s|LlZrogLl6 / ;fF:s[lt

;dfhdf ;Ff:s[ltn] s]xL s'/f ug{nfO{ cg'dlt lbPsf] x'G5 eg] s]xL s'/f jlh{t u/]sf] x'G5 . To;}ul/
;fF:s[lt ljZjfJofkL?kdf Ps} x'Gg . g]kfnL OzfO{x? ljr o]z"nfO{ hLjgdf ckgfP kl5 ;a} k'/fgf l/tLl/jfh /
;fF:s[ltnfO{ TofUg'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 eg] sltn] rfFxL arfpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf af]s]sf]n] o; s'/fdf s]xL
cGof}n b]vf k/]sf] 5 . To;}ul/ OzfOx?nfO{ ;fF:s[lt lj/f]wL x'g eg]/ cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] / ;tfj6 lbPsf] klg
kfO{G5 .
jt{dfg ;dodf xfdL ;Ff:s[lts ljljwtf / ax'wfld{s jftfj/0fdf /x]/ lh/x]sf 5f} . o;}n] ljrf/x? w]/}
ks|f/sf 5g\ . oL bz{gx?, ljrf/x? Jff ;f+;fl/s ljrf/wf/fx? rfFxL ;}4flGts / ;Ff:s[lts kl/jt{gsf pkhx?
x'g . o:tf k|sf/sf kl/jt{gx?n] xfd|f] ;fF:s[lt s:tf] 5 elg kl/eflift ug]{ ub{5 . gd'gfsf] nflu, ax'afbn] ;a}
;f+;f/Ls ljrf/wf/fx? 7Ls xf] elg dfGb5 eg] lj1fgn] dfq tYo s'/f atfpg ;S5 wd{n] xf]O{g eGg] ljrf/ klg
5 clg o:tf ljrf/x?sf] ljrdf s|LlZrogLl6 rfFxL ljljwtfsf] ljrdf ;d:of Nofpg] Ps cgf}7f] tTjsf] ?kdf
x]l/G5 . oxL sf/0fn] g]kfndf ljb]zL wd{ / ;fF:s[lt Nofpg], xfd|f] k/Dk/f gfZg] / cdgrogdf vnn Nofpg]
h:tf cf/f]k OzfO{x?nfO{ nufO{g] ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . obL o;f] xf] eg] xfdLn] s] s'/fdf kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L 5 t<
s;/L OzfO{x?n] o:tf] cj:yfdf hjfkm lbg ;S5g\< jf s;/L xfdL jl/kl/sf ;fF:s[lt ;Fu Jojxf/ ug]{ t< oL
kZgx?df xfdL s]lGb|t eO{ ;fF:s[lt af/] rrf{ ug]{5f} .
;fF:s[lt rflx s]xL s'/f k|flKtsf] nflu dfgj hfltn] ug]{ sfo{ xf] . xfdL ;Ff:s[lt leq dfq x's{b}gf} t/
xfdL xfd|f] xft / duhn] ;fF:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f klg ub{5f} . ljZjf ;';dfrf/sf] nflu nfp;fg] ;ldltn] lbPsf]
kl/efiff s]xL xb;Dd km/fsLnf] 5 ;fF:s[lt eg]sf] lj:jf;, dfGotf, k/Dk/f, ;+:yfx?sf] Ps Plss[t k|0ffnL xf]
h;n] ;dfhnfO{ Psdf afFWb5 / ;dfhnfO{ klxrfg, kl/ro, ;'/Iff / lg/Gt/\tfsf] efj lbb5. ;fF:s[lt ;[li6
dfly dflg;n] agfpg] bf];|f] jftfj/0f xf] h;df efiff, hLjg z}nL, ljrf/x?, ljZjf;, k/Dk/f, ;fdfhLs ;+:yfx?,
snf, sfo{ jLlwx? / dfGotfx? kb{5g .
s|LlZrogLl6 rfxL wd{ xf] h;n] cfkm}nfO{ v|Lli6ofg -s|LlZrog_ elg atfp5g\ -k|]l/t !!M@^, @^M@*,!
kq'; $M!^_ . s|LlZrogLl6 rfxL ljZjsf] Psn OZj/ dfGg]x? dWosf] Ps k|d'v wd{ xf] . v|Lli6ofg? RffFlx
;fwf/0f?kdf o]z' ke'nfO{ d'lQmbftf elg ltgsf lzIffnfO{ k5fpg] dflg;x? x'g . o]z" k/d]Zj/sf k'q x'g h;\nfO{
k/d]Zj/n] dfgjsf] ?kdf k[YjLdf k7fP / xfd|f] kfksf] nflu d/], uf8LP, hLljt eP To;}n] pxfFdf lj:jf;
ug]{x?nfO{ d'lQm lbg'x'G5 / :jfu{ nfg ;Sg] Psdfq OZj/ elg ljZjf; ub{5g . o; wd{df wfdL{s /Lltlyltx?n]
eGbf klg k/d]Zj/ ;Fusf] ;DaGwn] klxnf] :yfg lnPsf] x'G5 . ljwL ljwfgsf] ?kdf s'g} sfd ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g]
eGg' eGbf klg ;fFrf] / hLljt k/d]Zj/;Fusf] ;DaGw glhs x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf o;df x'G5 .
v|Lli6ogx?sf] klg cfkm\g} hLpg] z}nL, ljZjf; / dfGotfx? x'G5g\ t;y{ cGo dfgj ;fF:s[lt ;Fu
v|Lli6og ;Ff:s[ltsf] s:tf] ;DaGw x'G5 t o; ljifodf ;f]rljrf/ / 5nkmn ul/g'kb{5 . ;';dfrfl/o gd'gfsf]
nflu klg OzfOx?n] cfkm\gf] k[yskgnfO{ hLjGt /fVg'kb{5 . o;sf] cy{ s|LlZrofgx?n] cfkmgf] k"j{ ;fF:s[ltnfO{
cGt ug'{k5{ eGg] xf]O{g . t/ ;To rfxL of] xf] sL cfkm\gf] ;fF:s[lt leqsf] c+z h'g v|Lli6ofgLl6;Fu d]n vfFb}g
To;nfO{ 5f]8g'kb{5 / d]n vfg] c+znfO{ ;+/If0f ub}{ ?kfGt/0f ul/g'kb{5 . owkL d'Vo ljZjf;, dfGotf / ;fdfhLs
;+/rgfsf w]/} tTjx? / hLjgsf 9fFrfx? g]kfnLg} jf tkfO{ s'g klxrfg af6 cfpg'ePsf] ;f]xLg} x'g'kb{5 t/ cGo
hLjg hLpg]z}nLx?df eg] k|r'/ dfqfdf km/s x'g ;Sg]5g\ . wd{n] xfd|f] ;fF:s[ltdfly jr{Zj sfod u/]sf] x'G5
To;}n] xfdLn] ;fF:s[lts ls|ofsnfkx? ;Dkfbg ubf{ s]xL g s]xL tj/n] To;n] xfd|f] ljZjf;nfO{ emNsfpb5 .
afOan cg';f/ k/d]Zj/n] dflg;nfO{ 5}6f} lbgdf agfpg'eof] / ;+;f/ el/ km}lng / clwsf/ hdfpg cf1f
1

ug'{eof] o;sf] p4]Zo rfFlx ;[li6n] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;sf]; / dflg;n] o;sf] /]vb]v ug{ ;sf]; eGg] lyof] . xfdLn]
afOan wd{zf:qdf s|LlZrog ;Eotfsf snf, zx/ lgdf{0f tyf a;f]af;sf w]/} j0f{gx? Kffpb5f} t/ dflg;sf]
kfksf] sf/0f dflg;n] lgdf{0f u/]sf oL ;fF:s[ltx? k/d]Zj/ eGbf dfly x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] xfdLn] ug]{ x/]s
;Ff:s[lts s[ofsnfkn] k/d]Zj/nfO{ v'zL kfg'{kb{5 . k/d]Zj/sf] ljz]if cg'u|xsf] sf/0f dflg;nfO{ arfpg o]z'
o; ;F;f/df cfpg'eof] . pxfFdf ljZjf; u/]df xfdLn] d'lQm kfpg]5f} . of] zGb]z xfdLn] u|x0f u/] kl5 xfdLn]
o;af6 JolQmut d'lQmsf] ;Gb]; dfq xf]O{g gofF ;dfh, gofF kl/jf/, gofF /fHo / gofF hLjg z}nLsf] af/]df zGb]z
lbb5f} kmn:j?k gofF ;fF:s[ltsf] ;'?jft x'g k'Ub5 . Pd= km|]gsf cg';f/ dlQm @(M!(@) df k/d]Zj/n] dxfg
cf1f dfq xf]O{g t/ ;fF:s[lts cf1f klg lbg'ePsf] 5 . ;fob pgL l7s} eG5g\ . dxfg cf1fdf ;';dfrf/ ;'gfpg],
alKt:d lbg] dfq geP/ o]z'sf] ;a} cf1fnfO{ kfng ug{ klg l;sfpg' elg n]lvPsf] 5 . ;';dfrf/n] gofF dflg;
agfpb5 / Tof] dflg; cfkm\gf] hLjgdf o]z" k|lt ;dlk{t x'G5 o:tf dflg;x?n] ;+;f/ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
k/d]Zj/sf] dlxdfsf] nflu oLgLx? ;+;f/df km}nb} hfg]5g / ;[li6sf] /]vb]v ug]{5g\ . OZj/Lo kl/jf/, d08nL,
ljBfno, / c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug]{5g\ / snf, ;flxTo, lj1fg cflbsf] ;[hgf ug]{5g . o;/L ;fF:s[lt ?kfGt/0f jf
;+/If0f ug]{ s'/fdf xfdLn] o]z" v|Li6nfO{g} gd'gfsf] ?kdf lng ;Sg]5f} . o]z' v|Li6 ;fF:s[ltsf] lj?2df x'g'x'Gg t/
pxfF ;+;f/ jf ;+;fl/s s'/fsf] lj?2df x'g'x'G5 . OzfO{x?n] ;+;f/ zAbsf] k|of]u rfFxL g/fd|f] s'/fx? jf zf/Ll/s
s'/fx? h;n] kfk tkm{ ws]Nb5 To;sf] lglDt k|of]u ub{5g\ / ;+;f/Ls s'/fx?n] rfFxL ;fF:s[ltsf] g/fd|f] kIfnfO{
hgfpb5 . ;f+:s[ltdf w]/} s'/fx? 5g\ h:t} d'lt{k'hf h;nfO{ OzfO{x?n] k"0f{?kdf OGsf/ ug'{kb{5 lsgsL xfd|f]
lj:jf; ;[lhPsf s'/fx?dfly xf]O{g t/ ;[li6stf{ Psdfq k/d]Zj/ dflysf] xf] .
xfdLn] rr{ -d08nL_ Oltxf;nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] s|LlZrogLl6 j}olQms?df jf ;fd"xLs?kdf ;fF:s[lt;Fu
lg/Gt/ ;+wif{/t 5 . xfdL sxfF v8f x'g] t< ;Ff:s[lt leq ls aflx/ /xg]< jf j]jf:tf ug]{< ls cnu /xg]< ls
xfdLn] ?kfGt/0f ug]{< o; ;jfndf OZjf/zf:qljb l/rf8{ lga/n] s|fO:6 P08 sNr/ -v|Li6 / ;fF:s[lt_ eGg]
s[ltdf kfFr k|sf/sf wf/0ffx? JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .
klxnf] wf/0ff ;Ff:s[lt lj?4 v|Li6 o; ljrf/n] ;fF:s[ltaf6 k"0f{ cnu / ;fF:s[lt ;Fu gldNgsf] nflu
xf}znf lbb5 .
bf];|f] :ffF:s[ltsf] v|Li6 of] klxnf] wf/0ffsf] 7Ls pN6f] 5 o;n] ;fF:s[lt / s|LlZrogLl6 km/s eP klg
Ps} :yfgdf NofO{ ;xdt u/fpb5 . cyjf OzfO{x?n] cfkm\gf] wd{nfO{ k"0f{?kdf cfkm\gf] jl/kl/sf ;fF:s[lt;Fu d]n
agfpb5 . o; v]dfn] afOalno kfksf] l;4fGtnfO{ cjx]ngf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] o]z"nfO{ ;fF:s[lt ;Fu} klxrfg
ub{5 lsgeg] o;n] ;fF:s[lt slt v/fa 5 h;n] >fk / ktgsxfF k'Ug slt k|efj kfb{5 eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbPsf]
5}g . t}klg, xfdL w]/} OzfO{x?nfO{ ;fF:s[lt / v|Li6 ljr km/s kQf nufpg uff] k/]sf] b]lvG5 . klZrd b]zsf
ldzg/Lx?n] cfnf]rgf v]Kg'sf] sf/0f ljt]sf] ;dodf ltgLx?n] o]z"sf] af/]df k|rf/ ubf{ klZrdL ;fF:s[lt / zEotf
cGo b]zx?df nfbg vf]h] . ltgLx?n] ;';dfrf/ dfq NofPgg\ t/ klZrdL njfO{ v'jfO{, klZrdL ehgx?, klZrdL
/fhgLltx? klg NofP t/ oL s'/fx?sf] cfnf]rgf jf km/s s]nfpg Tolt ;/n klg 5}g . ha Ps ldzg/Ln]
cfbLaf;L hghftLx?nfO{ e]ife'iffsf] af/]df ;Nnfx lbG5 sxfFaf6 p;n] ;fbfkgsf] nflu afOalno dxTj /
klZrdL ;f}Gbo{sf] dfkb08 ljr km/s /]vf sf]g{ ;S5< ha cf/fwgfsf] nflu ;+uLt lzkmfl/; ul/G5, slt ;Dd
p;sf] ;f]rfO{df afOalno dfkb08n] :yfg lnG5 / s'g tx;Dd p;n] ;'Gb} a9]sf] ;+uLtsf] t[;gf ub{5 < ha
tkfO{ OzfO ;dfh / ;';dfrf/ k|rf/sf] ulx/f] k|efjdf x's{g'x'G5 c? ;dfh nfO{ klg To:t} agfpg tkfO{ nflu
kg'{x'G5 .
t];|f] wf/0ff ;fF:s[lt dfly v|Li6 h;n] ;fF:s[lts cfwf/e"t k|Zgx?nfO{ s|LlZrog k|sfz;Fusf] pQ/;Fu
;x;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ hdsf]{ ub{5 . ;fF:s[lt b'a} OZjl/o / dfgj lgld{t x'g elg dfGb5 / of] kljq clg ckljq
2

klg 5 elg dfGb5 . OzfO{x? Ps c;n gful/s x'g / ef}lts ;+;f/df hLpg'sf] cfjZofs\tfnfO{ klxrfg ub{5
t/ v|Li6nfO{ pRr :yfgdf /fVb5 / ef}lts ;+;f/eGbf dfyL p7g vf]hL ub{5 . v|Li6 / ;fF:s[ltsf] pQd kIf ljr
;'xfpbf] d]n x'b5 t/ OZjl/o k|sfzn] ;Totf / c;ns'/fsf] 1fg lbb5 hf] ;Ff:s[lt eGbf pQd x'G5 .
rf}yf] ljrf/ lj/f]wfefifdf v|Li6 / ;fF:s[lt xf] h;n] bf]xf]/f]s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . v|Lli6ogx? b'O{ If]qdf
kb{5g\ -cflTds / ;+;fl/s_ / oL b'a} km/s x'g t/ b'a}sf] cfjZos\tf 5 / o;}df /x]/ hLDd]jf/L lgefpgsf] nflu
lj/f]wfef; l:yltdf lhpg'kb{5 .
kfFrf} ;fF:s[ltsf] ?kfGt/s v|Li6 x'g'x'G5 h;n] kl/jt{gstf{nfO{ ;d]65, cwfld{s ;fF:s[ltnfO{
k/d]Zj/sf] /fHosf] ;]jfsf] nflu kl/jt{g ug]{ nIf / dfGotf of] wf/0ffn] lnPsf] 5 . cu:6Lg, SofNeLg, j]:n]
h:tf JolQx? o; l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs x'g . o; ljrf/n] ;fF:s[ltnfO{ k/d]Zj/sf] c;n ;[hgfsf] k|b{zgsf] ?kdf
lnb5 o;sf] ;fy} of] dfgljo / ;d"bfoaf6 lgld{t klg xf] t/ kfksf] sf/0f oL ;a} b'lift ePsf] 5 t/ xfdLn]
v|Li64/f o;nfO{ k'glgdf{0f jf ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;S5f}+ .
oL dflysf ljrf/x?df kfFrf} wf/0ff rfFlx afOan;Fu glhs?kdf d]n x'g cfpb5 . xfdL ;fF:s[ltnfO{
cgfj:ofs bafa glbsgf ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;+nUg x'g'kb{5 / o;af6 pTkGg x'g] vt/f / ;+j]bglzntf k|lt klg
;r]t x'g'kb{5 t/ h] eP klg afOalno 9fFrfdf eg] rNg k|oTg ug'{kb{5 . kl/jt{gsf/L e"ldsf lgefpg] xf] eg]
;dsflng OzfOx? ljj]sL x'g h?/L 5 . xfdL ljj]sL, 5'fpg] Ifdtf ePsf], lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] / a'emfO /fd|f]
ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . afOansf] v08 dQmL !^M# df n]lvPsf] 5, OZjl/o lrGx dfUg] kml/;Lx? / ;b'sLx?nfO{ o]z"n]
Pp6f k|Zg ug'{ePsf] 5M ltdLx? cfsfzsf] cj:yf x]/]/ lbg s:tf] x'G5 5'fpg ;S5f}, t/ ;dosf] lrGxsf] cy{
vf]Ng ;Sb}gf}< ltgLx?sf] 5'fpg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] sld b]v]/ o]z" v|Li6 lg/fz x'g'ePsf] lyof] . ltgLx? xf]lzof/
ePsf] eP o]z" k/d]Zj/ x'g'x'G5 egL pxfFsf] s[ofsnfkx? x]/]/ hfGg] lyP . cfh of] k|Zgn] xfdLnfO{ klg To:t}
cy{ /fVb5 . xfdL klg xfd|f] ;donfO{ 5'fpg Psbd xf]lzof/ x'g'kb{5 .
;F:s[ltnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{, ;fF:s[ltsf] s'g efu kl/jt{g ug{ cfjZofs 5 / s'g rflx cfjZofs 5}g
To;sf] klxrfg ug{ h?/L 5 . of] x'g t cfkm}df cK7f/f] sfo{ xf] . xfdLn] k/d]Zj/sf] arg, 1fg, zlQ / cfTdfsf]
;xfotf vf]Hg h?/L 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu g]kfndf /fO{ hfltx?n] pef}nL pwf}nL ;fs]nf kj{ v]tLkftL /fd|f] a9f];
/ /fd|f] km;n xf]; eg]/ dgfpb5g\ ca /fO{ OzfO{x?n] jf ToxfFsf :yfgLox?n] of] rf8sf] ;dodf wGoafb lbj;
dgfpg ;Sg]5g\ . cd]/Lsfdf x/]s gf]e]Da/ dlxgfsf] rf}yf} ljlxaf/ / Sofg8fdf x/]s cS6f]a/ dlxgfsf] bf];|f]
;f]daf/ wGoafb lbj; dgfp5g\ ToxL ;dodf g]kfnsf OzfO{x?n] dgfpg'k5{ eGg] 5}g a? cfkm\g} ;fF:s[ltnfO{
?kfGt/0f / ;+/If0f ub}{ gofF ;fF:s[ltsf] ;[hgf ug{ ;Sb5g\ . w'dwfd;Fu cfkm\gf] e]ife'iffdf / gfRg] ufpg] z}nLdf
uLtnfO{ k/d]Zj/sf] dlxdf x'g] ul/ kl/jt{g ub}{ ;'/Iff, / x/]s aGbf]j:t ldnfO{lbg] k/d]Zj/nfO{ wGoafb r9fpg
;Sg]5g\ . ;lhnf] ul/ eGg] xf] eg] afOan ;Ddt jf OzfO{ OZj/zf:q ;+u gafHg] ;fF:s[ltnfO{ alKt:d lbP/
?kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o]z"nfO{ kfPsfx?n] o;nfO{ /fd|/L a'em\g h?/L 5 . clug} ;[hgf ePsf s'/fx?nfO{ xfdLn]
k"gMlgdf{0f, k"gMldnfpg] jf k'gM;hfj6 ug]{ hLDd]jf/L axg ug'{kb{5 .