B mn o lng - iu khin

-----o0o----
Gio trnh mn hc
K thut o lng in
Bin son:
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Nm 2003
Chng I: c s chung v k thut o lng
Bi I.1 - nh ngha o lng v phn loi thit b o
1. nh ngha
o lng l mt qu trnh nh gi nh lng i lng cn
o c kt qu bng s so vi n v ca i lng o.
Qu trnh o c th hin bng cng thc:
0
x
X
X
A
X l i lng cn o, X
0
l n v o; A
x
gi tr bng s
ca i lng o
T ta c: X = A
x
X
0
(1)
Phng trnh (1) l phng trnh c bn ca php o, n
ch r s so snh i lng cn o vi mu v cho ra kt qu
bng s.
2. Phn loi cch thc hin php o
- o trc tip: l cch o m kt qu o nhn 1c trc
tip t php o duy nht.
- o gin tip: l cch o m kt qu o c suy ra t s
phi hp ca nhiu php o dng cch trc tip.
- o hp b: l cch o gn ging cch o gin tip nhng
kt qu nhn c phi thng qua gii mt phng trnh (hay h
phng trnh) m cc thng s bit chnh l cc s liu o
c.
- o thng k: m bo chnh xc ngi ta o nhiu ln ri
ly gi tr trung bnh
3. Cc c trng ca k thut o lng
a. i lng o hay tn hiu o
Phn loi theo tnh cht thay i ca i lng o:
+ i lng o tin nh: l i lng o bit trc quy
lut thay i theo thi gian, cn xc nh mt hay
nhiu thng s.
+ i lng o ngu nhin: khng bit trc quy lut thay
i ca tn hiu
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
2
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Phn loi theo cch bin i tn hiu
+ Tn hiu o lin tc
+ Tn hiu o ri rc
Phn loi theo bn cht
+ Cc i lng o nng lng
+ Cc i lng o tn s
+ Cc i lng o ph thuc thi gian
+ Cc i lng o khng in
b. iu kin o
L cc yu t bn ngoi c nh hng n sai s v kt qu
o
c. n v o
Tun theo h thng n v quc t SI (1980) c 7 n v
chun c bn
d. Thit b o v phng php o
Thit b k thut dng gia cng (x l, chuyn i,
khuych i) tn hiu mang thng tin o. Chng c tnh cht
o lng hc, tc l nhng tnh cht c nh hng n kt qu
v sai s ca php o
S dng phng php o ph thuc vo phng php thu
nhn thng tin, i lng o ln hay nh, iu kin o, sai s,
yu cu chnh xc v.v. Phn ra lm hai phng php o c bn
sau:
+ Phng php o bin i thng
+ Phng php o kiu so snh
e. Ngi quan st
l ngi o hoc gia cng kt qu o (bng tay hoc
my tnh) phi hiu v phng php o, thit b o, iu kin
o, phn on khong o chn thit b cho ph hp. Bit
iu khin qu trnh o t c kt qu mong mun.
Bit cc phng php gia cng kt qu o, xt on xem kt
qu o t yu cu hay cha, phi o li hay o theo phng
php thng k.
g. Kt qu o
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
3
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Kt qu o mc no th c th coi l chnh xc.
Mt gi tr nh vy gi l gi tr c lng ca i lng o, ngha l
gi tr c xc nh bi thc nghim nh cc thit b o. Gi
tr ny gn vi gi tr thc mt iu kin no c th coi
l thc.
nh gi sai lch gia gi tr c lng v gi tr thc ngi
ta c khi nim sai s. Sai s rt quan trng, n cho php nh
gi php o c t yu cu hay khng
Kt qu o l nhng con s km theo n v o hoc cc
ng cong hay cc bng s liu.
4. Phn loi thit b o
Thit b o l thit b k thut dng gia cng tn hiu
mang thng tin o thnh dng tin li cho ngi quan st. Chng c
nhng tnh cht o lng hc, tc l nhng tnh cht c nh h-
ng n kt qu v sai s ca php o. Thit b o c nhiu
loi bao gm:
Mu o
Cc b chuyn i o lng
Cc thit b o lng
Cc t hp thit b o lng
Cc h thng thng tin o lng
+ Mu o dng to ra cc i lng vt l c tr s cho
trc nh cc in tr mu, in cm , pin mu v in dung
mu.
+ Chuyn i o lng l khu chc nng bin i cc
i lng cn o. Chuyn i o lng gm hai loi l chuyn
i s cp v chuyn i chun ho. Chuyn i s cp l
chuyn i cc cc i lng khng in thnh cc i lng
in, chuyn i chun ho l chuyn i t i lng in
thnh i lng in.
+ Cc thit b o lng l dng c gia cng cc thng
tin o lng, tc l tn hiu mang thng tin o c quan h hm
vi cc i lng vt l cn o. Tu theo cch bin i tn hiu
v ch th ta phn thnh hai loi thit b o: thit b o m
gi tr ca kt qu o thu c l mt hm lin tc ca qu
trnh thay i i lng o gi l thit b o tng t. Thit b
o ny bao gm dng c o kim ch v dng c o t ghi gi
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
4
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
chung l ch th c in. Thit b o m kt qu o c th
hin bng s c gi l thit b o ch th s.
+ H thng thng tin o lng: l t hp ca cc thit b o
v nhng thit b ph t ng thu thp s liu t nhiu
ngun khc nhau, truyn thng tin o lng qua khong cch
theo knh lin lc v chuyn n v 1 dng tin vic o v
iu khin.
Bi I.2 - S cu trc ca dng c o lng
1. Phn loi dng c o
C nhiu cch phn loi dng c o lng, mi cch
phn loi ta c cc dng c o khc nhau.
a.Theo cch bin i c th phn thnh:
Dng c o bin i thng: l dng c o m i lng cn
o X c bin i thnh i lng ra Y theo mt ng thng,
khng c khn phn hi.
Dng c o bin i b: l dng c o c mch phn hi vi
cc chuyn i ngc bin i i lng ra Y thnh i lng b X
K
b vi tn hiu o X.
Mch o l mch khp kn. Php so snh c din ra sau cc
chuyn i so cp.
b.Theo phng php so snh c th phn thnh
Dng c o nh gi trc tip: l dng c c khc theo
n v ca i lng o t trc, khi o, i lng o so snh vi
n cho ra kt qu o.
Dng c o kiu so snh: l dng c o thc hin vic so
snh qua mi ln o. S o so snh l s kiu b.
c. Theo phng php a ra thng tin o c th chia thnh
Dng c o tng t: l dng c o c s ch l hm lin tc
ca i lng o. Dng c o tng t gm: dng c o ch kim,
dng c o kiu t ghi (kt qu dng ng cong theo thi
gian)
Dng c o ch th s: l dng c trong i lng o lin
tc c bin i thnh ri rc v kt qu th hin dng s.
d.Theo i lng o: c th l cc dng c mng tn i lng
o nh Vonmet, Ampemet, mmet
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
5
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
2. S khi ca dng c o
a. S cu trc ca dng c o
Mt dng c o thng c ba khu chnh l: chuyn i
s cp, mch o v c cu ch th hnh 1.1.
Trong : - S: l chuyn i o lng bin i lng cn o
thnh i lng in.
- Mch o: thu nhn, x l, phn tch, khuych i
thng tin
- Ch th: ch th kt qu o, thng bo cho ngi
quan st gi tr i lng o.
b. S cu trc dng c o bin i thng
i lng vo X qua nhiu khu bin i trung gian bin
i thnh i lng ra Y
Quan h gia i lng vo
v i lng ra ca
mt khu c th
vit l:
i i i
X K Y
Trong Y
i
ng vai tr
l X
i+1
ca khu tip theo, Y
i
l i lng trung gian, K
i
l
nhy ca khu th i
Vy quan h gia lng ra v lng vo l: Y = K
1
K
2
K
n
X = f(X)
c. Thit b o kiu so snh
Trong thit b o kiu so snh, i lng vo X c bin
thnh i lng trung gian Y
x
qua mt php bin i T. Y
x
= T.X
Sau Y
x
c so snh vi i lng b Y
k,
vic

ny c thc
hin bng mt php tr. Y = Y
x
-Y
k.
Trong Y
k
c to ra t
mt i lng mu Y
0
:
0 K
KY Y
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
6
T
SS
y
Y
x X
Y
k
Hnh 1.3 Thit b o chuyn i
b
K
1
K
2
K
n
X
Y
1
Y
2
..
Y
n
Y
Ch
th
Hnh 1.2 Thit b o chuyn i
thng
S Mch o Ch th
Lng vo
Hnh 1.1. T hp thit b o lng
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Bi I.3 Cc c tnh ca thit b o
1. Cc c tnh tnh ca thit b o
Thit b o c nhiu loi nhng chng u c chung mt s
c tnh nh sau:
a. Sai s ca dng c o
C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra sai s: c th l nhng
nguyn nhn do chnh phng php o gy ra hoc mt
nguyn nhn no c tnh quy lut. Cng c th l do cc
yu t ngu nhin. C phn sai s theo nhiu cch nh:
+ Sai s h thng: sai s m gi tr ca n lun khng i
hay thay i c tnh quy lut, v nguyn tc c th loi tr -
c.
+ Sai s ngu nhin: l sai s m gi tr ca n thay i rt
ngu nhin, sai s ny cn gi l sai s ph.
Ngoi ra cn c th phn loi thnh:
* Sai s tuyt i: l hiu ca gi tr i lng o X v gi
tr thc X
th
(gi tr thc l gi tr i lng o c vi chnh
xc no nh dng c mu).
th
X X X
* Sai s tng i: Sai s tng i ca mt php o c
tnh bng:
% 100 .
X
X
%

X: gi tr ca i lng o, hoc
X
(gi tr trung bnh)
* Cp chnh xc ca dng c o: l gi tr sai s cc i m
dng c o mc phi. Ngi ta qui nh cp chnh xc ca
dng c o ng bng sai s tng i qui i ca dng c
o:
% 100 .
D
X
%
X

X l sai s tuyt i cc i
D
X
l gi tr ln nht ca thang o
Gi tr % c dng xp xp dng c o thnh cp
chnh xc. VD cp 0.05; 0.1; 0.2; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2.5
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
7
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Vy bit cp chnh xc ta c th suy ra sai s tng i quy
i v sai s trong cc php o.
V d 1.1 Dng mt dng c c thang o 5A, cp chnh xc l
1, tm dI dng in o cho sai s tng i ca php o
< 1.5%.
Sai s tuyt i phm phi s l: 5.1% = 0.05A. DI dng In
o l: I > 0.05 *100 /1.5 = 3.3A.
b. nhy
nhy ca dng c o c tnh bng: S =
X
Y

Trong : Y l bin thin ca ch th o v X l bin thin

ca i lng o.
Nu dng c o gm nhiu chuyn i ni tip th
nhy ca chng bng tch nhy ca tng khu.

n
1 i
i n 2 1
s S .... S . S S
c. in tr vo v tiu th cng sut ca thit b o.
* in tr vo: l in tr u vo ca dng c o. in
tr vo ca dng c o phi ph hp vi in tr u ra ca
khu trc ca chuyn i s cp.
Khi o in p ca mt ngun in hoc in p ri trn
ph ti yu cu in tr ca Vonmet cng ln cng tt. Ngc li
khi o dng in qua ph ti yu cu in tr ca Ampemet
cng nh cng tt gim sai s ca php o.
* in tr o ca dng c o: in tr ra ca dng c xc
nh cng sut c th truyn cho khu tip theo, in tr
cng nh cng xut ra cng ln
d. tc ng nhanh
tc ng nhanh l thi gian dng c xc lp kt qu
o trn ch th. i vi dng c o tng t, thi gian ny
khong 4s, i vi dng c o s c th o dng hng nghn
im o trong mt giy.
e. tin cy
tin cy ca dng c o ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh:
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
8
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
+ tin cy ca linh kin s dng
+ Kt cu dng c khng qu phc tp
+ iu kin lm vic
tin cy c xc nh bi thi gian lm vic tin cy trong
iu kin cho php. tin cy l c tnh quan trng ca
dng c o.
2. Cc c tnh ng ca thit b o
Khi o cc i lng bin thin ta phi xt n c tnh
ng ca dng c o. c tnh ng ca dng c o th hin
quan h gia i lng ra v i lng vo trng thi ng.
Trong dng c o cc sai s ny phi nh hn mt gi tr
cho php quy nh bi nh nc.
Di tn ca dng c o l khong tn s ca i lng vo
cho sai s khng vt qu gi tr cho php.
Bi I.4 Khi nim v chuyn i o lng
1. Khi nim
Trong sn xut cng nh trong nghin cu khoa hc, trong cc
qu trnh cng ngh mi, cc qu trnh phc tp hoc trong
cng nghip hin i lin quan n vic o lng cc i lng
vt l nh c hc, ho hc, quang hc, nhit hc. Cc thit b o
hin i khng ch tc dng ln gic quan con ngi m cn
dng vo vic t ng thu thp s liu truyn kt qu i
xa, tnh ton khng cn s tham gia ca con ngi hay t ng
iu khin mt qu trnh no . Do trn quan im k
thut qu trnh o trong cc thit b hin i l bin i
nhng tin tc v i lng o thnh dng no thch hp nht
i vi con ngi hoc my mc trnh pht trin ca k
thut
u im ca phng php in o cc a lng khng
in nh sau:
+ C th thay i nhy ca thit b mt cch n
gin trong phm vi rng ca i lng o v v cho php c
nhng thit b vn nng c th thu thp c nhng thng tin
rt b v rt ln. K thut in t cho php khuych i ln
hng ngn ln, v vy nhy ca thit b tng ln rt nhiu.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
9
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
+ Cc thit b in c qun tnh nh, c di tn s rng.
V vy khng ch o c cc i lng khng in bin i
chm m cn c th o c nhng i lng bin i nhanh
m cc phng php khng o c.
+ C kh nng o t xa, cho php tp trung ho v cng
mt lc c th o c nhiu i lng khc nhau v s lng v
tnh cht, cho php truyn kt qu o trn khong cch ln.
+ C kh nng lin hp cc thit b o v iu khin t
ng nhng khi thit b cng kiu.
Vai tr quan trng u tin trong vic thu thp thng tin
o l cc b chuyn i o lng hay cn gi l cc b cm
bin (sensor)
2. nh ngha v chuyn i o lng
Chuyn i o lng l thit b thc hin mt quan h
hm n tr gia hai i lng vt l vi mt chnh xc nht
nh.
Chuyn i o lng s cp l mt khu chc nng bin
mt tn hiu khng in thnh tn hiu in.
4. Phn loi chuyn i o lng
a. Phn loi da trn nguyn l ca chuyn i
- Chuyn i in tr: l chuyn i m i lng
khng in X c bin thnh i lng ra Y l in tr ca
chuyn i in tr.
- Chuyn i in t: l chuyn i m i lng
khng in X lm thay i cc thng s ca mch t nh: , ,
s... v dn n thay i in cm L.
- Chuyn i tnh in: i lng khng in X lm
thay i in dung C hay in tch ca n.
- Chuyn i ho in: i lng khng in X lm thay
i in dn hay sc in ng ho in.
- Chuyn i nhit in: i lng khng in X lm
thay i sc in ng nhit in hoc in tr u ra
ca n
b. Phn loi theo tnh cht ca ngun in
- Chuyn i pht in: i lng khng in s lm
thay i tn hiu u ra l E, U, I, Q v.v
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
10
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
- Chuyn i thng s: u ra ca chuyn i l cc
i lng R, L, C, M. Lc cn thm cc ngun in ph th mi
bin i thnh cc i lng U, I
c. Phn loi theo phng php o
- Chuyn i bin i trc tip: l chuyn i trong
cc i lng khng in c bin trc tip thnh i lng
in.
- Chuyn i b.
5. Mt s chuyn i th-
ng gp
a. Chuyn i in tr
+ Chuyn i in tr
tip xc hnh 1.4. Khi kch thc
ca sn phm 1 gim, thanh trt
2 di chuyn lm cho phn t
tip xc gn trn thanh 3 c tip xc vi 4. in tr tip xc ca 3
v 4 thay i t R
tx
= thnh
0 R
tx

.
+ Chuyn i bin tr hnh
1.5
Chuyn i bin tr l mt
bin tr m con chy ca n di
chuyn tng ng vi i lng
khng in cn o. i lng ch
ca chuyn i l s di chuyn
ca con chy, c th l di
chuyn di hoc di chuyn gc
cn i lng ra l in tr.
Chuyn i bin tr thng dng o nhng di chuyn
thng kch thc t 2 3mm hoc cc di chuyn gc. Ngoi ra
chuyn i bin tr cn dng ly cc thng tin v lc, p
xut, mc cht lng
+ Chuyn i tenzo (in tr lc cng)
Chuyn i tenzo trong
cng nghip thng c 3 loi
l chuyn i tenzo dy
mnh, l mng v mng
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
11
l R,
R
x
, l
x
Hnh 1.5 Chuyn i bin
tr
a
l
0
1 2 3
Hnh 1.6 Cu to ca chuyn i tenzo
dy mnh
2
L
1
3
4
R
C
Hnh 1.4 Chuyn i tip xc mt
gii hn
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
mng. Tuy nhin ph bin nht l chuyn i dy mnh c
cu to nh hnh 1.6.
Tm giy mng loi bn 1. Dy in tr tenzo 2 hnh
rng lc c ng knh 0.02 0.03mm dn ln tm giy mng 1.
u dy ca in tr c ni vi dy dn bng ng 3 ni
vi mch o. Pha trn thng c ph bng sn hoc dn mt
tm giy ln c nh sau ngi ta ghi cc thng s ca
chuyn i.
Thng thng
mm 15 8 l
0

. Chiu rng thng mm 10 3 a . in
tr thay i trong khong 150 10 . Cc thng s trn c th
c m rng hn tu yu cu.
Khi o bin dng, chuyn i c dn ln i tng o, lc
i tng b bin dng, chuyn i bin dng theo v in tr
ca chuyn i tenz thay i, xc nh in tr ta x nh
c mc bin dng ca vt.
b. Chuyn i in cm
Chuyn i in cm l chuyn i bin i gi tr i l-
ng o thnh tr s in cm. Mt s chuyn i in cm th-
ng gp nh hnh 1.7.
+ Hnh 1.7a l chuyn i n kh ph bin, di tc dng
ca i lng c hc P, v d nh lc, p xut, s di chuyn, s lm
thay i khe h khong kh nn lm thay i t tr ton b
mch t. Nh vy, s lm thay i tng tr Z cng nh in cm
ca cun dy.
+ Hnh 1.7b, c di tc dng ca i lng c hc P s lm thay
i khe h khng kh . Chuyn i ny thng dng o
nhng di chuyn t 5 20mm hoc di chuyn gc.
+ Hnh 1.7d l chuyn i lm thay i dng in xoy,
gm mt cun dy khng li thp c mc vo in p c
tn s rt cao(c vi Mhz). Khi ta di chuyn tm kim loi hoc
vng dy ngn mch s lm thay i tn hao t trong cun
dy, do vy in cm L ca cun dy cng thay i theo.
Hnh a, b, c, d cn gi l chuyn i in t n.
+ Hnh 1.7e l chuyn i lm thay i khe h khng
kh kiu vi sai, gm hai cun dy ging ht nhau.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
12
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
c. Chuyn i h cm
L chuyn i bin gi tr o thnh tr s h cm. Mt
s loi chuyn i h cm thng gp nh hnh 1.8.
+ Hnh 1.8a l chuyn i bin p c li di ng, cun
dy w
1
c cung cp bng ngun xoay chiu. Khi i lng c hc
P tc dng ln chuyn i th s lm cho t tr ca khe h
khng kh thay dn ti t tr ca mch t thay i, iu
ny lm cho t thng mc vng qua mch t thay i lm xut
hin s thay i sc in ng E cun dy w
2
+ Hnh 1.8b, di tc dng ca i lng o s lm di chuyn
vng ngn mch, t thng mc vng qua vng dy nhiu hay
t tu thuc vo v tr ca n trong khe h khng kh. V vy
khi di chuyn vng ngn mch s lm cho t thng chnh mc
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
13
(a)
W W
P
(c) (b)

R
U
(d) (e)
P

1

2
P
Hnh 1.7 Mt s chuyn i in cm th
ng gp
P

E
U

x
W
2 E
W
1
U

x
a
b
d
E
1
E
2
Hnh 1.8 Mt s chuyn i h cm
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
vng qua cc cun dy w
1
v w
2
thay i nn dn ti E
2
thay
i
+ Hnh 1.8c l chuyn i vi sai kiu thay i khe h
khng kh , khi P tc dng ln chuyn i s lm cho
1
v
2
bin thin ngc nhau, do vy t tr ca hai mch t thay i ng-
c nhau, dn n lm cho E
1
v E
2
bin thin ngc nhau.
d. Chuyn i cm ng
y l chuyn i pht in. V d mt s chuyn i
thng gp nh sau:
Hnh 1.10a l loi thay i t thng bng cch thay i
v tr ca cun dy trong t trng.
Hnh 1.10b l loi thay i t tr ca mch t.
Hnh 1.10c l loi thay i t thng bng cch thay i
h s dn t di hin tng p t.
e. Chuyn i in dung
Chuyn i in dung l chuyn i m da trn s tc
ng tng h gia hai in cc to thnh 1 t in. in dung
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
14
N
N
S
x x
N
N
S
x x
S

x
N
N
S
1
1
F
x
a
b
c

Hnh 1.10 Mt s chuyn i cm ng

Hnh1.11 Mt s chuyn i in dung
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
ca n c thay i di tc ng ca i lng vo. Mt s
chuyn i in dung nh hnh 1.11.
h. Chuyn i p in
Nguyn l lm vic ca chuyn i ny da trn hiu ng
p in.
- Hiu ng p in thun l s xut
hin in tch trn b mt ca mt s
cht in mi khi cht in mi ny
chu tc dng ca ng xut c hc. Khi
khng cn ng xut cht in mi li tr
v trng thi khng mang in. Cht
in mi nh vy gi l cht p in (v
d nh thch anh).
- Hiu ng p in ngc l s thay i kch thc hnh hc
ca cht p in khi t n trong in trng.
g. Cc b chuyn i nhit in
Cc chuyn i nhit in lm vic da trn quan h ca
qu trnh nhit vi cc yu t nh nhit dn ca mi trng, din
tch trao i nhit, tc di chuyn ca mi trng v.v.
Chuyn i nhit in dng o nhit m cn dng o
di chuyn, kch thc, tc , lu
tc ca cht lng v cht kh,
chn khng, m v cn
dng phn tch kh.
+ Chuyn i nhit ngu.
Nguyn l lm vic l bin
nhit thnh sc in
ng. hn a v b.
+ Chuyn i nhit in tr. L vt dn hay bn dn c h s
nhit ln v c trao i nhit vi mi trng xung quanh. V
in tr ca n ph thuc vo nhit nn ph thuc vo cch trao
i nhit gia dn v mi trng. Da vo quan h ny ngi ta ch
to thit b o cc i lng khng in khc nhau nh nhit , vn
tc, lu tc, nng v.v. Nhit in tr thng lm bng dy mnh
c ng knh t 0.02 0.06mm, di 5 20mm. Yu cu i vi vt
liu lm nhit in tr l c h s nhit ln v n nh. in
tr xut ln
C cc loi nhit in tr sau: nhit in tr kim loi, nhit
in tr Platin, nhit in tr Niken, nhit in tr bn dn,
i. Chuyn i ho in
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
15
F
x
+ + + + + +
+
- - - - - - - - - -
Hnh 1.12 Hiu ng p
in
A
B
a' a
b' b
C
D
nng lnh
Hnh 1.13 Chuyn i nhit
ngu
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Chuyn i ho lm vic da trn hin tng in ho xy
ra khi cho dng in i qua bnh in phn hoc do cc qu
trnh oxy ho kh trn cc in cc, ph thuc vo tnh cht
cc in cc v nng cht in phn.
Chng ii: cc c cu ch th c in
Bi II.1- C s chung
1. Nguyn l lm vic ca cc ch th c in
Khi cho dng in vo c cu ch th c in, do tc
ng ca t trng ln phn ng ca c cu o s to ra mt
m men quay M
q
. ln ca mmen ny t l vi ln ca
dng in a vo c cu:
d
dW
M
e
q

e
W
l nng lng t trng, l gc quay phn ng.
Nu t trc ca phn ng mt l xo cn, khi phn ng
quay l xo b xon li sinh ra m men cn M
C
. Mmen ny t l
thcc vi gc lnh v c biu din i dng biu thc:

D M
C

D l h s ph thuc vo kch thc v vt liu ch to l xo.
Khi mmen cn bng mmen quay, phn ng ca c cu
dng li v tr cn bng: C q
M M
. Vy ta c:
Dd
dW

y l phng trnh c tnh thang o, t ta bit c

c tnh ca thang o v tnh cht ca c cu ch th.
2. Cc chi tit c kh chung ca ch th c in
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
16
Dy treo
Hnh 2.1 Mt s c cu phn
khng
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
a. Trc v tr
L b phn quan trng trong cc chi tit c kh ca cc c
cu ch th c in. m bo cho phn ng quay trn trc c
gn cc chi tit ca phn ng nh kim ch, l xo phn, khung
dy.
b. L xo phn khng
Thng c dng hnh a, l xo phn to ra mmem cn
M
C
.
c. Dy cng v dy treo
kh ma st gia trc quay v tr ngi ta dng dy
cng hoc dy treo, ng thi dy cng hoc dy treo cn
to ra mmen cn.
d. Kim v ch th bng nh sng
Kim ch th gc quay c gn vi trc quay. di chuyn
ca kim trn thang chia t l vi gc quay .
e. Thang o
Thang o l mt khc , xc nh gi tr o
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
17
Dy treo
Hnh 2.1 Mt s c cu phn
khng
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
f. B phn cn du
rt ngn qu trnh dao ng ca phn ng, xc lp
v tr nhanh chng trong c cu ch th. Thng thng s dng
hai loi cn du l cn du kiu khng kh v cn du kiu
cm ng
4. Cc k hiu quy c trn mt dng c o
Trn mt cc ch th in c thng c ghi nhiu k hiu.
Sau y l mt s k hiu ch yu:
+ i lng cn o v thang o ca dng c: V - Vn mt
A - Ampemt
+ K hiu kiu dng c o: C cu t in -
C cu in t -
C cu in ng
C cu cm ng
+ Loi dng in: Mt chiu -
Xoay chiu
+ Cp chnh xc: V d 0.1
+ V tr t dng: nm ; ng , ; nghing 60
0
+ in p th cch in 2KV
Bi II.2- C cu ch th t in
1. Cu to
Phn tnh: gm nam chm
vnh cu, cc t, li st non.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
18
Hnh 2.3 C cu ch th t
in
C cu in t loi y C cu
in t loi y
Hnh 2.4 C cu ch th in t
C cu cn du kiu khng
kh
C cu cn du kiu
cm ng
Hnh 2.2 Mt s c cu cn du thng
gp
L xo phn khng
Dy cng
Dy treo
Hnh 2.1 Mt s c cu phn
khng
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Phn ng: gm khung dy,
l xo phn, kim ch th, trc
2. Nguyn l lm vic
Khi c dng in cn o I chy qua, di tc dng ca t tr-
ng lm cho khung dy lch khi v tr ban u 1 gc . M
q
to ra theo biu thc:
M
q
=
d
dW
e
Trong W
e
= I, vi = BSW
B: t cm ca t trng nam chm vnh cu.
S: din tch khung dy phn ng, W s vng dy, gc lch
ca khung dy vi v tr ban u.
M
q
=
d
I ) BSW ( d
d
) I ( d
d
dW
e
= B SWI
Ti v tr cn bng th m men quay bng m men cn: M
q
= M
c
BSWI = D
Vy BSWI
D
1
= KI , K l nhy ca dng c bng
hng s.
y l phng trnh chuyn i ca c cu t in, gc
quay t l bc nht vi dng in I.
3. c tnh v ng dng
- C cu ch th t in ch s dng c trong mch mt
chiu v gc quay t l bc nht vi dng in I, thang o
chia u. Nu s dng trong mch xoay chiu th phi kt hp
vi mch chnh lu.
- Dng c c nhy cao v khng i trong ton thang
o (v nam chm vnh cu c B thng ln).
- chnh xc cao, t chu nh hng ca t trng ngoi, tiu
th nng lng t.
- Kh nng qu ti km v phn ng c dy tit din
nh, ch to phc tp.
- ng dng: dng ch to A, V, m mt, in k c nhy
cao.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
19
C cu in t loi y C cu
in t loi y
Hnh 2.4 C cu ch th in t
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Bi II.3-C cu ch th in t
1. Cu to
C cu gm hai loi chnh. Kiu cun dy dt (c cu ch
th in t loi ht) v kiu cun dy trn (c cu ch th
in t loi y). C cu cun dy dt c phn tnh l cun
dy dt cho dng in cn o i qua, cn phn ng l 1 l
thp t lch tm c th quay trong khe h cun dy tnh.
Kiu cun dy trn c phn tnh l cun dy trn bn trong
gn mt l thp. Phn ng cng l mt l thp gn trn trc.
Ngoi ra cn c b phn cn du, l xo phn, kim ch th.
2. Nguyn l lm vic
Khi cho dng in chy vo cun dy trong lng cun dy
s c mt t trng, t trng ny ht l thp vo trong lng cun
dy tnh trong trng hp cun dy dt, cn i vi cun dy
trn th t trng s t ho hai l thp khi hai l thp c cng
cc tnh nn y nhau. C hai trng hp trn s lm cho phn
ng quay i mt gc .
Ta c: M
q
=
d
dW
e
; vi W
e
l nng lng in t trng tch
lu cun dy.
W
e
=
2
2
1
LI
; trong L ph thuc
Vy m men quay: M
q
=
d
dL
I
2
2
1
Ti v tr cn bng M
q
= M
c
M
q
= D

d
dL
I
D
2
2
1

3. c tnh v ng dng
- Gc quay t l vi bnh phng ca dng in v thang
o chia khng u
- C cu in t c th o c dng in xoay chiu v
dng in mt chiu, v khi thay i chiu dng in trong
cun dy phn tnh cc ming thp lun c t ho cng cc tnh.
- Hnh dng l thp c ch to sao cho
d
dL
gim theo gc
quay thang chia c th tng i u.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
20
C cu in t loi y C cu
in t loi y
Hnh 2.4 C cu ch th in t
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
- C cu chu nh hng ca t trng ngoi v khe h khng
kh gia phn ng v phn tnh kh ln.
- chnh xc thp do c tn hao trong li thp.
- Kh nng qu ti tt, v c dng in cn o phn
tnh, dy c th ln.
- n gin, r tin, ch yu o dng xoay chiu tn s cng
nghip.
Bi II.4- C cu ch th in ng
1. Cu to
C cu gm hai cun dy. Khung dy phn tnh c tit din
ln, t vng dy v thng chia lm hai phn on. Phn ng l
mt khung dy c v s vng dy v tit din nh. Ngoi ra cn
c kim ch th, b phn cn du.
2. Nguyn l lm vic
Khi cho dng in cn o I
1
v I
2
vo cc khung dy phn
tnh v phn ng, nng lng t trng tch lu trong lng
khung dy:
2 1 12
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
I I M I L I L W
e
+ +
Trong L
1
, L
2
l in cm ca cc khung dy v chng
khng ph thuc vo gc quay . M
12
l h cm ca hai khung
dy, M
12
thay i khi phn ng quay.
*Khi hai dng in a vo cc khung dy l dng in
mt chiu th:
M men quay M
q
=
2 1
12
I I
d
dM
d
dW
e

Khi M
q
= M
p
ta c:
2 1
12
2 1
12
1
I I
d
dM
D
D I I
d
dM

*Khi hai dng in a vo cc khung dy l dng in

xoay chiu th:
M
q
(t) =
2 1
12
i i
d
dM

Do phn ng c qun tnh m khng kp thay i theo

gi tr tc thi cho nn thc t ly theo gi tr trung bnh trong
mt chu k:
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
21
Hnh 2.5 C cu ch th
in ng
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
M
q
=

T
o
q
dt ) t ( M
T
1
, gi s: i
1
= I
1m
sint v i
2
=I
2m
sin(t-)
Vy: M
q
=



T
0
12
m 2 m 1
dt
d
dM
) t sin( t sin I I
T
1
=

cos I I
d
dM
2 1
12

Vi l gc lch pha gia hai dng in, I
1
, I
2
l cc gi tr
hiu dng ca dng in ln lt chy trong khung dy ng v
khung dy tnh.
Khi M
q
= M
p

cos I I
d
dM
2 1
12
= D

cos I I
d
dM
D
2 1
12
1
3. c im v ng dng
- M men quay t l vi tch s ca hai dng in, thng
dng o cng sut.
- nhy ca dng c thp v h cm gia hai khung dy
nh v chu nh hng ca t trng ngoi.
- chnh xc cao v khng c tn hao trong li thp.
- Kh nng qu ti km v khung dy phn ng kch thc
nh.
- Cu to phc tp, t tin
4. C cu st in ng
Gm cun dy tnh, mch t
nhm to ra t trng trong khe h
khng kh. Khung dy ng c
gn vi trc quay cng kim ch
th, l so phn v b phn cn
du.
Gc quay c tnh:
= K.I
1
I
2
cos(I
1
,I
2
)
C th o dng mt chiu
hoc xoay chiu. T trng qua
khung dy ln nn t chu nh hng ca t trng ngoi
- Tn hao st t ln, chnh xc khng cao.
- Thng dng ch to cc dng c o dng, o p, cng
sut v gc lch pha.
Bi II.5-C cu ch th cm ng
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
22
i
2
i
1
Hnh 2.6 C cu st in
ng
Hnh 2.7 C cu ch th cm
ng
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
1. Cu to
C cu cm ng c cu to nh
hnh 2.7.
1- Cun dy 1
2- Cun dy 2
3- C cu cn du
4- a nhm v trc quay
2. Nguyn l lm vic
Khi cho dng in I
1
vo cun dy 1 th cun dy 1 to ra
t thng
1
xuyn qua mt a nhm, dng in I
2
vo trong
cun dy 2 to ra t thng
2
cng xuyn qua a nhm .
Do c s tng h gia t thng
1
,
2
vi cc dng in I
x1
v I
x2
m sinh ra cc lc F
1
v F
2
v cc m men tng ng lm
quay a nhm.
M
q
= kf
1

2
sin.
Vi k l hng s ca c cu ch th cm ng.
3. c im v ng dng
iu kin c m men quay l phi c hai t trng, m
men quay cc i khi sin = 1, c ngha l gc lch pha gia
hai t thng
1
v
2
l /2
Dng ch to cc dng c o cng sut v cc ng h
o m in nng.
C cu ph thuc tn s, chnh xc thp v khi lm
vic dng in xoy trong a nhm gy tn hao cng sut.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
23
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Chng iII o dng in v in p
Bi III.1 Nhng yu cu c bn ca vic o dng in v
in p
1. Yu cu v in tr
a. Khi o dng in
Ampemet c mc ni tip vo
mch cn o dng in. nh hng
ca in tr Ampemt n mch
o nh sau:
Gi s ph ti c in tr l R
t,
tr-
c khi mc A vo mch th dng
in c tnh:
t
R
U
I
Khi mc A ni tip vo in tr ti, do nh hng ca in tr
A, dng in c tnh:
A t
A
R R
U
I
+

Vi I
A
l dng in ch bi Ampemt, R
A
l in tr ca
Ampemt.
Sai s h thng do dng c o gy ra trong mch o s l:
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
24
I
A
U
R
t
Hnh 3.1 S o
dng in
B mn o Lng - iu Khin

p
=
t
A
A t
A
R
R
R R
R

I
IA - I
, v R
A
<< R
t
Ta thy sai s do A gy ra i vi mch ti cng nh nu
in tr ca Ampemt cng nh so vi
in tr ti. V th yu cu i vi
Ampemt o dng in l in tr
ca Ampemt cng nh cng tt.
b. Khi o in p
Volmt c mc song song vi
ti. Nh vy, ta thy in tr ca
ti c mc song song thm vi
in tr ca volmt v lm thay
i in p trn ti v gy ra
sai s h thng.
Lc cha mc volmt, in p trn ti c th c tnh:
ng t
t
t
R R
R . E
U
+

Trong : E l sc in ng ca ngun, R
r
: in tr ti, R
ng
l in tr ca ngun. Lc mc volmt vo mch, in p U
v
volmt o c s l:
v e
v t
v
R R
R U
U
+

; vi
ng t
ng t
e
R R
R R
R
+

Sai s ph do volmt gy ra lc mc vo ti c tnh:

v
e
v e
e
t
v t
p
R
R
R R
R
U
U U

+

Ta thy sai s h thng do Volmt gy ra cng nh nu

in tr ca n cng ln so vi in tr ti. V th yu cu i
vi Volmt l in tr cng ln cng tt.
2 Yu cu v c tnh tn
Ngoi yu cu v in tr cc Ampemt v Volmt xoay
chiu phi c c tnh tn (tn s) thch hp vi di tn s cn
o. Lm vic ngoi di tn s s gy sai s ph do tn s.
Sai s ny phi tnh n nh hng ca cc mch o lng i
theo ch th nh sun, bin dng, bin p, chnh lu, khuych i
v.v
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
25
V E
R
ng
R
t
U
t R
v
U
v
Hnh 3.2 S o in p
Khi o dng in nh
hn 0.5 A

B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Bi III.2- o dng in
1. Phng php o
Ngi ta s dng mt s c cu ch th c in ch
to Ampemt o cho mch mt chiu v xoay chiu.
Ampemt t in: Ch to da trn c cu ch
th t in, c c im l rt nhy, tiu th t nng l-
ng nn thng dng ch to Ampemt c cp chnh
xc t (0.5 1.7). i vi Ampemt t in, khi nhit
thay s lm cho in tr ca Ampemt thay i dn ti
sai s, gim sai s ngi ta thng dng phng php b
nhit, tc l dng mt nhit in tr c h s nhit in
tr m mc ni tip trong mch ca Ampemt, v vy s
lm cho in tr ca Ampemt gn nh khng thay i
theo nhit . Ampemt t in ch c th o dng
in mt chiu.
Ampemt in t: c ch to da trn c cu
ch th in t. Loi ny c chnh xc thp hn nn
c s dng rng ri hn. Ampemt in t c th o
c c dng 1 chiu v dng xoay chiu, nhng ch yu
l o dng xoay chiu. C nhiu loi nhng v nguyn l
lm vic nh nhau, song ch khc nhau v hnh thc, s
vng dy v thit din cun dy t phn tnh.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
26
Khi o dng in nh
hn 0.5 A

B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Ampemt in ng: C cu to phc tp v
t tin nn ch dng trong nhng trng hp cn
chnh xc cao, hoc tn hiu o c tn s cao hn, sai
s trong di t mt chiu ti 3000Hz c xem nh khng
ng k, vi cc Ampemt in ng khi o dng in
mc I 5A th cun dy ng v cun dy tnh ni
tip nhau, cn khi o dng in ln th cun dy ng
v cun dy tnh mc song song vi nhau nh hnh 3.3:
Ampemt chnh lu: Khi o dng c tn s cao
hng Khz hoc mch o dng trong cc ng h vn
nng ngi ta thng dng cc Ampemt t in chnh lu.
Cc Ampemt chnh lu c th s dng chnh lu mt na
hay hai na chu k.
Tuy nhin, s ch ca Ampemt chnh lu l gi tr trung
bnh ca dng xoay chiu, nhng thng thng cc dng
c o li ch gi tr hiu dng ca dng xoay chiu. V
th thng nht s dng ngi ta quy c khc cc
dng c chnh lu bng cc gi tr hiu dng, vi iu
kin dng in l hnh sin, nu dng v chnh lu o
dng khng sin s phm thm sai s v hnh dng, phi
xc nh hiu chnh.
Nu chnh lu mt na chu k th gi tr dng in
trung bnh qua c cu l: I
cltb
= 0.318I, vi I l gi tr
hiu dng ca dng in xoay chiu. Nu chnh lu hai
na chu k th I
cltb
=0.636I
2 Cc phng php o m rng thang o
a. i vi ampemt mt chiu
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
27
A
B
A
B
R
1
R
2
L
1
L
2
Hnh 3.3 S ni cc cun dy ca Ampemt in
ng
Khi o dng in nh
hn 0.5 A

Khi o dng in ln
Hnh 3.5 Phng php chia nh cun
dy
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Ta bit c cu ch th t in dng ch to cc
Ampemt cho mch mt chiu. Khung dy c qun bng dy
ng c kch thc nh t 0.02 0.04 mm. V vy dng in
chy qua khung dy thng thng 20mA. V vy khi cn o
dng in ln hn ta phi dng R
s
(in tr sun) l in tr
c ch to bng hp kim v magan c n nh cao so vi
nhit v c phn thnh cc cc dng v cc p ring. in
tr sun c mc song song vi c cu o nh hnh 3.4: (Shunt
= r nhnh)
Ta gi I l dng in cn o,
I
0
l dng in chy qua c cu
I
s
l dng chy qua in tr sun R
s
R
0
in tr ca c cu o
Ta c: I = I
0
+ I
s
(*)
0
0
0
0
I
R
R
I
R
R
I
I
s
s
s
s

Thay vo (*) ta c:
A
s
K I
R
R
I I
0
0
0
1

,
`

.
|
+
Vi K
A
= 1 +
s
R
R
0
, gi l h s phn dng ca Ampemt.
Khi bit R
0
, dng in nh mc lch ton thang o I
n
, dng
cn o I, ta c th tnh c:
1
0

A
s
n
A
K
R
R
I
I
K

+ Mt Ampemt 1 chiu c th c nhiu gii hn o, thay
i gii hn o bng cch thay i gi tr R
s
b. i vi Ampemt xoay chiu
a. Ph ng php chia nh cun dy
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
28
R
s
R
0
I
0
I
s
I
Hnh 3.4 Phng php m rng thang o
cho Ampemt mt chiu
Hnh 3.5 Phng php chia nh cun
dy
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Vi Ampemt xoay chiu m rng thang o ngi ta
khng dng R
s,
V nh th s cng knh v t tin, thng th-
ng cun dy tnh c cu to thnh nhiu phn on c s
vng nh nhau, thay i gii hn o bng cch i ni cc
phn on y theo kiu song song hoc ni tip, tuy nhin
phi m bo iu kin sc t ng tng trong thit b bng
hng s.
b. Ph ng php dng bin dng in
Bin dng in (T
I
) l mt my
bin p c bit c cun s cp
rt t vng cho dng ph ti trc
tip chy qua. Cun th cp qun rt
nhiu vng, dy nh v c ni
km mch vi mt ampemt. V
in tr ca ampemt rt nh cho
nn c th coi l cun th cp ca
bin dng lm vic ch ngn
mch.
Ta c: I
1
W
1
= I
2
W
2

Hay I
1
/I
2
= W
2
/W
1
= K
I
, K
I
gi l h s my bin dng.
Thng thng W
1
ch c mt vng, W
1
c ch to vi nhiu
gi tr nh mc khc nhau tng ng vi cc gi tr dng in
I
1
cn o, W
2
c ch to vi 2 cp dng in l.
I
2m
= 1 A hoc I
2m
= 5 A
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
29
A
T
I
I
1
I
2
W
1
W
2
Hnh 3.6 S dng T
I
o
dng in
W W W W I
2I
W
W
W
W
4I
W
W
W
W
Hnh 3.5 Phng php chia nh cun
dy
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Trong trng hp Ampemt ni hp b vi bin dng in th
s ch ca Ampemet c khc theo gi tr dng in I
1
pha s cp.
BI III.3- o in p
1 - c im cu to v phng php s dng
Ngi ta s dng cc ch th c in ch to cc loi
Volmt o in p nh Volmt t in, Volmt in t,
Volmt in ng.
+ Volmt t in c cu to t c cu ch th t in,
loi ny thng dng o cc in p mt chiu, c nhy
cao , cho php dng nh i qua, cng c th s dng km vi b
chnh lu o in p trong mch xoay chiu (trong trng
hp cn nng cao chnh xc hoc nng cao di tn s ca
tn hiu o).
+ Volmet in t c cun dy b tr phn tnh nn c
th qun nhiu vng dy to nn in tr ln kh d dng,
tuy nhin nu qun nhiu vng dy qu m khi o mch xoay
chiu th xut hin dng in cm ng sinh ra bi tn s ca
dng in o. Do s nh hng n tr s trn thang o
ca Volmt. Khc phc iu ny bng cch mc song song vi
in tr mt t in b.
+ Khi o in p tn s cao hn tn s cng nghip
hoc khi cn nng cao chnh xc ca php o ta dng
Volmt in ng,
trong Volmt in
ng bao gi cun
dy tnh v cun dy
ng cng c mc
ni tip nhau.
+ Khi o in p
c tn s qu cao, s c nhng sai s ph do tn s, v vy phi
b tr thm t b cho cc cun dy tnh v ng.
2 - Phng php m rng gii hn o
a. Phng php dng in tr ph
Yu cu c bn ca Volmt l in tr ca n cng ln cng
tt v th m rng thang o trong cc Volmt cch n
gin nht l ni thm in tr ph vo c cu o.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
30
R
p
Hnh 3.7 Cch ni cc cun dy trong Volmt
in ng
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Vi: R
0
in tr ca c cu
o
R
p
l in tr ph
U
0
in p t ln c
cu
U
x
in p cn o
Ta c:
0
0
0 0 0
0
R
R R
U
U
R R
U
R
U
p
x
p
x
+

+

t: K
u
=
0
0
0
R
R R
K
U
U
p
u
x
+

K
u
R
0
= R
0
+ R
p
R
p
=R
0
(K
u
-1)
K
u
: H s m rng thang o: K
u
=
0
U
U
x
Cc in tr ph thng c ch to bng hp kim ca
Mangan c chnh xc cao v t thay i theo nhit .
ch to Volmt nhiu thang o th ngi ta dng nhiu in tr
ph mc ni tip vi c cu cn o.
V d: S in ca 1 Volmt c 03 gii hn o
b. Phng php dng bin in p
Khi cn o in p c ln hng Kv tr ln, nu dng in tr
ph s cng knh v t tin, tn hao cng sut ln do ta
phi dng bin in p o lng, bin
in p o lng l mt my bin p m
cun s cp qun rt nhiu vng c
ni vi in p cn o, cun th cp
qun t vng hn c ni vi Volmt c
in tr ln nn c th coi bin in p
lun lm vic ch h mch:
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
31
R
0
R
p
U
0
U
x
Hnh 3.8 M rng thang o cho
Volmt
U
1
(-)
U
2
(-)
U
3
(-)
R
p1
R
p2
R
p3
Hnh 3.9 S volmt c 3 thang o
V
U
1
W
1
W
2
Hnh 3.10 Dng T
U
o in
p ln
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Ta c:
2
1
2
1
W
W
U
U

tin trong qu trnh s dng v ch to ngi ta quy c

in p nh mc ca bin in p pha th cp bao gi cng
l 100V. Cn pha s cp c ch to tng ng vi in p li.
Khi lp hp b gia bin in p v Volmt ngi ta khc
Volmt theo gi tr in p pha s cp.
Chng IV o cng sut v nng lng
Bi IV.I- o cng sut v nng lng trong mch mt pha
1. o cng sut tc dng bng ot mt in ng
a. o cng sut trong mch mt chiu
o cng sut ngi ta thng dng ot mt in ng, ot mt
in ng c ch to da trn c cu ch th in ng, gc
quay ca c cu ch th in ng c tnh nh sau:

cos I I
d
dM
D
1
2 1
12

Vi l gc lch pha gia cc dng I
1
v I
2.
S mc nh
sau:
Ot mt in ng c hai
cun dy, cun dy tnh l
cun dng c cun bng dy
c kch thc ln, ng vai tr
nh mt ampemt cho dng ph
ti trc tip chy qua. Cun
dy ng hay cn gi l cun
p thng c ni tip vi R
p
n
ng vai tr nh mt Volmt
t trc tip ln in p cu
ph ti.
Xt vi mch mt chiu ta c:
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
32
R
ti
I
1
=
I
I
2
*
*
+
-
U
Hnh 4.1 S mc ot mt
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
cos = 1, I
1
= I,
u p
2
R R
U
I
+

Vi R
u
l in tr mt chiu ca cun dy ng. Thay vo
(*) ta c:
KP I
R R
U
d
dM
D
1
u p
12

+

Gc quay t l bc nht vi cng sut tiu th trn ti. Vy
c th dng ot mt in ng o cng sut trong mch
mt chiu.
b. o cng sut trong mch xoay chiu
- Gi s mch xoay chiu c in p
u = U
m
sint
v dng ph ti i = I
m
sin(t - ) = i
1
vy i
2
= i
u
=I
um
sin(t -
u
)
u
u
z
U
I
Vy
( )
u
u
12
cos
z
U
I
d
dM
D
1

Vi
u
j
u u
e z Z

l tng tr phc cun dy ng v R

p
u
u
u
cos
r
z

, (r
u
= R
u
+ R
p
)
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
33

2
I I
u

1
I
I

Hnh 4.2 th vct

dng
in ca ot mt
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
vi
u
l gc lch pha gia in p v dng in trong
cun dy ng.
Thay vo ta c
( ) ( )
u u u
u
u 12
cos cos KS cos
r
cos UI
d
dM
D
1

Khi =
u
th = KScos = KP
Vy s ch ca otmet t l vi cng sut tiu th trn ph
ti.
Otmt in ng c cc tnh, khi o chiu ca mt
trong hai cun dy otmet s quay ngc li, v vy khi ni otmet
cc cc tnh c nh du * phi ni vi nhau.
Otmet in ng thng c nhiu thang o theo dng v
p. Gii hn o theo dng l 5A v 10A, theo p l 150v v 300v.
Di tn t 0Hz n KHz. Cp chnh xc t 0,1 n 0,2% tn
s 200Hz.
2. o cng sut phn khng
mt pha
Ta s dng ot mt in
ng, cng vi in tr, cun
cm. s mc nh hnh 4.3.
Cun dy dng in
c mc ni tip vi ph ti.
Cun dy in p c mc
song song vi 1 in tr R
1
,
sau c mc ni tip vi
mt cun cm L v in tr
R, ta iu chnh tr s R
1
,
L, R sao cho U v I vung
gc vi nhau. Khi o gc
quay ca ot mt l:
= K.U.I cos (
I I
u

)
= K.U.sin = K.Q
3. o nng lng tc dng bng cng t cm ng mt pha
C rt nhiu cch o nng lng, song cng t cm ng mt
pha c ng dng rng ri nht trong k thut v m men quay
ln, lm vic tin cy, sai s nm trong phm vi cho php.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
34
R
t
R
LL
R
1
U
*
* I
I
1
I
2
I
u
Hnh 4.3 S mc ot mt
o cng sut phn khng
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
a. Cu to
Cng t mt pha c ch to t c cu cm ng. Khi
cun dy th nht ca c cu cm ng cho dng ti I i qua,
cun dy th hai ca c cu cm ng t in p ca ti (to
dng in I
u
t l in p).
b. Nguyn l lm vic
Ta c mmen quay ca c cu cm ng l:
M
q
= kf
1

2
sin = kf
i

u
sin
Vi l gc lch pha gia hai t thng
i
v
u
.
M
i
= k
i
I

u
= k
u
I
u
=
u
u
z
U
k
U l in p t ln cun p
z
u
l tng tr cun p
k
i
, k
u
h s t l
Do cun p c in tr thun nh so vi in khng nn c
th coi:
u u u
fL 2 X z
L
u
l in cm ca cun p, f l tn s.

u
=
f
U
k
fL 2
U k
z
U
k
'
u
u
u
u
u

;
u
u '
u
L 2
k
k

Vy: M
q
= kf
i

u
sin = sin KUI sin UI k kk
'
u i
Vi
'
u i
k kk K , l gc lch pha gia
i
v
u
.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
35

B mn o Lng - iu Khin
T th vc t hnh 4.4 ta thy:

I
Nu thc t
2 /
I

Th
2 /
Vy ta c:
KP cos KUI sin KUI M
q

T ta thy mmen quay t l vi cng sut tiu th.
c th thc hin c
2 /
I

ngi ta iu chnh gc

, tc l iu chnh
u
bng cch thay i v tr sun t ca
cun p hoc iu chnh gc
I

ngha l thay i t thng

I
bng cch thm hoc bt vng ngn mch ca cun dng.
Mmen quay lm quay a nhm, khi a nhm quay
trong t trng ca nam chm vnh cu, n b cn li bi
mmen cn M
C
do t trng ca nam chm khi xuyn qua a
nhm to nn.
M M 1 C
I k M
M

l t thng do nam chm sinh ra

M
I
l dng in xoy sinh ra trong a nhm
Trong
0 M 2 M
n k I
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
36

u
I

I
Hnh 4.4 th vc t

L
L
I

B mn o Lng - iu Khin
n
0
l tc quay u ca a nhm khi mmen quay
bng mmen cn. Nn ta c:
0
2
M 3 0
2
M 2 1 C
n k n k k M k
1
, k
2
, k
3
l cc hng s.
Khi cn bng gia mmen quay v mmen cn ta c:
C q
M M

0
2
M 3
n k KP
Trong khong thi gian t = t
1
- t
2
a nhm quay c N
vng, v vy:
t
N
n
0

Do :
t
N
k n k KP
2
M 3 0
2
M 3

Vy:
w C Pt C Pt
k
K
N
P P
2
M 3

C
P
l hng s cng t,
[ ] vng/kWh
w
N
C
P
l s vng ca
cng t khi tiu hao cng sut l 1kW trong 1 gi. S ch ny
c thc hin hp s trn mt cng t.
Cp chnh xc ca cng t thng l 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2.
C cu m gm h thng bnh vt, trc vt, cc con ln v
cc bnh rng ch th s.
c. Kim tra cng t
cng t ch c chnh xc, trc khi em s dng ngi ta
phi kim tra v hiu chnh cng t. S kim tra cng t
c mc nh hnh 4.5. y l s mc theo kiu ti o
(khng c in tr ph ti). S thay i dng in qua
ampemet, otmt v cng t c mc thc hin nh bin dng
BD v bin p t ngu BA
2
. in p cung cp cho cun p qua
vonmet c thay i nh bin p BA
1
. B chnh pha c th
thay i c gc pha t 0 n 360
0
.
Cc bc tin hnh kim tra:
+ Hiu chnh t quay ca cng t
Nh ta bit mmen ma st ca cng t do phi quay hp
s v do ma st gia trc v tr l rt ln, mmen ny gy nn
sai s ca cng t. kh mmen ma st trn cn phi to to
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
37

A

B

C
V

W A Wh
*
*
*
*
BA
1
BA
2 BD
Hnh 4.5 S kim ra cng t
A
B
C

A

B

C
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
ra mmen b ban u (M
b
) bng cch gy ra mt t thng lch
trong khng gian v trong thi gian vi
u
bng mt l st t
t trong mch t ca cun p:
k k u 4 b
sin k M
.
thay i mmen b ta thay i v tr ca l st t
(bng mt vt chnh v tr). thng mmen b ln hn mmen
ma st. Khi chnh t quay ta iu chnh bin p (BA
1
) sao cho
in p bng in p nh mc U
m
.
Dng in qua otmt bng khng (I = 0) lc ny otmt
ch khng v cng t phi ng yn. Nu cng t quay l
hin tng t quay, ta phi chnh v tr ca vt chnh cho n
khi cng t ng yn.
+ Hiu chnh gc
2 /
I

(iu chnh gc

)
t U = U
m
, dng in bng dng nh mc I = I
m
v
iu chnh gc lch pha
2 /
tc l cos

= 0. Khi
otmt ch 0, cng t ng yn. Nu cng t vn quay tc
l
2 /
I

.
iu chnh

th ta iu chnh
u

bng cch iu
chnh b phn nhnh t ca cun p hoc iu chnh
i

bng cch iu chnh vng ngn mch ca cun dng cho
n khi cng t ng yn.
+ Kim tra hng s cng t
kim tra hng s cng t C
P
ngi ta iu chnh sao cho
I = I
m
, U = U
m
, h s cos

= 1 (tc l

= 0), lc P =
U
m
I
m
.
Trong khong thi gian t cng t s quay c N vng v ta
c:
t P
N
t I U
N
C
dm d d
P

m m

Hng s ny khng i i vi mi loi cng t v c ghi
trn mt cng t (v d: 1kWh = 150 vng). Nu hng s cng
t C
P
khng bng gi tr nh mc ghi trn mt cng t ng-
i ta iu chnh v tr ca nam chm vnh cu tng
(hoc gim) moomen cn M
C
cho n khi C
P
t c gi tr
nh mc th thi.
Sai s ca cng t c tnh nh sau:
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
38

A

B

C

A

B

C

A

B

C
Ti 3
pha 4
dy
khng
i
xng

A

B

C
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
% 100
C
C C
%
do
do dm


Bi IV.2 - o cng sut v nng lng tc dng trong mch
ba pha
1. o cng sut tc dng trong mch ba pha i xng
i vi mch ba pha i xng ta c cng sut tng ca c
mch l:
- Theo i lng pha: P
3pfa
= P
A
+ P
B
+ P
C
= 3U
f
I
f
cos

(*)
- Theo i lng dy: P
3pha
= cos I U 3
d d
a. Mch 3 pha 4 dy - Phng php 1 otmt
Theo (*) ta ch cn o cng sut 1 pha bng 1 ot mt
ri ly ch s ca otmt nhn 3 ta s c cng sut ca c
3 pha
Gi s otmt mc vo pha A nh hnh 4.6.
S ch ca otmt l:
P
w
= U
A
I
A
cos
A
= P
A
Do vy cng sut ca ba pha l:
P
3pha
= 3P
A
= 3P
W
Tng t c th mc otmt vo pha B hoc pha C.
b. Mch 3 pha 3 dy - Phng php 1 otmt vi trung tnh gi
S mc otmt nh hnh 4.7. Mch 3 pha 3 dy khng
c dy trung tnh ta c th to trung tnh gi bng cc in
tr ph R
1
, R
2
vi iu kin:
u 2 1
R R R
(R
u
l in tr mch
song song ca otmmt).
P
3pha
= 3P
A
= 3P
W
Tng t ta cng c th mc otmt pha B hoc C o
cng sut theo cch trn.
2. o cng sut tc dng trong mch ba pha khng i
xng
a. Mch 3 pha 4 dy - phng php 3 ot mt
V P
3pha
= P
A
+ P
B
+P
C
. Do vy ta dng 3 ot mt o
cng sut cc pha A, B, C. Sau cng s ch ca 3 otmt
ta c cng sut ca mch 3 pha. S 3 otmt nh hnh 4.8.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
39

A

B

C
Ti 3
pha 4
dy
*
*
P
W
A
B
C
0
Hnh 4.6 o cng sut bng 1 ot mt

A

B

C
Ti 3
pha 3
dy
*
*
R
1
A
B
C
R
2
Hnh 4.7 o bng 1 otmt mch 3
dy

A

B

C
Ti 3
pha 4
dy
khng
i
xng

A

B

C
Ti 3 pha
4 dy

A

B

C
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Ta c: P
w
= P
WA
+ P
WB
+ P
WC
= U
A
I
A
cos
A
+ U
B
I
B
cos
B
+U
C
I
C
cos
C
= P
3pha
Trong thc t ngi ta ch to otmt 3 pha 3 phn t. N
gm 3 cun dy tnh tng ng c 3 cun ng gn trn cng 1
trc quay. M men lm quay phn ng l tng m men ca 3
phn t
M
q
= K(U
A
I
A
cos
A
+ U
B
I
B
cos
B
+U
C
I
C
cos
C
) = KP
3pha
b. Mch 3 pha 3 dy - Phng php dng 2 ot mt
Cng sut tc thi trong mch 3 pha l:
p
3pha
= u
A
i
A
+ u
B
i
B
+ u
C
i
C

i vi mch 3 pha 3 dy, v khng c dy trung tnh nn
dng in trung tnh bng khng ngha l:
i
A
+ i
B
+i
C
= 0 i
C
= -(i
A
+ i
B
)
Vy: p
3pha
= u
A
i
A
+ u
B
i
B
- u
C
(i
A
+ i
B
)
= u
A
i
A
+ u
B
i
B
- u
C
i
A
- u
C
i
B
= i
A
(u
A
-u
C
) +i
B
(u
B
- u
C
)
= i
A
u
AC
+ i
B
u
BC
Vy cng sut tc dng ca ba pha l:
P
3pha
= U
AC
I
A
cos(
AC
U

,
A
I

) + U
BC
I
B
cos(
BC
U

,
B
I

)
Nh vy, tng s ch ca 2 otmt l cng sut ca mch 3
pha. Vy ta thy o cng sut trong mch 3 pha 3 dy, ch
cn dng 2 ot mt u theo hnh 4.9.
Thc t cng da trn nguyn tc ny ngi ta ch to ot
mt 3 pha 2 phn t.
3. o nng lng tc dng trong mch ba pha
- i vi mch 3 pha 4 dy c th dng cng t 3 pha 3 phn
t hoc 3 cng t 1 pha. S mc ging nh mc ot mt
o cng sut tc dng.
- i vi mch 3 pha 3 dy c th dng cng t 3 pha 2 phn
t hoc 2 cng t 1 pha. S mc ging nh mc ot mt
o cng sut tc dng.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
40

A

B

C
*
*
P
WA
A
B
C
0
Ti 3
pha 4
dy
khng
i
xng
*
*
*
*
P
WB
P
WC
Hnh 4.8 S o cng sut bng
3 ot mt
A

A

B

C
*
Ti 3
pha 3
dy
khng
i
xng
*
*
B
C
*
Ot mt 3 pha 2
phn t
Hnh 4.9 S dng 2 ot mt o cng sut trong
mch 3 pha
Ti 3 pha
4 dy

A

B

C

A

B

C
Ti 3
pha 4
dy
khng
i
xng
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
- Vi mch h p cng sut ln ta kt hp gia bin dng
in v cng t 3 pha o nng lng tc dng.
V d: S kt hp gia T
I
v cng t o nng lng tc
dng:
Bi IV.3- o cng sut v nng lng phn khng trong mch ba
pha
1. o cng sut phn khng trong mch ba pha
i vi mch ba pha i xng ta c cng sut tng ca c
mch l:
- Theo i lng pha: Q
3pfa
= Q
A
+ Q
B
+ Q
C
= 3U
f
I
f
sin

(*)
- Theo i lng dy: Q
3pha
= sin I U 3
d d
a. Mch 3 i xng
o cng sut phn khng trong mch 3 pha i xng, ta
c th s dng otmt o cng sut tcdng nhng mc theo
s hnh 4.11. Trong cun dng ca otmt mc vo
pha A, cun p ca otmt mc vo pha B v pha C.
S ch ca otmt l:
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
41
Ti 3 pha
4 dy
*
*
*
*
*
*
Ti
Hnh 4.10 S kt hp T
I
v cc ot mt o
cng sut

A

B

C
Ti 3
pha 4
dy
*
*
P
W
A
B
C
0
Hnh 4.11 o CS phn khng bng 1
ot mt

A

B

C
Ti 3
pha 4
dy
khng
i
xng
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
P
w
= U
BC
I
A
cos(
BC A
U , I

)
T th vc t hnh 4.12 ta c:
P
w
= U
d
I
d
cos(
A
2 /
)
= U
d
I
d
sin(
A

)
Vy cng sut phn khng trong mch 3 pha c tnh:
Q
3f
=
A d d w
sin I U 3 P 3
b. Mch 3 pha khng i xng
o cng sut phn khng trong mch ba pha khng i
xng ni sao (k c c dy trung tnh) hoc tam gic ta c th
dng 3 otmt mc nh hnh 4.13.
Tng s ch ca cc otmt l:
3 C BA 2 B CA 1 A BC WC WB WA
cos I U cos I U cos I U P P P + + + +
T th vc t hnh 4.12 ta c:
1 1
2 /
;
2 2
2 /
;
3 3
2 /
.
Gi s U
AB
= U
BC
= U
CA
th:
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
42
CA
U

B
I

C
I

BC
U

AB
U

A
I

C
U

B
U

A
U

B
2

3
Hnh 4.12 th vc t dng,
p

A

B

C
*
*
P
WA
A
B
C
0
Ti 3
pha 4
dy
khng
i
xng
*
*
*
*
P
WB
P
WC
Hnh 4.13 S o cng sut phn khng bng 3
ot mt o
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
) sin I sin I sin I ( U P P P
3 C 2 B 1 A d WC WB WA
+ + + +
Vy cng sut phn khng 3 pha l:
) sin I sin I sin I (
3
U
3
P P P
Q
3 C 2 B 1 A
d WC WB WA
f 3
+ +
+ +

2. o nng lng phn khng trong mch ba pha

o nng lng phn khng trong mch 3 pha ta cng c
th dng cng t o nng lng tc dng mc nh s o cng
sut phn khng o nng lng phn khng trong mch 3 pha.
Chng V: o gc pha v tn s
Bi V.1- o gc pha
1. Phng php dng ampemt v volmt (o cos gin
tip)
H s cng sut cos quan h vi dng in v in p
trong mch qua cng thc:
P = UI cos
Do : cos =
UI
P
Vy o c U, I, P ta tnh c cos
Sai s: |
cos
| = |
P
| + |
U
| + |
I
|
Trong mch 3 pha i xng cng sut c tnh:
P =
3
U
d
I
d
cos
Vy cos =
d d
I U 3
P
i vi mch 3 pha khng i xng: cos ca 3 pha khng
bng nhau, ta c h s cng sut cos trong mch nh sau:
cos
2 2
Q P
P
+

i vi cc h tiu th nng lng th ta khng th theo di

cos qua tng thi im do vy thng qua vic o cng sut
phn khng v cng sut tc dng trong mt khong thi gian
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
43 4
11 2' 2 2'' 2
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
no (thng l mt thng) ta xc nh c gi tr cos trung
bnh trong khong thi gian :
cos
TB
=
2
pk
2
td
td
2 2
W W
W
Q P
P
+

+
W
pk
: in nng phn khng ch bi cng t phn khng
trong khong thi gian xt.
W
td
: in nng tc dng ch bi cng t tc dng trong
khong thi gian xt.
2. Phng php dng Fazmt in ng (o trc tip)
Fazmt in ng (cos mt in ng v st in
ng) dng o gc lch pha hoc h s cos trc tip.
a. Cos mt in ng 1 pha
Ngi ta s dng c cu ch th lgmt in ng
ch to dng c o cos trong mch mt pha.
Cun tnh ca cos in ng c mc ni tip vi mch
cn o cos, cn hai cun dy ng c mc ni tip vi R, L
hnh 5.1a, th vc t hnh 5.1b:
Dng I
1
trng pha vi in p U, dng I
2
vung pha vi in
p U, vi cch ni nh vy lun to ra cc dng I
1
v I
2
vung pha
nhau. Theo cng thc ca c cu ch th lgmt in ng
ta c:

,
`

.
|

2 2
1 1
cos I
cos I
f
vi gc:
1
= (

I
,
1

I
) = ,
2
= (

I
,
2

I
) = 90
0
-
Vy

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

g cot
I
I
f
sin I
cos I
f
2
1
2
1
Nu nh trong mch song song ta lm sao cho I
1
= I
2
th ta
c
= f(cotg)
Nh vy, lch gc ca c cu ch th c xc nh bi
gc . Song trn thc t khi tn s thay i dn ti L thay
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
44 4
11 2' 2 2''
R
I
Z
ti
* *
*
I
1
I
2
U~

90
0
-

I

UU
Hnh 5.1 S mc cos in ng v th
dng in
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
i. Vy I
2
thay i do t s
2
1
I
I
khc hng s. khc
phc ta s dng s hnh 5.2.
Cun dy ng c chia lm hai nhnh 2' v 2''. Hai nhnh
ny mc ngc cc tnh nhau, mt nhnh ni vi L, mt nhnh ni
vi C nn s to ra m men cun dy ng 2 l tng ca hai
mmen cng du M
2
= M
2
'' + M
2
'. V vy, khi tn s thay i
lm X
L
, X
C
thay i ngc nhau hay I
2
' v I
2
'' thay i ngc nhau.
Do M
2
= const. Nh vy, nhnh ny khng ph thuc tn s.
b. Cos mt in ng 3 pha (mch i xng)
S cos mt in ng 3 pha mc nh hnh 5.3a.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
45
Z
T
I
I
1
I
2
*
*
* *
R
L
CC
11 2' 2 2''
I
2
' I
2
''
U
~
Hnh 5.2 S cos mt in ng dng
3 cun dy
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Cun tnh c
mc ni tip vo 1
pha, 2 cun dy
ng c mc qua
hai in tr R vo 2
pha cn li.
th vc t nh hnh 5.3b
Gc quay ca c cu l:
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
46
Ti
3 pha
R
R
I
2
I
1
* *
* A
B
C
1

I
2

I
AC
U

AB
U

A
I

C
U

B
U

A
U

A
Hnh 5.3 S mc cos mt in
ng 3 pha
v th vc t dng in
T
S
R
B mn o Lng - iu Khin

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|



A 2
2
A 1
1
, I cos I
, I cos I
f
I
I
=
( )
( )
) ( ' f
30 cos I
30 cos I
f
0
2
0
1

,
`

.
|
+

V
const
I
I
2
1

Do vy phng php ny khng ph thuc tn s.

3. Fazmt in t
Fazmt in t da trn vic bin i gc lch pha
gia 2 tn hiu in thnh dng in hay in p, sau -
a vo c cu o t in. Hnh 5.4 l s nguyn l ca
fazmt in t.
Tn hiu in p hnh sin u
1
v u
2
c a vo b to xung.
Khi cc tn hiu i qua 0 t m sang dng s to cc ra cc
xung U
3
v U
4
. Cc xung ny c a n iu khin kho
in t K. Kho in t K ng khi a xung t b to xung th
nht vo v ngt khi a xung t b to xung th 2 n.
Nh vy, cc tn
hiu hnh sin u
vo nh cc b to
xung bin lch
pha ca 2 tn hiu
thnh khong thi gian

. Trong khong thi

gian kho K thng s c
dng in I i qua c cu o CC.
T th dng v p hnh 5.5 ta c gi tr dng trung
bnh i qua c cu o l:
0
m m tb
360
I
T
I I

Gio trnh K Thut o Lng

Trang
47
T
S
R
K
E
To xung
To xung
U
3
u
2
= U
m
sin(t-
)
U
4
u
1
= U
m
sint
CC
Hnh 5.4 S nguyn l fazmt in
t.
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Do , gc lch ca
kim ch
0
m I
360
I S


I
m
l gi tr bin ln
nht ca dng in I.
S
I
l nhy ca c
cu o.
Thang o ca dng c
c khc trc tip gc
lch pha. Fazmt in
t loi ny dng o
gc lch pha t 0 n
180
0
, cp chnh xc 1
n 1,5 v di tn t
20Hz n 200Hz.
4. Fazmet ch th s
Da trn nguyn tc
bin i gc lch pha
thnh m, c ngha l gc
lch pha cn o gia hai
tn hiu c bin thnh
khong thi gian, sau
lp y khong thi gian
bng cc xung vi tn s bit trc.
Cu trc bao gm: B bin i gc pha thnh khong thi
gian, b to xung TX1, TX2, TX3, B m, ch th s, my pht
xung chun, kho K
1
, K
2
. S cu trc nh hnh 5.6.
Cc tn hiu u
1
, u
2
c dng hnh sin c a vo b to xung
TX1, TX2 cc xung xut hin khi tn hiu i qua mc "0", cc
xung ny s c a n cc u vo ca Trig to ra u ra
1 xung m di ca n t l vi gc lch pha cn o
x
. Kho
K c m trong khong thi gian t
x
. T my pht xung chun f
0
c tn s n nh (hay T
0
= 1/f
0
) c a qua K
1
khi K
1
m
trong khong thi gian t
x
. Mt khc b to xung TX3 pht ra
xung c di c nh l T
u
= kT
0
, v kho K
2
c m trong
khong thi gian . Vy cc xung t cc khong thi gian T
u
s
i qua K
2
vo b m v ch th s.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
48
MF f
0
K
1
K
2
B
m
Ch th
s
TX3
T
S
R
TX3
TX3
t
x
U
1
U
2
Hnh 5.6 S cu trc ca Fazmt ch th s
Hnh 5.8 o tn s nh C
mu
u
1
,
u
2
t

U
3
t
U
4
I
t
t

Hnh 5.5 Dng dng in v

in p
Hnh 5.9 Tn s k cng hng
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
T gin thi
gian ta thy:
0
x
x
x
360 T
t

Vy:
x
0
x
x
360
T
t
S xung m c
trong khong thi gian
t
u
l:
x
0
x
0
0
x
x
0
0
x
x
u
360
k
360 T
T
T
kT
T
t
T
t
N

Vy s xung N t
l vi gc lch pha
x
.
Fazmt loi ny
lm vic trong khong
1 vi Hz n vi MHz,
c sai s = 0.1 n
0.2%.
Bi V.2 - o tn s
1. Phng php o dng volmt, ampemt (gin tip)
Trong cc phn t phn khng quan h gia dng in v
in p u ph thuc tn s X
L
= L; X
C
=
C
1
. V vy c th
dng volmt, ampemt o U, I trn 1 phn
t phn khng ri suy ra tn s khi bit
in p ca n.
T hnh 5.7 ta c:
L
0
=
I L
U
I
U
0
L L

L
0
l in cm mu.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
49
Hnh 5.8 o tn s nh C
mu
u
1
, u
2
t

x
t
f
0
K
1
t
t
t
TX3
t
t
t
u
TX1, TX2
Hnh 5.6 biu thi gian ca
Fazmt ch th s
360
0
t
x
T
x
A
V
L
U
~
L
0
Hnh 5.7o tn s nh
L mu
Hnh 5.9 Tn s k cng hng h
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Khi cn o chnh xc, ta phi xt n in tr ca cun
cm mu R
0
.
2
0
2
0
2
L
R L I U +
=
2
0
2
0
I L
) I R ( U
L

Hnh 5.8 ta c:
U
C
=
C
I
I
C

1
, vi C l in dung mu.
2. Tn s mt (k) cng hng in t
Tn s k cng hng bao gm nam chm in 1, cc
thanh rung 2 c tn s dao ng ring khc nhau, tn s ring
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
50
A
V
C
U
~
C
0
Hnh 5.8 o tn s nh C
mu
1
5
0
4
9
5
1
Hz
Hnh 5.9 Tn s k cng hng
2
33
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
ca mi thanh rung bng hai ln tn s ngun in cn o.
Cc thanh rung c gn cht mt u, cn mt u dao
ng t do. Pha trn cc thanh rung l thang o 3.
Tn hiu cn o tn s c a vo cun dy ca nam
chm in s to ra lc ht cc thanh rung. Thanh rung no c
tn s dao ng ring bng tn s dng in f th s dao
ng cc i do cng hng ring, cn cc thanh khc khng
cng hng th khng dao ng cc i. Nh vy, chng ta s
c kt qu ti tr s tng ng vi thanh rung cc i.
u im ca dng c ny l cu to n gin, r tin v
tin cy cao. Nhc im l gii hn o hp (45 n 55 Hz) hoc
(450 n 550Hz), sai s ca php o ln 1,5 n 2,5%. Khng
s dng c ni c rung ln v cc thit b ang di
chuyn.
3. Tn s k in ng
Tn s k in ng v st in ng l dng c o
tn s da trn c cu lgmt in ng. S tn s k
in ng nh hnh 5.10.

,
`

.
|

2 2
1 1
cos I
cos I
f
Trong
1

v
2

l gc lch pha gia i v i

1
va i v i
2
trong cun dy phn tnh v phn ng.
T th dng in hnh 5.10 ta c
0
2

nn
1 cos
2

.
Vi I = I
2
v
2 2
0
1
sin ) 90 cos( cos
m
2
2
2
z
x
sin
v
1
2
2
1
z
z
I
I

z
2
v x
2
l tng tr v in khng ca mch c dng i
2
.
T ta c:

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
x
x
f
z
x
f
z
x
z
z
f cos
I
I
f
v nhnh 1
ch c C.
Ta li c:
1 x
1
C
1
x

,
2 x
2 x 2
C
1
L x

v
x x
f 2
Nn
) f ( f
x

, do thang o ca dng c c khc
trc tin theo tn s. Tn s k in ng c gii hn o t 45
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
51
R
2
* *
*
I
1
I=I
2
u~
-
2

UU
Hnh 5.10 s tn s k in ng v
th dng in
L
2
C
2
C
1
-
2
I=
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
n 55 Hz vi sai s 1,5% v c th ch to dng c o tn s
cao hn n 2500Hz.
4. Tn s mt in t
Tn s k in t l dng c o tn s m tn v cao
tn m cc tn s k c in khng o c, l dng c
phi hp gia c cu o t in vi cc b bin i thc
hin bin i tn s thnh dng in mt chiu.
Tn hiu cn o c tn s f
x
c a vo khng ch 1 kho
in t hay bn dn, kho ny c
nhim v ng np t vi in p U
o
hnh 5.11.
Khi kho K v tr 1 in tch
np vo t:
q = C.U
o
in tch np vo t trong thi
gian 1s l:
Q = q.f
x
= C.U
o
.f
x
Khi kho K v tr 2 t C phng
in qua c cu. Dng in trung
bnh qua c cu l:
I
TB
= K.Q = K.C.U
o
.f
x
= K
1
f
x
(K
1
= const)
Vy thang chia c khc trc tip theo n v tn s,
ta c th c ngay tn s trn ch th G. Mun m rng gii hn
o ta thay i gi tr ca t C.
Kho in t c th to ra nh mt tranzitor hnh 5.12.
in p u
x
c tn s cn o
c a qua b to xung TX.
Khi cha c xung t vo
cc gc ca tranzitor,
tranzitor ch kho v
t C c np n in p U.
Khi c xung vo cc gc ca
tranzitor T, tranzitor lm
vic ch thng, t C phng in qua T, it D
2
v c cu
ch th CT. Ch th c khc theo gi tr tn s. Tn s k
loi ny c dng o tn s tn hiu hnh sin t 10Hz n
500Hz vi sai s 2%. Nu tn hiu xung c th o vi di tn t
10Hz n 20KHz, sai s 2%.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
52
u
x
, f
x
g
C U
0
R
1
1 2
K
Hnh 5.11nguyn l tn s
mt in t
Hnh 5.12 tn s mt in t
TX u
x
U
cc
R
C
D
1
D
2
T
CT
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
5. Tn s k ch th s
Nguyn l ca tn s ch th s m s xung N tng ng
vi s chu k ca tn s cn o f
x
trong khong thi gian gi l
thi gian o T
o
. T s xung m c ta bit c tn s ca
tn hiu.
Xt s o tn s bng phng php o chu k T
x
hnh
5.13 (phng php m nghch o).
Tn hiu c tn s cn o f
x
qua thit b u vo v qua
b to xung to ra cc xung c chu k T
x
l chu k ca tn
hiu o. Cc xung a vo b iu khin ng m
khoa K, thi gian kho K m l khng thi gian T
x
cng l thi
gian o T
o
.
Khi kho K m, cc xung c tn s f
0
t my pht xung chun
c a vo b m v ch th.
S xung m c:
x
0
0
x
f
f
T
T
N
s xung t l vi tn s cn o ngi ta thc hin php
bin i ngc:
N
f
f
0
x

Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
53
My pht
tn s
chun f
0
To
xung
B vo
iu khin
B
m
K
u
x
Hnh 5.13 tn s k bng phng php nghch o
u
x
t
t
t
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Chng VI: o cc thng s ca mch in
Bi VI.1- o in tr
1. nghi v yu cu ca vic o in tr
in tr l mt thng s rt quan trng ca mch in v
cc h thng cung cp in, tuy nhin phn ln cc gi tr ca
chng thay i theo nhit , theo iu kin mi trng. V
vy khi lp rp, vn hnh cc mch in, khi th nghim,
nghim thu cc mch in, cc h thng cung cp in, cc
h thng t ng ho... ta phi tin hnh o v kim tra cc
gi tr in tr.
Yu cu khi o in tr R: Khi o cc gi tr R nh cn
tm mi bin php loi tr nh hng ca in tr dy ni,
in tr tip xc, sc in ng tip xc. khc phc, trn
cc in tr mu ngi ta phn thnh cc cc dng v cc p
ring. Khi o cc gi tr R ln cn trnh nh hng ca R b mt
v R khi.
Khi o in tr cch in ca vt liu lng hay cc vt c
m cao ngi ta thng dng ngun xoay chiu trnh hin
tng in phn. Khi o R ca cc vt liu rn ta nn dng ngun
mt chiu trnh in dung k sinh.
in tr c th o trc tip hoc gin tip. o gin tip l
o dng v p sau suy ra in tr. o trc tip l phng
php s dng cc thit b xc nh trc tip nh mmt.
2. Phng php gin tip
a. o in tr bng vnmt v amemt
S o bng vnmt v amemt nh hnh 6.1.
Dng cc ng h
o volmet, ampemet
o in p v
dng in trn R
x
ta
xc nh c R
x
=
( )
( ) A I
v U
Xt vi hnh 6.1a,
gi R
x
' l in tr
xc nh c bng cc ng h o.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
54
R
x
A
V
R
x
A
V
+
-
U
+
-
U
a,
b,
Hnh 6.1 o in tr bng vnmt v
amemt
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
A x
A
A A x
x
R R
I
R I U
' R
+
+

Vy sai s ph trong qu trnh o:

x
A
x
x
'
x
p
R
R
R
R R

Nhn xt: Nu R
A
cng nh th
p
cng nh. Phng php ny
dng o in tr ln.
Xt vi hnh 6.1b
v x x
v
x
x
v x
x
A
v
x
R
1
R
1
1
U
I
U
I
1
I I
U
I
U
' R
+

+

Vy sai s ph trong qu trnh o l:
1
R R
R
R
R R
x V
v
x
x
'
x
p

+

Nhn xt: Nu mun sai s ph nh th R
v
phi ln v R
x
phi nh, phng php ny dng o in tr nh.
b. o in tr bng phng php so snh vi in tr mu
t chnh xc cao ca php o in tr, ta c th
s dng phng php so snh in tr o vi in tr mu. So
o so snh nh hnh 6.1.
in tr o v in
tr mu mc ni tip
(hnh 6.2a)
Trong in p
rn trn in tr mu R
0
l U
0
, in p ri trn
in tr o R
x
l U
x
. Vi
dng in I khng i
ta c:
x
x
0
0
R
U
R
U

vy:
0
0
x
x
R
U
U
R
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
55
R
x
R
x
A
U
U
a,
b,
Hnh 6.2 o in tr bng so snh vi mu
R
0
V
U
0
U
x
R
0
1
2
1 2
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Sai s ca php o bng tng sai s ca in tr mu v
sai s ca vnmt.
in tr o v in tr mu mc song song (hnh 6.2b)
Dng in i qua in tr mu l I
0
v dng in i qua
in tr o l I
x
. Vi in p cung cp n nh ta c:
x x 0 0
R I R I
vy:
0
x
0
x
R
I
I
R
Sai s ca php o bng tng sai s ca in tr mu v
ca ampemt.
3. o in tr bng phng php trc tip
o in tr trc tip thng dng mmt. mmt l dng c
o t in vi ngun cung cp l pin v cc in tr mu. Xut
pht t nh lut m
I
U
R , nu ta gi
cho in p U khng i th dng
in I qua mch o s thay i khi
in tr thay i. Trn c s c
th ch to cc mmt o in tr.
Tu theo cc mc s mch o, ngi
ta chia mmt thnh 2 loi l: mmt
mc ni tip v mmt mc song song. mmt mc ni tip
o in tr ln, mmt mc song song o in tr
nh.
a.mmt ni tip
S mc ni tip nh hnh 6.3. Khi o ta m kho K,
dng qua c cu l:
p CT x
CT
R R R
U
I
+ +

Vi R
x
: l in tr cn o, R
0
l in tr trong ca c cu.
Cc mmt mc ni tip thng dng o cc in tr t-
ng i ln thng l t c m tr ln.
T biu thc trn ta thy khi

x
R
th
0 I
CT

. Do ,
thang chia ca mmt ngc vi
thang chia ca vnmt. Mt khc
ta cng thy s ch ca mmt ph
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
56
+
-
K
R
x
I
0
U
I
Hnh 6.4 mmt song song
R
p
+
-
K
R
x
I
0
U
Hnh 6.3 mmt ni tip
CT
R
p
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
thuc vo ngun cung cp. Nu ngun cung cp thay i s
gy sai s ln. khc phc sai s do ngun cung cp thay i
ta mc thm R
p
chnh zr (khi R
x
= 0). Nh vy mi ln s
dng mmt, trc ht phi ngn mch cc u ra (R
x
= 0) sau
iu chnh R
p
kim ca ch th ch zr trn thang o.
Vi cch chnh nh vy khi in p cung cp ca pin gim xung
di mc ban u ca n thang o vn ng.
b.mmt song song
mmt mc song song l loi dng c trong R
x
mc
song song vi c cu ch th nh hnh 6.4. mmt loi ny c
th dng o cc in tr tng i nh thng t c K tr
li. Do R
x
mc song song vi c cu ch th nn khi

x
R
(cha
c R
x
) dng in qua ch th l ln nht, vi
0 R
x

dng qua
ch th bng 0. Thang o chia ging nh ca vnmt (ngc
vi thang o ca mmt ni tip).
iu chnh thang o ca mmt trong trng hp ngun
cung cp thay i cng dng mt bin tr R
p
v iu chnh
ng vi

x
R
(que o h mch).
4. o in tr bng cu n v cu kp (phng php so
snh)
a. o in tr bng cu n P316
Cu n l mt thit b dng o in tr rt chnh
xc. Cu n c s nh hnh 6.5. Cu c cung cp bng
ngun mt chiu U
0
. Cc in tr R
1
, R
3
, R
4
c ch to c
chnh xc v n nh cao.
xc nh in tr cha bit R
x
ngi ta iu chnh cc
in tr R
1
, R
3
, R
4
cu cn bng (in k ch 0). Khi cu
cn bng ta c:

'

'

4 4 3 3
x 2 1 1
4 2
3 1
R I R I
R I R I
I I
I I
Vy
3
1
4 x
4
x
3
1
R
R
R R
R
R
R
R

Thng thng ngi ta ch to

3
1
R
R
l bi s ca 10.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
57
Hnh 6.5 o in tr bng
cu n
R
2
=R
x
R
1
R
3
R
4
I
4
I
3
I
1
I
2
U
R
5
K
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Khi , cn c vo v tr ca con trt trn R
4
v t s
3
1
R
R
ta
xc nh c R
x
.
nhy ca cu ph thuc vo nhy ca ch th v
in p cung cp, v vy ch th ch khng phi c nhy
cao, ngun cung cp m bo dng qua ch th khng vt qu
dng cho php.
m bo dng in qua ch th khng vt qu gi tr
cho php ngi ta a thm vo cu in tr R
5
chnh th.
Khi chnh cu ta phi tun th quy tc ch cu: u tin phi
ch th sau mi chnh tinh. Trc khi o kho K c m
chnh th (nu khi chnh cu c qu mt cn bng th c R
5
hn ch dng qua cu), khi tng i cn bng ngi ta ng
kho K li loi in tr R
5
chnh tinh cho n khi cu cn
bng hon ton.
Cp chnh xc ca cu n o in tr thun ph thuc
vo gii hn o. V d: di o

5
10 50 R
cp chnh xc 0,05%,
vi di o

6 5
10 10 R
cp chnh xc t 0,5%.
b. o in tr bng cu kp P333
Cu kp l thit b o in tr nh v rt nh m cc cu
n trong qu trnh o khng thun tin v c sai s ln do
in tr dy ni v in tr tip xc.
Cc in tr c tr s nh nh in tr sun ca ampemt
phi c gi tr chnh xc. trnh nhng sai s do tip xc khi
c dng in ln, cc in tr sun thng c ch to bn u,
hai u dng v hai u p hnh 6.6. Cc
u ra dng ln hn v nm cc u mt
ngoi ca in tr. u ra p nm gia hai
u dng v nhng u ra thng dng
vi dng c
A
hoc mA nn khng c st p
do tip xc ti cc u ra p. in tr c
xc nh dng bng in tr tn ti gia cc u ra p.
o cc in tr nh ngi ta thng dng cu kp, hnh
6.7. Cu kp khc vi cu n ch c thm 1 s in tr,
trong o R
0
l in tr chun c gi tr nh v R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
l
nhng in tr iu chnh c.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
58
u
dng
u
p
Hnh 6.6 in
tr sun
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Cc in tr R
0
v R
x
l cc
in tr c bn u ra, cc
in tr R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
c mc
vo cc u ra in p ca
chng.
Khi cu cn bng ta c:
2 1
I I
4 3
I I
0 x
I I
Vit cc phng trnh kirhof 2 cho cc vng 1, 2, 3 ta c
0 R I R I R I
1 1 3 3 x x
+
0 R I R I R I
2 2 4 4 0 0
+
0 R ) I I ( R I R I
3 x 4 4 3 3
+
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c:

,
`

.
|

+ +
+
4
3
2
1
4 3
4
2
1
0 x
R
R
R
R
R R R
R . R
R
R
R R
n gin cho vic iu chnh cn bng khi o, ngi
ta ch to sao cho
4
3
2
1
R
R
R
R

hoc 0 R , lc phng trnh cn

bng s l:
2
1
0 x
R
R
R R
Nh vy khi o R
x
thay i cn thay i gi tr R
0
v t s
2
1
R
R
cu cn bng.
Khong o ca cu kp thng thng t
10
n 1 . Tu
thuc vo chnh xc ca linh kin m chnh xc ca
php o c th t n 0,2%.
Bi VI.2 o in cm v h s phm cht cun dy
1. o in cm bng phng php gin tip
C th dng cc volmt, ampemt, ot mt o thng s
cun dy hnh 6.8.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
59
Hnh 6.7 in tr bng cu kp
R
x
R
1
I
1
I
3
R
2
R
3
R
4
I
2
I
4
I
x
I
x
-
I
3
U
0
A
R
DC
I
0
R
0
R
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Ta c:

A
v
x
I
U
z
,
2
A
w
x
I
P
R
M
2
x
2
x x
) L ( R z +
2
x
2
x x
R z
1
L

2
2
A
w
2
A
v
x
I
P
I
U 1
L

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

Ngun cung cp cho mch o l

ngun xoay chiu hnh sin.
Nu nh bit trc R
x
ta ch cn volmt v ampemt nn khng
phi s dng ot mt.
2. o in cm v h s phm cht cun dy (Q) dng
cu xoay chiu
C rt nhiu s o
in cm, xong ta xt s
c trng c s dng rng ri
trong cng nghip. S mc
nh hnh 6.9.
Ta c: Z
1
= R
x
+jL
x
Z
2
= R
2
Z
3
= R
3
Z
4
=
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
R C j 1
R
C j
1
R
C j
1
R
+

Khi cu cn bng ta c: Z
1
Z
4
= Z
2
Z
3
= (R
x
+ jL
x
).
3 2
0 0
0
R R
C R j 1
R

+
R
x
R
0
+ jL
x
R
0
= R
2
R
3
+ jR
0
C
0
R
2
R
3
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
60
u~
R
2
R
3
R
0
C
0
L
x
, R
x
Hnh 6.9 o in cm bng cu
xoay chiu
V
A W
u~
*
*
R
x
, L
x
Hnh 6.8 o in cm bng
phng
php gin tip ngun xoay
chiu
b
Hnh 6.11 s
thay th t in
B mn o Lng - iu Khin

'

0
3 2
x
3 2 0 x
R
R R
R
R R C L
, vi R
0
, C
0
l in tr v in dung mu.
Khi ta iu chnh R
0
, C
0.
Sau ta tnh c h s phm
cht ca cun dy l:
Q =
0 0
x
x
C R
R
L

Bi VI.3 o in dung v tn tht in mi

1. Phng php trc tip
Trong k thut o in dung trc tip ngi ta ch to
Microfaramet, Microfaramet c ch to da trn nguyn l ca
c cu ch th lgmt in
ng. S nh hnh 6.10.
Cun dy tnh A c mc ni
tip vi t C, hai cun dy ng c
mc ni tip vi C
x
cn o v in
dung mu C
0
l. Ta c quan h sau:

'

0 2
x 1
C U I
C U I
C U I
Mt khc gc
) , I ( ) , I ( 2
1

I I
1
V vy gc quay

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|



0
x
2 1
2
1
1
C
C
f
) , I cos( I
) , I cos( I
f
I
I
= f
1
(C
x
); C
0
= const
2 Phng php o in dung v tn tht in mi bng
cu xoay chiu
a, Khi nim v in dung v gc tn hao
T in l tng l t khng tiu th cng sut, nhng thc t
do c lp in mi nn vn c dng in nh i qua t cc ny
n cc kia v vy trong t c s tn hao cng sut.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
61
A
C
0
C
x
C
*
*
*
u~
Hnh 6.10 s mc
Microfaramet
Hnh 6.12 cu xoay chiu
o
in dung t tn hao
b
Hnh 6.11 s
thay th t in
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
S tn hao ny rt nh v nh gi s tn hao ca t
ngi ta thng o gc tn hao
tg
.
T in tn hao t thc c biu din di dng mt t l t-
ng ni ni tip vi mt in tr, t in tn hao nhiu ni
song song vi mt in tr hnh 6.11.
Hnh 6.11a l s thay th
tng ng ca in dung c
tn hao t v lc tg = RC.
Hnh 6.11b l s thay th
tng ng ca t in c tn
hao nhiu v tg =
RC
1
V vy, ta c 2 s o
in dung v gc tn hao tng
ng.
b. Vi t in t tn hao
Vi t in c xem l C
x
ni tip vi R
x
. Cho nn ta mc cu
c 4 nhnh trong R
2
, R
4
l thun tr, cc nhnh cn li l C
x
,
R
x
v in dung mu C
0
, in tr mu R
0
iu chnh c. -
ng cho ca cu c mc in k G ch cn bng v
ngung cung cp xoay chiu hnh 6.12.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
62
Hnh 6.12 cu xoay chiu
o
in dung t tn hao
Hnh 6.13 o in dung
tn hao
nhiu bng cu xoay
chiu
R
C
1
R
C
1
a
b
Hnh 6.11 s
thay th t in
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Ta c: Z
1
= r
x
+
x
C j
1

Z
2
= R
2
, Z
4
= R
4
Z
0
= r
0
+
0
C j
1

Khi o ta iu chnh R
0
, C
0
cho cu cn bng, lc ta
c:
Z
1
Z
4
= Z
2
Z
3


hay

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

+
0
0 x
x
x 4
C j
1
r R
C j
1
R R
hay R
4
R
x
= R
2
R
0
R
x
=
4
0 2
R
R R
,
0
2
x
4
C
R
C
R

0
2
4
x
C
R
R
C
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
63
R
0
R
x
R
2
R
4
I
4
I
2
u
C
x
'
C
x
Hnh 6.12 cu xoay chiu
o
in dung t tn hao
Hnh 6.13 o in dung
tn hao
nhiu bng cu xoay
chiu
B mn o Lng - iu Khin
Gc tn hao: tg = R
x
C
x
= R
0
C
0
c. Vi t in tn hao nhiu
C
x
c xem l ni song song
vi R
x
nn ta mc cu c C
0
ni
song song vi R
0
nm trn 1
nhnh, hai nhnh cn li l R
2
, R
4
.
x x
x
x
0
x
x
1
C r j 1
r
C j
1
r
C j
1
r
Z
+

Z
2
= r
2
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
3
r C j 1
r
C j
1
r
C j
1
r
Z
+

Z
4
= r
4
Khi o ta iu chnh r
0
, C
0
cho cu cn bng ta c:
Z
1
Z
4
=Z
2
Z
3
hay
0 0
0 2
x x
x 4
C R j 1
r r
C r j 1
r r
+

+
Cn bng thnh phn thc v phn o ta c:
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
64
r
0
R
x
R
2
R
4
I
4
I
2
u
C
x
C
x
Hnh 6.13 o in dung
tn hao
nhiu bng cu xoay
chiu
B mn o Lng - iu Khin

'

4 0 2 x
0 2 x 4
r C r C
r r r r
Vy
0
2
4
4
0 2
x
C
r
r
;
r
r r
r
x
C
Gc tn hao: tg = 1/R
x
C
x
= 1/R
0
C
0
.
Gio trnh K Thut o Lng
Trang
65