E

, ,
(1). N
3T.
YH: T Q
3T, ,
:

1
Q=

(3T + 2T) I0 5TI0

=
2
2

(1)

H I 0 3T :
I=

Q (1)
5TI0 5I0
! I=
=
3T
6T
6

,

, . E
R K,
.

YH: H
,
. ( 2). E T
, T

qe , I
:
I=

|q e |
|q e |
|q | "
=
= e
T
2!/"
2!

(1)

!
E Coulomb FC

, :
FC =

me v2
R

1 q 2e
m ev 2
q 2e
! 2 =
! m ev 2 =
4!" 0 R
R
4!" 0R

(2)

me . K
:
K=

m ev2
2

(2)

! K=

q 2e
!
8!"0 R

q 2e = 8!"0 RK ! |q e | =

8!"0RK = 2 2!"0RK

(3)

(1) (3) :

I=

2! 2"#0RK
# RK
=! 0
2"
2"

S,
V, I.

E R*
z*,

. qe .

!
YH: v ,

I. T
!
!
J v ,
:

J = z* |q e |v

(1)

3
E, t
L , v=L/t, (1) :
J =

z* |q e |L
I z* |q e |L
z S|q e |L
!
! t= *
=
t
S
t
I

(2)

E Ohm :
V = RI ! V = R*LI ! L = V/R*I

(3)

R . (2) (3)
:

t=

z*S|q e |V z*S|q e |V
=
R*II
R*I2

1 2
(V1 =110V , P1 =110W) (V2 =110V , P2 =55W)
,
V=220 V.

i) N
.
ii) N
,
.
YH: i) E I1, I2
1 2 , :

P1
110W
P
55W
=
= 1A I2 = 2 =
= 0, 5A
V1
110V
V2
110V

I1 =

I1>I2,
, .
I,
1 2 Ohm,
:
V
I=
(1)
R1 + R2

4.

4.

R1, R2 1 2 .
:

R1 =

V1
110V
V
110V
=
= 110! R2 = 2 =
= 220!
I1
1A
I2
0, 5A

(1) :
I=

220V
= 0, 66A
330!

I2 <I<I1, 2 1
.
ii) 1
I1 2 I2. A
2

(. 4.), Rx ,
V2 =110 V Ix =I1-I2 =0,5 A. T
:
V
110V
Rx = 2 =
= 220!
Ix
0, 5A

00 C
R1,0 R2,0. ,

. N
.
YH: E R1, R2,
0 C, :
R1,! = R1,0 (1 + "1!)#!
"
R2,! = R2,0 (1 + "2 !)#$

(1)

1, 2 .

, :
(1)

R1, ! + R2,! = R1,0 + R2 ,0 ! R1,0 (1+ !1 ") + R2,0 (1 + !2 ") = R1,0 + R2,0 !
R1, 0 + R1,0 !1 " + R2 ,0 + R2, 0!2 " = R1, 0 + R2 ,0 ! R1, 0!1" + R2 ,0! 2" = 0 !

R1,0 !1 = - R2,0!2 !

!1 /!2 = -R2,0 /R1,0

(2)

A (2) , 1/2
R1,0 R2,0 . A ,
, .

(. 5.), A B
V. N V R
, .
YH: E AE
, , A
E , A E

 . H
Z.
(5.) (5.). E R
A B,
:

R!" = R/2 + R = 3R/2

(1)

I R,
H B :
(1)

I = V/R!" ! I = 2V/3R

(2)

E A :

5.

5.
VA,! = RI2 =

! 2V$ R V
RI (2)
=
! VA,! = #
&
3
2
" 3R% 2

5.
(3)

I1 I2 :

I1 =

(3)
VA,!
V
V
= A,! ! I1 =
R/2 + R/2
R
3R

(4)

I2 =

V
VA! (3 )
! I2 =
3R
R

(5)

E A
Kirchoff :
(2)

I = I2 + Ix ! Ix = I - I2 !
(5)

Ix =

2V V
V
=
3R 3R 3R

Ix AE. E
:
I! =

(4)
I1
+ I2 !
(5)
2

I! =

V
V
V
+
=
6R 3R 2R

(6)

I H. :

I1 /2 + Iz = I1 /2 ! Iz = 0

(7)

Iz Z.

,
A B V. N
R V ,
.
YH: H (. 6)
(7), RA,N R
A N RB,N

R B N.

 RA,N RB,N :
2R!R
2R "
=
$
2R + R
3 $
2R
# ! RA,N = RB, N =
3
2R!R
2R $$
=
=
2R + R
3 %

RA,N =
RB,N

(1)

H (7) Wheatstone,
:

RAN R = RBN R = 2R2 /3

(2)

A
A B V, R0
, .
R :

R!" =

R!"

(RAN + RBN )!2R (1)

(2R/3 + 2R/3)2R
!
! R!" =
RAN + RBN + 2R
2R/3 + 2R/3 + 2R

4R 2R/3
8R2
4R
=
=
=
4R/3 + 2R 4R + 6R
5

(3)

H I R
, :
(3)

I = V/R!" ! I = 5V/4R

X , L 0,

. E V,
.
, ,
d C.
YH: E ,
joule ,
,
, . E t
,

 ,
W, :

W = VIt = V2t/R

(1)

R L/S, S
, (1) :

W = V2St/!L

(2)

E, U
t, :

!U = mC("# - "0 ) = dLSC(" # - " 0 )

(3)

m . W=U, (1) (3)

:

V2St/!L = dLSC("# - "0 ) ! V2 t = !dL2C("# - "0 ) !

t = !dL2C("# - "0 )/V2

,
V0
P0 2P0/5. n1
(V0, P0) n2 (V0,
2P0/5) ,

2V0. n1 n2,
;
YH: E R,1, R,2
, :
1/R!",1 = n1 /R1
1/R!",2 = n2 /R2

!#
R = R1 /n1 !#
" ! !",1
"
#$
R!",1 = R1 /n1 #$

(1)

R1, R2
. E
, V0,
2V0 , .
,
I :

I=

(1)
R1
R
V0
V0
= 2 !
! R!" ,1 = R!" ,2 !
=
n1
n2
R!" ,1
R!" ,2

n1
R
= 1
n2
R2

(2)

E R1 R2
, :
R1 = V02 /P0
! (:) R1
2
=
" !
2
R2
5
R2 = 5V0 /2P0 #

(3)

(2) (3) :

n1
2
=
n2
5

(4)

E 2/5 n1 n2
, :
n1,min = 2 n2,min = 5

K
,

I0 I*, I* <I0. N

. E ,
, .
R
, :

R = R0 [1 + !(" - "0 )]
R0
0 , >0.
YH: K t=0
V, I0 :

I0 = V/R0 ! R0 = V/I0

(1)

M , ,

joule ,
,
, 0

 .
*,
joule ,
, .

*,
R* >R0, >0. H I* , :

I! = V/R! ! R! = V/I!

(2)

I* <I0, R* >R0. :
(1)

R! = R0 [1 + !("! - "0 )] !
(2 )

V / I* = V[1 + !("! - "0 )]/ I0

I0 /I! = 1 + !("! - "0 ) ! !("! - "0 ) = I0 / I! - 1 !

!! - !0 = (I0 - I! )/ "I!

(3)

E P :
P=

V2
V2
=
R R0 [1 + !(" - "0 )]

(4)

8
A (4) , ,
P t, P0 =V2/R0
P* =V2/R*. P=f(t),
, (8).

M
0. ,
I, , >0.

 , joule

,

.
.
YH: I
>0,
( )
joule
( ), :
P = P ! I2 R = K(! - !0 ) ! I2 R0 (1 + !") = K(" - " 0 )

(1)

R0 00 C K
.
,
Imax
(1) :
2
Imax
R0 (1 + !"# ) = K("# - "0 )

(2)

(1) (2) :

(1 + !")("# - "0 )
I2 R0 (1 + !")
K(" - "0 )
2
=
! Imax
!
= I2
2
(1 + !"# )(" - "0 )
Imax R0 (1 + !"# ) K("# - "0 )
Imax = I

(1 + !")("# - "0 )
(1 + !"# )(" - "0 )

, m
C,
. T ,
*, 0
0 <*. E
,
joule q* ,
,
.
YH: dt
.


, ,
dW dt
dU ,
d. :
dW

d! I2 R
!
= dU ! I Rdt = mCd !
=
dt
mC
2

d!
V2 R
d!
V2
!
=
=
dt R2 mC
dt
RmC

(1)

d/dt

, R V
. E,
* <0,
( )
joule ( ),
:
P = P ! I2R = P! !

V /R = P!

(2)

P * -0
, :
(2)

P = q*(* - 0) ! V2 /R = q ! (!! - !0 )

(3)

T (1) (3) :
d! q ! (! ! - !0 )
=
dt
mC

(9.), AB
L=1 m,
RAB =100 . 1 2 ,
(G)
A L1 =0,6 m,
L2 =0,4 m, 1
2 ,
. E 1

 E=3 V E1 =2,5 V
R1 =200 , :
i) 2
ii) .
YH: i) E , 1
2 . (. 9.). E M1
, ,
R1 AB
, I :

I=

E
R1 + r + RAB

(1)

r RAB
AB. E, 1
E1,

9.

9.

Z M1,
. :
(1)

E1 = VZ, M1 ! E1 = I(R1 + RAM 1 ) ! E1 =

E(R1 + RAM1 )
R1 + r + RAB

(2)

R AM1 AM1 AB. E

, 1 2
(. 9.). E M2
,
, :

E2 =

E(R1 + RAM 2 )

(3)

R1 + r + RAB

RAM2 AM2 AB.

(2) (3) :
R1 + RAM1
E1
=
E2
R1 + RAM2

! E1 =

E2 (R1 + RAM 1 )
R1 + RAM2

(4)

RAM1 R AM2 :

RAM1
RAB
RAM2
RAB

L1
R L
! RAM1 = AB 1 = 60!
L
L

L2
L

! RAM2 =

RAB L2
= 40!
L

(4) :
E2 = 2, 5V

(200 + 60)!
= 2,707 V
(200 + 40)!

ii) r
(2), :
R1 + r + RAB = E(R1 + RAM 1 )/E1 !

r = E(R1 + RAM )/ E1 - (R1 + RAB ) !

r=

3V!(200 + 60)!
- (200 + 100)! = 10!
2, 5V

(10), AB
.
, (G)
M A L1.
,
M
A L2. N :

R2 L2 - L1
=
R1
L1
YH: E ,
. E M1
(G),
,
R1
A M1, :
IR1 = IRAM1 ! I'R1 = IL1/S

(1)

I, I ,
S AB .
I, I :

I=

E
RAB + r

I'=

E!
R1 + R2 + r '

(2)

r, r E, E
RAB
AB. (1) (2) :

! "L1 $
E!R 1
E
#
&
=
R1 + R2 + r' RAB + r " S %

(3)

10
E ,
. E M2
, ,

 ,
:

! "L2 $
E!(R1 + R2 )
E
#
&
=
R1 + R2 + r' RAB + r " S %

(4)

(3) (4) :

R2 + R1
L
= 2
R1
L1

R2
L
+ 1= 2
R1
L1

R2 L2
R2 L2 - L1
=
-1 !
=
R1 L1
R1
L1

(11), AB
. Rx
R1 =70 , (G)
M AB A
L1. Rx R2 =100
L2, .
E r=1 ,
L1/L2. R=10 .
YH: E ,
Rx M ,
(G) . T

11
Rx RAM AM

 AB , :
IRx = IRAM ! IRx = I(AM)/S

(1)

S AB.
I I
, :
!
I = E/(RAB + r)
"
I'= E! /(Rx + R + r') #

(2)

E, E , r,
r RAB
AB. (1) (2) :
E! Rx
E
"(AM)
=
!
R + Rx + r' RAB + r
S

(3)

E (3) Rx =R1, AM=L1 Rx =R2, AM=L2, :

E! R1
E
"L "
=
! 1$
R + R1 + r' RAB + r S $$ (:)
L1
R (R + R2 + r! )
# !
= 1
L2
R2 (R + R1 + r! )
E! R2
E
"L $
=
! 2$
R + R2 + r' RAB + r S $%

(4)

A (4) :

L1
70!!(111!)
=
= 0, 959
L2
100!!(81!)

, E
r. X

A B,
, . A B

. N
,
A B R,
I.

YH: x
. T
xE xr,
, , I/, I
R. E
A B :
Ixr
VA - VB = xE - Ixr/! !
= IR !
" ! xE !
VA - VB = IR
#
xE = I(R + xr/!)

(1)

12
, N ,
:
N = x ! = N/x
(1) :

xE = I(R + x2r/N) ! xE = IR + rIx2/N !

xEN = IRN + x2rI ! rIx2 - ENx + NIR = 0

(2)

H (2) x
, ,
:
E2N2 - 4rI2NR 0 ! E2N2 4rI2NR !
EN 4rI2R ! N 4rI2R/E
A (3) N :
Nmin = 4rI2R/E
.

(3)

H r,
R,
. E
I V,
.
r .
YH: i) O
W t
W
, :
= W/W

(1)

W
W, joule
r. (1) :

!" =

W#$ - W!%&$
W
= 1 - !%&$
W#$
W#$

(2)

W W W =I2rt W =
VIt, (2)

Ir
I2 r" t
= 1- !
!" = 1 V!
V" It

(3)

13
ii) O
W
t W
, :

!"# =

W$%
W$# - W!)*#
V It - I2 r+t V! - Ir!
=
=
= +
E
W&'(
W&'(
EIt

(4)

 E . E V
V
IR , :
V = V + IR

(5)

:
V = E - Ir

(6)

(5) (6) :
V + IR = E - Ir ! E = V + I(R + r)

(7)

A (4) (7) :

! "# =

V$ + Ir$
V$ + I(R + r)

T M N ,
L S,
0 00 C .

x
M. E 0
00C ,
.
YH: , dx
x M (. 14). H
dR :

dR =

!"dx !0 (1 + #")dx
=
S
S

(1)

.
=f(x),
:

!"" = #0 /L
!"" = #/(L - x)

!#
" !
#$

!0
!
! ! = ! 0 (L - x) /L
=
L
L- x

(1) (2) :

(2)

dR =

!0
S

'
!
$*
dR !0 !
"#0 x $
) 1 + "#0 # L - x& , dx !
# 1 + "#0 & !
=
)(
" L % ,+
dx
S "
L %

dR !0 !
#$0x $
#" & 0 x L = 1 + 0
=
dx
S "
L %

(3)

14
H (3) , dR/dx
x M.
(3) (. 14) ,
, dx dR/dx
dR dx,
R
OABL, :

R = !"(OABL) =
R=

1 ! #$ 0 $0 $
#
&L !
+
2" S
S%

!0 L
! L(2 + "#0 )
(" + 1) ! R = 0
2S
2S

2 T:
dx, x
. H dR :
dR = !"

dx
dx
= !0 (1 + #")
S
S

(2) :

(4)

d! = -

Ld!
! 0dx
! dx = S! 0
SL

(5)

(4) (5) :

dR = -

!0 L(1 + "#) d#
S# 0

(6)

O (6) 0 0
:
0
%
!0 L 0
!0 L " 0
R=! (1 + #")d" = $ ! (d") + ! (#"d")' !
S"0 "0
S"0 # "0
"0
&

R= -

!0 L "$
-"
S" 0 $# 0

#"02 %'
!0 L "
#" 0 %
$
'
=
1
+
2 '&
S #
2 &

! R=

!0 L
(2 + "#0 )
2S

!
, E,

!
J . E

,
:
q 2!z E
J = e !
2me v
me, qe , v

z*
.
Y: N , v

, .
YH:
. E v
,
v
, :

 = v ! = / v

(1)

M
, ,
.
A ,
,
. v
,
, :

v!" =

|q |#E
0 + a# E |q e |# (1)
=
! v!" = e
2mev
2
2me

(2)

!
a . O
:
(2)

J = |q e | z! v!" ! J =

q 2e !z! E
2me v

,
. O ,
L
, L<2r, r . N
, L r
,
. N

.
YH:
,
O x x+dx. T
dR
:

dR = !dx/Sx

(1)

Sx .
Sx = 2 =(r2 -x2), (1) :

dR = !dx/" (r2 - x2 )

(2)

H R (2)
-L/2 +L/2, :
+L/2

!dx
!
R=
=
2
2
" (r - x ) "
-L/2

+L/2
dx
! ) 1 # r + x &,
! R = + ln%
!
(.
" * 2r $ r - x '- -L/2
r2 - x 2
-L/2

+L/2

15
R=

# r - L/2 &,
! ) # r + L/2&
+ln%
( - ln%
(. !
2r" * $ r - L/2 '
$ r + L/2'-

# 2r + L& 2 ! # 2r + L&
!
R=
ln%
ln%
( =
(
2r" $ 2r - L '
r" $ 2r - L '
:
E L 0 (3) R 0, L 2r R +

16.,
A B.
i) N R.
ii) E I1, I2, ... In,
AA1, A1A2,...An-1An, ,
:
In - 4In + 1 + In + 2 = 0

()

iii) N :
In = I1 (2 - 3)n!1

()

YH: i) ,
(16) .
RAB , A B,
A B .
A B (. 16.)
RAB RAB, :

16.

16.

16

RA'B' = RAB ! 2R +

RRAB
= RAB !
R + RAB

2R2 + 2RRAB + RRAB = RRAB + R2AB !

R2AB - 2RRAB - 2R2 = 0

(1)

H (1) RAB
, -2R2 . A
:

RAB =

2R + 4 R2 + 8R2
2R + 2R 3
=
= R(1 + 3)
2
2

(2)

ii) () (AnAn+1Bn+1BnAn)
(. 16.) kirchoff,

 :
In + 1R + IR + In + 1R - IxR = 0 ! 2In + 1 + I - Ix = 0

(3)

Ix, I AnBn An+1Bn+1. E

An An+1 kirchoff :
In = In + 1 + Ix
In + 1 = In+ 2 + I!

!#
I = In - In + 1
" ! x
I! = In + 1 - In+ 2
$#

!#
"
$#

(4

(3) (4) :

16.
2In + 1 + In + 1 - In + 2 - In + In + 1 = 0 !
4In + 1 - In + 2 - In = 0 ! In - 4In + 1 + In + 2 = 0

(5)

iii) E A1, B1
R(1+ 3 )
(16.), :

16.

R(I1 - I2 ) = R(1+ 3)!I2 ! I1 - I2 = I2 (1 + 3) !

I1 = I2 (2 + 3) ! I2 =

I1
I (2 - 3)
! I2 = I1 (2 - 3)
= 1
4 -3
2+ 3

(6)

M :

"
$
I4 = I3 (2 - 3) $
#
....................... $
In = In ! 1 (2 - 3) $%
I3 = I2 (2 - 3)

(7)

(6) (7) :
I2 !I3 ...In = I1 !I2 ...In " 1 .(2 " 3)n " 1 ! In = I1 (2 - 3)n ! 1

H (17.)
(17.).
i) E n ,
:

Rn =

Rn! 1 R!
+ R n = 2, 3, . . .
Rn ! 1 + R!

(I)

Rn ,
A B Rn-1 ,
n-1 .
ii) N (I)
n +
YH: i) E ,
R1 :
R1 = R + R'

(1)

E n-1 Rn-1,

(17.), Rn :

Rn =

Rn! 1 R!
+ R n = 2, 3, . . .
Rn ! 1 + R!

(2)

ii) n=2 (1) :

R2 =

(1)
R1 R!
(R + R! ) R'
+ R ! R2 =
+R
R1 + R!
R + 2R!

17.

(3)

17.

17.
A (1) (3) :
R2 ! R1 =

(R + R! )R'
+ R - R - R! !
R + 2R!

R2 - R1 =

(R + R!)R'- R!(R + 2R')

!
R + 2R'

R2 - R1 =

RR!- R'2 - RR'- 2R'2

- R! 2
=
<0
R + 2R!
R + 2R'

Y :
Rn - Rn 1 < 0

(4)

(2) :

Rn + 1 - Rn =

Rn R'
R R + RR'- R2n
+ R - Rn ! Rn + 1 - Rn = n
Rn + R!
Rn + R'

E (2) :

(5)

Rn Rn! 1 + Rn R'= Rn ! 1R'+ RRn ! 1 + RR' !

Rn! 1 ( Rn - R'- R) = RR'- R'Rn !

Rn! 1 =

- RR'+ R'Rn (4) R'Rn - RR'

!
> Rn !
- Rn + R' + R
R + R'- Rn

R'Rn - RR'> RRn + R'Rn - R2n ! R'R + RR'- R2n < 0

(6)

(5) (6) :
Rn+ 1 - Rn < 0 ! Rn + 1 < Rn

, (2) . Y
n+ R
,
+ . (2) :

R! =

R! R'
+ R ! R!2 + R!R'= R! R'+ R! R + RR' !
R! + R'

R! - RR! - RR'= 0

(7)

H (7) R
,
-RR. E R (7), :

R! =

R+

R2 + 4 RR'
R + R(R + 4R' )
! R! =
2
2

,
. O
, V. E R
,
.
YH: T ABZK A
B
. A ,
,
. M
kirchoff ,

 18.
E AB Ohm, :
I - 2I1 = V/R

(1)

E (AHBA) kirchoff :
0 = - I1R - I2R - I1R + (I - 2I1)R !
0 = 2I1 + I2 + 2I1 - I ! I = 4I1 + I2

(2)

18
E (KZH) :
0 = - (I1 - I2)R - 2(I1 - I2)R - (I1 - I2)R + I2R !
4(I1 - I2) - I2 = 0 ! 4I1 = 5I2 ! I2 = 4I1/5

(3)

(2) (3) :
I = 4I1 +

4I1
24I1
5I
! I=
! I1 =
5
5
24

(4)

(1) (4) :

! 5I$
V
14I
V
12V
!
! I=
I - 2# & =
=
" 24 %
R
24
R
7R

(5)

2 T: ,
ABKZ,
. H
.

 19. R
:

R'=

2R R/2
R2
2R
=
=
2R + R/2 5R/2
5

(6)

19
E R :

1
1
1 (6)
1
1
1
5
1
=
+
=
+
=
+
!
!
R!"
R'+ R R
R!"
R + 2R/5 R 7R R
1
12
7R
=
! R!" =
R!" 7R
12
I :

I=

V
R!"

(7)

! I=

V
12V
! I=
7R/12
7R

(7)

 ,
. T
,
,
V. E R ,
.
YH: T MAB M A

. ,
, . T
kirchoff ,

, (20). E
Ohm A M :

20
V = I1R +

IR
V
I
!
!
= I1 +
2 2
R
4

(1)

E kirchoff (ABA)
:

0 = -I1 R + (I/2 - I1 )R + (I - 2I1 )R !

0 = ! 2I1 + I/2 + I ! 2I1 !
3I/2 = 4I1 ! I1 = 3I/8

(2)

 (1) (2) :

V 3I I 5I
8V
! I=
=
+ =
R
8 4
8
5R

(3)

2 T:
AMB,
. M

(21). H RA
A :

RA! =

(R/2)(3R/2) 3R2 /4 3R
=
=
R/2 + 3R/2
2R
8

(4)

H R ,
A M :
R!" = RA# +

R
3R R
5R
=
+
=
4
8
4
8

(5)

21
I :

I=

V
R!"

(5)

! I=

8V
5R

P.M. fysikos