3.

CC CNG C TR GIP
X L NH S

3.1 TNG QUAN V X L NH TRONG

KHNG GIAN
Min khng gian:
L tp hp cc im nh trong nh.
Phng php min khng gian l mt th tc tc ng
ln cc im nh trong min khng gian .

Min tn s:
c biu din theo tn s thng qua cc php
bin i.
Phng php min tn s da trn php bin i
Fourier ca nh.
Tng ng vi cc min ny cc phng php tng
cng nh
2

3.1 TNG QUAN V X L NH TRONG

KHNG GIAN
3.1.1 Tn hiu s v biu din nh s
Mt nh trong khng gian 2 chiu c th biu din bi mt
tp hp cc ma trn c s gi l nh c s. Nh vy mt
tn hiu 2 chiu lin tc trong khng gian theo khi nim
trn gi l nh lin tc trong khng gian s thc v k
hiu l f(x,y): gi tr ca f(x,y) l lin tc trong khong
(-,).
x(t)

Cc tn hiu lin tc theo thi

gian qua qu trnh s ha ta thu
c tn hiu ri rc (tn hiu s).
t

Hnh 3.1 Tn hiu s ri rc

3.1 TNG QUAN V X L NH TRONG

KHNG GIAN
3.1.2 Khi qut v h thng x l tn hiu s
H thng s l mt h thng tip nhn tn hiu s u vo, x l tn
hiu theo mt qui trnh no y v a ra cng l mt tn hiu s.
Nu gi tn hiu s u vo l X(m,n), tn hiu s u ra l Y(m,n), c
trng ca h thng l H, ta c th biu din h thng s mt cch hnh
thc nh sau:
Y(m,n) = H [X(m,n)]
Phn ln cc cc h thng s l tuyn tnh v bt bin. Trong x l tn
hiu s, thng c 2 cch tip cn khc nhau:
- Bin ca tn hiu c ly mu, lng ho theo mt qui chun v c
th biu din bi mt hm lin tc theo thi gian. y l cch tip cn
theo khng gian thc.
- Cch tip cn th hai l tip cn theo min tn s ca tn hiu. Trong
cch tip cn ny, trc tin tn hiu c bin i chng hn nh php
bin i Fourrier, sau , tin hnh x l trn min tn s. Cui cng
dng bin i ngc a tn hiu x l v min s thc.
4

3.2 CC TON T KHNG GIAN (SPATIAL

OPERATORS)
3.2.1.Ton t tuyn tnh
Phn ln cc h thng x l nh c th m hnh ho nh
mt h thng tuyn tnh hai chiu. Gi s x(m,n) v y(m,n)
biu din cc tn hiu vo v ra tng ng ca h thng. H
thng hai chiu c biu din bi:
y(m,n) = H[x(m,n)]
(3.1)
H thng ny gi l tuyn tnh khi v ch khi: t hp tuyn tnh
ca 2 tn hiu vo x1(m,n), x2(m,n) cng to nn chnh t hp
tuyn tnh tng ng ca u ra y1(m,n), y2(m,n), ngha l: vi
2 hng s bt k v , ta c:
H[ x1(m,n) + x2(m,n)] = H[x1(m,n)] + H[x2(m,n)]
= [y1(m,n)] + [y2(m,n)]
(3.2)
Phng trnh 3.2 gi l chng tuyn tnh ca 2 tn hiu.

MIN KHNG GIAN

Cc php x l trong min khng gian tc ng
trc tip ln im nh c k hiu l:
g(x, y) = T[f(x, y)]
f(x, y) l nh u vo.
g(x, y) l nh u ra.

T l ton t tc ng ln f trong ln cn ca im (x,y).

MT N/B LC
Ln cn ca im (x, y) l hnh vung hoc hnh ch nht
c tm l (x, y).
x

Gc ta

(x, y)

Ln cn ca im (x, y)
trong hnh vung 33
nh f(x, y)
y

Tm ca ln cn (x, y) di chuyn theo tng im nh bt

u t gc tri pha trn (gc ta ).

LC KHNG GIAN
B lc l mt hnh vung hoc hnh ch nht cha cc
gi tr v hng. B lc cn c gi bng cc thut ng
khc nh: mt n, nhn, mu, ca s.
Cc gi tr trong b lc c gi l cc h s ca b lc.
Thng thng ngi ta s dng cc b lc c kch
thc l s l nh: 33, 55, ...

w1 w2 w3
w4 w5 w6
w7 w8 w9

V d minh ha b lc c kch
thc 33. w5 l tm ca b lc
8

C CH CA LC KHNG GIAN
Qu trnh x l l qu trnh di chuyn mt n lc theo
tng im mt trong nh.

Ti mi im (x, y), p ng ca b lc ti im c
tnh bng cch s dng cc mi quan h xc nh
trc.
Vi b lc khng gian tuyn tnh, p ng chnh l tng
ca cc tch gia h s ca b lc vi cp xm ca im
nh tng ng trong vng p dng lc.
9

C CH CA LC KHNG GIAN
Gc ca nh

Mt n

w(-1,-1) w(-1,0) w(-1,1)

w(0,-1) w(0,0) w(0,1)
w(1,-1) w(1,0) w(1,1)

nh f(x, y)

f(x-1,y-1) f(x-1,y) f(x-1,y+1)

f(x,y-1)

f(x,y)

f(x,y+1)

x
f(x+1,y-1) f(x+1,y) f(x+1,y+1)

R w(1,1) f ( x 1, y 1) w(1,0) f ( x 1, y ) ...

w(0,0) f ( x, y ) ... w(1,0) f ( x 1, y ) w(1,1) f ( x 1, y 1)
10

C CH CA LC KHNG GIAN
Thng thng h s w(0, 0) trng khp vi gi tr f(x, y)
ca nh, ngha l mt n c tm ti im (x, y) trong qu
trnh tnh ton.

R w(1,1) f ( x 1, y 1) w(1,0) f ( x 1, y ) ...

w(0,0) f ( x, y ) ... w(1,0) f ( x 1, y ) w(1,1) f ( x 1, y 1)

11

LC KHNG GIAN TUYN TNH

i vi mt n c kch thc mn, vi m = 2a+1 v
n = 2b+1, vi a, b l nhng s nguyn khng m.
Vi iu kin trn, chng ta s c nhng mt n vi kch
thc l nhng s l.

Khi , b lc tuyn tnh ca nh f c kch thc MN vi

mt n lc mn p dng ti im (x, y) c cho bi cng
thc sau:

g ( x, y )

w(s, t ) f ( x s, y t )

s a t b

Trong : a=(m-1)/2, b=(n-1)/2.

12

LC KHNG GIAN TUYN TNH

g ( x, y )

w(s, t ) f ( x s, y t )

s a t b

c c nh lc, chng ta phi p dng cng thc

trn ln ton b cc im nh, tc l x = 0, 1, ..., M v
y = 0, 1, ..., N.
Phng trnh trn cn c gi l tch chp ca mt n
vi nh.

Mt n b lc nhiu lc cng cn c gi l mt n chp

hay l nhn chp.
13

LC KHNG GIAN TUYN TNH

Chng ta cng c th k hiu p ng R ca nh ti im
(x, y) vi mt n chp c kch thuc mn theo cng thc:
mn

R w1 z1 w2 z2 ... wmn zmn wi zi

i 1

Trong , cc gi tr w l cc h s mt n, cc gi tr z l
cc gi tr cp xm ca nh tng ng vi cc h s, mn l
s lng cc h s trong mt n.
14

w1 w2 w3

V D LC KHNG GIAN

w4 w5 w6
w7 w8 w9

Mt n 33 trong hnh trn p ng ti im (x, y) ca

nh c tnh bi cng thc
9

R w1 z1 w2 z2 ... w9 z9 wi zi
i 1

15

X L TRNG HP C BIT
Trng hp thc thi cc php ton ln cn khi tm ca
b lc nm trn bin ca nh?
f(0,0)

f(0,1)

f(0,2)

f(0,3)

f(0,4)

f(1,0)

f(1,1)

f(1,2)

f(1,3)

f(1,4)

f(2,0)

f(2,1)

f(2,2)

f(2,3)

f(2,4)

f(3,0)

f(3,1)

f(3,2)

f(3,3)

f(3,4)

f(4,0)

f(4,1)

f(4,2)

f(4,3)

f(4,4)

w1

w2

w3

w4

w5

w6

w7

w8

w9

Mt n
16

X L TRNG HP C BIT
Khi tm mt n di chuyn gn n bin ca nh th mt
hoc mt s dng/ct ca mt n s nm ngoi nh.
v d di cc h s w1, w4, w7 nm ngoi nh.

w1 w2 w3
w4 w5 w6
w7 w8 w9
17

X L TRNG HP C BIT
Cch 1: Gi s mt n c kch thc nn.
Cho v tr tm ca mt n khng c nh hn (n-1)/2 im
nh k t bin nh sau khi lc c kch thc nh hn
nh gc, nhng tt c cc im nh u c x l.

w1 w2 w3
w4 w5 w6

w7 w8 w9
18

X L TRNG HP C BIT
Cch 2: Yu cu nh kt qu c kch thc bng nh
gc
a thm cc dng m v ct m mang gi tr 0 vo
quanh bin ca nh.
0

w1 w2 w3
w4 w5 w6
w7 w8 w9
19

TCH CHP- Cng thc tng qut

Hai cng thc tnh nhn chp sau y thng c s dng:
Xp chng ti bin
K 1 L 1

Y(m,n) =

H(k,l)* X(m-k,n-l)

(3.9)

k 0 l 0

- Theo cng thc ny, nu K=L=3, nhn chp H c th vit:

H 00
H (k , l ) H10
H 20

H 01 H 02
H11 H12
H 21 H 22

- Vi nhn chp H nh trn, cng thc (3.9) c vit li mt cch

tng minh nh sau: Vi m[1,M] v n[1,N]

Vi m[1,M] v n[1,N] .
20

TCH CHP- Cng thc tng qut

21

TCH CHP- V d
Ta xt 2 v d sau:
V d 1: Xp chng ti bin

- Tnh tch chp X(m,n)* H(k,l)

22

TCH CHP- V d
V d 2: Xp chng ti trung tm
4
- Cho nh s I sau:

I 6

5
5

- V nhn chp H:

- Tnh tch chp H*I

7 2 7 1

7 1 7 1
6 1 8 3

7 5 7 1
7 6 1 2

1 1 1
1
h 1 1 1
9
1 1 1
23

TCH CHP- V d
Tch chp H I tnh theo cng thc 3.10 c:

23
35
1
H I 36
9
36
24

26 31 19 16

39 46 31 27
43 49 34 27

48 48 34 22
35 33 22 11
24

3.2.3. MT S B LC C BN
Lc tuyn tnh
Lc phi tuyn

25

K thut lc s

26

K thut lc s

Lc tuyn tnh: Trong k thut lc tuyn tnh, nh thu

c s l tng trng s hay l trung bnh trng s
cc im ln cn vi nhn cun hay mt n, in hnh
cho phng php lc tuyn tnh l b lc trung bnh.

27

Phng php lc trung bnh

Cc b lc trung bnh c s dng kh i vt m v kh
nhiu.
Kh m thng c s dng trong cc bc tin x l nh.
Chng hn xa b i nhng chi tit nh khi nh trc khi
trch chn cc i tng.
Lp li cc l hng nh ca cc ng thng hay cc cung

Kh nhiu dng kh i nhng vt m ca nh.

u ra (p ng) ca b lc trung bnh lm trn n gin l
trung bnh cc im nh cha trong ln cn ca mt n lc.
28
28

Phng php lc trung bnh

tng c bn ca b lc trung bnh l thay th gi tr
ca mi im nh trong nh bng trung bnh ca cc cp
xm trong ln cn c xc nh bi mt n lc.
Kt qu ca qu trnh lc s lm gim i nhng im
nh/im g trong nh.

29
29

Phng php lc trung bnh

Bi v nhiu ngu nhin c c trng l cha nhng im
nh trong cc cp xm ng dng r rng nht ca lm
trn l kh nhiu.
Tuy nhin, cc cnh ca i tng cng c c trng
bi cc im nh trong cc cp xm, v vy lc trung bnh
s c tc ng ph ln cc cnh ca cc i tng trong
nh n s lm nhe (m) i cc cnh.
ng dng chnh ca cc lc trung bnh l kh i cc chi
tit khng thch hp trong nh.
30
30

Phng php lc trung bnh

Vi b lc khng gian kch thc 33, th cch sp xp
n gin nht l cho cc h s bng 1/9.
f(x-1,y-1) f(x-1,y) f(x-1,y+1)
f(x,y-1)

f(x,y)

f(x,y+1)

f(x+1,y-1) f(x+1,y) f(x+1,y+1)

B lc
trung
bnh 33

31
31

32

33

Phng php lc trung bnh

34

Phng php lc trung bnh

35

Phng php lc trung bnh

nh gc v nh c lc vi kch thc mt n l 33

36
36

Phng php lc trung bnh

nh gc v nh c lc vi kch thc mt n l 55

37
37

Phng php lc trung bnh

nh gc v nh c lc vi kch thc mt n l 99

38
38

Phng php lc trung bnh

nh gc v nh c lc vi kch thc mt n l 1515

39
39

Phng php lc trung bnh

nh gc v nh c lc vi kch thc mt n l 3535

40
40

V d

a
c
e

b
d
f

a) nh gc kch thc 500500

b) - f) Kt qu ca vic lm trn vi
b lc trung bnh hnh vung kch
thc n = 3, 5, 9, 15 v 35.
Ch :
Mt n ln c s dng c
lng cc i tng nh trong
nh.

Kch thc mt n c chn lin

quan n kch thc ca cc i
41
41
tng cn ng nht vi nn.

Phng php lc trung bnh

Cho nh I kch thc 77 v b lc tuyn tnh lm trn

c kch thc 33 nh sau. Tm nh c c sau khi lc.
10 15 15 45 25 14 23
12 14 255 12 15 12 45
25 26 25 12 45 255 12
14 48 98 51 12 15 20
12 32 36 34 25 26 24
12 14

54 12 51

14 56 25 14 20 47 12

42
42

V D LC TRUNG BNH

Cho nh I kch thc 77 v b lc tuyn tnh lm trn

c kch thc 33 nh sau. Tm nh c c sau khi lc.

43
43

B LC TRUNG BNH
Lc trung bnh khng gian s lm m nh.
xa i cc i tng nh c cng sng ln
trong nh ta cho n c sng ln vi mu nn bng
cch lm m n thng qua lc trung bnh khng gian.
Kch thc mt n c quan h mt thit vi kch thc
ca cc i tng m chng ta cn xa i lm nn.
Sau khi lc xong, ta c th tin hnh phn ngng mt
cch hp l lm ni bt cc i tng cn quan st.
44
44

LC PHI TUYN
L b lc khng gian vi p ng (u ra) da trn th t
(xp loi) cc im nh trong vng c lc, v sau
thay th gi tr ca im nh trung tm bng gi tr
c xc nh thng qua kt qu xp loi.
Cc b lc phi tuyn gm:
B lc trung v - median filter
B lc cc i - max filter
B lc cc tiu - min filter

45
45

LC TRUNG V
Lc trung v c s dng ph bin bi v n kh nhiu
rt tt, nht l i vi nhng loi nhiu ngu nhin.

Kt qu nh t c t vt nhe hn so vi lc trn
tuyn tnh cng kch thc.
Lc trung v c hiu qu c bit khi c nhiu xung, bi v
nhiu xung xut hin nh nhng chm trng v en
trn nh.

46
46

TRUNG V
Trung v ca mt dy {xn} cc gi tr l i lng m
c mt na cc gi tr trong {xn} nh hn hoc bng
v mt na cc gi tr trong {xn} ln hn hoc bng .
V d: Cho dy {xn} = {3, 4, 6, 29, 4, 30, 40, 30, 5}, lc
trung v ca dy {xn} l = 6.
Cch thc hin: Sp xp tp dy {xn} theo th t tng
dn cc gi tr: {xn} = {3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 29, 30, 30, 40}. Trung
v ca {xn} chnh l gi tr nm gia dy {xn},
ngha l = 6.
47
47

LC TRUNG V
K thut lc trung v dng lc nhiu bng cch trt
trn mt phng nh, mi ln di chuyn qua trn mt im
nh.
Nhng phn t trong ca s c xem nh l mt chui
{xn} v im quan tm c thay th bi gi tr trung v
ca chui.
V d: Chui {xn} = {1, 2, 9, 4, 5} c trung v = 4. im
trung tm s c thay th bi bi gi tr = 4. Kt qu ta
c: {1, 2, 4, 4, 5}
48
48

LC TRUNG V
Gi s u vo l X(m,n) v u ra b lc l Y(m,n). Lc
trung v hai chiu c nh ngha:
Y(m,n) = Median(X(m-k,n-l) vi k,l [1, L]
Lc = (L+1)/2 cn gi l bn knh b lc
K thut lc trung v thng dng mt n c kch thc l
33, 55.
Vic lc s dng li khi qu trnh lc khng lm thay i
kt qu ca nh cn lc.
Lc trung v vi mt n c kch thc nn c tnh nh
chui mt chiu. Ta tin hnh sp xp dy ri thay th
49
phn t tm bng trung v ca dy va tm c.
49

LC TRUNG V
V d: Lc trung v trn nh vi ca s lc l 33.

15 17 18

15 17 18

16 78 17

16 17 17

17 15 20

17 15 20

15 15 16 17 17 17 18 20 78
1

50
50

a b c

V D LC TRUNG V

a) nh gc X-quang chp mt bo mch ca mt thit b (c nhiu).

b) nh sau khi lc trung bnh tuyn tnh lm trn vi mt n 33.
c) nh sau khi lc trung v vi mt n 33.

51
51

LC KHNG GIAN LM NT
SHARPING
Mc ch ca lc khng gian lm nt l nhm lm ni bt
cc chi tit hp l trong nh tng cng cc chi tit
b lm m cng nh b sai st trong qu trnh thu nhn
nh.
Lc khng gian lm nt s dng trong cc lnh vc khc
nhau nh to bn in in t, nh y hc, hoc trong cc h
thng qun s.
Cc b lc lm nt ch yu da trn o hm bc nht v
o hm bc hai.
52
52

Lc gi trung v
Lc gi trung v : khc phc nhc im khi lng
tnh ton kh ln (c th bng s m ca kch thc
ca s lc) ca lc trung v ngi ta dng mt phng
php khc: lc gi trung v (Pseudo-Median Filter)
Th d vi dy 5 s: a, b, c, d, e, lc gi trung v c
nh ngha nh sau:

53

Lc gi trung v
Mt cch tng qut, ta c thut ton sau:
b1. Ly cc phn t trong ca s ra mng mt
chiu (L phn t).
b2. Tm min ca ln lt cc chui con ri ly
max: gi m1 l gi tr ny.
b3. Tm max ca ln lt cc chui con ri ly
min: gi m2 l gi tr tm c.
b4. Gn gi tr im ang xt l trung bnh cng
ca m1 v m2.
54

3.3. Histogram
3.3.1 Kin thc c bn

Histogram ca nh l th cho bit tn sut hin cc

im nh vi cc mc bin thin sng .
Histogram dng biu din tn sut xut hin ca cc
im nh i vi cc mc sng khc nhau .
Cn bng histogram sa i histogram ca nh c
hnh dng cn bng nh mong mun .

55

X L LC XM
Lc xm ca mt nh vi cc cp xm nm trong
khong [0, L-1] l mt hm ri rc:
h(k) = nk.
Trong :

k l mc xm, k = 0, 1, 2, ..., L-1.

nk l s lng im nh trong nh c mc xm bng k.
h(k) l lc xm ca nh vi cp xm bng k.

56
56

V D LC XM
Cho nh sau I, hy tnh lc xm ca nh I.
S im nh

k
h(k)

0
2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5 3 6 5 4 3 2

1
0
0

757
57
Cp xm

CHUN HA LC XM
Trong thc t, ta chun ha lc xm bng cch chia
gi tr nk cho tng s im nh trong nh (k hiu l n). V
vy, lc xm chun ha c cho bi cng thc:
p(k) = nk/n.

p(k) l c lng xc sut xy ra cp xm th k.

Tng cc thnh phn ca lc xm chun ha bng 1.
L 1

p(k ) 1
k 0

58
58

X L LC XM
Lc xm l mt trong nhng c trng c bn c
s dng trong x l nh s.
Lc xm dng phc v cho vic nn nh v phn
on nh.

Vic tnh ton lc xm rt n gin, cho nn n

c s dng trong cc cng c x l nh thi gian thc.

59
59

X L LC XM
Trc honh tng ng vi cc gi tr cp xm k.

Trc tung tng ng vi cc gi tr ca h(k) hoc p(k).

h(k)/p(k)

60
60

X L LC XM
i vi nh ti, lc xm ca nh s phn b ch yu v
pha gi tr cp xm thp, tc l pha bn tri ca th.
h(k)/p(k)
nh ti

rk
61

X L LC XM
i vi nh sng, lc xm ca nh s phn b ch yu
v pha gi tr cp xm cao, tc l pha bn phi ca th.
h(k)/p(k)

62
62 k

X L LC XM
i vi nh c tng phn thp, lc xm ca nh s
phn b ch yu cc gi tr cp xm trung bnh, tc l
pha gia ca ca th.
h(k)/p(k)

63
63 k

X L LC XM
i vi nh c tng phn cao, lc xm ca nh s
phn b u trn tt c cc gi tr cp xm, tc l trn
ton th.
h(k)/p(k)

64
64 k

CN BNG LC XM

nh u vo c th:
Ti khng nhn r nt,
Sng m,
tng phn thp kh nhn thy cc i tng.

Chng ta phi x l nh u ra r hn, c nhiu thng

tin hn.
Qu trnh x l l nh x mi im nh vi cp xm k
trong nh u vo thnh im nh tng ng vi cp xm
sk trong nh u ra.
65
65

PHNG PHP CN BNG

LC XM
Vo: nh I c L cp xm, k=0, 1, ..., L-1. S im nh
trong nh I l n.

Ra: nh J vi cc cp xm sk [0, L-1], k=0, 1, ..., L-1.

(Lu : nh u ra J c tng phn tt hn nh u vo I)

Phng php:
1. Tnh s im nh c cp xm k l nk (k=0, 1, ..., L-1) trong nh I.
2. Tnh p(k) xc sut xy ra cp xm k trong nh I:

nk
p(k )
n

k = 0, 1, 2, ..., L-1.
66

PHNG PHP CN BNG

LC XM
3. Tnh T(k) l xc sut xy ra cp xm nh hn hoc bng k:
k

1 k
T (k ) p( j ) n j
n j 0
j 0

k = 0, 1, 2, ..., L-1.

4. Cp xm sk nh u ra J tng ng vi cp xm k ca nh u
vo I c tnh theo cng thc:

sk round ( L 1)T (k )

k = 0, 1, 2, ..., L-1.

5. Xy dng nh u ra J bng cch nh x tng ng cp xm k

ca nh u vo thnh cp xm sk ca nh u ra.

67

V D CN BNG LC XM
S lng im nh

Cho nh u vo I c 10 cp xm.
Cn bng lc xm nh I

6
5

k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

nk 0 0 6 5 4 1 0 0 0 0

Cp xm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Lc xm

68

V D CN BNG LC XM
k

nk

11

15

16

16

16

16

16

11

15

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

3.3
3

6.1
6

8.4
8

n
j 0

T (k )
sk 9T (k )

69

V D CN BNG LC XM
k

sk

S lng im nh

3
2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Lc xm ca nh sau khi cn 70
bng

Cp xm

CN BNG LC XM

nh trc khi cn bng

nh sau khi cn bng

Lc xm cn bng

71

CN BNG LC XM

nh trc khi cn bng

nh sau khi cn bng

Lc xm cn bng

72

CN BNG LC XM

nh trc khi cn bng

nh sau khi cn bng

Lc xm cn bng

73

CN BNG LC XM

nh trc khi cn bng

nh sau khi cn bng

Lc xm cn bng

74

CN BNG LC XM

Cn bng lc xm cho nh I c cho di y

vi 8 cp xm.
0

2
3
0
1

2
0
2
3

2
2
0
2

3
3
2
2

4
3
0
2

75

V D CN BNG LC XM
S lng im nh

Cho nh u vo I c 8 cp xm.
Cn bng lc xm nh I

3
3
0
1

2
0
3
3

2
2
0
1

3
3
2
2

4
3
0
2

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Cp xm

0 1

4 5 6 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

nk

5 3

1 0 0 0

Lc xm

76

V D CN BNG LC XM
k

nk

16

24

25

25

25

25

n
j 0

T (k )

5/25

8/25 16/25 24/25 25/25 25/25 25/25 25/25

sk 7T (k )

1.4
1

2.24
2

4.48
4

6.72
7

7
77

V D CN BNG LC XM
k sk
0

3
3
0
1

2
0
3
3

2
2
0
1

3
3
2
2

4
3
0
2

1
7

2
4

4
4

7
7

4
7

7
1
2

1
7
7

4
1
2

7
4
4

7
1
4

S lng im nh
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Cp xm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Lc xm

78

3.5. CC PHP BIN I

TUYN TNH TNG PHN
Gin tng phn
Lm mng cp xm

Lm mng mt phng bit

79

GIN TNG PHN

Cc nh c tng phn thp c th do cng nh
sng km, hoc do b cm ng khng tt.

tng gin tng phn l gia tng cc khong cp

xm trong nh.

80

 V tr ca im (r1, s1),
(r2, s2) s quy nh hnh
dng ca php bin i.
Kt qu nh u ra ca
php bin i bn:

L-1

3L/4

Cp xm u ra

GIN TNG PHN

(r2, s2)

T(r)

L/2

xm trong khong (0, 0)

n (r1, s1) gim.
xm trong khong t
(r1, s1) n (r2, s2) tng.
xm trong khong
(r2, s2) n (L-1, L-1) c
iu ha.

L/4
(r1, s1)
Cp xm u vo
0

L/4

L/2

3L/4

L-1
81

 V tr ca im (r1, s1),
(r2, s2) s quy nh hnh
dng ca php bin i.
Kt qu nh u ra ca
php bin i bn:
xm trong khong (0, 0)
n (r1, s1) tng.
xm trong khong t
(r1, s1) n (r2, s2) gim.
xm trong khong
(r2, s2) n (L-1, L-1) c
iu ha.

L-1

3L/4

Cp xm u ra

GIN TNG PHN

(r1, s1)
T(r)

L/2

(r2, s2)

L/4

Cp xm u vo
0

L/4

L/2

3L/4

82

L-1

L-1

Nu r1 = s1, r2 = s2, lc
php bin i tr thnh
php ng nht. Kt qu
ca nh u ra khng thay
i so vi nh u vo.

3L/4

L/2

Cp xm u ra

GIN TNG PHN

(r2, s2)

T(r)
(r1, s1)

L/4

Cp xm u vo
0

L/4

L/2

3L/4

L-1

83

GIN TNG PHN

Nu s1 = 0, s2 = L-1, lc
php bin i tr
thnh hm phn ngng.
Kt qu nh u ra s l
nh nh phn.

3L/4

L/2

(r2, s2)

Cp xm u ra

L-1

T(r)

L/4
(r1, s1)
0

L/4

Cp xm u vo
L/2

3L/4

84

L-1

L-1

Thng thng chng ta s

dng hm vi r1 r2 v
s1 s2 nh hnh bn
gin tng phn. Lc
hm l n iu tng.

3L/4

L/2

Cp xm u ra

GIN TNG PHN

(r2, s2)

T(r)

L/4
(r1, s1)
0

L/4

Cp xm u vo

L/2

3L/4

85

L-1

GIN TNG PHN

nh gc
c tng phn thp

nh sau khi gin

tng phn.
(r1, s1) = (rmin, 0)
(r2, s2) = (rmax, L-1)
rmin cp xm nh nht
rmax cp xm ln nht

nh sau khi
phn ngng.
(r1, s1) = (m, 0)
(r2, s2) = (m, L-1)
m l gi tr cp xm
86
trung bnh

LM MNG MC XM
Chiu sng cao trong mt di c trng cc cp xm i
vi mt nh l vic thng xy ra.
Ngi ta thng s dng phng php ny lm ni
ln nhng c trng cn quan tm ca nh.

C hai cch tip cn lm mng mc xm:

Hin th mt gi tr cao cho tt c cc mc xm trong di cn
quan tm v hin th mt gi tr thp cho nhng mc xm cn li.
Hin th mt gi tr cao cho tt c cc mc xm trong di cn
quan tm v gi nguyn cc mc xm cn li.

87

LM MNG MC XM

Hin th mt gi tr cao cho

tt c cc mc xm trong
di cn quan tm v hin
th mt gi tr thp cho
nhng mc xm cn li.

3L/4

L/2

Cp xm u ra

L-1

T(r)

L/4

Cp xm u vo
0

L/4

L/2

3L/4

L-1

L-1

Hin th mt gi tr cao cho

tt c cc mc xm trong
di cn quan tm v gi
nguyn cc mc xm cn
li.

3L/4

L/2

Cp xm u ra

LM MNG MC XM

T(r)

L/4
Cp xm u vo
0

L/4

L/2

3L/4

89

L-1

LM MNG MC XM

90

LM MNG MT PHNG BIT

Gi s mi im nh c biu din bi 8 bit. Ta tng
rng nh cu to t 8 mt phng 1 bit.
Mt phng bit 0 c ngha t nht
Mt phng bit 7 c ngha nhiu nht
bit cao nht
bit th 7

bit thp nht

bit th 0 91

LM MNG MT PHNG BIT

nh nh phn i vi mt phng
bit th 7 c th ly c bng
cch x l nh u vo vi php
phn ngng:
nh x tt c cc cp xm t 0 n
127 thnh 0.
nh x tt c cc cp xm t 128 n
255 thnh 255.

92

LM MNG MT PHNG BIT

93

LM MNG MT PHNG BIT

94