d c s dng gii thut
ni cy gim bt s khung c gi trong sut qu trnh khm ph.
- Length: M t chiu di tng cng (tnh bng bytes) ca trng RIF.
- D Bit: Ch nh v iu khin hng di chuyn (ti hay lui) ca khung.
- Largest Frame: Ch nh kch thc ln nht ca khung
m n c th
c x l trn tin trnh i n mt ch.
*
Routing Designator Fields:
L cc trng cha cc B ch nh ng i. Mi b ch nh ng i bao gm 2
trng con l:
-Ring Number (12 bits): L s hiu nhn dng ca mt LAN.
-Bridge Number (4 bits)L s hiu nhn dng ca cu ni. S l 0 nu l my tnh
ch.
V d: ng i t X n Y s c m t bi cc b ch nh ng i nh sau:
LAN1:Bridge1:LAN 3: Bridge 3: LAN 2: 0
Hay: LAN1:Bridge2:LAN 4: Bridge 4: LAN 2: 0
2.3. C u n i tr n l n (Mixed Media Bridge)
Cu ni trong sut c dng ni cc mng Ethernet li vi nhau. Cu ni xc nh
ng i t ngun dng ni cc mng Token Ring. ni hai mng Ethernet v
Token Ring li vi nhau, ngi ta dng loi cu ni th ba, l cu ni trn ln ng
truyn. Cu ni trn ln ng truyn c hai loi:
- Cu ni dch (Translational Bridge)
- Cu ni xc nh ng i t ngun trong sut (Source-Route-Transparence Bridge)
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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BI 4 : C S V B CHUY N M CH
1. Ch c n ng c a b chuy n m ch switch
LAN Switch l mt thit b hot ng tng 2, c y tt c cc tnh nng ca
mt cu ni trong sut nh:
Hnh 4.1 Ni mng bng switch Hc v tr cc my tnh trn mng

- Chuyn tip khung t nhnh mng ny sang nhnh mng khc mt cch c chn lc .
Ngoi ra Switch cn h tr thm nhiu tnh nng mi nh:
- H tr a giao tip ng thi: Cho php nhiu cp giao tip din ra mt cch
ng thi nh tng c bng thng trn ton mng
Hnh 4.2 - Switch h tr a giao tip ng thi

- H tr giao tip song cng (Full-duplex communication): Tin trnh gi khung v nhn
khung c th xy ra ng thi trn mt cng.iu ny lm tng gp i thng lng tng
ca cng.
- iu ha tc knh truyn: Cho php cc knh truyn c tc khc nhau
giao tip c vi nhau. V d, c th hon chuyn d liu gia mt knh
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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truyn 10 Mbps v mt knh truyn 100 Mbps.
Hnh 4.3 Switch h tr ch giao tip song cng
2. Ki n trc c a switch
Switch c cu to gm hai thnh phn c bn l:

- B nh lm Vng m tnh ton v Bng a ch (BAT-Buffer anh Address
Table).
- Gin hon chuyn (Switching Fabric) to ni kt cho ng thi gia cc
cng
cng
Gin
hon
chuyn
Hnh 4.4 Cu trc bn trong ca switch
3. Cc gi i thu t hon chuy n
Vic chuyn tip khung t nhnh mng ny sang nhnh mng kia ca switch c
th c thc hin theo mt trong 3 gii thut hon chuyn sau:
3.1. Gi i thu t hon chuy n l u v chuy n ti p (Store and
Forward Switching)
Khi khung n mt cng ca switch, ton b khung s c c vo trong b nh
m v c kim tra li. Khung s b b i nu nh c li. Nu khung khng li, switch
s xc nh a ch my nhn khung v d tm trong bng a ch xc nh cng hng
n my nhn. K tip s chuyn tip khung ra cng tng ng. Gii thut ny c thi
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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gian tr hon ln do phi thc hin thao tc kim tra khung. Tuy nhin n cho php giao
tip gia hai knh truyn khc tc .
3.2. Gi i thu t xuyn c t (Cut-through)
Khi khung n mt cng ca switch, n ch c 6 bytes u tin ca khung (l a
ch MAC ca my nhn khung) vo b nh m. K tip n s tm trong bng a ch
xc nh cng ra tng ng vi a ch my nhn v chuyn khung v hng cng ny.
Gii thut cut-through c thi gian tr hon ngn bi v n thc hin vic hon chuyn
khung ngay sau khi xc nh c cng hng n my nhn. Tuy nhin n chuyn tip
lun c cc khung b li n my nhn.
3.3. Hon chuy n t ng thch (Adaptive - Switching)
Gii thut hon chuyn tng thch nhm tn dng ti a u im ca hai gii
thut hon chuyn Lu v chuyn tip v gii thut Xuyn ct. Trong gii thut ny,
ngi ta nh ngha mt ngng li cho php. u tin, switch s hot ng theo gii
thut Xuyn ct. Nu t l khung li ln hn ngng cho php, switch s chuyn sang
ch hot ng theo gii thut Lu v chuyn tip. Ngc li khi t l khung li h
xung nh hn ngng, switch li chuyn v hot ng theo gii thut Xuyn ct.
4. Thng l ng t ng (Aggregate throughput)
Thng lng tng (Aggregate throughput) l mt i lng dng o hiu sut

ca switch. N c nh ngha l lng d liu chuyn qua switch trong mt giy. N
c th c tnh bng tch gia s ni kt ti a ng thi trong mt giy nhn vi bng
thng ca tng ni kt. Nh vy, thng lng tng ca mt switch c N cng s dng,
mi cng c bng thng l B c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Aggregate throughput = (N div 2) * (B*2) = N*B
V d: Cho mt mng gm 10 my tnh c ni li vi nhau bng mt switch c cc
cng 10 Base-T. Khi , s ni kt ti a ng thi l 10/2. Mi cp ni kt trong mt
giy c th gi v nhn d liu vi lu lng l 10Mbps*2 (do Full duplex). Nh vy
thng lng tng s l: 10/2*10*2 = 100 Mbps
5. Phn lo i Switch
Da vo mc ch s dng, ngi ta c th chia switch thnh nhng loi sau:

5.1. B hon chuy n nhm lm vi c (Workgroup Switch)
L loi switch c thit k nhm ni trc tip cc my tnh li vi nhau hnh
thnh mt mng ngang hng (workgroup) . Nh vy, tng ng vi mt cng ca switch
ch c mt a ch my tnh trong bng a ch. Chnh v th, loi ny khng cn thit
phi c b nh ln cng nh tc x l cao. Gi thnh workgroup switch thp hn cc
loi cn li
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 4.5 Workgroup switch

5.2. B hon chuy n nhnh m ng (Segment Switch)
Hnh 4.6 B chuyn hon mng(Segment switch)

Mc ch thit k ca Segment switch l ni cc Hub hay workgroup switch li vi nhau,
hnh thnh mt lin mng tng hai. Tng ng vi mi cng trong trng hp ny s
c nhiu a ch my tnh, v th b nh cn thit phi ln. Tc x l i hi phi
cao v lng thng tin cn x l ti switch l ln.
5.3. B hon chuy n x ng s ng (Backbone Switch)
Mc ch thit k ca Backbone switch l ni kt cc Segment switch li vi nhau.
Trong trng hp ny, b nh v tc x l ca switch phi rt ln cha a ch
cho tt c cc my tnh trong ton lin mng cng nh hon chuyn kp thi d liu gia
cc nhnh.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 4.7 B chuyn hon xng sng(Backbone switch)

5.4. B hon chuy n i x ng (Symetric Switch)
Symetric switch l loi switch m tt c cc cng ca n u c cng tc . Thng
thng workgroup switch thuc loi ny. Nhu cu bng thng gia cc my tnh l gn
bng nhau.
5.5. B hon chuy n b t i x ng (Asymetric Switch)
Asymetric switch l loi switch c mt hoc hai cng c tc cao hn so vi cc cng
cn li ca n. Thng thng cc cng ny c thit k dnh cho cc my ch hay l
cng ni ln mt switch mc cao hn.
H4.8 - B chuyn hon bt i xng
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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BI 5 : C S V CH N NG
1. Cc khi ni n chung
Bridge v switch l cc thit b ni mng tng hai. Switch cho php lin kt nhiu
mng cc b li vi nhau thnh mt lin mng vi bng thng v hiu sut mng c
ci thin rt tt. Nhim v ca switch l chuyn tip cc khung t nhnh mng ny
sang nhnh mng khc mt cch c chn lc da vo a ch MAC ca cc my tnh.
lm c iu ny, switch cn phi duy tr trong b nh ca mnh mt bng a
ch cc b cha v tr ca tt c cc my tnh trong mng. Mi my tnh s chim mt
mc t trong bng a ch. Mi switch c thit k vi mt dung lng b nh gii
hn. V nh th, n xc nh kh nng phc v ti a ca mt switch. Chng ta khng
th dng switch ni qu nhiu mng li vi nhau. Hn na, cc lin mng hnh
thnh bng cch s dng switch cng ch l cc mng cc b, c phm vi nh. Mun
hnh thnh cc mng din rng ta cn s dng thit b lin mng tng 3. chnh l b
chn ng (Router).
Hnh 5.1 Xy dng lin mng bng router

Trong m hnh trn, cc mng LAN 1, LAN 2, LAN 3 v mng Internet c ni li vi
nhau bng 3 router R1, R2 v R3. Router l mt thit b lin mng tng 3, cho php ni
hai hay nhiu nhnh mng li vi nhau to thnh mt lin mng. Nhim v ca router
l chuyn tip cc gi tin t mng ny n mng kia c th n c my nhn. Mi
mt router thng tham gia vo t nht l 2 mng. N c th l mt thit b chuyn dng
vi hnh dng ging nh Hub hay switch hoc c th l mt my tnh vi nhiu card mng
v mt phn mm ci t gii thut chn ng. Cc u ni kt (cng) ca cc router
c gi l cc Giao din (Interface).
Cc my tnh trong mng din rng c gi l cc H thng cui (End System), vi
ngha y chnh l ni xut pht ca thng tin lu thng trn mng, cng nh l im
dng ca thng tin.
V mt kin trc, cc router ch ci t cc thnh phn thc hin cc chc nng t tng 1
n tng 3 trong m hnh OSI. Trong khi cc End System th ci t chc nng ca c by
tng. .
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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2. Ch c n ng c a b nh tuy n
Trong mt mng din rng, thng c nhiu ng i khc nhau cho cng mt
ch n. Ta xt trng hp A gi cho C mt gi tin. Gi tin c chuyn n router R1,
v c lu vo trong hng i cc gi tin ch c chuyn i ca R1. Khi mt gi tin
trong hng i n lt c x l, router s xc nh ch n ca gi tin, t tm ra
router k tip cn chuyn gi tin n c th i n ch. i vi Router 1, c hai ng
i, mt ni n router R2 v mt ni n R3. Khi chn c ng i cho gi tin,
router R1 s chuyn gi tin t hng i ra ng chn. Mt qu trnh tng t cng
xy ra trn Router k tip. C nh th, gi tin s c chuyn t router ny n router
khc cho n khi n n c mng c cha my tnh nhn v s c nhn bi my tnh
nhn.
Nh vy, hai chc nng chnh m mt b chn ng phi thc hin l:
- Chn ng i n ch vi chi ph (metric) thp nht cho mt gi tin.
- Lu v chuyn tip cc gi tin t nhnh mng ny sang nhnh mng khc
Hnh 5.2 Nhiu ng i cho mt ch n
3. Nguyn t c ho t ng c a b ch n ng
3.1. B ng ch n ng (Routing table)

xc nh c ng i n ch cho cc gi tin, cc router duy tr mt Bng chn
ng (Routing table) cha ng i n nhng im khc nhau trn ton mng. Hai
trng quan trng nht trong bng chn ng ca router l ch n (Destination) v
Bc k tip (Next Hop) cn phi chuyn gi tin c th n c ch n.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Local
Local
R2
R2
R3
R2
11
Hnh 5.3
Bng chn ng ca router R1
Local
Next Hop
Destination
R1Routing Table
Hnh 5.3 Bng chn ng ca router R1

Thng thng, ch n trong bng chn ng l a ch ca cc mng. Trong khi Next
Hop l mt router lng ging ca router ang xt. Hai router c gi l lng ging ca
nhau nu tn ti mt ng ni kt vt l gia chng. Thng tin c th chuyn ti bng
tng hai gia hai router lng ging. Trong m hnh mng trn, router R1 c hai lng
ging l R2 v R3.
3.2. Nguyn t c ho t ng
Cho h thng mng nh hnh di y :
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 5.4- ng i ca mt gi tin qua lin mng

Gi s my tnh X gi cho my tnh Y mt gi tin. Con ng i ca gi tin c m t
nh sau:
*
V Y nm trn mt mng khc vi X cho nn gi tin s c chuyn n router A.
*
Ti router A:
- Tng mng c a ch my nhn xc nh a ch ca mng ch c
cha my nhn v k tip s tm trong bng chn ng bit c
next hop cn phi gi i l u. Trong trng hp ny l Router B.
- Gi tin sau c a xung tng 2 ng vo trong mt khung v
a ra hng i ca giao din/cng hng n next hop v ch c
chuyn i trn ng truyn vt l.
*
Tin trnh tng t din ra ti router B v C.
*
Ti Router C, khung ca tng 2 s chuyn gi tin n my tnh Y
3.3. V n c p nh t b ng ch n ng
Quyt nh chn ng ca router c thc hin da trn thng tin v ng i
trong bng chn ng. Vn t ra l bng cch no router c c thng tin trong
bng chn ng. Hoc khi mng b thay i th ai s l ngi cp nht li bng chn
ng cho router. Hai vn ny gi chung l vn cp nht bng chn ng.
C ba hnh thc cp nht bng chn ng:
*
Cp nht th cng: Thng tin trong bng chn ng c cp nht bi nh qun
tr mng. Hnh thc ny ch ph hp vi cc mng nh, c hnh trng n gin, t b thay
i. Nhc im ca loi ny l khng cp nht kp thi bng chn ng khi hnh trng
mng b thay i do gp s c v ng truyn.
*
Cp nht t ng: Tn ti mt chng trnh chy bn trong router t ng
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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tm kim ng i n nhng im khc nhau trn mng. Loi ny thch hp cho cc

mng ln, hnh trng phc tp, c th ng ph kp thi vi nhng thay i v hnh trng
mng. Vn t ra i vi cp nht bng chn ng ng chnh l gii thut c dng
tm ra ng i n nhng im khc nhau trn mng. Ngi ta gi gii thut ny l
gii thut chn ng (Routing Algorithme).
*
Cp nht hn hp: Va kt hp c hai phng php cp nht bng chn
ng th cng v cp nht bng chn ng t ng. u tin, nh qun tr
cung cp cho router mt s ng i c bn, sau gii thut chn ng s
gip router tm ra cc ng i mi n cc im cn li trn mng
4. Gi i thu t ch n ng
4.1. Ch c n ng c a gi i thu t v ch ng
Chc nng ca gii thut chn ng l tm ra ng i n nhng im khc nhau
trn mng. Gii thut chn ng ch cp nht vo bng chn ng mt ng i n
mt ch n mi hoc ng i mi tt hn ng i c trong bng chn ng
4.2. i l ng o l ng (Metric)
Mt ng i tt l mt ng i ngn . Khi nim di , ngn y
khng thun ty l khong cch a l m chng c o da vo mt thc o (metric)
no . C th dng cc thc o sau o di ng i cho cc gii thut chn
ng
*
Chiu di ng i (length path): L s lng router phi i qua trn ng i.
*
tin cy (reliable) ca ng truyn
*
tr hon (delay) ca ng truyn
*
Bng thng (bandwidth) knh truyn
*
Ti (load) ca cc router
*
Cc ph (cost) knh truyn
Cng mt ch n nhng o vi hai tiu chun khc nhau c th s chn c hai ng
i khc nhau.
Mi gii thut chn ng phi xc nh r tiu chun chn la ng i m mnh s
dng l g. C th ch l mt thc o hoc l s phi hp ca nhiu tiu chun li vi
nhau.
4.3. M c ch thi t k
Chc nng chnh ca gii thut chn ng l tm ra c ng i n nhng
im khc nhau trn mng. Tuy nhin, ty vo mc tiu khi thit k gii thut chn ng
s dn n cht lng v ng i s khc nhau. Cc gii thut chn ng c th c
thit k cho cc mc tiu sau:
*
Ti u (optimality): ng i do gii thut tm c phi l ng i ti u trong
s cc ng i n mt ch n no
*
n gin,t tn km (Simplicity and overhead):Gii thut c thit k hiu qu v
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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mt x l,t i hi v mt ti nguyn nh b nh,tc x l of router.

*
Tnh n nh (stability): Gii thut c kh nng ng ph c vi cc s c v
ng truyn.
*
Hi t nhanh (rapid convergence): Qu trnh thng nht gia cc router v mt
ng i tt phi nhanh chng.
*
Tnh linh hot (Flexibility): p ng c mi thay i v mi trng vn hnh
ca gii thut nh bng thng, kch b nh, tr hon ca ng truyn
4.4. Phn lo i gi i thu t ch n ng
Thng thng cc gii thut chn ng c phn loi bng cc tiu chun c
tnh cht i ngu nhau, v d nh:
*
Gii thut chn ng tnh - Gii thut chn ng ng
*
Gii thut chn ng bn trong - Gii thut chn ng bn ngoi khu vc
*
Gii thut chn ng trng thi ni kt - Gii thut vct khong cch.
4.4.1. Gi i thu t ch n ng t nh - Gi i thu t ch n ng
ng
*
Gii thut chn ng tnh (static routing): Bng chn ng c cp nht bi
nh qun tr mng. Hnh thc ny ch ph hp cho cc mng nh, c hnh trng n gin,
t b thay i. Nhc im ca loi ny l khng cp nht kp thi bng chn ng khi
hnh trng mng b thay i do gp s c v ng truyn.
*
Gii thut chn ng ng (dynamic routing): Router t ng tm kim ng i
n nhng im khc nhau trn mng. Loi ny thch hp cho cc mng ln, hnh trng
phc tp. N c th ng ph kp thi vi nhng thay i v hnh trng mng
4.4.2. Gi i thu t ch n
*
Gii thut chn ng mt ng (single path): Tn ti mt ng i n mt ch
n trong bng chn ng.
*
Gii thut chn ng nhiu ng (multi path): H tr nhiu ng i n cng
mt ch n, nh tng c thng lng v tin cy trn mng.
4.4.3. Gii thut chn ng bn trong (khu vc - lin khu
vc )
Mt s gii thut chn ng xem cc router u cng mt cp. Cc router c vai
tr ngang bng nhau. Ngi ta gi l gii thut chn ng phng (Flat routing).
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 5.5 Mng cu trc phng v mng phn cp

Tuy nhin, trong cc mng ln ngi ta thng xy dng mng theo kiu phn cp.
cc my tnh li nhm li vi nhau thnh nhng vng t tr (Autonomous System) v c
s phn cp cc router. Cc router bnh thng (Normal Router) m nhim vic vch
ng bn trong mt Autonomous System. Cng vic vch ng gia cc autonomous
system th c giao v cho cc router nm ng trc (Backbone router).
Mt autonomous system l mt tp hp cc mng v cc router chu s qun l duy nht
ca mt nh qun tr mng. V d l mng ca mt cng ty, mt trng i hc hay mng
ng trc ca mt quc gia.
Vic phn cp cc router thnh hai loi dn n c hai loi gii thut chn ng: Gii
thut chn ng bn trong vng (Intradomain hay Interior Protocol) v lin vng
(Interdomain hay Exterior protocol).
4.4.4. Gi i thu t ch n ng theo ki u tr ng thi n i k t
(Link State Routing) v Gi i thu t ch n ng theo ki u vector
kho ng cch (Distance vector)
*
Trong gii thut vch ng theo kiu trng thi ni kt
- Mi router s gi thng tin v trng thi ni kt ca mnh (cc mng ni kt trc tip v
cc router lng ging) cho tt c cc router trn ton mng. Cc router s thu thp thng
tin v trng thi ni kt ca cc router khc, t xy dng li hnh trng mng, chy cc
gii thut tm ng i ngn nht trn hnh trng mng c c. T xy dng bng
chn ng cho mnh.
*
Khi mt router pht hin trng thi ni kt ca mnh b thay i, n s
gi mt thng ip yu cu cp nht trng thi ni kt cho tt cc cc router trn ton
mng. Nhn c thng ip ny, cc router s xy dng li hnh trng mng, tnh ton li
ng i ti u v cp nht li bng chn ng ca mnh.
- Gii thut chn ng trng thi ni kt to ra t thng tin trn mng.
Tuy nhin n i hi router phi c b nh ln, tc tnh ton ca CPU phi cao.
*
Trong gii thut chn ng theo kiu vect khong cch:
u tin mi router s cp nht ng i n cc mng ni kt trc tip vi mnh vo
bng chn ng.
- Theo nh k, mt router phi gi bng chn ng ca mnh cho cc
router lng ging.
- Khi nhn c bng chn ng ca mt lng ging gi sang, router s
tm xem lng ging ca mnh c ng i n mt mng no m mnh
cha c hay mt ng i no tt hn ng i mnh c hay khng. Nu c s a
ng i mi ny vo bng chn ng ca mnh vi Next hop n ch chnh l lng
ging ny.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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5. Thi t k lin m ng v i giao th c IP
5.1. Xy d ng b ng ch n ng
Cho ba mng Net1, Net2 v Net3 ni li vi nhau nh 3 router R1, R2 v R3. Mng
Net4 ni cc router li vi nhau. Cng vic u tin trong thit k mt lin mng IP l
chn a ch mng cho cc nhnh mng. Trong trng hp ny ta chn mng lp C cho 4
mng nh bng sau:
Mng
Net1
Net2
Net3
Net4
a ch mng
192.168.1.0
192.168.2.0
192.168.3.0
192.168.4.0
Mt n mng
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
Hnh 5.6 - Cu trc bng chn ng trong giao thc IP

K tip, gn a ch cho tng my tnh trong mng. V d trong mng Net1, cc my tnh
c gn a ch l 192.168.1.2 (K hiu .2 l cch vit tt ca a ch IP m t Phn
nhn dng my tnh) v 192.168.1.3. Mi router c hai giao din tham gia vo hai mng
khc nhau. V d, giao din tham gia vo mng NET1 ca router R1 c a ch IP l
192.168.1.1 v giao din tham gia vo mng NET4 c a ch l 192.168.4.1.
Hnh 5.7 Lin mng s dng giao thc IP

my tnh ca cc mng c th giao tip c vi nhau, cn phi c thng tin vng
i. Bng chn ng ca router c th to ra th cng hoc t ng. i vi mng nh,
nh qun tr mng s np ng i cho cc router thng qua cc lnh c cung cp bi
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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h iu hnh ca router. Bng chn ng trong giao thc IP c 4 thng tin quan trng l
*
a ch mng ch
*
Mt n mng ch
*
Router k tip s nhn gi tin (Next Hop)
*
Giao din chuyn gi tin i
Trong v d trn, cc router s c bng chn ng nh sau:
R1-Routing table
Network/netmask
192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0
192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0
192.168.3.0/255.255.255.0
192.168.4.0/255.255.255.0
NextHop
Local
192.168.4.2
192.168.4.3
Local
Interface
Local
192.168.4.1
192.168.4.1
Local
R2-Routing table
Network/netmask
192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0
192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0
192.168.3.0/255.255.255.0
192.168.4.0/255.255.255.0
NextHop
192.168.4.1
Local
192.168.4.3
Local
Interface
192.168.4.2
Local
192.168.4.2
Local
R3-Routing table
Network/netmask
192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0
192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0
192.168.3.0/255.255.255.0
192.168.4.0/255.255.255.0
NextHop
192.168.4.1
192.168.4.2
Local
Local
Interface
192.168.4.3
192.168.4.3
Local
Local
Hnh 5.8 - Bng chn ng ca cc router

Cc my tnh cng c bng chn ng. Di y l bng chn ng ca my tnh c
a ch 192.168.3.3
192.168.3.3-Routing table
Network/netmask
192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
NextHop
Local
Interface
Local
-40-
192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0
192.168.3.1
Local
Hnh 5.9 - Bng chn ng ca my tnh
Mng ch mc nh (default) ni rng ngoi nhng ng i n cc mng lit k
pha trn, cc ng i cn li th gi cho NextHop ca mng default ny. Nh vy,
gi gi tin cho bt k mt my tnh no nm bn ngoi mng 192.168.3.0 th my tnh
192.168.3.3 s chuyn gi tin cho router 3 a ch 192.168.3.1.
5.2. ng i c a gi tin
hiu r c ch hot ng ca giao thc IP, ta hy xt hai trng hp gi gi tin:
Trng hp my tnh gi v nhn nm trong cng mt mng v trng hp my tnh gi
v my tnh nhn nm trn hai mng khc nhau.
Gi s my tnh c a ch 192.168.3.3 gi mt gi tin cho my tnh 192.168.3.2. Tng hai
ca my gi s t gi tin vo mt khung vi a ch nhn l a ch vt l ca my
192.168.3.2 v gi khung ln ng truyn NET3, trn my tnh 192.168.3.2 s nhn
c gi tin.
By gi ta xt trng hp my tnh c a ch 192.168.3.3 trn mng NET3 gi gi
tin cho my tnh c a ch 192.168.1.2 trn mng Net1. Theo nh bng chn ng ca
my gi, cc gi tin c a ch nm ngoi mng 192.168.3.0 s c chuyn n router R3
(a ch 192.168.3.1). Chnh v th, my tnh gi s t gi tin vo mt khung vi a ch
nhn l a ch vt l ca giao din 192.168.3.1 v a ln ng truyn NET3. Nhn
c gi tin, R3 phn tch a ch IP ca my nhn xc nh ch n ca gi tin . Bng
chn ng cho thy, vi ch n l mng 192.168.1.0 th cn phi chuyn gi tin cho
router R1 a ch 192.168.4.1 thng qua giao din 192.168.4.3. V th R3 t gi tin vo
mt khung vi a ch nhn l a ch vt l ca giao din 192.168.4.1 ca router R1 v
a ln ng truyn NET4. Tng t, R1 s chuyn gi tin cho my nhn 192.168.1.2
bng mt khung trn ng truyn NET1.
Ta nhn thy rng, i n c my nhn, gi tin c chuyn i bi nhiu khung
khc nhau. Mi khung s c a ch nhn khc nhau, tuy nhin a ch ca gi tin th lun
lun khng i.
5.3. Giao th c phn gi i a ch (Address Resolution
Protocol)
Nu mt my tnh mun truyn mt gi tin IP n cn t gi tin ny vo trong mt
khung trn ng truyn vt l m n ang ni kt. c th truyn thnh cng khung,
my tnh gi cn thit phi bit c a ch vt l (MAC) ca my tnh nhn. iu ny
c th thc hin c bng cch s dng mt bng nh x cc a ch IP v a ch vt
l. Giao thc IP s dng giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) thc hin nh
x t mt a ch IP v mt a ch MAC.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 5.10 Giao thc ARP

Mt my tnh xc nh a ch vt l ca n vo lc khi ng bng cch c thit
b phn cng v xc nh a ch IP ca n bng cch c tp tin cu hnh, sau lu
thng tin v mi tng ng gia a ch IP v MAC ca n vo trong vng nh tm (ARP
cache). Khi nhn c mt a ch IP m ARP khng th tm ra c a ch vt l tng
ng da vo vng nh tm hin ti, n s thc hin mt khung qung b c nh dng nh
sau:
Tng qut Cc trng
Kch
Cc gi tr
thc
(byte)
Ethernet
Ethernet Destination
6
a ch my nhn, trong trng hp
Header
Address
ny l mt a ch qung b
Ethernet Source
6
a ch ca my gi thng ip
Frame Type
2
Kiu khung,c gi tr l 0x0806
khiARP yu cu v 0x8035 khi ARP
tr li
Hardware Type
2
Gi tr l 1 cho mng Ethernet
ARP
Protocol Type
2
C gi tr l 0x0800 cho a ch IP
Hardware
Address 1
Chiu di ca a ch vt l, c gi tr
Request
Size in bytes
l 6 cho mng Ethernet
/reply
Protocol Address
1
Chiu di a ch ca giao thc, c gi
Size in bytes
tr l 4 cho giao thc IP
Operation
2
L 1 nu l khung yu cu, l 2 nu l
khung tr li
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-42-
Sender Ethernet
6
Address
Sender IP Address
4
Destination Ethernet 6
Khng s dng n trong yu cu
Address
ca ARP
Destination IPAddress 4
a ch IP my cn tm a ch MAC
Nu mt my tnh trn mng nhn ra a ch IP ca mnh trong gi tin yu cu ARP n s
gi mt gi tin tr li ARP cho my yu cu trong c thng tin v a ch MAC ca n.
Nh vo vic gi cc yu cu ny, mt my tnh c th b sung thng tin cho vng cache
ca giao thc ARP, nh cp nht kp thi mi s thay i ca s mng. Thng
thng thi gian qu hn (Time-out) cho mt thng tin trong vng cache l 20 pht. Mt
yu cu ARP cho mt my tnh khng tn ti trn nhnh mng c lp li mt vi ln
xc nh no .
Nu mt my tnh c ni kt vo nhiu hn mt mng bng cc giao din mng, khi
s tn ti nhng vng cache ARP ring cho tng giao din mng.
Lu , ARP trn mt my tnh ch thc hin vic xc a ch vt l cho cc a ch cng
a ch mng / mng con vi n m thi. i vi cc gi tin gi cho cc my tnh c a
ch IP khng cng mt mng / mng con vi my gi s c chuyn hng cho mt
router nm cng mng vi my gi chuyn i tip.
V cc yu cu ARP c qung b rng ri, cho nn bt k mt my tnh no ang duy
tr mt vng cache u c th theo di tt c cc yu cu c qung b ny ly thng
tin v a ch vt l v a ch IP ca my gi yu cu v b sung vo vng cache ca n
khi cn thit. Khi mt my tnh khi ng, n gi mt yu cu ARP (c th cho chnh n)
nh thng bo vi cc my tnh khc v s xut hin ca n trong mng cc b.
C th gn nhiu hn mt a ch IP cho mt a ch vt l. Ch rng, nh dng ca yu
cu ARP th c thit k c th h tr c cho cc giao thc khc ngoi IP v
Ethernet.
5.4. Giao th c phn gi i a ch ng c RARP
(ReverseAddressResolution Protocol)
Ngy nay, cc trm lm vic khng a cng (Diskless workstation) c s dng
rng ri. Mi my tnh ch cn b x l v b nh, tt c khng gian lu tr c cung
cp t mt my ch s dng mt h thng tp tin mng theo mt chun no . Do khng
c cc tp tin cu hnh, tin trnh khi ng ca cc my tnh ny thng s dng mt
giao thc truyn ti tp tin rt n gin nh TFTP. Tuy nhin, trc khi c th ni kt n
c server, cc trm lm vic cn phi bit c a ch IP ca n. Giao thc RARP
c dng trong trng hp ny. RARP s dng cng nh dng yu cu ca ARP nhng
trng Operation c gi tr l 3 cho yu cu v 4 cho tr li. Trn my ch duy tr mt
bng m t mi tng quan gia a ch vt l v a ch IP ca cc my trm. Khi nhn
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-43-
c yu cu RARP, my ch tm trong bng a ch v tr v a ch IP tng ng cho

my trm gi yu cu.
5.5. Giao th c thng i p i u khi n m ng Internet ICMP
(Internet Control Message Protocol)
Giao thc ICMP c ci t trong hu ht tt c cc my tnh TCP/IP. Cc thng
ip ca giao thc c gi i trong cc gi tin IP v c dng gi i cc bo li hay
cc thng tin iu khin
ICMP to ra nhiu loi thng ip hu ch nh:
*
ch n khng ti c (Destination Unreachable),
*
Thm hi v tr li (Echo Request and Reply), Chuyn hng (Redirect),
*
Vt qu thi gian (Time Exceeded),
*
Qung b b chn ng (Router Advertisement)
*
C lp b chn ng (Router Solicitation)
*
Nu mt thng ip khng th phn pht c th n s khng c gi li. iu
ny trnh tnh trng di chuyn khng bao gi dng ca cc thng ip ICMP
Nu mt thng ip ch n khng ti c c gi i bi mt router, iu c
ngha rng router khng th gi gi tin n ch c. Khi router s xa gi tin ra khi
hng i ca n. C hai nguyn nhn lm cho mt gi tin khng th i n ni c.
Phn ln l my gi m t mt a ch nhn m n khng tn ti trn thc t. Trng hp
t hn l router khng bit ng i n ni nhn gi tin
Thng ip ch n khng ti c c chia thnh bn loi c bn l:
*
Mng khng n c (Network unreachable): C ngha l c s c trong vn
vch ng hoc a ch nhn ca gi tin.
*
My tnh khng n c (Host unreachable): Thng thng dng ch trc trc
trong vn phn pht, nh l sai mt n mng con chng hn.
*
Giao thc khng n c (Protocol unreachable): My nhn khng h tr giao
thc tng cao hn nh gi tin m t.
*
Cng khng n c (Port unreachable): Socket ca giao thc TCP hay cng
khng tn ti.
Mt thng ip Thm hi v tr li c to ra bi lnh ping, c to ra t mt my
tnh kim tra tnh lin thng trn lin mng. Nu c mt thng ip tr li, iu biu
hin rng gia my gi v my nhn c th giao tip c vi nhau
Mt thng ip Chuyn hng c gi bi mt router n my gi gi tin
khuyn co v mt ng i tt hn. Router hin ti vn chuyn tip gi tin m n nhn
c. Thng ip chuyn hng gi cho bng chn ng ca cc my tnh c nh bi
v chng ch cn cha a ch ca mt router m thi, thm ch router cung cp ng
i khng phi l tt nht. i khi, sau khi nhn c thng ip chuyn hng, thit b
gi vn s dng ng i c.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-44-
Mt thng ip vt qu thi hn c gi bi mt router nu thi gian sng (Time-tolive) ca gi tin, tnh bng s router hay giy, c gi tr l 0. Thi gian sng ca gi tin
gip phng nga trng hp gi tin c gi i lng vng trn mng v khng bao gi
n ni nhn. Router s b i cc gi tin ht thi gian sng.
5.6. Giao th c ch n ng RIP (Routing Information
Protocol)
5.6.1. Gi i thi u
RIP l gii thut chn ng ng theo kiu vct khong cch. RIP c nh
ngha trong hai ti liu l RFC 1058 v Internet Standard 56 v c cp nht bi IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). Phin bn th 2 ca RIP c nh ngha trong RFC
1723 vo thng 10 nm 1994. RIP 2 cho php cc thng ip ca RIP mang nhiu thng
tin hn s dng c ch chng thc n gin m bo tnh bo mt khi cp nht bng
chn ng. Quan trng nht l RIP 2 h tr mt n mng con, tnh nng thiu trong RIP
ban u.
5.6.2. Vn cp nht ng i (Routing Update)
RIP gi cc Thng ip cp nht chn ng (routing-update messages) nh k v
khi hnh trng mng b thay i. Khi mt router nhn c mt Thng ip cp nht chn
ng c cha nhng thay i trong mt mc t, n s cp nht bng chn ng ca n
th hin ng i mi. di ng i mi s c tng ln 1 v router gi tr thnh
next hop ca ng i va cp nht. Khi cp nht xong bng chn ng ca mnh, router
s gi ngay thng ip cp nht chn ng cho cc router lng ging khc trn mng.
5.6.3. Thc o ng i ca RIP
RIP s dng mt thc o ng i l s lng mng trung gian (hop count) gia
mng gi v mng nhn gi tin. Mi hop trn ng i t ni gi n ni nhn c gn
mt gi tr, thng thng l 1. Khi mt router nhn mt thng ip cp nht chn ng
c cha mt mng ch mi, hay ng i mi, router cng thm 1 vo gi ca ng i
ny v a vo bng chn ng ca n vi next hop l a ch IP ca router va gi.
5.6.4. Tnh n nh ca RIP
RIP phng trng hp vch ng lng vng bng cch gii hn s hop ti a
t my gi n my nhn l 15. Nu mt router nhn c mt ng i mi t lng
ging gi sang, sau khi cng 1 vo gi ca ng i th n ln n 16 th xem nh ch
n ny khng n c. iu ny c ngha l gii hn ng knh mng s dng RIP
phi nh hn 16 router.
5.6.5. B m thi gian ca RIP (RIP Timer)
RIP s dng mt b m thi gian s iu ha hiu nng ca n. N bao gm
mt B m thi gian cp nht chn ng (routing-update timer), mt B m thi gian
qu hn (route-timeout timer) v mt B m thi gian xa ng i (route-flush timer).
B m thi gian cp nht chn ng theo di khong thi gian nh k cp nht chn
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-45-
ng, thng thng l 30 giy. Mi mc t trong bng chn ng c mt b m thi

gian qu hn gn vi n. Nu thi gian ny tri qua, ng i tng ng c nh du l
khng cn ng na, tuy nhin n vn c gia li trong bng chn ng cho n khi
b m thi gian xa ng i qu hn.
5.6.6. nh dng gi tin RIP
Gi tin ca RIP gm c chn trng nh hnh sau:
1-octet
Comman
d
field
1-octet 2-octet 2-octet 2-octet 4-octet 4-octet 4-octet 4-octet

Version zero
AFI
zero
IP
zero
zero
metric
Numbe field
field
field
address field
field
field
r
field
field
*
CommandXc nh l gi tin yu cu hay tr li. Mt gi tin yu cu s yu cu
mt router gi tt c hay mt phn ca bng chn ng. Mt tr li c th l mt thng
ip cp nht chn ng c gi theo nh k hoc l mt tr li cho mt yu cu.
Thng ip tr li cha cc mc t ca bng chn ng. Cc bng chn ng ln c th
c gi i trong nhiu thng ip.
*
Version numberM t phin bn RIP c s dng.
*
ZeroTrng ny khng c s dng bi RIP theo c t RFC 1058
*
Address-family Identifier (AFI)M t h a ch c s dng. Trng ny
c thit k cho php RIP dng vi nhiu giao thc khc nhau. Nu s dng giao thc
IP, th c gi tr l 2.
*
AddressM t a ch IP cho mc t (ch n).
*
MetricGi ca ng i
*
Lu : C th cho php n 25 th hin ca cc trng AFI, Address v Metric
xut hin trong cng mt gi tin RIP. Tc c th m t 25 ch n trong ch mt gi tin
RIP.
5.6.7. nh dng ca gi tin RIP 2
RIP 2 c m t trong RFC 1723 c nh dng gi tin nh hnh di y:
1-octet
Comman
d
field
1-octet 2-octet 2-octet

Version Unuse AFI
Numbe d
field
r
field
field
RIP 2 c mt s trng mi so vi RIP l:
*
UnusedC gi tr l 0.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
2-octet
Route
tag
field
4-octet
IP
address
field
4-octet
Subnet
mask
field
4-octet 4-octet
Next
metric
hop
field
field
-46-
*
Address-family IDentifier (AFI)M t h a ch c s dng. im khc so vi
RIP l, nu AFI ca mc t u tin trong gi tin c gi tr l 0xFFFF, th cc
mc t cn li cha thng tin v chng thc. Hin ti ch s dng phng phpchng thc
da trn mt khu n gin.
*
Route tagCung cp mt phng thc phn bit gia cc ng i bn trong
(RIP hc c) v cc ng i bn ngoi (do cc giao thc khc hc c).
*
IP addressa ch IP ca ch n.
*
Subnet maskMt n cho a ch n. Nu bng 0 th khng m t mt n.
*
Next hopa ch IP k tip cn chuyn gi tin i.
Lu , ti a mt gi tin RIP c th m t 24 ng i, do c 1 mc t trong gi tin c
dng m t mt khu.
5.7. Gii thut vch ng OSPF
5.7.1. Gii thiu
Gii thut ng i ngn nht u tin OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) c pht
trin cho cc mng s dng giao thc IP bi nhm lm vic cho giao thc IGP (Interior
Gateway Protocol) ca IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). Nhm ny c hnh
thnh vo nm 1988 thit k Giao thc bn trong ca khu IGP da trn gii thut tm
ng i ngn nht u tin SPF (Shortest Path First) s dng trong mng Internet.
OSPF c hai c trng chnh. c trng th nht l mt giao thc m, c ngha l c
t ca n thuc v phm vi cng cng. OSPF c c t trong RFC 1247. c trng th
hai ca OSPF l n da vo giao thc SPF, i khi cn gi l gii thut Dijkstra
OSPF l mt giao thc vch ng thuc loi Trng thi ni kt, trong mi router s
phi gi cc thng tin qung co v trng thi LSA (Link-State Advertisements) ni kt
ca mnh cho cc router cn li trong cng mt khu vc (area) ca mt mng c cu trc
th bc. Thng tin v cc giao din c gn vo, cc thc o c s dng v cc thng
s khc c a vo trong cc LSA . Mi router s thu thp thng tin v trng thi ni kt
ca cc router khc, t xy dng li hnh trng ca mng, v s dng gii thut Dijkstra
tm ng i ngn n cc nt cn li.
5.7.2. Vch ng phn cp (Routing Hierarchy).
Khng ging nh RIP, OSPF c th vn hnh vi mt cu trc phn cp. Thc th
ln nht ca cu trc ny l h thng t tr (AS - Autonomous System), l mt tp hp
cc mng di mt s qun l chung v cng chia s mt chin lc vch ng chung.
OSPF l mt giao thc vch ng bn trong min (Intra Autonomous System hay Interior
gateway protocol) mc d n c kh nng kh nng nhn/gi cc ng i t/n cc AS
khc.
Mt AS c th c phn chia thnh mt s cc khu vc (Area), l mt nhm cc mng
k cn nhau (lng ging) cng cc my tnh trn cc mng . Cc router vi nhiu giao
din c th tham gia vo nhiu khu vc. Nhng router ny c gi l B chn ng
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-47-
ng bin khu vc (Area Border Router), c nhim v duy tr c s d liu v hnh

trng mng ring ri cho tng khu vc.
Mt c s d liu hnh trng mng l mt bc tranh tng th v mng trong mi quan h
vi cc router. Mt c s d liu hnh trng mng lu gi mt tp hp cc LSA nhn c
t cc router trong cng khu vc. Bi v cc router trong cng mt khu vc chia s thng
tin cho nhau nn chng c c s d liu hnh trng mng v khu vc m chng ang thuc
v hon ton ging nhau .
Lu : Khi nim min (domain) i khi c s dng m t mt phn ca mng m
trong tt c cc router c cng c s d liu hnh trng mng hon ton ging nhau.
Tuy nhin thng thng Domain c dng nh l mt AS.
Hnh trng ca mt khu vc th khng thy c i vi cc thc th bn ngoi khu vc.
Bng cch gi hnh trng mng phn tch gia cc khu vc, OSPF to ra t giao thng trn
mng hn so vi trng hp AS khng c phn chia khu vc.
Vic phn chia khu vc to ra hai kiu vch ng khc nhau ty thuc vo a ch my
gi v my nhn nm cng khu vc hay khc khu vc. Vch ng bn trong khu vc
(Intra-Area) s c dng n khi a ch nhn v a ch gi nm trong cng mt khu vc
v Vch ng lin khu vc s c s dng n khi chng nm nhng khu vc khc
nhau.
ng trc ca OSPF th m trch vic phn pht thng tin vch ng gia cc khu
vc. ng trc ny bao gm tt c cc B chn ng ng bin khu vc, cc mng
khng thuc vo cc khu vc khc v cc router gn vo chng.
Hnh 5.11 Kin trc mng phn cp trong OSPF
V d: Trong hnh trn, cc router 4, 5, 6,10,11 v 12 hnh thnh nn ng trc. Nu my

H1 trong khu vc 3 mun gi mt gi tin cho my H2 khu vc 2, th gi tin s c gi
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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n router R13, n lc R13 chuyn gi tin sang cho router R12, ri chuyn tip cho
R11. Sau R11 s chuyn gi tin theo ng trc n b chn ng ng bin R10
ni chu trch nhim chuyn gi tin trong khu vc (qua cc router R9, R7) v cui cng
n c my nhn H2.
ng trc cng l mt khu vc OSPF, v th tt c cc router nm trn mng
ng trc cng s dng cng mt th tc v gii thut lu tr thng tin vch ng
trn mng ng trc. Hnh trng ca ng trc th khng thy c i vi cc router
nm bn trong mt khu vc.
Cc khu vc c nh ngha theo cch ca ng trc c th khng phi l cc mng lng
ging ca nhau. Trong trng hp ny, vic kt ni ca ng trc phi thc hin thng
qua cc ng ni kt o (Virtual Link). ng ni kt o c hnh thnh gia nhng
router trn ng trc v cc khu vc khng phi ng trc v vn hnh nh th gia
cng c mt ng ni kt trc tip.
5.7.3. nh dng gi tin (Packet Format)
Tt c cc gi tin OSPF c bt u vi mt tiu 24 bytes c m t nh hnh
di y
Versio typ
n
e
number
Packe RouterI
t
D
length
Ere Chec Authent

a ID k sum -iasion
type
Authentiasio
n
data
Hnh 5.12 - Cu trc gi tin OSPF

ngha cc trng c m t nh sau:
*
Version numberNhn dng phin bn OSPF c s dng.
*
TypeNhn dng kiu gi tin OSPF, l mt trong s cc kiu sau:
- HelloThit lp v duy tr mi quan h vi cc lng ging.
o Database descriptionM t ni dung ca c s d liu hnh trng mng.
Cc thng ip loi ny c trao i khi mt lng ging mi xut hin.
*
Link-state requestNhng mu yu cu v c s d liu hnh trng mng
t lng ging. Cc thng ip ny c gi i sau khi mt router pht hin
rng mt phn trong c s d liu hnh trng mng ca n b li thi
khng cn ng thc t na.
- Link-state updateTr li cho cc link-state request packet. Cc thng
ip ny cng c s dng cho qu trnh phn pht cc LSA bnh thng..
- Link-state acknowledgmentBo nhn cho mt link-state update packets.
*
Packet lengthM t chiu di ca gi tin, tnh lun c phn tiu , bng n v
bytes.
*
Router IDNhn dng ca router gi gi tin.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-49-
*
Area IDNhn dng ca khu vc m gi tin thuc v.
*
ChecksumTng kim tra li ca gi tin.
*
Authentication typeCha kiu chng thc. Tt c cc thng tin trao i trong
OSPF phi c chng thc.
*
AuthenticationCha cc thng tin chng thc.
*
DataCha thng tin ca lp pha trn.
5.8. Gii thut vch ng BGP (Border Gateway
Protocol)
5.8.1. Gii thiu
BGP l giao thc vch ng lin vng (inter-autonomous system). BGP c s
dng chia s thng tin chn ng trn mng Internet v l giao thc c s dng
vch ng gia nhng nh cung cp dch v Internet. Mng ca cc cng ty, cc trng
i hc thng s dng cc giao thc vch ng bn trong ca khu (IGP-Interior
Gateway Protocol) nh RIP hoc OSPF trao i thng tin chn ng gia cc mng
ca h. Nhng khch hng ni kt n cc ISP v cc ISP s dng BGP trao i ng
i vi h.
Khi BGP c s dng gia cc vng t tr, th giao thc c bit n nh l giao thc
BGP bn ngoi BGP (EBGP - External Border Gateway Protocol). Nu mt nh cung cp
dch v s dng BGP trao i gia cc b chn ng bn trong mt vng t tr th n
c bit n nh l giao thc BGP bn trong (IBGP - Internal External Border Gateway
Protocol).
Hnh 5.13 Phn bit gia IBGP v EBGP

BGP l mt giao thc chn ng mnh v c kh nng m rng tt, v th n c dng
cho mng Internet. Bng chn ng ca BGP c th cha n hn 90.000 ng i.
Bn cnh , BGP h tr c ch vch ng lin min khng phn lp CIDR gim kch
thc ca bng chn ng cho mng Internet. V d, gi s rng mt ISP s hu khi a
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-50-
ch IP 195.10.x.x t khng gian a ch lp C ca chun phn lp hon ton. Khi a ch

ny bao gm 256 a ch lp C t 195.10.0.0 n 195.10.255.0. Gi s rng ISP gn mi
khch hng mt a ch mng. Nu khng c CIDR, ISP phi qung b 256 a ch ny
sang cc BGP lng ging. Nu c CIDR, BGP ch cn gi phn chung ca 256 a ch
mng ny, 195.10.x.x, sang cc BGP lng ging. Phn chung ny ch tng ng ch vi
mt a ch IP lp B truyn thng iu ny cho php gim c kch thc ca bng
chn ng ca BGP.
Cc lng ging BGP trao i ton b thng tin chn ng khi ni kt TCP gia chng
c thit lp ln u tin. Khi pht hin hnh trng mng b thay i, b chn ng BGP
s gi cho cc lng ging ca n nhng thng tin lin quan n ch nhng ng i va b
thay i. Cc b chn ng BGP khng gi nh k thng tin cp nht ng i v
nhng thng tin cp nht ng i ch cha cc ng i ti u n mt ch n.
5.8.2. Cc thuc tnh ca BGP
Cc ng i c hc bi BGP c gn cc thuc tnh c s dng xc nh
ng i tt nht n mt ch n khi tn ti nhiu ng i n ch n . Gm c cc
thuc tnh nh:
*
Trng lng (Weight)
*
Tham kho cc b (Local preference)
*
Multi-exit discriminator
*
Origin
*
AS_path
*
Next hop
*
Community
*
Thuc tnh trng lng (Weight Attribute)
Trng lng l mt thuc tnh c nh ngha bi Cisco, n c tnh cht cc b i vi
mt router. Nu mt router bit c nhiu hn mt ng i n mt ch n th ng
c trng lng ln nht s c tham kho n.
Trong s di y, Router A nhn mt thng bo v 172.16.1.0 t cc router B v C.
Khi A nhn c thng bo t B, trng lng ca ng i c t l 50. Khi A nhn
c thng bo t C, trng lng ng i c t l 100. C hai ng i n mng
172.16.1.0 u c lu trong bng chn ng BGP cng vi trng lng tng ng.
ng i c trng lng ln nht s c ci t vo bng chn ng ca giao thc IP.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 5.14 - S dng thuc tnh weight trong BGP

Thuc tnh tham kho cc b (Local Preference Attribute)
Thuc tnh tham kho cc b c s dng tham kho n mt li thot (exit) t h
thng t tr cc b. Khng ging nh thuc tnh trng lng, cc thuc tnh tham kho
cc b c lan truyn trn tt c cc router ca h thng t tr cc b. Nu c nhiu li
thot t h thng t tr, thuc tnh tham kho cc b c dng gn li thot cho mt
ng i xc nh.
Nh hnh pha di, AS 100 nhn c 2 thng tin cp nht ng i cho mng
172.16.1.0 t AS 200. Khi Router A nhn thng tin cp nht ng i cho mng
172.16.1.0, thuc tnh tham kho cc b tng ng s c t l 50. Khi Router B nhn
thng tin cp nht ng i cho mng 172.16.1.0, thuc tnh tham kho cc b tng ng
s c t l 100. Cc gi tr tham kho cc b ny s c trao i gia cc router A v
B. Bi v Router B c s tham kho cao hn ca Router A, nn router B s c s dng
nh l li thot ra ngoi AS 100 n c mng 172.16.1.0 trong AS 200.
Hnh 5.15 S dng thuc tnh Local Preference trong BGP

*
B chn la a li thot (Multi-Exit Discriminator Attribute)
B chn la a li thot (MED - Multi-Exit Discriminator) hay cn gi l thuc tnh thc
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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o (metric attribute) c s dng nh l mt li ngh i cho mt AS bn ngoi hy

tham kho n nhng thc o v cc ng i ang c gi n. Thut ng ngh
c s dng bi v AS bn ngoi ang nhn MED c th s dng cc thuc tnh khc
chn ng i so vi AS gi thng tin cp nht ng i.
V d: Nh hnh 5.16, Router C ang qung b ng i n mng 172.16.1.0 vi
metric l 10, trong khi Router D th ang qung b ng i n mng 172.16.1.0 vi
metric l 5. Gi tr thp hn ca metric s c tham kho n v th AS 100 s chn
router D i n mng 172.16.1.0 trong AS 200. V cc MED s c qung b trong
ton AS 100.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 5.16 S dng thuc tnh Multi-Exit Discriminator trong BGP
Thuc tnh gc (Origin Attribute)

Thuc tnh gc th hin cch thc m BGP hc mt ng i c bit. Thuc tnh gc
c th c mt trong ba gi tr sau:
*
IGP: ng i nm bn trong mt AS. Gi tr ny c thit lp bng lnh
cu hnh cho router ca mng a ng i vo trong BGP.
*
EGP: ng i c hc thng qua giao thc BGP bn ngoi.
*
Incomplete: Gc ca ng i th khng c bit hoc c hc bng mt
cch thc no khc. Mt gc khng hon chnh xy ra khi mt ng i c phn phi
li cho cc BGP. Gi tr ng qua h thng t tr (AS_path Attribute)
Khi mt thng tin qung b ng i chuyn qua mt h thng t tr, s ca h thng t tr
c a vo trong danh sch c th t cc AS m thng tin qung b ng i ny i
qua. Hnh di y m t trng hp trong mt ng i th c gi xuyn qua ba h
thng t tr.
Hnh 5.17 - S dng thuc tnh AS_path trong BGP

AS 1 nh v ng i n mng 172.16.1.0 v qung b ng i ny n AS 2 v AS 3
vi gi ng i qua h thng t tr l {1}. AS 3 s qung b tr li AS 1 vi gi ng i
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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qua h thng t tr l {3,1} v AS 2 s qung b tr li AS 1 vi gi qua h thng t tr l

{2,1}. AS 1 s t chi cc ng i ny khi AS pht hin ra s hiu ca n nm trong
thng tin qung b ng i. y chnh l c ch m BGP s dng pht hin cc vng
qun trong ng i.
AS 2 v AS 3 gi ng i n cc AS khc vi s hiu ca chng c a vo thuc
tnh ng i qua h thng t tr. Cc ng i ny s khng c ci vo bng chn
ng ca giao thc IP bi v AS 2 v AS 3 hc mt ng i n mng 172.16.1.0 t
AS 1 vi mt danh sch cc h thng t tr l ngn nht.
*
Thuc tnh bc k tip (Next-Hop Attribute) Gi tr thuc tnh k tip ca EBGP l
mt a ch IP c s dng n c router ang gi thng tin qung b. i vi cc
lng ging EBGP, a ch bc k tip l a ch IP ca ni kt gia cc lng ging. i
vi IBGP, a ch bc k ca EBGP c a vo mt AS nh minh ha di y:
Hnh 5.18 S dng thuc tnh Next-Hop trong BGP

Router C qung b ng i n mng 172.16.1.0 vi bc k tip l 10.1.1.1. Khi
router A truyn b ng i ny trong AS ca n, thng tin v bc k tip ra bn ngoi
AS hin ti vn c gi li. Nu router B khng c thng tin chn ng lin quan n
bc k tip ny, ng i s b hy b. Chnh v th, iu quan trng l cn phi c mt
IGP vn hnh bn trong mt AS truyn ti tip thng tin v ng i n bc k tip
*
Thuc tnh cng ng (Community Attribute)
Thuc tnh cng ng cung cp mt phng tin nhm cc ch n li vi nhau thnh
cc cng ng m da vo cc quyt nh chn ng c p dng. Bn ng i
c s dng i vi thuc tnh cng ng. Cc thuc tnh cng ng c nh ngha
trc gm c:
*
no-export: Khng qung b ng i ny n cc lng ging EBGP.
*
no-advertise: Khng qung b ng i ny n bt k lng ging no.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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*
internet: Qung b ng i ny n cng ng Internet .
Hnh di y minh ha cho cng ng no-export. AS 1 qung b mng 172.16.1.0 n
AS 2 vi thuc tnh cng ng no-export. AS 2 s truyn ng i ny trong AS 2 nhng
s khng gi n n AS 3 hoc bt k mt AS khc.
Hnh 5.19 - S dng thuc tnh community trong BGP

Hnh di y minh ha trng hp AS1 qung b mng 172.16.1.0 n AS 2 vi thuc
tnh cng ng l no-advertise. Router B trong AS 2 s khng qung b thng tin ny n
bt k router no khc
Hnh 5.20 - S dng thuc tnh no-advertise trong BGP

Hnh di y minh ha cho thuc tnh cng ng Internet. Khi s khng c gii hn
v cc router s nhn c thng tin qung b ny t AS 1.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 5.21 - S dng thuc tnh Internet trong BGP

5.5.8.3 Chn la ng i trong BGP (BGP Path Selection)
Mt router BGP c kh nng nhn nhiu thng tin qung b ng i cho cng mt
ch n t nhiu ngun khc nhau. BGP chn la mt ng i trong s chng nh l
ng i tt nht. Khi mt ng i c chn, BGP t ng i ny vo trong bng
chn ng ca giao thc IP v gi ng i ny n cc lng ging ca n. BGP s dng
cc tiu chun sau, theo th t c lit k, chn ng i n mt ch n no :
-Nu bc k tip trong ng i khng th n c, loi b thng tin cp nht ng i
ny.
- Tham kho n cc ng i c trng lng ln nht.
- Nu c nhiu ng i c trng lng ln nht bng nhau, ng i c thuc tnh tham
kho cc b ln nht s c chn.
- Nu cc thuc tnh tham kho cc b li ging nhau, ng i c gc l router BGP hin
ti c chn la.
- Nu khng c ng i vi gc xut pht l router hin ti, tham kho n ng i qua
cc AS ngn nht.
- Nu tt c cc ng i c cng s AS, tham kho n ng i vi kiu xut pht nh
nht (Vi IGP th thp hn EGP, v EGP th thp hn khng hon chnh).
- Nu m ca gc ging nhau, tham kho n ng i c thuc tnh MED thp nht..
- Nu cng MED, tham kho n cc ng i ra bn ngoi hn l ng i bn trong.
- Nu vn cng ng i th tham kho n cc ng i xuyn qua mt IGP lng ging
gn nht.
- Tham kho n ng i c a ch IP thp nht nh c c t bi s hiu ca cc
router BGP.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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BI 6 : M NG CUC B O (Virtual LAN)

1. Gi i thi u
Mt mng LAN o (VLAN) c nh ngha nh l mt vng qung b (broadcast
domain) trong mt mng s dng switch. Vng qung b l mt tp hp cc thit b trn
mng m n s nhn cc khung qung b c gi i t mt thit b trong tp hp . Cc
vng qung b thng c gii hn nh vo cc router, bi v cc router khng chuyn
tip cc khung qung b.
Mt s switch c h tr thm tnh nng VLAN nh c th nh ngha mt hay nhiu
VLAN trong mng. Khi mt switch h tr nhiu VLAN, khung qung b trong mt
VLAN s khng xut hin trn cc VLAN khc.
Vic nh ngha cc VLAN cho php nh qun tr mng xy dng cc vng qung b vi t
ngi dng trong mt vng qung b hn. Nh tng c bng thng cho ngi dng.
Cc router cng duy tr s tch bit ca cc vng ng bng cch kha cc khung
qung b. V th, giao thng gia cc VLAN ch c thc hin thng qua mt b chn
ng m thi.
Thng thng, mi mng con (subnet) thuc v mt VLAN khc nhau. V th, mt mng
vi nhiu mng con s c th c nhiu VLAN. Switch v VLAN cho php nh qun tr
mng gn nhng ngi dng vo cc vng qung b da trn yu cu cng vic ca h.
iu ny cho php trin khai cc mng vi mc mm do cao trong vn qun tr.
S dng VLAN c cc li ch sau:
- Phn tch cc vng qung b to ra nhiu bng thng hn cho ngi s dng
- Tng cng tnh bo mt bng cch c lp ngi s dng da vo k thut ca cu ni.
- Trin khai mng mt cch mm do da trn chc nng cng vic ca ngi
dng hn l da vo v tr vt l ca h. VLAN c th gii quyt nhng vn
lin quan n vic di chuyn, thm v thay i v tr cc my tnh trn mng.
2. Vai tr c a Switch trong VLAN
Switch l mt trong nhng thnh phn ct li thc hin vic truyn thng trong
VLAN. Chng l im ni kt cc trm u cui vo gin hon chuyn ca switch v cho
cc cuc giao tip din ra trn ton mng. Switch cung cp mt c ch thng minh
nhm nhng ngi dng, cc cng hoc cc a ch lun l vo cc cng ng thch hp.
Switch cung cp mt c ch thng minh thc hin cc quyt nh lc v chuyn tip cc
khung da trn cc thc o ca VLAN c nh ngha bi nh qun tr.
Tip cn thng thng nht phn nhm ngi s dng mng mt cch lun l vo cc
VLAN ring bit l lc khung (filtering frame) v nhn dng khung (frame Identification).
C hai k thut trn u xem xt khung khi n c nhn hay c chuyn tip bi switch.
Da vo mt tp hp cc lut c nh ngha bi nh qun tr mng, cc k thut ny xc
nh ni khung phi c gi i (lc hay l qung b). Cc c ch iu khin ny c
qun tr tp trung (bng mt phn mm qun tr mng) v d dng trin khai trn mng.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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2.1. C ch lc khung (Frame Filtering)

Lc khung l mt k thut m n kho st cc thng tin c bit trn mi khung.
tng ca vic lc khung cng tng t nh cch thng thng m cc router s dng.
Mt bng lc c thit lp cho mi switch cung cp mt c ch iu khin qun tr
mc cao. N c th kho st nhiu thuc tnh trong mi khung. Ty thuc vo mc
phc tp ca switch, bn c th nhm ngi s dng da vo a ch MAC ca cc trm,
kiu ca giao thc tng mng hay kiu ng dng. Cc mc t trong bng lc s c so
snh vi cc khung cn lc bi switch v nh switch s c cc hnh ng thch hp
Hnh 6.1 VLAN s dng c ch lc khung

2.2. C ch nhn dng khung (Frame Identification)
C ch nhn dng khung gn mt s nhn dng duy nht c nh ngha bi ngi
dng cho tng khung. K thut ny c chn bi IEEE v n cho kh nng m rng tt
hn so vi k thut lc khung.
C ch nhn dng khung trong VLAN l mt tip cn m c pht trin c bit cho
cc cuc giao tip da vo switch. Tip cn ny t mt b nhn dng (Identifier) duy nht
trong tiu ca khung khi n c chuyn tip qua trc xng sng ca mng. B nhn
dng ny c hiu v c phn tch bi switch trc bt k mt thao thc qung b hay
truyn n cc switch, router hay cc thit b u cui khc. Khi khung ra khi ng trc
ca mng, switch g b nhn dng trc khi khung c truyn n my tnh nhn.
K thut nhn dng khung c thc hin tng 2 trong m hnh OSI. N i hi mt t
x l v cc n lc qun tr.
3. H n ch truy n qu ng b.
Giao thng hnh thnh t cc cuc truyn qung b xy ra trn tt c cc mng. Tn

sut truyn qung b ty thuc vo tng loi ng dng, tng loi dch v, s lng cc
nhnh mng lun l v cch thc m cc ti nguyn mng ny c s dng. Mc d cc
ng dng c tinh chnh trong nhng nm gn y gim bt s ln truyn qung b
m n to ra, nhiu ng dng a phng tin mi c pht trin m n to ra nhiu
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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cuc truyn qung b hoc truyn theo nhm.

Khi thit k mng cn ch n phng php hn ch li vn qung b. Mt trong
nhng phng php hiu qu nht l thc hin vic phn on mng mt cch hp l vi
s bo v ca cc bc tng la (firewall) trnh nhng vn nh s hng hc trn
mt nhnh mng s nh hng n phn cn li ca mng. V th trong khi mt nhnh
mng b bo ha do cc thng tin qung b to ra th phn cn li s c bo v khng b
nh hng nh vo bc tng la, thng thng c ci t trong cc router.
Hnh 6.2 - VLAN ngn nga thng tin qung b

Phn nhnh mng bng tng la cung cp mt c ch tin cy v gim ti thiu s bo ha
to ra bi cc thng tin qung b nh cung cp nhiu hn bng thng cho cc ng dng
Khi cc nh thit k chuyn cc mng ca h sang kin trc s dng switch, cc mng tr
nn mt i cc bc tng la v s bo v m cc router cung cp. Khi khng c router
c t gia cc switch, cc thng tin qung b (c thc hin tng 2) c gi i n
tt c cc cng ca switch. Trng hp ny c gi l mng phng (flat) tn ti mt
vng qung b cho ton mng.
VLAN l mt c ch hiu qu m rng tnh nng ca cc bc tng la trong cc
router vo trong cc gin hon chuyn ca switch v cung cp mt c ch bo v mng
trc cc thng tin truyn qung b. Cc bc tng la ny c thit lp bng cch gn
cc cng ca switch hoc ngi s dng mng vo cc VLAN m n c th thuc mt
switch hay nm trn nhiu switch khc nhau. Cc thng tin qung b trn mt VLAN
khng c truyn ra ngoi VLAN. Nh cc cng khc khng phi nhn cc thng tin
qung b t cc VLAN khc. Kiu cu hnh ny cn bn gim c s qu ti do cc
thng tin qung b to ra trn mng, dnh bng thng cho cc giao thng cn thit cho
ngi s dng v trnh c s tc nghn trn mng do cc cn bo qung b to ra.
Bn c th d dng iu khin kch thc ca vng qung b bng cch iu chnh li kch
thc tng th ca cc VLAN, hn ch s lng cng ca switch trn mt VLAN v hn
ch s lng ngi s dng trn mt cng. Mt VLAN c kch thc cng nh th cng c
t ngi b nh hng bi cc thng tin qung b to ra trong VLAN
4. Cc m hnh ci t VLAN
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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4.1. M hnh ci t VLAN da trn cng

Trong s ny, cc nt ni cng mt cng ca switch thuc v cng mt VLAN.
M hnh ny tng cng ti a hiu sut ca chuyn ti thng tin bi v:
*
Ngi s dng c gn da trn cng
*
VLANs c qun l mt cch d dng
*
Tng cng ti a tnh an ton ca VLAN
*
Cc gi tin khng r r sang cc vng khc
*
VLANs v cc thnh phn c iu khin mt cch d dng trn ton mng
Hnh 6.3 - Ci t VLAN da trn cng

4.2. M hnh ci t VLAN tnh
VLAN tnh l mt nhm cng trn mt switch m nh qun tr mng gn n
vo mt VLAN. Cc cng ny s thuc v VLAN m n c gn cho n khi nh
qun tr thay i. Mc d cc VLAN tnh i hi nhng thay i bi nh qun tr,
chng th an ton, d cu hnh v d dng theo di. Kiu VLAN ny thng hot
ng tt trong nhng mng m nhng s di di c iu khin v c qun l
S vn hnh ca cc VLAN ng c da trn a ch vt l MAC, a ch lun l
hay kiu giao thc ca gi tin.
Khi mt trm c ni kt ln u tin vo mt cng ca switch, switch tng ng s
kim tra mc t cha a ch MAC trong c s d liu qun tr VLAN v t ng cu
hnh cng ny vo VLAN tng ng. Li ch ln nht ca tip cn ny l t qun l
nht vi vic ni dy khi mt ngi s dng c ni vo hoc di di v vic cnh
bo c tp trung khi mt my tnh khng c nhn bit c a vo mng.
Thng thng, cn nhiu s qun tr trc thit lp c s d liu bng phn mm
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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qun tr VLAN v duy tr mt c s d liu chnh xc v tt c cc my tnh trn ton

mng.
Hnh 6.7 -Ci t VLAN tnh

4.3. M hnh ci t VLAN ng
VLAN ng l nhm cc cng trn mt switch m chng c th xc nh mt cc t
ng vic gn VLAN cho chng. Hu ht cc nh sn xut switch u s dng phn
mm qun l thng minh
Hnh 6.7 -Ci t VLAN ng
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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BI 7 : DANH SCH I U KHI N TRUY C P

1. Khi ni m danh sch truy c p
Danh sch truy cp l nhng pht biu dng c t nhng iu kin m mt
nh qun tr mun thit t, nh router s x l cc cuc truyn ti c m t
trong danh sch truy cp theo mt cch thc khng bnh thng. Danh sch truy cp
a vo nhng iu khin cho vic x l cc gi tin c bit theo mt cch thc duy
nht. C hai loi danh sch truy cp chnh l:
* Danh sch truy cp chun (standard access list): Danh sch ny s dng cho vic
kim tra a ch gi ca cc gi tin c chn ng. Kt qu cho php
hay t chi gi i cho mt b giao thc da trn a ch mng/mng con hay a
ch my.
V d : Cc gi tin n t giao din E0 c kim tra v a ch v giao thc. Nu
c php, cc gi tin s c chuyn ra giao din S0 c nhm trong danh sch
truy cp. Nu cc gi tin b t chi bi danh sch truy cp, tt c cc gi tin cng
chng loi s b xa i.
Hnh 7.1 - ngha ca danh sch truy cp chun

Danh sch truy cp m rng (Extended access list): Danh sch truy cp m rng kim
tra cho c a ch gi v nhn ca gi tin. N cng kim tra cho
cc giao thc c th, s hiu cng v cc tham s khc. iu ny cho php cc nh
qun tr mng mm do hn trong vic m t nhng g mun danh sch truy cp kim
tra. Cc gi tin c php hoc t chi gi i ty thuc vo gi tin c xut pht
t u v i n u:
2. Nguyn t c ho t ng c a Danh sch truy c p
Danh sch truy cp din t mt tp hp cc qui lut cho php a vo cc iu

khin cc gi tin i vo mt giao din ca router, cc gi tin lu li tm thi router
v cc gi tin gi ra mt giao din ca router. Danh sch truy cp khng c tc dng
trn cc gi tin xut pht t router ang xt.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 7.2 - Nguyn tc hot ng ca danh sch truy cp

Khi u ca tin trnh th ging nhau khng phn bit c s dng danh sch
truy cp hay khng: Khi mt gi tin i vo mt giao din, router kim tra xc nh
xem c th chuyn gi tin ny i hay khng. Nu khng c, gi tin s b xa i.
Mt mc t trong bng chn ng th hin cho mt ch n trn mng cng vi
chiu di ng i n ch v giao din ca router hng v ch n ny.
K tip router s kim tra xc nh xem giao din hng n ch n c
trong mt danh sch truy cp khng. Nu khng, gi tin s c gi ra vng m cho
ng ra tng ng, m khng b mt danh sch truy cp no chi phi.
Gi s giao din nhn c t trong mt danh sch truy cp m rng. Nh qun
tr mng s dng cc biu thc lun l, chnh xc thit lp danh sch truy cp
ny. Trc khi mt gi tin c th c a n giao din ra, n phi c kim tra
bi mt tp cc quy tc c nh ngha trong danh sch truy cp c gn cho giao
din.
Da vo nhng kim tra trn danh sch truy cp m rng, mt gi tin c th
c php i vi cc danh sch vo (inbound list), c ngha l tip tc x l gi tin
sau khi nhn trn mt giao din hay i vi danh sch ra (outbound list), iu ny c
ngha l gi gi tin n vng m tng ng ca giao din ra. Ngc li, cc kt qu
kim tra c th t chi vic cp php ngha l gi tin s b hy i. Khi hy gi tin,
mt vi giao thc tr li gi tin cho ngi gi. iu ny bo hiu cho ngi gi
bit rng khng th i n ch c.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 7.3- Nguyn tc lc da trn danh sch truy cp

Cc lnh trong danh sch truy cp hot ng mt cch tun t. Chng nh gi
cc gi tin t trn xung. Nu tiu ca mt gi tin v mt lnh trong danh sch truy
cp khp vi nhau, gi tin s b qua cc lnh cn li. Nu mt iu kin c tha
mn, gi tin s c cp php hay b t chi. Ch cho php mt danh sch trn mt
giao thc trn mt giao din.
Trong v d trn, gi s c s trng hp vi bc kim tra u tin v gi tin b
t chi truy cp giao din hng n ch n. Gi tin s b b i v a vo mt
thng rc. Gi tin khng cn i qua bt k bc kim tra no khc.
Ch cc gi tin khng trng vi bt k iu kin no ca bc kim tra u tin mi
c chuyn vo bc kim tra th hai. Gi s rng mt tham s khc ca gi tin
trng khp vi bc kim tra th hai, y l mt lnh cho php, gi tin c php
chuyn ra giao din hng v ch.
Mt gi tin khc khng trng vi bt c iu kin no ca bc kim tra th nht v
kim tra bc th hai, nhng li trng vi iu kin kim tra th ba vi kt qu l
c php.
Ch rng: hon chnh v mt lun l, mt danh sch truy cp phi c cc
iu kin m n to ra kt qu ng cho tt c cc gi tin. Mt lnh ci t cui cng
th bao trm cho tt c cc gi tin m cc bc kim tra trc u khng c kt
qu ng. y l bc kim tra cui cng m n khp vi tt c cc gi tin. N l kt
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qu t chi. iu ny s lm cho tt c cc gi tin s b b i.

2.1. T ng quan v cc l nh trong Danh sch truy c p
Trong thc t, cc lnh trong danh sch truy cp c th l cc chui vi nhiu
k t. Danh sch truy cp c th phc tp nhp vo hay thng dch. Tuy nhin
chng ta c th n gin ha cc lnh cu hnh danh sch truy cp bng cch a
chng v hai loi tng qut sau
Loi 1: Bao gm cc lnh c bn x l cc vn tng qut, c php c m t
nh sau:
-Access-list access-list- number
{permit|deny}
{test conditions}
-Access-list: l t kha bt buc
-Access-list-number: Lnh tng th ny dng nhn dng danh sch
truy cp, thng thng l mt con s. Con s ny biu th cho loi ca danh sch
truy cp.
-Thut ng cho php (permit) hay t chi (deny) trong cc lnh ca
danh sch truy cp tng qut biu th cch thc m cc gi tin khp vi iu kin
kim tra c x l bi h iu hnh ca router. Cho php thng thng c ngha l
gi tin s c php s dng mt hay nhiu giao din m bn s m t sau.
-Test conditions: Thut ng cui cng ny m t cc iu kin kim tra
c dng bi cc lnh ca danh sch truy cp. Mt bc kim tra c th n gin
nh l vic kim tra mt a ch ngun. Tuy nhin thng thng cc iu kin kim
tra c m rng cha ng mt vi iu kin kim tra khc. S dng cc lnh
trong danh sch truy cp tng qut vi cng mt s nhn dng chng nhiu iu
kin kim tra vo trong mt chui lun l hoc mt danh sch kim tra.
Loi 2: X l ca danh sch truy cp s dng mt lnh giao din. C php nh sau:
{protocol} access-group
access-list-number
Vi:
Protocol: l giao thc p dng danh sch truy cp Access-group: l t kha
Access-list-number: S hiu nhn dng ca danh sch truy cp c nh ngha
trc.Tt c cc lnh ca danh sch truy cp c nhn dng bi mt con s tng
ng vi mt hoc nhiu giao din. Bt k cc gi tin m chng vt qua c cc
iu kin kim tra trong danh sch truy cp c th c gn php s dng bt k mt
giao din trong nhm giao din c php
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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BI 8: THI T K M NG C C B LAN
1. Gi i thi u ti n trnh thi t k m ng LAN
Mt trong nhng bc quan trng nht m bo mt h thng mng nhanh
v n nh chnh l khu thit k mng. Nu mt mng khng c thit k k lng,
nhiu vn khng lng trc s pht sinh v khi m rng mng c th b mt n
nh. Thit k mng bao gm cc tin trnh sau:
-Thu thp thng tin v yu cu v mong mun ca ngi s dng mng.
-Xc nh cc lung d liu hin ti v trong tng c hng n kh nng pht
trin trong tng lai v v tr t cc server.
-Xc nh tt c cc thit b thuc cc lp 1,2 v 3 cn thit cho s mng
LAN v WAN.
-Lm ti liu ci t mng mc vt l v mc lun l.
S c nhiu gii php thit k cho cng mt mng. Vic thit k mng cn hng n
cc mc tiu sau:
-Kh nng vn hnh: Tiu ch u tin l mng phi hot ng. Mng phi p
ng c cc yu cu v cng vic ca ngi s dng, phi cung cp kh nng
kt ni gia nhng ngi dng vi nhau, gia ngi dng vi ng dng vi mt
tc v tin cy chp nhn c.
-Kh nng m rng: Mng phi c m rng. Thit k ban u phi c m
rng m khng gy ra mt s thay i ln no trong thit k tng th.
-Kh nng tng thch: Mng phi c thit k vi mt cp mt lun hng v
cc cng ngh mi v phi m bo rng khng ngn cn vic a vo cc cng
ngh mi trong tng lai.
-C th qun l c: Mng phi c thit k sao cho d dng trong vic theo
di v qun tr m bo s vn hnh sun s ca cc tnh nng.
Chng ny ch yu tp trung vo tin trnh thit k mng v vn lm ti liu.
2. L p s thi t k mng
Sau khi cc yu cu cho mt mng tng th c thu thp, bc k tip l

xy dng s mng (topology) hay m hnh mng cn c thit lp. Vic thit k
s mng c chia ra thnh 3 bc:
-Thit k s mng tng vt l
-Thit k s mng tng lin kt d liu o Thit k s mng tng mng.
2.1. Pht tri n s m ng t ng v t l
S i dy l mt trong nhng vn cn phi c xem xt khi thit k mt mng.
Cc vn thit k mc ny lin quan n vic chn la loi cp c s dng, s
i dy cp phi tha mn cc rng buc v bng thng v khong cch a l ca
mng.
S mng hnh sao s dng cp xon i CAT 5 thng c dng hin nay. i
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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vi cc mng nh, ch cn mt im tp trung ni kt cho tt c cc my tnh vi iu

kin rng khong cch t my tnh n im tp trung ni kt l khng qu 100 mt.
Thng thng, trong mt ta nh ngi ta chn ra mt phng c bit lp t cc
thit b mng nh Hub, switch, router hay cc bng cm dy (patch panels). Ngi ta
gi phng ny l i Ni phn phi chnh MDF (Main distribution facility).
Hnh 8.1 - S dng MDF cho cc mng c ng knh nh hn 200 mt

i vi cc mng nh vi ch mt im tp trung ni kt, MDF s bao gm mt hay
nhiu cc bng cm dy ni kt cho nm ngang (HCC - Horizontal Cross Connect
patch panel).
Hnh 8.2 - S dng HCC patch panel trong MDF

S lng cp chiu ngang (Hirizontal Cable) v kch thc ca HCC patch panel (s
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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lng cng) ph thuc vo s my tnh ni kt vo mng.

Khi chiu di t my tnh n im tp trung ni kt ln hn 100 mt, ta phi cn
thm nhiu im tp trung ni kt khc. im tp trung ni kt mc th hai c
gi l Ni phn phi trung gian (IDF -Intermediate Distribution Facility). Dy cp
ni IDF v MDF c gi l cp ng (Vertical cabling).
Hnh 8.3 - S dng thm cc IDF cho cc mng c ng knh ln hn 200 mt

c th ni cc IDF v mt MDF cn s dng thm cc patch panel ni kt
cho chiu ng (VCC - Vertical Cross Connect Patch Panel). Dy cp ni gia hai
VCC patch panel c gi l cp chiu ng (Vertical Cabling). Chng c th l cp
xon i nu khong cch gia MDF v IDF khng ln hn 100 mt. Ngc li phi
dng cp quang khi khon cch ny ln hn 100 mt. Tc ca cp chiu ng
thng l 100 Mbps hoc 1000 Mbps.
Hnh 8.4 - S dng VCC patch panel ni IDF vi MDF
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Sn phm ca giai on ny l mt b ti liu c t cc thng tin sau:

-V tr chnh xc ca cc im tp trung ni kt MDF v IDFs.
-Kiu v s lng cp c s dng ni cc IDF v MDF
Hnh 8.5 - Ti liu v v tr ca MDF v cc IDF

-Cc u dy cp phi c nh s v ghi nhn s ni kt gia cc cng trn HCC
v VCC patch panel. V d di y ghi nhn v thng tin cc si cp c s dng
ti IDF s 1
Hnh 8.6 - Ti liu v dy ni ti mt IDF
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2.2. N i k t t ng 2 b ng switch
S ng v kch thc vng ng l hai yu t nh hng n hiu nng ca
mng. Bng cch s dng cc switch chng ta c th phn nh cc nhnh mng nh
c th gim bt c tun sut ng gia cc my tnh v gim c kch
thc ca vng ng trong mng
Hnh 8.7 - S dng Switch m rng bng thng mng

Mt u th na i vi cc switch bt i xng l n c h tr mt s cng c thng
lng ln dnh cho cc server hoc cc cp chiu dng ni ln cc switch / router
mc cao hn.
Hnh 8.8 - S dng cng tc cao trong switch

xc nh kch thc ca vng ng bn cn phi xc nh bao nhiu my tnh
c ni kt vt l trn tng cng ca switch. Trng hp l tng mi cng ca
switch ch c mt my tnh ni vo, khi kch thc ca vng ng l 2 v ch c
my gi v my nhn tham gia vo mi cuc giao tip
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Hnh 8.9 - Ni trc tip cc my tnh vo switch

Trong thc t ta thng dng switch ni cc Hub li vi nhau. Khi mi Hub s
to ra mt vng ng v cc my tnh trn mi Hub s chia s nhau bng thng
trn Hub.
Hnh 8.10 - Ni HUB vo switch

Thng thng ngi ta s dng Hub tng s lng cc im ni kt vo mng cho
my tnh. Tuy nhin cn phi m bo s lng my tnh trong tng vng ng
phi nh v m bo bng thng cho tng my tnh mt. a s cc Hub hin nay u
c h tr mt cng tc cao hn cc cng cn li (gi l up-link port) dng ni
kt vi switch tng bng thng chung cho ton mng.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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BI 9 : S D NG PH N M M MICROSOFT VISIO THI T K

M NG
1. Gi i thi u
Visio l mt chng trnh v s thng minh, c tch hp vo b chng trnh
Microsoft Office t phin bn 2003. MS Visio cho php bn th hin bn v mt cch
trc quan. Hn na, n cn cung cp nhiu c tnh khin cho s ca bn ngha
hn, linh ng hn v ph hp hn vi nhu cu ca bn. Ngoi ra, bn c th sao chp
bn v ca mnh qua cc phn mm khc .
(v d : MS. Word, MS. Excel,) .
C nhiu phin bn ca Visio khc nhau ty theo nhu cu. Trong qu trnh thc hnh,
ta s lm vic vi mt trong 2 phin bn sau:
Microsoft Visio 2000 Enterprise Edition.
Microsoft Office Visio 2003 .
Trong phin bn ny, bn c th to cc s lin quan n cng vic nh l:
Biu dng (flowcharts),
S t chc (organization charts),
V lch trnh d n (project scheduling).
Ngoi ra, phin bn ny cn cho php bn to cc s mang tnh k thut, chng hn
to cc bn v xy dng, thit k nh, s mng, s phn mm, s trang web, s
my mc, v cc s k thut khc.
S t chc, c trong c 2 phin bn, l mt dng s thng c s dng trong
cng vic kinh doanh. Vi s t chc v bng Visio, bn cn c th gn kt d liu
vo cc hnh trong s . D liu cho hnh c gi l custom properties. i vi s
t chc, bn c th chn mt khung nhn vin, gn n vi cc thng tin quan trng nh :
a im, s in thoi, phng ban, v cc d liu ny tr thnh 1 phn ca biu .
Mt l do khc to ra cc s t chc trong Visio l bn c th to chng t
ng bng cch s dng thng tin t mt ngun d liu no . Chng hn, bn c th
t mt s t chc trong 1 CSDL, mt bng tnh Excel, hay thm ch l h thng th
in t ca cng ty bn. Ch cn sau vi c nhp chut, biu c sn cho bn m
khng cn phi nhp g c.
Tm li sau khi hc song phn mm ny mi sinh vin u c th t thit k ng
mng ca ring mnh tu thuc theo s sng toca mnh, ngoi ra cn c th s dng
phn mm ny lm mt s cng vic phc v cho hc tp cng nh vic lm ....m nh
chng ti v lit k trn y.
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2. Lm vi c v i VISIO
2.1. M v thot khi Visio

M : Start/ Program/ Microsoft Visio
Thot : Gi lnh File/ Exit, hoc nhp vo gc trn bn phi
2.2. To mi, lu, ng v m li bn v
To mi : Gi lnh File/ New -> chn kiu s
Mt s kiu s hu ch trong Microsoft Office Visio 2003 l :
S khi
S logic
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S mng
Ngoi ra cn nhiu kiu v khc nh s s phn mm, s mch in t,gia
ph,...chng ta u c th dng phn mm ny v mt cch nhanh v chnh xc.
Lu bi : Gi lnh File/ Save (Save As) -> t tn -> Save
ng bi : Gi lnh File/ Close
M li bi c : Gi lnh File/ Open -> chn tn bi -> Open
2.3. Thay i ca s mn hnh v cc thanh cng c
- Thay i t l phng mn hnh: View / Zoom => chn t l % phng
- Xem vi kch thc tht : View / Actual Size (100%)
- Xem ton th trang : View / Whole Page (29%)
- Xem ton mn hnh : View / FullScreen
- Bt tt cc thanh cng c : View/ Toolbars=>chn thanh cng c
- Bt tt thanh trng thi : View / Status Bar
- Bt tt ca s Drawing: View / Window / Drawing Explorer
- Bt tt ca s Pan&Zoom : View / Window / Pan&Zoom
- Bt tt ca s thuc tnh : View / Window / Custom Properties
- Bt tt ca s kch thc : View / Size&Position Window
- Bt tt thc k : View / Rulers
- Bt tt k li : View / Grids
- Bt tt ch dn : View / Guides
- Bt tt im kt ni : View / Connection Points
- Bt tt phn cch trang : View / Page Breaks
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- Thm tiu u & chn : View / Header & Footer

2.4. Cc thao tc c bn (hiu chnh v nh dng )
- Chn 1 hnh : Chn cng c Pointer ri nhp vo hnh v
- Chn nhiu hnh : Chn cng c Pointer ri v hnh ch nht bao quanh cc hnh cn
chn. Hoc c th nhp chn hnh th 1, sau , gi phm Ctrl v nhp chn cc hnh
cn li.
- Di ch : Mun di ch 1 hnh hay 1 nhm hnh chn, chut gia hnh (nhm
hnh), sao cho hin ra du , ri dng thao tc nm ko di hnh (nhm hnh)
sang v tr khc.
- Sao chp : Thc hin tng t thao tc di ch, nhng nhn gi phm Ctrl trong lc
nm ko.
- Phng to, thu nh : Chn hnh (nhm hnh), chut ti cnh, hoc gc ca hnh, sao
cho hin ra du hoc hoc , ri dng thao tc nm ko phng to hoc thu
nh hnh (nhm hnh).
- Xa hnh : Chn hnh cn xa, nhn phm Delete trn bn phm
- Xoay hnh t do : chn hnh cn xoay, nhp vo chm trn mu xanh pha trn hnh,
gi v ko chut xoay hnh. C th di tm ca hnh n v tr khc, khi hnh s
quay theo v tr tm mi.
- Xoay hnh 90o : chn hnh cn xoay, nhp phi vo hnh, chn Shape -> Rotate Left
(xoay tri) hoc Rotate Right (xoay phi).
- Lt hnh : chn hnh cn lt, nhp phi vo hnh, chn Shape -> chn Flip Vertical (lt
dc) hoc Flip Horizontal (lt ngang).
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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BI 10 : XY D NG M NG LAN
1. Cc k thu t u n i
2. Cc b c ti n hnh thi cng
3. u n i v c u hnh ph n c ng
4. Ci t h i u hnh m ng
Ci t Windowns 2000 Server
Cc yu cu chun b trc khi ci t
Yu cu cho my ci t Windows2000 Server dng cho mc ch thc tp th ch cn l
my Pentium III, tc 1.2 GHz, RAM 256, cng cn trng khong 2 GB l .
Trong thc t s dng cn nhng my tnh chuyn nghip c th hot ng 24/24 gi
mi ngy, c kh nng thay a cng khi ang hot ng v y tin ch sao chp
d phng d liu.
nh dng h thng
Nu bn ci t Win2kServer ln mt phn cha nh dng ca a, bn s c yu
cu chn loi h thng nh dng. Windows 2000 h tr cc loi nh dng h thng bao
gm NTFS v FAT .
NTFS
NTFS l loi nh dng h thng c h tr bi Windows2000 v WindowsNT. N c
tt c cc tnh nng ca FAT, cng thm cc tnh nng khc nh security, compression
v kh nng m rng partition. Version mi nht ca NTFS l NTFS 5.0 c cung cp
km vi cc CD ci t Windows 2000.
FAT16 and FAT32
FAT16 v FAT32 l loi nh dng h thng trn Windows 9x. N khng c nhng tnh
nng m NTFS h tr, tuy nhin nu bn mun partition ca bn c nhn thy bi cc
h iu hnh khc ngoi Windows2000 v WindowsNT th bn phi nh dng a
theo FAT.
Mt vi im lu
Bn c th s dng mt partition tn ti hay khi to mt partition mi khi ci

t h iu hnh.
Bn c th chuyn mt partition nh dng FAT sang NTFS, nhng khng th

chuyn ngc li.
Bn c th nh dng li cho mt partition ang tn ti theo dng FAT hay NTFS,

nhng tt c cc thng tin trn s mt.
Bn nn chn FAT nu bn mun c ci t h iu hnh kp gm Windows

2000 v Window9x trn cng mt my tnh.
Bn nn chn NTFS nu bn ci t Windows 2000 Server s dng cc im

u vit ca NTFS.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Ci t Windows 2000 Server t a CD

a. Khi CD khi ng xong (dng CD Rom khi ng, thong thng cc CD
Rom dng ci Windows 2000 Server u khi ng c, nu khng bn
phi lm 04 a mm 1.4M khi ng) th xut hin ca s kim tra phn
cng.
Hnh 9.1: Kim tra phn cng

b. Sau khi kim tra phn cng xong, chn la nhn Enter hoc C theo yu
cu.
Hnh 9.2: Nhn ENTER ci t Win2k
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Hnh 9.3: Nhn phm C tip tc
Hnh 9.4: Nhn F8 tip tc

c. Nu my c nhiu a (partition) chn a ci t, cn nu my ch c 01
a (cha nh dng) th nhn Enter tip tc ci t
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Hnh P9.5: Chn phn vng cng ci t
Hnh 9.6: Chp nhn format cng

Chn mc Format partition using NTFS file system hoc chn Format partition
using NTFS file system nu khng mun lm li partition ca a.
Sau chng trnh s chp nhng tp tin cn cn thit cho vic ci t Windows v
cui cng l khi ng li my.
d. Nhp vo nt customize chn ngn ng h thng khi xut hin ca s
vo general. Chn Vietnamese trong khung Language settings the for
system tng t cho khung Setting for the current user.
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Hnh 9.7: Chn mc Vietnamese

e. Khi nh dng xong nhp vo nt Apply ri nhp Ok khi xut hin ca
s nhp vo tn v t chc tip theo l ca s yu cu nhp vo s Cdkey (v

d RBDC9 VTRC8-D7972-J97JY-PRVMG ) ri nhp Next
Hnh 9.8: Nhp tn cng ty hay t chc
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Hnh 9.10: Nhp CD Key ca a ci t

Khi bn nhp ng s Cdkey, nhp password vo, nhp Next tip tc
Hnh 9.11: Nhp tn my, tn ng nhp v mt khu

Cng vic tip theo ca bn l ch nh cc mc cn ci t, trong mc Internet
information services (IIS) bn nhp i chut tri ca s mc chn trong internet
information services. Nhng tt nht bn nn mc nh cc mc cn thit s c
cp n trong phn cu hnh h thng
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Hnh 9.12: Gi nguyn cc mc nh
Hnh 9.13: Gi nguyn cc mc nh

Ca s tip theo yu cu bn nh li ngy, thng, nm, gi, v mi gi
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Hnh 9.14: Chn mi gi h thng
Hnh 9.15: Qu trnh ci t bt u

nh dng xong thi gian h thng th vic ci t bt u. Khi ci t xong th my
s khi ng li, bn chn I will configure this server later (chng ta s cu hnh sau)
Nng cp ln Windows 2000 Server
a. Cho a ci t v CD, khi ca s xut hin nhp vo Intall Window2000,
nu khng xut hin ca s ny bn vo Start-> Run nhp vo nt Browse
chn a CD, chn tp tin setup nhn Open, ri nhn Ok.
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Hnh 9.16: Chn Install Windows 2000
Hnh 9.17: Chn Upgrade to Windows 2000

b. Khi ca s nh xut hin bn chn Upgade window 2000 nu mun h iu
hnh hin thi tr thnh h iu hnh windows 2000, hoc chn Install a new
copy window 2000 nu bn mun ci mi (bn s c hai chn la khi khi
ng: h iu hnh Windows c ca bn, v Windows 2000 Server), ri nhn
Next.
c. Quy nh v bn quyn, bn chn I accept this agreement ri nhp Next. Khi
yu cu nhp s CD Key vo, bn phi nhp chnh xc s CDKey .
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 9.18: Chp nhn nhng yu cu

d. Tip theo bn nh dng ngn ng chnh cho h thng.Tip theo l bn nh
dng li cng theo chun NTFS ( nu a bn cha nh dng theo chun

ny) bn chn Yes, Upgade my drive
Hnh 9.19: Chn ngn ng ting Anh
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Hnh 9.20: Nng cp a ln theo h thng NTFS

e. Thng tin ci t v th mc ngun v ch, bn nhp vo nt Directory of
Applications th thng tin s hin ln nu khng xem bn nhn Next

tip tc khi my s chp nhng tp tin cn thit cho vic ci t. Khi chp
xong my t ng khi ng li my. n y cc bc tip theo s tng t
nh trong phn ci t t a CD Boot.
Hnh 9.21: Chn th mc cha cc tp tin quan trng

Thit lp cu hnh TCP/IP trn Windows 2000 Server
a. Tng quan:
L mt giao thc nh tuyn: nhng packet TCP/IP c th gi chuyn tip
gia cc router.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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L mt giao tip ca Internet: nu my tnh Windows ca bn mun kt ni

Internet bn cn s dng giao thc TCP/IP.
L mt chun giao tip c s dng rng ri.
b. Cc lp dch v NWLink v NetBEUI
NWLink:
L giao thc cho php Windows giao tip c vi mng Novell NetWare
IPX/SPX.
Mt my tnh Windows Workstation ci dch v Client Service for Netware
v giao thc NWLink c th kt ni dch v File hay Print trn NetWare.
Bt k mt my tnh client no trong mng Microsoft u c th kt ni n
bt c ti nguyn no trn Server NetWare thng qua mt gateway
Windows Server ci dch v Gateway Service for NetWare.
NetBEUI:
NetBEUI c thit k cho mng nh Microsoft, v mt u im ca
NetBEUI l cho php Windows giao tip c vi nhng h iu hnh ca
Microsoft vi phin bn c trc y.
c. Lp cu hnh IP tnh cho Server v ci t giao thc TCP/IP:
Bn va ci card mng, bn chun b thng mng (tc l ni cc my client vo
server). Vy phn ny s hng dn bn thit lp IP Address tnh cho my server v
kim tra n bng cc lnh ipconfig.
Cc bc thc hin:
1. Log on vo Server vi quyn Administrator.
2. Nhp Start-> Setting-> Network And Dial-Up Connection
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 9.22: Network and Dial-up Connection

d. Nhp chut vo Local Area Connection, chn Properties (Hnh PII.24).
Hnh 9.23: Local Area Connection Properties

e. Trong hp thoi Local Area Connection Properties, nhp i vo Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) (ch l du check box phi c check)
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh 9.24: Local Area Connection Properties

f. Trong hp thoi Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties (Hnh PII.27), chn
Use the following IP Address. Nhp gi tr vo cc nhp IP Address,
Subnet mask, Default Gateway. Nhp OK.
Hnh 9.25: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties

Tp lnh c bn h tr kim tra cu hnh mng
a. Lnh ipconfig:
C php:
ipconfig
Cng dng:
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Kim tra a ch cu hnh mng ca my hin ti. Nu my tnh s dng dch v DHCP
th a ch IP khng c nh sau mi ln khi ng my.
Hnh 9.26: Kim tra cu hnh mng ca my hin ti

b. Lnh ping:
C php:
ping <a ch IP ca my cn kim tra>
Cng dng:
Kim tra s lin thng gia my ang s dng v my khc trong mng. Kt qu nh
hnh PII.32 l thnh cng.
Hnh 9.27: Dng lnh ping kim tra thng mng.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-91-
Hnh 9.28: My bn v my 172.29.3.171 cha thng mng

c. Lnh net send:
C php:
net send <a ch IP> <thng ip>
Cng dng:
Dng gi mt thng ip t my ang s dng n cc my tnh khc trong mng.
Nu mng thng th thng ip s c gi i v thng bo thnh cng xut hin.
Hnh 9.30: Dng lnh net send gi thng ip v kim

tra thng mng
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-92-
Hnh 9.31: Thng ip c nhn

d. Lnh nslookup:
C php:
nslookup
Cng dng:
kim tra dch v DNS. Sau khi nh lnh ny my yu cu nhp a ch IP ca my
cn tm tn (k hiu > l yu cu nhp), hoc nhp tn my phn gii thnh a ch IP.
Nhp lnh exit thot khi.
Hnh 9.32: Dng lnh nslookup kim dch v DNS

e. Mt s lnh nng cao khc:
Lnh ftp:
chuyn ti d liu, s dng giao thc FTP (File transfer protocol), yu cu phi c
dch v FTP c ci t.
Lnh telnet:
Truy cp t xa n mt my xa, dch v telnet phi c ci t trc khi s dng
lnh ny. Hin nay thng thng mi Server khng dng telnet na v d b tn cng,
m thay bng SSH (Secure Shell).
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-93-
Thc hnh s dng chc nng My Network Places duyt cc my tnh trong
mng
Ngi s dng c th duyt qua cc my trong mng bng cch sau:
a. Nhp
i
vo
biu
tng
My
Network
Places:
Trong ca s My Network Places, m mc Entire Network
Hnh 9.33: Nhp i vo Entire Network

b. Trong ca s Entire Network, nhp chn vo lin kt entire contents
Hnh 9.34: Nhp chn vo entire contents

c. Ti ca s tip theo m mc Microsoft Windows Network
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-94-
d. Trong ca s Microsoft Windows Network, chn biu tng nhm
my m xem v chn.
Hnh 9.35: Nhp i vo Workgroup
Hnh 9.36: Chn my Matweb32

e. Ti nguyn c chia s ca my c hin th trong ca s ny khi
m chn my.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-95-
Hnh 9.37:Cc ti nguyn chia s trn my Matweb32
5. Ci t cc d ch v m ng
Ci t v qun tr dch v DHCP v WINS trn Windows Server 2000
Mc tiu ca ch ca phn ny nhm gii thiu v hng dn bn ci t v s dng
dch v DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuataion Protocol) nhm cung cp a ch IP ng
cho cc my tham gia vo mng. Tip theo l nhng hng dn chi tit v dch v
WINS (Microsoft Windows Internet Nameing Sevice) phc v vic phn gii tn my
tnh thnh a ch IP nhm cho php cc my tnh trn mng thy nhau v trao i thng
tin
Dch v cp pht a ch IP ng
Gii thiu dch v DHCP (Dynamic Host Configutation Protocol)
DHCP l g, ti sao phi dng DHCP?
Mt my tnh hay thit b khc phi c cu hnh theo mt tham s trc khi c th
hot ng trn mt mng. Ta phi cu hnh cc tham s nh tn lnh vc v a ch IP
ca h khch, a ch IP ca h phc v DNS phn gii tn ca h ch v mt n con.
Khng c cc tham s cu hnh ny, mt my tnh hay thit b khc khng th tng tc
vi cc thit b khc trn mng. Ngy nay hu ht cc mng TCP/IP u s dng DHCP
t ng cp cc a ch IP v cc tham s cho h khch. Khi ci t DHCP, bn s
da vo my phc v DHCP cung cp thng tin c bn cn thit cho hot ng ni
mng TCP/IP: a ch IP, mt n mng con, b nh tuyn mt nh, my phc v DNS
chnh v ph, my phc v WINS chnh v ph, tn vng DNS.
DHCP c thit k nhm n gin ho cc tc v qun tr ca vng AD. DHCP c
dng gn thng tin cu hnh. cho my khch mng, nh vy khng nhng tit kim
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-96-
c thi gian trong giai on lp cu hnh. h thng m cn cung cp c ch tp trung

cp nht cu hnh.. DHCP cho php chi phi hot ng gn a ch IP ti im tp trung.
Cc bc ci t DHCP
a. Vo StartSettingsControl Panel bn nhn chut vo Add/Remove
Programs nh trong Hnh PV.1
Hnh : Chn Add/Remove Windows Components

thm hay g b chng trnh
Hp thoi vi Add/Remove Windows Components thm hay g b nhng thnh

phn
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-97-
b. Trong hp thoi Add/Remove Programs bn nhn chut vo Add/Remove
Windows Components. Hnh PV.2

c. Trong hp thoi ta di chuyn con tr ti Networking Services v sau d bn
nhn chut vo nt Details.xem Hnh PV.3
Chn Networking Services ri nhn ni Details

d. Bn nhn chut vo Dynamis Host Configutation Protocol (DHCP) ri Ok
cui cng l bn chn Next 2 ln. Hnh PV.4
Chn Dynamic Host Configuration Protocal (DHCP) ci t thnh phn DHCP

e. By gi bn ci t xong dch v DHCP.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-98-
Hon tt qu trnh ci t DHCP

Cu hnh dch v DHCP
a. Vo StartSettings ProgramsAdministrative ToolsDHCP. Hp thoi
xut hin bn nhn chut vo Action trong Hnh PV.6 bn chn New Scope.
Hp thoi New Scope Wizard xut hin Hnh PV.7 bn nhn Next.
Hp thoi DHCP, chn menu Action->New Scope
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
-99-
Hp thoi New Scope Wizard

b. Hp thoi xut hin bn nhp tn my vo mc Name v nhn Next.
Trang Scope name, t tn cho phm vi tn

c. Hp thoi xut hin bn nhp a ch s IP cp pht t ng cho cc my trm vo
cc sau: Start Address (a ch IP u tin), End Address (a ch IP cui cng)
v Subnet Mask cho khong IP tng ng. Nhn Next tip qu trnh cu hnh.
dch v ny, Hnh PV9.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
100-
Trang IP Address Range, nhp phm vi cc a ch IP s cung cp

d. Hp thoi xut hin bn nhp a ch s IP cp pht cho nhng my m bn nh
nhp tnhloaira trong s IP ng nh sau: Start Address (a ch IP u tin), End
Address (a ch IP cui cng) ri nhn Add v bn cng c th tng a ch vo
mc Start Address sau nhn Add nu bn nhp xong th nhn Next.
Phm vi cc IP c bit khng c phn phi

e. Hp thoi xut hin bn nhp ch ra thi gian m a ch IP ng s dng, lc u
my quy nh cho bn l 8 ngy, bn c th sa i vo cc mc sau: Days (s
ngy), Hours (gi) v Minutes (pht). Nu bn mun khng gii hn th chn tt
c l 0. Chn ri nhn Next.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
101-
Thi hn my khch c th s dng a ch IP

f. Hp thoi xut hin hi bn l mun ch ra cc dch v khc cho cc my trm
nh: DNS, WINS, nu bn mun th chn Yes ri nhn Next tip tc cu
hnh., ngc li th chn No.
Cc tu chn khc
g. Hp thoi xut hin bn nhp ch vo IP Address ca Router (Default Gateway)
ri nhn Add, Next.
Nhp a ch ca Router
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
102-
h. Hp thoi xut hin bn nhp tn Domain v Server ca DNS vo hai mc Parent
Domain v Server name, a ch IP ca my DNS vo IP Address, nhn Add,

Next.
i. Hp thoi xut hin bn nhp tn server ca WINS vo Server name, a ch IP
vo IP Address, nhn Add, Next.
Tn my phc v (Server name) c ci dch v WINS

j. Trong hp thoi New Scope Wizard mun khi ng DHCP ngay hy chn Yes,
nhn Next v Finish..
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
103-
Hon tt qu trnh cu hnh. DHCP

Kim tra dch v DHCP trn Server
kim tra dch v DHCP cu hnh c b li khng bn vo cy th mc nh Hnh
PV.17 sau: nu bn thy biu tng c mu xanh l bn cu hnh. ng.
Address Pool c mu xanh l cy khi t dch v DHCP ng

Cu hnh IP ng cho my Client
Mc tiu: bn cu hnh xong dch v DHCP, phn ny s hng dn bn cu hnh.
tt c my client nhn IP Address v ng k vi DHCP server.
Cch cu hnh a ch ng trong ca s Local Area Connection Properties
+ Bc 1: ng nhp vo mt my ci Win2kPro
+ Bc 2: Trong ca s Control Panel, chn Network and Dial-Up Connection.
+ Bc 3: Nhp phi chut vo mc Local Area Connection, chn Properties.
+ Bc 4: Trong hp thoi Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties, chn Obtain an IP

Address automatically.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
104-
Cch kim tra a ch IP c cp pht cho my tnh

Thc hin kim tra a ch ng c cp pht nh sau:
+ Bc 1: Vo Start-> Run, nhp cmd ri Enter, ca s DOS xut hin.
+ Bc 2: G ipconfig /all | more.
Dng lnh ipconfig (vi tu chn /all) xem cc chc l my bn ang s dng dch v
DHCP, v a ch my cung cp dch v DHCP
G lnh ping a ch IP ca mt my bt k.
Lnh ping kim tra thng mng

Dch v WINS
Gii thiu dch v WINS
Microsoft Windows Internet Nameing Sevice (WINS) l dch v phn gii tn, c chc
nng phn gii tn my tnh thnh a ch IP cho php cc my tnh trn mng tm thy
nhau v truyn ti thng tin. WINS hot ng tt nht trong mi trng my khch /my
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
105-
phc v (Client/Server), ni my khch WINS gi yu cu phn gii tn my phc v

WINS, n phin mnh my phc v WINS s phn gii yu cu v hi p. My tnh s
dng NetBIOS truyn ti yu cu v hi p. My tnh s dng NetBIOS cung cp
API cho php my tnh trn mng giao tip vi nhau. Khi ci t giao thc mng
TCP/IP trn my phc v hay my khch, NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NBT) cng ng thi
c ci t NBT l dch v thuc tng Session, cho php chng trnh ng dng
NetBIOS da vo WINS hay tp tin LMHOSTS cc b phn gii tn my tnh thnh
a ch IP. Trn mng chy h iu hnh trc Windows 2000, WINS l dch v phn
gii tn ch yu. mng Windows 2000, vai tr ny thuc v DNS, WINS c vai tr
khc, l cho php h thng trc Windows 2000 duyt danh sch ti nguyn trn
mng v cho php h thng Windows 2000 nh v ti nguyn NetBIOS. Trong
Microsoft Windows 2000, WINS khng c t ng ci t khi bn ci h iu hnh.
Mun dng WINS bn phi ci t .
Ci t WINS
Cc bc ci t:
+ Bc 1: Nhp Stars->Setting->Control Panel
+ Bc 2: Nhp p biu tng Add/Remove Programs.
+ Bc 3: Nhp Add/Remove Windows Components,nhp next.
+ B 4: Trong phn Components Networking Services chn WINS.
Cu hnh my ch v my khch vi WINS

kch hot c ch phn gii tn WINS trn mng, bn phi lp cu hnh. my phc v
v my khch WINS, nh khai bo a ch IP ca cc my phc v WINS trn mng
cho my khch bit. Da vo a ch IP ny my khch c th giao tip vi my phc
WINS bt c u trn mng, cho d my phc ang thng tr trn mng con khc.
My khch WINS cn giao tip thng qua phng php broadcast, trong my khch
pht rng thng ip n nhng my khc trn on mng cc b ang yu cu cp a
ch IP. Do thng ip c pht rng nn my phc v WINS coi nh ngi chi xi
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
106-
nc. My khch no khng ci WINS nhng c h tr loi hnh pht rng thng ip
cng c th vn dng phg php ny phn gii tn my tnh thnh a ch IP.
Khi my khch giao tip vi my phc v WINS, chng thit lp phin giao tip c ba
phin ch yu:
+ ng k tn: Sut tin trnh ng k tn, my khch cung cp tn my tnh v a ch
IP ca n cho my phc v v yu cu my phc v a thng tin ny vo c s d liu
WINS, Hnh PV. 21
+ Gia hn tn: Tn ng k khng c hiu lc vnh vin. Thay vo , my khch ch
c php s dng tn trong mt giai on c th, gi l thi gian thu bao (lease). My
khch cn c quy nh thi gian bt buc phi gia hn tn thu bao, gi l chu k gia
hn (renewal interval). My khch phi ng k li vi my vi my phc v WINS
theo chu k gia hn n nh.
+ Gii phng tn: Nu my khch khng th gia hn tn thu bao, tn ng k s c
gii phng, cho php h thng khc trn cng mng c c hi s dng tn my tnh hay
a ch IP ny. Tn cng c gii phng khi bn ng my khch WINS bt k.
Cc phng php phn gii tn

Khi my khch thit lp phin giao tip vi my phc v WINS, my khch c th yu
cu cung cp dch v phn gii tn. p dng phng php no phn gii tn my tnh
thnh a ch IP cn tu thuc vo cu hnh mng. C bn phng php phn gii tn
my tnh kh dng:
B-node: Pht rng thng ip nhm phn gii tn my tnh thnh a ch IP.
Nhng my tnh cn phn gii tn s pht rng thng ip n tng my ch trn
mng cc b, yu cu cp a ch IP cho my tnh c th.
P-node: Dng my phc v WINS phn gii tn my tnh thnh a ch IP. Nh
gii thch trc phin my khch gm ba phn: ng k tn, gia hn tn, v
gii phng tn. Khi cn phn gii tn my tnh thnh a ch IP, my khch gi
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
107-
thng ip truy vn my phc v, n phin mnh, my phc v s hi p cho

my khch.
M-node (Modified Node): Kt hp gia B-node v P-node, vi M-node, my
khch WINS trc tin s th dng B-node phn gii tn. Nu tht bi, my
khch li dng n P-node. Do B-node c s dng trc, nn phng php ny
cng gp tr li mc s dng di thng mng, ht nh B-node.
H-node (Hybrib Node): Cng kt hp B-node v P-node nhng y my khch
WINS s th p dng P-node phn gii tn. Trng hp tht bi, my khch s c
pht rng thng ip vi B-node. V P-node l phng php chnh nn H-node
cung cp hiu sut thi hnh ti u trn hu ht mng. H-node cng l phng
php mc nh cho hot ng phn gii tn WINS.
Cu hnh my phc v WINS
Khi ci t my phc v WINS my phc c lp cu hnh. vi cc xc lp mc nh,
bn c th thay i xc lp mc nh:
1. Trong console WINS, nhp nt phi chut vo my phc v cn lm vic,chn
properties m hp thoi sau,
2. Thay i gi tr thuc tnh trn cc trang Genaral, Interval, Database Verification,

Advance(tm hiu sau).
3. Nhp OK khi xong vic.
Cu hnh my khch WINS
1. Trn desktop, nhp chut phi vo My Network Place chn Properties, nhp phi
vo Local Connection chn Properties.
2. Nhp i vi Internet Protocol(TCI/IP), Nhp vo Advance, chn WINS.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
108-
3. Chn tip Add, nhp vo IP ca WINS server, nhp Add..
B sung my ch WINS
Khi ci t my phc v mi, my ny c lp cu hnh. vi cc xc lp mc nh. Bn
c th xem v v thay i xc lp mc nh bt c lc no thng qua console WINS.
Console WINS truy cp t th mc Adminitrative Tools (common), l ni bn qun l
cc my phc v WINS trn mng. Ca s chnh ca console WINS; c chia thnh
hai khung. Khung bn tri lit k my phc v WINS trong vng theo a ch IP, k c
my tnh cc b, nu y cng l my phc v WINS.
Nu mt my phc v WINS cn lp cu hnh khng c tn trong console WINS, tin

hnh b sung vo console nh sau:
+ Bc 1: Nhp nt phi chut vo WINS bn khung tri,chn Add Server.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
109-
+ Bc 2: G a ch IP hay tn my tnh ca my phc v WINS c qun l, Hnh

PV. 26
+ Bc 3: Nhp OK.Khung bn tri xut hin thm mc nhp dnh cho my phc v
WINS ny, Hnh PV. 27
Khi ng v ngng WINS:
Cng tc qun l my phc v WINS c thc hin qua Windows Internet Naming
Service. Tng t mi dch v khc, bn c th khi ng, ngng hn hay tm dng tip
tc chy WINS trong th mc Servers ca Computer Management hay t dng lnh.
qun l my phc v WINS thng qua Computer Management nhp nt phi chut
vo WINS, chn All Task, Start, Stop, Pause, Resume, Restart tu tnh hung. Cng c
th qun l WINS trong console WINS: Nhp nt phi chut vo my phc v s
c qun l trong console WINS chn All Tasks, chn tip Start, Stop, Pause, Resume,
Restart, tu tnh hung, Hnh PV. 28
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
110-
Xem thng k trn my ch:

Chc nng thng k my phc v cung cp thng tin tm tt cho WINS, thun tin cho
vic gim st v s l li WINS, xem ch cn nhp nt chut vo my phc v
WINS trong console WINS, chn Display Server Statistics, Hnh PV. 29
Server Start Time: Thi im WINS khi ng trn my phc v.

Database Initialized: Thi im c s d liu WINS c khi to.
Statistics Last Cleared: Thi im thng tin thng k my phc v c xo ln
cui.
Last Piriodic Replication: Thi im c s d liu WINS c sao chp ln
cui, da trn tn s sao chp quy nh trong hp thoi Pull Prarner Properties.
Last Manual Replication: Thi im c s d liu WINS c nh qun tr sao

chp ln cui.
Last Net Update Replication: Thi im c s d liu WINS c sao chp ln

cui da trn thng tin v hot ng y (push).
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
111-
Last Address Change Replication: Thi im c s d liu WINS c sao

chp ln cui da trn thng ip thay i a ch.
Total Queries: Tng s vn tin (yu cu ) my phc v nhn c k t ln khi

ng cui cng. Records Found cho bit s yu cu c gii quyt thnh cng. Records
Not Found ch ra s yu cu tht bi.
Total Release: Tng s thng ip nhn c,cho bit c mt chng trnh ng

dng NetBIOS gii phng tn ng k ca n v t ng li. Records Found ch ra s
ln gii phng thnh cng. Records Not Found biu th s ln gii phng tht bi.
Unique Registrations: Tng s thng ip ng k tn nhn c t my khch

WINS (v c duyt). Conflicts nu r s trng hp trng tn gp phi i vi mi
tn my tnh. Renewals cho bit s ln gia hn nhn c cho tng tn my tnh khng
trng lp.
Group Registrations: Tng s thng ip ng k tn nhn c t nhm.

Conflics ch ra s ln trng lp i vi tn nhm. Renewals cho bit s ln nhn c
gia hn cho tn nhm.
Total Registrations: Tng s thng ip ng k tn nhn uc t my khch.
Last Periodic Scavenging: Ln xo cui cng xy ra da trn tn s gia hn n

nh trong hp thoi WINS Sover Configuration.
Last Extintion Scavenging: Ln xo cui cng da trn tn s xo trng quy

nh trong hp thoi WINS Sever Configuration.
Last Verification Scavenging: Ln xo cui cng xy ra da trn tn s kim tra

nh r trong hp thoi WINS Server Configuration.
Cu hnh my phc v WINS
Khi ci t my phc v WINS, my phc c lp cu hnh vi cc thng s xc lp
mc nh. Bn c th thay i nh sau:
Trong console WINS, nhp nt phi chut vo my phc v cn lm vic,chn
properties m hp thoi
2. Thay i gi tr thuc tnh trn cc trang Genaral, Interval, Database Verification,

Advance.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
112-
3. Nhp OK khi xong vic.

Cp nht thng tin thng k WINS
Mc nh, nhng thng k WINS c cp nht c 10 pht/ ln. Nu mun bn c th
thay i tn s cp nht hay ngng hn c tnh t ng cp nht:
1. Trong console WINS, nhp nt phi chut vo my phc v cn lm vic,
chn properties.
2. Nhp th(tab) Genaral.
3. n nh tn s cp nht: chn Automatically Update Statistics Every, ri g
gi tr biu th tn s cp nht.
4. Ngng t ng cp nht: xo chn Automatically Update Statistics Every.
Nhp OK
Qun l hot ng ng k, gia hn v gii phng tn

Tn my tnh c ng k trong c s d liu WINS theo khong thi gian c th, gi
l thi gian thu bao. Bng cch quy nh tn s gia hn, xo trng v kim tra, bn s
kim sot c nhiu phng din ca thu bao tn.
1. Trong console WINS, nhp chut phi chn my phc v cn qun l, chn
properties.Chuyn sang trang Interval,
Renewal Interval: nh r thi gian c hiu lc ca tn thu bao,qua my
khch WINS bt buc phi gia hn tn my tnh ca mnh. Thng thng my
khch s c gia hn khi 50% thi hn thu bao tri qua, gi tr ti thiu l
40 pht. Ga tr mc nh l 6 ngy, c ngha my tnh s c gia hn tn thu
bao 7 ngy/ln. Tn my tnh no khng gia hn s b nh du v c gii
phng (released).
Extinction Interval: Quy nh thi hn tn my tnh c th b nh du l
bin mt (extinct). Khi tn my tnh c gii phng, bc k tip l nh
du n bin mt. Ga tr ny phi ln hn hay bng ga tr Renewal Interval,
tc 4 ngy.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
113-
Verification Interval: nh r thi hn sau mt my phc v WINS phi
kim tra nhng tn c m n khng s hu. Nu tn khng cn hot ng,

chng c th b xo, gi tr ti thiu l 24 ngy. Thng th, tn my tnh c
ng k my phc v WINS khc s c ch s hu khc, v th chng c
xp vo hng mc ny.
Ghi nhn cc s kin vo nht k s kin ca Windows
S kin WINS t ng c ghi nhn vo nht k s kin h thng. Mc d khng th
v hiu ho c tnh ny, bn vn c php kch hot tm thi ch ghi nht k chi
tit, nhm gip s l li WINS, cch lm nh sau:
1.
Trong Console WINS, nhp nt phi chut vo my phc v cn lm vic,
chn Properties.
2.
M trang Advanced, chn Log Detail Events To Thew Widows Event Logs,
Chn s hiu phin bn cho c s d liu WINS
S hiu phin bn (version ID) dnh cho c s d liu WINS t ng cp nht khi
thc hin thay i cho c s d liu. Nu c s d liu WINS t nhin b hng, buc
phi phc hi c s d liu qua mng, bn s cn truy cp my phc v WINS chnh,
nh version ID gi tr cao hn gi tr tng ng trn mi i tc xa, mun xem v
thay i s hiu phin bn hin hnh:
1. Trong Console WINS, nhp phi chut vo Active Registrations, chn Find
Owner m hp thoi cng tn.
2. Trn trang Owners, ct Hightest ID ch r s hiu phin bn cao nht ang dng
trn my phc v. Ga tr ny c n nh theo dng thc thp lc phn vi gi
tr ti a l 231
3. Lu gi tr version cao nht, nhp cancel .
4. Nhp phi chut vo mc nhp dnh cho my phc v WINS chnh khung tri,
chn Properties.
5. Trn trang Advance, g gi tr mi vo trng Starting Version ID. Phi g gi
tr ny cho ng thp lc phn v nhp OK.
Lu v phc hi cu hnh WINS
Sau khi lp cu hnh WINS cn thit hy lu thng tin cu hnh sau ny c th phc
hi n trn my phc v WINS. Mun th, g netsh WINS dump>>winsconfig.dmp
ti du nhc lnh,
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
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Hnh PV. 35
v d ny, winsconfig.dmp l tn kch bn cu hnh s to. To xong kch bn, g
nesth exec winsconfig.dmp ti du nhc lnh nu cn phc hi cu hnh.
Hnh PV. 36
Qun l c s d liu WINS :
Bn phi tch cc qun l WINS hu duy tr tnh hiu qu ca hot ng phn gii tn
trn mng. Nhng mc tip theo trnh by cc tc v qun l thng thng.
Kho st kt qu nh x trong c s d liu WINS
Khi th mc Active Registrations c chn khung bn tri, khung bn phi ca
console WINS s lit k nhng mu tin bn chn xem. Mi mc nhp biu th mt
mu tin trong c s d liu WINS. Bn tri mc nhp xut hin mt trong hai biu
tng. Biu tng nhiu my tnh nu r kt qu nh x l tn nhm, vng, nhm
Internet. nh x cn cho bit thm nhng thng tin sau y:
Record Name: Tn NetBIOS hon chnh ca my tnh, nhm, hay dch v ng

k trong c s d liu .
Type: Loi mu tin phi hp vi kt qu nh x ny, nh 00h Workstation.
IP Adress: a ch IP phi hp vi kt qu nh x.
State: Trng thi ca mu tin, chng hn Active (hot ng) hay Released (c
gii phng)
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
115-
Owner: a ch IP ca my phc v WINS s hu mu tin.

Version: S hiu phin bn ca c s d liu ngun,tc ni mu tin to thnh.
Expiration: Ngy/gi ht hiu lc kt qu nh x,cc nh x tnh c xc lp
Expiration l Infinite, c ngha chng c hiu lc v thi hn (tr khi b chng hay xo
i).
Kim tra tnh nht qun ca c s d liu WINS
p dng cch sau kim tra tnh nht qun ca c s d liu:
+ Nhp nt phi chut ln my phc v cn s l trong console WINS, chn
Properties,
+ Trn trang Database Verification, chn Verify Database Consistency EveryG
tn s kim tra v d 24 gi /ln hay 48 gi /ln.
+ trng Begin Verify At, g thi im bt u kim tra, da vo chu k 24 gi.
Nu cn, nh r gi tr Maximum Number Of Records Verified Each Priod. Gi tr
mc nh l 30000.
C th kim tra mu tin da vo cc my phc v ch s hu hay da vo nhng i tc
c chn ngu nhin. Phng php chn ngu nhin cho kt qu chnh xc nht trn
mng rt ln, ni bn khng th kim tra ton b mu tin trong ch mt ln. Cn khng
th hy chn Owner Server kim tra mu tin trn my phc v c ch nh l ch
s hu mu tin.
+ Nhp OK khi xong vic.
Sao lu v phc hi c s d liu WINS
Lp cu hnh cho WINS t ng sao lu
Mc nh c s d liu WINS khng c sao lu. Nu c s d liu gp s c, bn s
v phng phc hi. Nhm bo ton c s d liu trc nhng s c bt k, hy thit
lp ch sao lu t ng hay t mnh thc hin sao lu theo nh k.
+ Nhp phi chut vo my phc v mong mun trong console WINS, chn Properties.
+ Trn General, g ung dn th mc s cha bn sao lu vo trng Default Backup
Path. Nhp Browse nu mun duyt tm th mc,
+ Chn Backup Database During Server Shutdown nhm m bo c s d liu c
sao lu mi khi my phc v WINS ngng vn hnh.
+ Nhp OK, c s d liu s t ng c sao lu c 3 gi/ln.
Phc hi c s d liu
iu kin phc hi l phi c sn bn sao lu hon chnh ca c s d liu WINS.
+ Chn my phc v cn lm vic trong console WINS
+ Nhp menu Action, chn All Tasks->Stop.
+ Chn Retore Database cng t menu Action.
+ Trong Browse For Folder, chn th mc con wins_back, vn cha bn sao lu mi
nht, ri nhp OK.
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
116-
+ Nu phc hi thnh cng, c s d liu WINS s c tr v trng thi ti thi im

sao lu. Chn ActionAllTasksStart.
+ Trng hp phc hi tht bi, c l bn phi xo mi tp tin WINS v li to dng t
u.
Xo trng WINS v bt u vi c s d liu mi:
Nu WINS khng phc hi t bn sao lu hay khng khi ng bnh thng, gii php
l xo trng mi mu tin v nht k WINS, sau xy dng tt c t c s d liu mi.
Theo cc bc sau:
1. Trong Console WINS, chn Properties t menu tt ca my phc v cn lm
vic.
2. Trn trang Advanced, lu ng dn th mc trng Database Path,
nhp OK ng hp thoi li.
3. Chn ActionAllTasksStop ngng vn hnh my phc v.
4. M Microsoft Windows Explorer, xo tt c tp tin trong th mc c s d
liu WINS.
5. Trong Console WINS nhp nt phi chut vo my phc v ang nh phc
hi, chn AllTasksStart khi ng li my phc v WINS,
KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG
117-

Giao Trinh KT Mang Lan 208

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TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

5.7.3. nh dng gi tin (Packet Format) ............................................................................................49

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

Ci t v qun tr dch v DHCP v WINS trn Windows Server 2000....................................................96

KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

mm ca gii php khng phi ch c gi thnh ca h iu hnh c chn m n cn

d dng cho vic ni kt v trao i thng tin gia cc my tnh vi nhau, vo

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

hai my tnh c th trao i thng tin c vi nhau cn c rt nhiu vn lin quan.

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

Tng lin kt d liu: Khung (Frame)

Tng Mng: Gi tin (Packet)

Tng vn chuyn: on (Segment)

Hnh 1.1 - X l d liu qua cc tng

KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

Hnh 1.2 - Kin trc ca mt s h iu hnh mng thng dng

KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

V ch c mt ng truyn vt l trong mng LAN, ti mt thi im no LAN

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

3. Cc s n i k t m ng LAN (LAN Topologies)

LAN topology nh ngha cch thc m cc thit b mng c t chc sp

KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

4. Cc lo i thi t b s d ng trong m ng LAN

Card giao tip mng (NIC- Network Interface Card)

B chuyn mch (Switch)

EIA (Electronic Industry Association)

TIA (Telecom Industry Association)

ISO (International Standard Organization)

ANSI (American National Standard Institute)

802.3: Chun cho mng Ethernet

802.4: Chun cho mng Token-Bus

802.5: Chun mng Token-Ring

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

Hnh 2.2 Kin trc mng cc b theo IEEE 802

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

Hnh 3.1 Hn ch ca Repeater/HUB

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

chui cc bits nhn c t cng 1 v chuyn chng sang cng 2. iu ny v tnh

By gi ta thay th Repeater bng mt Bridge. Khi Frame N2 gi cho N1 n cng

Hnh 3.2 Bridge khc phc nhc im ca Repeater/HUB

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

Cu ni trong sut c s dng ni cc mng Ethernet li vi nhau. Ngi ta gi l

Cng hng n my tnh

Hnh 3.3 - Bng a ch cc b ca cu ni

KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH

2.1.3. V n vng qu n - Gi i thu t Spanning Tree

Hnh 3.4 Vn vng qun trong mng

KHOA TIN HC-NGOI NG

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGHIP DT MAY NAM NH