Decuong Su VN

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c
Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12
CHNG I. VIT NAM T NM 1919 N NM 1930

Cau 1. Phn tch bi cnh quc t sau Chin tranh th gii th nht nh hng thun li n cch mng Vit Nam.
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- Trong lc x hi Vit Nam ang phn ho su sc do hu qu ca t khai thc ln hai ca Php th cch mng thng Mi Nga thnh cng vang di c tc dng thc y cch mng Vit Nam chuyn sang mt thi k mi - Hu qu ca Chin tranh th gii th nht, khng hong kinh t cc nc t bn ch ngha v nh hng ca Cch mng thng Mi Nga lm cho phong tro u tranh gii phng dn tc cc nc phng ng v phong tro u tranh ca cng nhn cc nc t bn phng Ty pht trin mnh m v gn b mt thit vi nhau trong cuc u tranh chng k th chung l ch ngha quc. - Lc lng cc mng ca giai cp v sn cc nc u tm con ng tp hp nhau li thnh lp t chc ring ca mnh. Do thng 3/1919, Quc t Cng sn c hnh thnh Mtxcva, nh du giai on mi trong phong tro cch mng th gii. - Php, ng X hi b phn ho xu sc. Ti i hi Tua thng 12/1920, mt b phn tch cc nht b phiu tn thnh gia nhp Quc t Cng sn v tch ra thnh lp ng Cng sn Vit Nam. Cc ng Cng sn ni tip nhau ra i (ng Cng sn Php 1920, ng Cng sn Trung Quc 1921...), cng to thm iu kin thun li cho vic truyn b ch ngha Mc - Lnin vo Vit Nam. - Cch mng thng Mi Nga v s pht trn ca phong tro Cch mng v sn th gii tc ng mnh m n s la chn con ng gii phng dn tc ca Nguyn i Quc. Ngi tin theo Quc t Cng sn, gia nhp ng Cng sn Php v tch cc truyn b t tng Mc - Lnin vo Vit Nam m ng gii quyt cuc khng hong v ng li gii phng dn tc Vit Nam. Cau 2. Trnh by chnh sch khai thc thuc a ln th hai ca thc dn Php v tc ng ca chng n tnh hnh kinh t v giai cp Vit Nam.
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1. Nguyn nhn v mc ch : Sau Chin tranh th gii th nht, quc Php tuy l nc thng trn nhng b tn ph nng n, nn kinh t kit qu. b p nhng thit hi to ln trong chin tranh, trn c s khi phc li a v kinh t ca mnh trong h thng t bn ch ngha. quc Php va bc lt nhn dn trong nc, va tin hnh Chng trnh khai thc ln hai ng Dng 2. Chnh sch khai thc thuc a ln hai ca Php : ng Dng, ch yu l Vit Nam, Php thc hin khai thc thuc a ln hai, t 1929 - 1933. - Kinh t: Php u t mnh vi tc nhanh, quy m ln vo cc ngnh kinh t Vit Nam, t 1924 - 1929, s vn u t khong 4 t phrng. Nng nghip: u t nhiu nht, ch yu m rng din tch n in cao su, nhiu cng ty cao su c thnh lp (t , Mislanh) Cng nghip: m mang cc ngnh dt, mui, xay xt..., c bit l khai thc m (than) Thng nghip: ngoi thng pht trin, giao lu bun bn ni a c y mnh. Giao thng vn ti: Pht trin, th m rng. Ngn hng ng Dng: Nm quyn ch huy kinh t ng Dng, pht hnh giy bc v cho vay li. Tng thu thu: ngn sch ng Dng thu nm 1930 tng gp 3 ln so vi 1912. 2. Chnh sch chnh tr ,vn ho, gio dc ca thc dn Php : a. Chnh tr : Php tng cng chnh sch cai tr v khai thc thuc a. B my n p, cnh st, mt thm, nh t hot ng ro rit. Ngoi ra cn ci cch chnh tr - hnh chnh: a thm ngi Vit vo lm cc cng s . b. Vn ho gio dc : H thng gio dc Php - Vit c m rng. C s xut bn, in n ngy cng nhiu, u tin xut bn cc sch bo c v ch trng Php - Vit hu.
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Cc tro lu t tng, khoa hc - k thut, vn ho, ngh thut phng Ty vo Vit Nam, to ra s chuyn mi v ni dung, phng php t duy sng tc. Cc yu t vn ho truyn thng, vn ho mi tin b v ngoi lai n dch cng tn ti, an xen, u tranh vi nhau. 3. Kt qu : - V kinh t : Thc dn Php du nhp vo Vit Nam thng qua quan h sn xut t bn ch ngha, xen k vi quan h sn xut phong kin. Kinh t Vit Nam pht trin thm mt bc nhng vn b km hm v l thuc vo kinh t Php. - V x hi : C s phn ho su sc bn cnh giai cp c (a ch, phong kin, nng dn) xut hin nhng tng lp, giai cp mi (t sn, tiu t sn, cng nhn) vi nhng li ch khc nhau Cau 3. Cho bit thi v kh nng ca cc tng lp, giai cp trong x hi Vit Nam sau Chin tranh th gii th nht. Vn ny c ra trong Cng lnh chnh tr u tin ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam (thng 2/1930) nh th no ?
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1. c im, kh nng cch mng ca cc giai cp : - Giai cp a ch : + L ch da ch yu ca thc dn Php, c Php dung dng nn ngy cng cu kt cht ch vi Php trong vic cp ot rung t, tng cng bc lt v kinh t v n p v chnh tr i vi nhn dn + Tuy nhin h l ngi Vit Nam, nn cng c mt b phn nh hoc c nhn c tinh thn yu nc v sn sng tham gia cch mng khi c iu kin - Giai cp nng dn : + B quc, phong kin chim ot rung t, ph sn khng li thot. Mu thun gia nng dn Vit Nam vi quc phong kin tay sai gay gt. + Do hn ch v c im giai cp, nn giai cp nng dn khng th tr thnh lc lng lnh o cch mng, so h l mt lc lng hng hi, ng o nht ca cch mng. - Giai cp t sn : Ra i sau chin tranh th gii ln th nht v l con ca ch thuc a. Do quyn li kinh t v thi chnh tr nn giai cp t sn Vit Nam chia lm hai b phn: + B phn t sn mi bn: C quyn li gn lin vi quc nn cu kt cht ch vi quc. + B phn t sn dn tc: C khuynh hng lm n ring, kinh doanh c lp,b Php chn p nn t nhiu c tinh thn dn tc, dn ch nhng yu km d tha hip. - Giai cp tiu t sn thnh th : + Pht trin nhanh v s lng, c tinh thn dn tc chng Php v tay sai. + B phn hc sinh, sinh vin, tr thc nhy cm vi thi cuc, tha thit canh tn t nc, hng hi u tranh v c lp t do ca dn tc. - Giai cp cng nhn : + Ra i trong t khai thc thuc a ln th nht, pht trin nhanh chng v s lng v cht lng trong t khai thc thuc a ln th hai (trc chin tranh c 10 vn, n nm 1929 c hn 22 vn) + Ngoi nhng c im chung ca giai cp cng nhn quc t, nh i din cho lc lng sn xut tin b nht ca x hi, c h t tng ring, c iu kin lao ng v sinh sng tp trung, c thc t chc v k lut cao, tinh thn cch mng trit , giai cp cng nhn Vit Nam cn c nhng c im ring :
B ba tng p bc bc lt ca quc, phong kin v t sn ngi Vit. C quan h t nhin gn b vi giai cp nng dn. K tha truyn thng yu nc anh hng, bt khut ca dn tc. C iu kin tip thu ch ngha Mc - Lnin v tro lu cch mng th gii, c bit l Cch mng thng Mi Nga.
Do hon cnh ra i, cng vi nhng phm cht ni trn, giai cp cng nhn Vit Nam sm tr thnh mt lc lng x hi c lp v tin tin nht. V vy giai cp cng nhn hon ton c kh nng nm ly ngn c lnh o cch mng.
Tm li : Sau chin tranh th gii th nht, Vit Nam din ra nhng bin i quan trng v kinh t, x hi, vn ho, gio dc. Mu thun trong x hi Vit Nam tip tc din ra su sc, trong ch yu l mu thun gia nhn dn ta vi thc dn Php v phn ng tay sai. Cuc u tranh chng quc v tay sai tip tc din ra gay gt, phong ph v ni dung v hnh thc. 2. Thi chnh tr, kh nng cch mng c c th ha trong Cng lnh chnh tr u tin ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam : Giai cp a ch phong kin phn ng v tng lp t sn phn cch mng th phi nh . Phi ht sc lin lc vi tiu t sn, trung nng ko h v phe v sn. i vi ph nng, trung, tiu a ch v t bn An Nam m cha r mt phn cch mng th li dng, t ra cng lm cho h trung lp. Dng ln chnh ph cng nng binh; t chc qun i cng nng. ng ca giai cp v sn l lc lng lnh o cch mng. ng phi c trch nhim thu phc c i a s giai cp ca mnh, phi lm cho giai cp mnh lnh o c qun chng. T nhng phn tch thi chnh tr, kh nng cch mng ca cc giai cp tng lp trn, ng on kt h li, t chc h u tranh chng quc phong kin, phn ng. Cau 4. Nhng mu thun c bn trong x hi Vit Nam sau Chin tranh th gii th nht ? V sao li c nhng mu thun ?
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- Sau Chin tranh th gii th nht, x hi Vit Nam c hai mu thun c bn : Mu thun gia dn tc Vit Nam vi thc dn Php y l mu thun ch yu nht. Mu thun gia nng dn vi a ch phong kin. - gii quyt cc mu thun , cch mng Vit Nam phi thc hin hai nhim v c bn : + nh quc, ginh c lp dn tc l nhim v hng u. + nh a ch phong kin, ginh rung t cho nng dn. + Hai mu thun y va l ngun gc, va l ng lc ny sinh v thc y cc phong tro yu nc chng thc dn, phong kin nc ta. * Nguyn nhn c nhng mu thun : Do thc dn Php y mnh khai thc thuc a, x hi ta phn ho ngy cng su sc. Nhng giai cp c (nh giai cp a ch phong kin v nng dn vn cn, gi xut hin thm nhng giai cp mi, nhng tng lp mi (tiu t sn, t sn v cng nhn (v h c h t tng ring, tin hnh cuc u tranh cu nc theo con ng ring ca mnh. chnh l nhng iu kin mi bn trong, rt thun li cho cuc vn ng gii phng dn tc nc ta t sau chin tranh th gii th nht, m xu hng tt yu a ti thun li l con ng cch mng v sn. Cau 5. Nu nhng hot ng yu nc ca Phan Bi Chu, Phan Chu Trinh v mt s ngi Vit Nam sng nc ngoi trong nhng nm 1920 - 1925.
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Sau nhng nm bn ba hot ng Nht, Trung Quc khng thnh cng, Phan Bi Chu b gii qun phit Trung Quc giam nm 1913 n nm 1917 c t do. nh hng ca Cch mng thng Mi Nga v s ra i ca nc Nga i vi Phan Bi Chu. Thng 6/1925, Phan Bi Chu b Php bt ti Hng Chu (Trung Quc), a v an tr Hu. Phan Bi Chu khng th tip tc cuc u tranh mi ca dn tc. Nm 1923 : L Hng Sn , H Tng Mu lp t chc Tm tm x. Ngy 19/6/1924, Phm Hng Thi mu st Ton quyn ng Dng (Mcclanh) Sa Din (Qung Chu Trung Quc). Vic khng thnh, Phm Hng Thi anh dng hy sinh, ting bom nhm li ngn la chin u ca nhn dn tanh chim n nh bo hiu ma xun Nm 1922 : Phan Chu Trinh vit Tht iu th vch 7 ti ca Khi nh, ng ln n ch qun ch, h ho Khai dn tr, chn dn kh, hu dn sinh, din thuyt ch o c v lun l ng - Ty c nhn dn, thanh nin hng ng. Nhiu Vit kiu ti Php chuyn ti liu tin b v nc. Nm 1925, ng lpHi nhng ngi lao ng tr thc ng Dng.
Cau 6. Nu khi qut nhng hot ng ca giai cp t sn v tng lp tiu t sn tr thc trong nhng nm 1920 - 1925.
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1. Giai cp t sn : Ty chay t sn Hoa kiu, vn ng ngi Vit Nam mua hng ca ngi Vit Nam, u tranh chng c quyn cng Si Gn, c quyn xut cng la go ti Nam K ca t bn Php.. Tp hp thnh ng Lp hin (1923), a ra mt s khu hiu i t do, dn ch nhng khi c Php nhng b mt s quyn li h sn sng tho hip vi chng, ngoi ra cn nhm Nam Phong ca Phm Qunh c v qun ch lp hin, nhm Trung Bc tn vn ca Nguyn Vn Vnh cao trc tr 2. Tng lp tiu t sn tr thc : u tranh i quyn t do, dn ch, lp Vit Nam ngha on, Hi Phc Vit, ng Thanh nin (i biu: Tn Quang Phit, ng Thai Mai, Trn Huy Liu, Nguyn An Ninh) ra i bo Chung r, An Nam tr, Ngi nh qu, Hu Thanh, Ting Dn, nh xut bn tin b nh Nam ng th x (H Ni), Cng hc th x (Si Gn), Quan hi tng th (Hu) Trong phong tro yu nc dn ch cng khai thi k ny c mt s s kin nh v Phm Hng Thi mu st ton quyn Mc-lanh (1924), cuc u tranh i nh cm quyn Php th Phan Bi Chu (1925), cc cuc truy iu, tang Phan Chu Trinh (1926). Cau 7. tranh ca giai cp cng nhn Vit Nam giai on
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Nu khi qut phong tro u 1920 - 1925.
Cc cuc u tranh ca cng nhn ngy cng nhiu hn nhng vn cn l t, t pht, Si Gn - Ch Ln thnh lp Cng hi (b mt) do Tn c Thng ng u Bc K, cc cuc bi cng n ra Nam nh, H Ni, Hi Dng,...trong nm 1922. Cuc bi cng ca th my xng Ba Son ti cng Si Gn khng chu sa cha chin hm Misl ca Php phn i vic chin hm ny ch binh lnh sang n p phong tro u tranh ca nhn dn Trung Quc (8/1925) vi yu sch i tng lng 20% v phi cho nhng cng nhn b thi hi c tr li lm vic nh du bc tin mi ca phong tro cng nhn. Cau 8. Lp bng thng k mc tiu, tnh cht ca giai cp t sn, tng lp tiu t sn v giai cp cng nhn Vit Nam trong nhng nm 1920 - 1925 v nu nhn xt.
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Phong tro Mc tiu Tnh cht
Nhn xt
T sn dn tc Tiu t sn Ch yu l i quyn li Chng cng quyn, p bc v kinh t. v i cc quyn t do, dn ch. u tranh theo khuynh Theo khuynh hng dn ch hng dn ch t sn, cc t sn, mang tnh cht yu hot ng ca h mang nc, dn ch r rt. tnh cht ci lng, tha hip. + Tch cc: u tranh + Tch cc: C tc dng chng s cnh tranh, chn thc tnh lng yu nc, p ca t sn nc truyn b t tng t do dn ch trong nhn dn, truyn ngoi + Hn ch: Hot ng ca b nhng t tng cch h ch mang tnh cht ci mng mi. lng, gii hn trong + Hn ch: Phong tro khun kh ca ch thc khng c mt t chc lnh
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Cng nhn Nng v mc ch kinh t. - T pht - Tin dn n t gic
Phong tro mang tnh cht t pht, do cha c s phi hp u tranh cc ni, cha thy r v tr (vai tr) ca giai cp cng nhn.
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dn, phc v quyn li ca o thng nht, c b rng, cc tng lp trn.. thiu chiu su, ch bt pht nht thi, thiu c s vng chc trong qun chng. Cau 9. Ti sao Nguyn i Quc li ra i tm con ng cu nc mi ? Trnh by v qu trnh hot ng t nm 1911 1930 v nhng cng hin ca Nguyn i Quc i vi cch mng Vit Nam.
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1) Ti sao Nguyn i Quc li ra i tm con ng cu nc mi ? Nguyn i Quc tn tht l Nguyn Sinh Cung, sau i l Nguyn Tt Thnh,sinh ngy 19/5/1890 ti Kim Lin, Nam n, Ngh An. Cha l Nguyn Sinh Sc, m l Hong Th Loan, mt ngi ph n m ang, chm lo chng con ht mc Nguyn Tt Thnh t rt sm c tr ui thc dn Php, gii phng ng bo Ngi khm phc tinh thn yu nc ca cc ch s Phan nh Phng, Hong Hoa Thm, Phan Bi Chu, Phan Chu Trinh,... nhng li khng tn thnh con ng cu nc ca h. Cc phong tro ng Du, Duy Tn, cc cuc khi ngha u b thc dn Php dp tt. cch mng lm vo tnh trng khng hong, thiu hn mt phng php cch mng khoa hc. Mt i hi tt yu l phi tm ra con ng gii phng cho dn tc. Trong bi cnh lch s , thy gio Nguyn Tt Thnh ra i tm ng cu dn, cu nc, gii phng cho dn tc Vit Nam. 2) Nhng hot ng ca Nguyn i Quc t nm 1911 1930 : a. T nm 1911 n 1918 : - Ngy 5/6/1911, Ngi ly tn l Ba, xin lm vic ph bp trn tu c Latus Trvin, ri bn cng Nh Rng bt u cuc hnh trnh tm ng cu nc. Thng 7/1911, Ngi cp cng Mcxy ca Php. - Nm 1912, Ngi tip tc i mt s nc chu u, chu Phi v chu M - Nm 1917, Nguyn i Quc tr li Php. Ti y, Ngi tch cc hot ng t co thc dn Php v tuyn truyn cho cch mng Vit Nam, tham gia vo phong tro cng nhn Php, tip nhn nh hng Cch mng Thng Mi Nga T tng ca Ngi dn dn bin i. - Thng 11/1917, Cch mng thng Mi Nga thnh cng nh hng quyt nh n xu hng hot ng ca Ngi. b. T nm 1919 n 1923 : - Ngy 18/6/1919 cc nc quc thng trn hp Hi ngh Vcxai (Verseille) chia nhau th trng th gii. Nguyn i Quc gi ti Hi ngh ny Bn yu sch gm 8 im i cc quyn t do dn ch cho nhn dn Vit Nam. - Thng 7/1920, Ngi c S tho lun cng v vn dn tc v thuc a ca Lnin. T Ngi hon ton tin theo Lnin, dt khot ng v Quc t th ba. - Thng 12/1920, ti i hi ca ng X hi Php hp Tua, Nguyn i Quc b phiu tn thnh Quc t th ba v lp ra ng Cng sn Php. Sau Ngi tham gia ng Cng sn Php v l ngi cng sn Vit Nam u tin nh du bc ngot trong hot ng Nguyn i Quc, t ch ngha yu nc n ch ngha Mc - Lnin v i theo cch mng v sn S kin cng nh du bc m ng gii quyt cuc khng hong v ng li gii phng dn tc. - Nm 1921, Nguyn i Quc cng vi mt s ngi yu nc ca cc thuc a Php sng lp Hi lin hip thuc a Pari tuyn truyn, tp hp lc lng chng ch ngha quc. - Nm 1922, ra bo Ngi Cng Kh (Le Paria).. c. T nm 1923 n 1924 : - Thng 6/1923, Ngi i Lin X d Hi ngh Quc t nng dn, sau lm vic Quc t cng sn vit nhiu cho bo S Tht (Paravda) v Tp ch Th tn quc t. - Nm 1924, Ngi d v c tham lun ti i hi Quc t Cng sn ln th V. Sau , Ngi t Lin X v Qung Chu trc tip chun b v chnh tr, t tng v t chc cho vic thnh lp chnh ng v sn Vit Nam. d. T nm 1924 n 1930 :
- Ngy 11/11/1924, Ngi v Qung Chu (Trung Quc) trc tip tuyn truyn, gio dc l lun, xy dng t chc cch mng gii phng dn tc Vit Nam. - Thng 6/1925 : Thnh lp Hi Vit Nam Cch mng thanh nin nhm t chc v lnh o qun chng u tranh chng Php. - Ngy 9/7/1925, Ngi v mt s nh yu nc Triu Tin, Innxia lp ra Hi Lin hip cc dn tc b p bc ng. - Ngy 6/1 n ngy 3/2/1930, Ngi ch tr Hi ngh hp nht ba t chc cng sn cng sn, son tho Chnh cng vn tt, Sch lc vn tt ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam Tc dng ca nhng hot ng trn i vi cch mng Vit Nam : * V chnh tr : Trong giai on ny, nhng hot ng ca Ngi ch yu trn mt trn chnh tr t tng nhm truyn b ch ngha Mc - Lnin vo nc ta n vit bi cho bo Nhn o, i sng cng nhn v Bn n ch thc dn Php. Nhng t tng m ngi truyn b s l nn tng t tng ca ng ta sau ny. Nhng t tng l:
Ch ngha t bn, ch ngha quc l k th chung ca giai cp v sn v nhn dn cc nc thuc a. Ch c lm cch mng nh ch ngha t bn, ch ngha quc th mi c th gii phng giai cp v sn v nhn dn cc nc thuc a. chnh l mi quan h gia cch mng chnh quc v cch mng thuc a. Xc nh giai cp cng nhn v nng dn l lc lng nng ct ca cch mng. Giai cp cng nhn c kh nng lnh o cch mng thng qua i tin phong l ng cng sn c v trang bng hc thuyt Mc - Lnin.
* V t chc : - Khi v ti Qung Chu (Trung Quc), ngi tp hp mt s thanh nin Vit Nam yu nc thnh lp Hi Vit Nam Cch mng thanh nin l t chc tin thn ca ng Cng Sn Vit Nam. Trong c ht nhn l Cng sn on. Tm li, nhng hot ng ca Nguyn i Quc c tc dng quyt nh trong vic chun b v chnh tr, t tng v t chc cho vic thnh lp chnh ng ca giai cp v sn Vit Nam. 3) Nhng cng hin to ln ca Nguyn i Quc i vi dn tc : Tm c con ng cu nc ng n : Kt hp c lp dn tc vi ch ngha x hi, kt hp tinh thn yu nc vi tinh thn quc t v sn. Chun b v chnh tr, t tng, t chc v cn b cho vic thnh lp ng Cng sn Vit Nam vo u nm 1930. Cng ng Cng sn ng Dng lnh o Cch mng thng Tm 1945 thnh cng, lp ra nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha, m ra mt k nguyn mi trong lch s dn tc. Cng ng Cng sn ng Dng lnh o u tranh bo v thnh qu cch mng, xy dng ch mi trong nhng nm u tin sau Cch mng thng Tm. Cng ng Lao ng Vit Nam lnh o cuc khng chin chng Php (1946 - 1954) thng li. Cng ng Lao ng Vit Nam lnh o cuc khng chin chng M, cu nc v xy dng ch ch ngha x hi min Bc M rng : Theo anh (ch), cng lao to ln nht ca lnh t Nguyn i Quc i vi dn tc Vit Nam l g ? Ti sao ? + Ngi tm ra con ng cu nc ng n cho cng cuc u tranh gii phng dn tc Vit Nam : l con ng Kt hp c lp dn tc vi ch ngha x hi, kt hp tinh thn yu nc vi tinh thn quc t v sn. + Nh tm c con ng cu nc ng n nh nu trn, nn mi dn ti vic thnh lp ng Cng sn Vit Nam nm 1930, lm nn cuc Cch mng thng Tm 1945 thnh cng, tin hnh cuc khng chin chng Php v chng M thng li. Cau 10. S ra i v hot ng ca Hi Vit Nam Cch mng Thanh nin.
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a. S ra i : Cui nm 1924, Nguyn i Quc v Qung Chu, tip xc vi Tm tm x...; thng 6/1925, sng lp Hi Vit Nam Cch mng Thanh nin, chun b iu kin cho s ra i ca mt ng Cng sn Vit Nam. b. Hot ng :
- C quan lnh o cao nht l Tng b (Nguyn i Quc, H Tng Mu, L Hng Sn). Tr s t ti Qung Chu . - Nguyn i Quc m cc lp hun luyn chnh tr ti Qung Chu, t nm 1925 n nm 1927 o to c 75 ngi... S lng hi vin tng nhanh, nht l t khi c phong tro v sn ha (1928)... Hi xy dng c s khp c nc: cc k b Trung, Bc, Nam - Ra bo Thanh nin v xut bn tc phm ng cch mnh phc v cng tc hun luyn, tuyn truyn. Tc phm ng cch mnh vch ra nhng vn c bn v ng li cch mng gii phng dn tc Vit Nam... Vic truyn b ch ngha Mc - Lnin c y mnh qua phong tro v sn ho. - n nm 1929, p ng yu cu ca phong tro cng nhn v phong tro yu nc, chi b cng sn u tin c thnh lp ti H Ni (3/1929). Sau i hi ln th nht (5/1929), Hi phn ha thnh hai t chc: ng Dng cng sn ng (6/1929) v An Nam cng sn ng (8/1929). Hi Vit Nam Cch mng Thanh nin l tin thn ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam M rng : Vai tr ca Hi Vit Nam Cch mng thanh nin v s xut hin 3 t chc Cng sn i vi s pht trin ca phong tro cng nhn : - Hot ng ca Hi Vit Nam Cch mng thanh nin v Tn Vit Cch mng ng c tc dng thc y phong tro cng nhn pht trin t t pht ln t gic : m lp hun luyn cn b nhm truyn b Ch ngha Mc - Lnin, ra bo Thanh nin, phong tro V sn ho...Phong tro t nm 1928 pht trin c v s lng v cht lng - S xut hin ca 3 t chc Cng sn l mt biu hin trng thnh ca giai cp cng nhn. Giai cp cng nhn ang tr thnh mt lc lng chnh tr c lp ngy cng ln mnh i u trn trn tuyn tranh chng quc v phong kin tay sai nc ta. y chnh l bc chun b trc tip cho s thnh lp ng Cng sn ng Dng. Cau 11. S ra i v hot ng ca Tn Vit Cch mng ng.
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a. S ra i: Ngy 14/7/1925 t chnh tr c Trung K: L Vn Hun, Nguyn nh Kin cng nhm sinh vin Cao ng H Ni lp ra Hi Phc Vit, sau i thnh Hng Nam (11/1925) Vit Nam Cch mng ng Vit Nam Cch mng ng ch Hi (7/1927). Hi nhiu ln bn hp nht vi Hi Vit Nam cch mng thanh nin song khng thnh. n 14/7/1928, Hi i thnh Tn Vit cch mng ng. b. Hot ng: - Ch trng: nh d quc ch ngha nhm thit lp mt x hi bnh ng v bc i - Lc lng: nhng tr thc nh v thanh nin tiu t sn yu nc. - a bn hat ng ch yu Trung K. - ng Tn Vit ra i, hot ng trong iu kin Hi Vit Nam cch mng thanh nin pht trin mnh, t tng cch mng ca Nguyn Ai Quc v ng li ca Hi cun ht nhiu ng vin ca Tn Vit, mt s ng vin tin tin chuyn sang Hi Vit Nam cch mng thanh nin, s cn li tch cc chun b tin ti thnh lp chnh ng CM theo hc thuyt Mc-Lnin. Tn Vit Cch mng ng c tc dng gp phn thc y s pht trin cc phong tro cng nhn, cc tng lp nhn dn trong phong tro dn tc, dn ch cc a phng c ng hat ng. Cau 12. S ra i v hot ng ca Vit Nam Quc dn ng.
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a. S thnh lp: Ngy 25/12/1927, Vit Nam quc dn ng c thnh lp trn c s Nam ng th x; theo khuynh hng cch mng dn ch t sn. Lnh t ca ng l Nguyn Thi Hc... Lc mi thnh lp, ng cha c mc ch, tn ch r rt, m ch nu chung chung l: trc lm dn tc cch mng, sau lm th gii cch mng. b. Hot ng:
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- Chng trnh hnh ng nu nguyn tc ca ng l: T do Bnh ng Bc i. Chng trnh hot ng ca ng chia thnh 4 thi k. Thi k cui l bt hp tc vi gic, nh ui gic Php, xo b ngi vua, thit lp dn quyn; tin hnh cch mng bng st v mu... - T chc c s trong qun chng rt t, a bn b hp trong mt s a phng Bc K; Trung K v Nam K khng ng k. - Thng 2/1929 Vit Nam Quc dn ng t chc m st trm m phu Bazanh H Ni, b Php khng b d man. Trc tnh th b ng, lnh o Vit Nam Quc dn ng quyt nh dc ht lc lng thc hin bo ng cui cng khng thnh cng cng thnh nhn. - Trong tnh th b ng, Vit Nam quc dn ng quyt nh dc ton b lc lng tin hnh cuc khi ngha Yn Bi (2/1930) vi tng Khng thnh cng cng thnh nhn!. B thc dn Php n p, cuc khi ngha tht bi, kt thc vai tr lch s ca Vit Nam quc dn ng. Cau 13. Chng t rng phong tro cng nhn nc ta pht trin ln mt bc cao hn t sau Chin tranh th gii th nht. Cuc bi cng ca cng nhn Ba Son (8/1925) c nhng im g mi so vi cc phong tro trc ?
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a. Giai on 1919 - 1925 : Cc cuc u tranh tuy l t v t pht nhng thc giai cp ang pht trin. + 1920, cng nhn Si Gn Ch Ln thnh lp Cng hi, do Tn c Thng ng u. + 1922, cng nhn vin chc cc s cng thng Bc K i ngh ch nht c tr lng. + 1924, nhiu cuc bi cng ca cng nhn Nam nh, H Ni, Hi Dng. + 1925, ni bt nht l cuc bi cng ca th my xng Ba Son. b. Giai on 1925 - 1929 : - T nm 1926 n nm 1927 : Lin tip n ra nhiu cuc bi cng ca cng nhn vin chc v hc sinh hc ngh. Ln nht l cuc bi cng ca cng nhn si Nam nh, n in Cam Tim, Ph Ring - T nm 1928 n 1929 : Phong tro c tnh thng nht trong ton quc, c 30 cuc bi cng n ra t Bc ch Nam: Nh my xi mng, nh my si Hi Phng, nh my si Nam nh....Cc phong tro thi k ny lin kt c nhiu ngnh, nhiu a phng, trnh gic ng ca cng nhn c nng cao. Giai cp cng nhn tr thnh mt lc lng chnh tr c lp. c. Cuc bi cng ca th my xng Ba Son (thng 8/1925) c mc ch ngn cn tu Php a lnh sang n p cch mng Trung Quc. Cuc bi cng thng li nh du mt bc tin mi ca phong tro cng nhn nc ta. Giai cp cng nhn t y u tranh c t chc v c mc ch chnh tr r rng. Cau 14. Hy gii thch v sao phong tro yu nc theo khuynh hng dn ch t sn Vit Nam trong nhng nm 1919 - 1930 li b tht bi nhanh chng ? S tht bi ca phong tro yu nc theo khuynh hng dn ch t sn trong giai on trn ni ln iu g ?
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a. Nguyn nhn tht bi ca phong tro yu nc theo khuynh hng dn ch t sn nc ta... - Cc phong tro theo khuynh hng dn ch t sn tiu biu l hot ng ca Vit Nam Quc dn ng, pht trin mnh t sau Chin tranh th gii th nht u ln lt i n tht bi do : Giai cp t sn dn tc Vit Nam non km v kinh t, qu qut v chnh tr. Khuynh hng chnh chnh tr theo con ng dn ch t sn dn tc Vit Nam khng p ng c yu cu khch quan ca s nghip gii phng dn tc ca nhn dn ta. T chc non km, khng sc chng trc mi th on khng b ca k th tn ti v pht trin. - S tht bi ca phong tro dn tc theo khuynh hng dn ch t san bt ngun t nguyn nhn su xa v c s kinh t v giai cp x hi Vit Nam sau Chin tranh th gii th nht. - Khi ngha Yn Bi nh mt ngn n tn trong phong tro u tranh ca t sn dn tc. Trc khi tt, n bng chy mt ln cui ri khng bao gi chy na. y l mt s kin nh du s chm
dt cc phong tro yu nc i theo khuynh hng dn ch t sn nhng ch cho phong tro yu nc theo con ng Cch mng v sn Vit Nam. b. S tht bi ca phong tro yu nc theo khuynh hng dn ch t sn trong giai on trn trn ni ln : Con ng gii phng dn tc theo khuynh hng dn ch t sn l khng thnh cng. Mun cu nc v gii phng dn tc khng c con ng no khc con ng cch mng v sn. Cau 15. Ti sao nm 1929, Vit Nam li din ra cuc u tranh xung quanh vn thnh lp ng Cng sn ? Cho bit kt qu ca cuc u tranh ny.
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1) Nguyn nhn din ra cuc u tranh xung quanh vn thnh lp ng Cng sn Vit Nam : a- Nm 1929, phong tro u tranh ca cng nhn, nng dn, tiu t sn v cc tng lp yu nc khc pht trin mnh m, kt thnh mt ln sng dn tc dn ch ngy cng lan rng. - Hi Vit Nam Cch mng Thanh nin khng cn kh nng tip tc lnh o cch mng Yu cu lch s t ra phi thnh lp mt chnh ng nhng nhn thc din ra khng ng u trong cc hi vin ca t chc ny b- Bc K l ni phong tro cch mng pht trin mnh nht nc, c s lng hi vin ca t chc Vit Nam Cch mng thanh nin ngV th h sm nhn thy s cn thit phi thnh lp mt chnh ng v sn.Thng 3/1929, s hi vin tin tin Bc k hp ti H Ni v lp ra chi b Cng sn u tin, tin hnh vn ng thnh lp mt ng cng sn. - Phong tro cch mng Trung K, Nam K pht trin khng mnh bng Bc K, do nhng ngi ng u t chc Thanh nin cha nhn thy yu cu cp thit phi thnh lp chnh ng v sn - Ti i hi ln th nht ca Hi Vit Nam Cch mng thanh nin (5/1929) Hng Cng (Trung Quc) din ra cuc u tranh gay gt xung quanh vn thnh lp ng. i biu Bc K a ra yu cu thnh lp ng cng sn nhng khng c chp nhn, h b i hi ra v. 2) Kt qu ca cuc u tranh : - Thng 6/1929, i biu cc t chc c s cng sn Bc K hp ti s nh 312, ph Khm Thin (H Ni) quyt nh thnh lp ng Dng Cng sn ng - Khong thng 8/1929, Tng b Thanh nin v K b Vit Nam Cch mng Thanh nin Nam K cng nhn thc c yu cu phi thnh lp ng Cng sn nn quyt nh thnh lp An Nam Cng sn ng. - Thng 9/1929, nhng ngi gic ng cng sn trong t chc Tn Vit tuyn b thnh lp ng Dng Cng sn Lin on. - S ra i ca ba t chc cng sn chng t ch ngha Mc- Lnin thm su vo phong tro cng nhn, phong tro yu nc Vit Nam. iu kin cho s thnh lp ng chn mui - Cc t chc hot ng ring r, tranh ginh nh hng ln nhau gy bt li cho phong tro. u 1930, Nguyn i Quc triu tp Hi ngh hp nht ba t chc thnh ng Cng sn Vit Nam Cau 16. Trnh by hon cnh lch, ni dung, ngha v nguyn nhn thnh cng ca Hi ngh hp nht cc t chc cng sn Vit Nam ngy 6/1/1930.
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1. Hon cnh : - Ba t chc cng sn Vit Nam ra i nm 1929 hot ng ring r, tranh ginh nh hng ca nhau, lm phong tro cch mng trong nc c nguy c chia r ln. - Nguyn i Quc c tin Hi Vit Nam Cch mng Thanh nin phn lit thnh hai ng cng sn, lin ri khi Xim, sang Trung Quc thng nht cc t chc cng sn. 2. Ni dung hi ngh : Vi cng v l phi vin ca Quc t cng sn, Nguyn Ai Quc triu tp Hi ngh hp nht ng Cu Long (Hng Cng) t ngy 6/1/1930. - Nguyn i Quc ph phn nhng quan im sai lm ca cc t chc cng sn ring l v nu chng trnh hi ngh..
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- Hi ngh nht tr thng nht cc t chc cng sn thnh ng cng sn Vit Nam, thng qua Chnh cng vn tt, sch lc vn tt ca ng do Nguyn Ai Quc son tho (Cng lnh chnh tr du tin ca ng cng sn Vit Nam). - Ngy 08/02/1930, cc i biu v nc. Ban chp hnh Trung ng lm thi ca ng thnh lp gm 7 y vin do Trnh nh Cu ng u. - Ngy 24/02/1930, ng Dng cng sn Lin on c kt np vo ng cng sn Vit Nam. Sau ny, i hi ton quc ln th III ca ng Lao ng Vit Nam quyt nh ly ngy 3/2/1930 lm ngy k nim thnh lp ng. 3. ngha ca Hi ngh : Hi ngh c ngha nh mt i hi thnh lp ng, thng qua ng li Cch mng (tuy cn s lc). 4. Nguyn nhn thnh cng ca hi ngh : Gia cc i biu cc t chc khng c mu thun v thc h, u c xu hng v sn, u tun theo iu l ca quc t Cng sn. p ng ng nhu cu thc tin ca Cch mng lc . Do c s quan tm ca Quc t Cng sn v uy tn cao ca lnh t Nguyn i Quc. Cau 17. Phn tch ngha lch s ca s kin ng Cng sn Vit Nam c thnh lp vo u nm 1930.
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- ng Cng sn Vit Nam ra i l mt bc ngot v i trong lch s cch mng Vit Nam, l sn phm ca s kt hp ch ngha Mc - Lnin vi phong tro cng nhn v phong tro yu nc Vit Nam trong ba thp nin u ca th k XX. - Chm dt tnh trng khng hong v ng li v giai cp lnh o cch mng... - Chng t rng giai cp cng nhn Vit Nam trng thnh v sc lnh o cch mng... - ng ra i lm cho cng nhn Vit Nam thc s tr thnh mt b phn khng kht ca cch mng th gii. K t y giai cp cng nhn v nhn dn lao ng Vit Nam tham gia vo s nghip u tranh gii phng loi ngi mt cch t gic v c t chc. - ng Cng sn Vit Nam ra i khng nh quyn lnh o tuyt i ca giai cp cng nhn m i tiu phong ca n l ng Cng sn Vit Nam, l s chun b tt yu u tin cho nhng bc nhy vt v i v nhng thng li vang di ca cng nhn Vit Nam v sau. Cau 18. Trnh by ni dung c bn ca Chnh cng vn tt, Sch lc vn tt do Nguyn i Quc khi tho u nm 1930 v cho bit v sao ni ng Cng sn Vit Nam ra i l mt bc ngot lch s v i ca cch mng Vit Nam.
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1. Ni dung ca Chnh cng vn tt, Sch lc vn tt : Chnh cng vn tt, Sch lc vn tt do Nguyn i Quc son tho v c Hi ngh thnh lp ng thng qua l Cng lnh chnh tr u tin ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam. Nhng im ch yu ca Cng lnh chnh tr u tin: Chin lc cch mng: tin hnh t sn dn quyn cch mng v th a cch mng i ti x hi cng sn. Nhim v cch mng: nh quc Php, bn phong kin, t sn phn cch mng, lm cho nuc Vit Nam c lp t do, lp chnh ph cng, nng, binh v qun i cng nng; tch thu sn nghip ca quc v phn cch mng chia cho dn cy ngho, tin hnh cch mng rung t. Lc lng cch mng: cng nng, tiu t sn, tr thc, li dng hoc turng lp ph nng, a ch, t sn. Cch mng phi lin lc vi cc dn tc b p bc v v sn th gii. Lnh o cch mng: ng cng sn Vit Nam: i tin phong ca giai cp v sn. Tuy cn vn tt, song y l cng lnh gii phng dn tc sng to, kt hp ng n vn dn tc v giai cp. c lp, t do l t tng ch yu ca cng lnh. 2. Ti sao ni : ng Cng sn Vit Nam ra i l mt bc ngot lch s v i ca cch mng Vit Nam ?
o ng Cng sn Vit Nam ra i vi t chc thng nht vch ra ng li cch mng ng n : lm cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn, tin ln ch ngha x hi. o Vch ra phng hng cch mng ng n : s dng bo lc ca qun chng theo quan im ch ngha Mc - Lnin. o Cch mng Vit Nam tr thnh mt b phn khng kht ca cch mng th gii, Vit Nam c nhiu ng minh mi v cng gp phn mnh vo s nghip cch mng th gii. Cau 19. Bng nhng s kin lch s c th, hy nu r vai tr ca Nguyn i Quc trong qu trnh thnh lp ng Cng sn Vit Nam.
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Vai tr ca Nguyn i Quc trong qu trnh thnh lp ng Cng sn Vit Nam c th hin qua cc s kin sau : Tm c con ng cu nc: Thng 7 nm 1920, c S tho ln th nht nhng lun cng v vn dn tc v vn thuc a ca Lnin... Thng 12 nm 1920, tham gia i hi Tua, b phiu tn thnh gia nhp Quc t Cng sn v thnh lp ng Cng sn Php. Truyn b ch ngha Mc Lnin vo Vit Nam: Vit sch bo... o to cn b: Nm 1925 thnh lp Hi Vit Nam Cch mng Thanh nin. Bo Thanh nin v sch ng Kch mnh trang b l lun gii phng dn tc cho cn b ca Hi. Nm 1928, nhiu cn b ca Hi tham gia phong tro v sn ha tham gia tuyn truyn v vn ng cch mng. u nm 1930, ch tr Hi ngh hp nht ng ti Cu Long... Son tho Cng lnh chnh tr u tin ca ng: Chnh cng vn tt, Sch lc vn tt,... Cau 20. So snh mt s im ch yu trong ni dung Cng lnh chnh tr u tin ca ng vi Lun cng chnh tr nm 1930 thy r s ng n ca vn kin trc v s hn ch ca vn kin sau.
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* Bng so snh : Ni dung Hai giai on ca cch mng Vit Nam Nhim v cch mng Lc lng cch mng Vai tr lnh o ca ng. V tr cch mng Phng thc cch mng Cng lnh (Nguyn i Quc, 3/2/1930) Lun cng (Trn Ph, 10/1930)
Cch mng t sn dn quyn v cch Cch mng t sn dn quyn v cch mng x hi ch ngha. mng x hi ch ngha. Chng quc, chng phong kin nh phong kin, nh quc.
Cng - nng, lin lc vi tr thc, Cng - nng. tiu t sn, trung nng. Nhn t quyt nh mi thng li ca Nhn t quyt nh mi thng li ca cch mng Vit Nam. cch mng Vit Nam. L mt b phn ca cch mng th Quan h mt thit vi cch mng th gii. gii. Tp hp t chc qun chng u tranh.
Nhn xt : Qua bng so snh chng ta thy, Lun cng chnh tr tip thu nhng vn c bn ca vn kin thnh lp ng v b sung thm phng php cch mng, song hai vn nhim v v lc lng ca cch mng t sn dn quyn cn hn ch: t nhim v chng phong kin ln trn chng
quc v khng thy kh nng cch mng ca cc tng lp khc trong x hi Vit Nam. Nhng hn ch ny phi tri qua mt qu trnh u tranh trong thc tin mi khc phc c.
CHNG II. VIT NAM T NM 1930 N NM 1945

Cau 21. Trnh by nhng nt chnh v phong tro cch mng 1930 - 1931 vi nh cao l X vit - Ngh Tnh : nguyn nhn bng n, tm lc din bin, ngha v bi hc kinh nghim.
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1/ Nguyn nhn bng n phong tro cch mng 1930 1931 : - Cuc khng hong kinh t th gii (1929 - 1933) tc ng mnh m n Vit Nam, lm cho nn kinh t Vit Nam tiu iu, s xc, i sng ca nhn dn lao ng ht sc c cc. T sau cuc khi ngha Yn Bi thc dn Php thi hnh chnh sch khng b trng hng dp tt phong tro cch mng. Tc ng ca cuc khng hong kinh t cng vi chnh sch khng b trng ca thc dn Php cng nung nu lng cm th, nng cao tinh thn cch mng ca nhn dn ta. - Mu thun x hi gay gt (dn tc Vit Nam > < thc dn Php, nng dn > < a ch phong kin). l nguyn nhn su sa v trc tip a n cao tro cch mng (1930 - 1931) - nh hng ca phong tro Cch mng quc t i vi Vit Nam. - ng Cng sn Vit Nam ra i kp thi lnh o giai cp cng nhn v nhn dn lao ng nc ta ng ln u tranh chng quc Php v phong kin tay sai, ginh c lp t do. M rng : Trong cc nguyn nhn trn, nguyn nhn ng ra i v lnh o l nguyn nhn c bn v quyt nh nht l ch yu v quyt nh nht. Bi v, nu khng c s lnh o ca ng th mu thun lc nhiu nht cng ch dn n nhng cuc u tranh nh, l t, t pht, khng th tr thnh mt cao tro t gic (1930 - 1931). 2/ Din bin phong tro : a. Phong tro trn ton quc: o Trong bi cnh khng hong kinh t x hi, Php n p m mu khi ngha Yn Bi, ng Cng sn Vit Nam ra i kp thi lnh o phong tro u tranh ca cng nng trong c nc o Thng 2/1930 bi cng ca cng nhn n in cao su Ph Ring. H Ni, ngy 22/02 c treo c , ba lim. o Thng 3 v thng 4 c cuc u tranh ca cng nhn nh my si Nam nh, nh my dim v ca Bn Thy . o Nhn ngy Quc t lao ng 1/5, c nc bng n nhiu cuc u tranh . o Ln u tin cng nhn Vit Nam biu tnh k nim ngy Quc t lao ng, u tranh i quyn li cho nhn dn lao ng trong nc, th hin tnh on kt cch mng vi nhn dn lao ng th gii. o Thng 6 n thng 8/1930 c nc c 121 cuc u tranh. b. Phong tro Ngh Tnh: o Thng 9/1930 phong tro u tranh dng cao, nht l hai tnh Ngh An v H Tnh. Nng dn biu tnh c v trang t v vi hng nghn ngi ko n huyn l, tnh l i gim thu cc huyn Nam n, Thanh Chng, Din Chu, Anh Sn (Ngh An), K Anh (H Tnh) c cng nhn Vinh - Bn Thy hng ng . o Tiu biu l cuc biu tnh ca 8000 nng dn Hng Nguyn (Ngh An) ngy 12/09/1930 vi khu hiu: o ch ngha quc !. n gn Vinh, con s ln ti 3 vn ngi, xp hng di 4 km. Php n p d man: cho my bay nm bom lm cht 217 ngi, b thng 126 ngi. Chnh quyn thc dn, phong kin b t lit, tan r nhiu huyn, x . o Nhiu cp y ng thn x lnh o nhn dn lm ch vn mnh, t qun l i sng chnh tr, kinh t, vn ha x hi a phng, lm chc nng ca chnh quyn: X vit Ngh - Tnh. 3/ ngha lch s v bi hc kinh nghim : a. ngha lch s Khng nh ng li ng n ca ng, quyn lnh o ca giai cp cng nhn i vi cch mng cc nc ng Dng.
Khi lin minh cng nng hnh thnh. L cuc tp dt u tin cho Tng khi ngha thng Tm sau ny . c nh gi cao trong phong tro cng sn v cng nhn quc t . Quc t Cng sn cng nhn: ng Cng sn ng Dng l phn b c lp trc thuc Quc t Cng sn. b. Bi hc kinh nghim: li bi hc qu v cng tc t tng, xy dng khi lin minh cng nng, mt trn dn tc thng nht, t chc lnh o qun chng u tranh Cau 22. Chng minh rng X Vit Ngh - Tnh l hnh thi s khai ca chnh quyn cng nng nc ta, l chnh quyn ca dn, do dn v v dn.
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a. Sau khi thnh lp chnh quyn X vit Ngh - Tnh em li nhiu li ch cn bn cho nhn dn : Kinh t : Chia rung t cho nng dn, bt a ch b t chnh, gim t ph, bi b cc th thu ca quc, phong kin. Chnh tr : Thc hin cc quyn t do, dn ch , lp cc t chc qun chng, cc i t v v ta n nhn dn c thnh lp... Thng qua cc cuc mt tinh, hi ngh tuyn truyn, gio dc thc chnh tr cho qun chng nhn dn. Qun s : Mi lng u c nhng i t v v trang. X hi : Pht ng phong tro i sng mi, bi tr m tn d oan, h tc tn km phin phc. Trt t x hi c m bo, nn trm cp khng cn. * Hn ch : - Cha lp c chnh quyn hon chnh, cha trit gii quyt rung t cho nng dn. - Cha trit gi quyt rung t cho nng dn. * ngha : - Tuy mi thnh lp mt s x, tn ti 4 n 5 thng song X Vit Ngh - Tnh t r bn cht Cch mng v tnh u vit. l mt chnh quyn ca dn, do dn v v dn. - Di s lnh o ca ng, giai cp cng - nng on kt vi cc tng lp nhn dn khc c kh nng lt nn thng tr ca quc v phong kin xy dng cuc sng mi. Cau 23. Phong tro dn ch 1936 - 1939 din ra trong hon cnh lch s nh th no ? Hy trnh by ch trng ca ng Cng sn ng Dng v cc hnh thc u tranh trong thi k ny.
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1. Hon cnh lch s phong tro 1936 1939 : a. Tnh hnh chnh tr - Th gii : Nhng nm 30 ca th k XX, th lc pht xt cm quyn c, Italia, Nht Bn chy ua v trang, chun b chin tranh th gii. 07/1935, i hi ln VII - Quc t Cng sn xc nh nhim v chng ch ngha pht xt, u tranh ginh dn ch, bo v ha bnh, thnh lp Mt trn nhn dn rng ri. 04/1936, Mt trn nhn dn ln cm quyn Php, thi hnh ci cch tin b thuc a: i vi ng Dng, Php c phi on sang iu tra tnh hnh, c Ton quyn mi, ni rng quyn t do bo ch - Vit Nam: C nhiu ng phi chnh tr hot ng: ng cch mng, ng theo xu hng ci lng, ng phn ng , nhng ng Cng sn ng Dng l ng mnh nht, c t chc cht ch, ch trng r rng. b. Tnh hnh kinh t - x hi - Kinh t : + Nng nghip: T bn Php chim ot rung t, ch yu trng cao su, ay, gai, bng + Cng nghip: y mnh khai m. Sn lng ngnh dt, xi mng, ch ct ru tng. Cc ngnh t pht trin l in, nc, c kh, ng, giy, dim... + Thng nghip: Thc dn c quyn bn thuc phin, ru, mui v xut nhp khu.
Nhng nm 1936 - 1939 l thi k phc hi v pht trin kinh t Vit Nam. Tuy nhin kinh t Vit Nam vn lc hu v l thuc kinh t Php. - X hi : + Cng nhn: tht nghip, lng gim. + Nng dn: khng rung cy, chu mc a t cao v bc lt ca a ch, cng ho + T sn dn tc: t vn, chu thu cao, b t bn Php chn p . + Tiu t sn tr thc: tht nghip, lng thp . + Cc tng lp lao ng khc: chu thu kha nng n, sinh hot t . i sng a s nhn dn kh khn nn hng hi tham gia u tranh i t do, cm o di s lnh o ca ng Cng sn ng Dng . 2. Phong tro dn ch 1936 - 1939 : a/ Ch trng ca ng trong nhng nm 1936 - 1939 th hin Ngh quyt thng 7/1936 ca Hi ngh Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn ng Dng do L Hng Phong ch tr Thng Hi (Trung Quc ) v Hi ngh Trung ng cc nm 1937, 1938. Nhim v chin lc v mc tiu: Chng quc v phong kin . Nhim v trc tip, trc mt: u tranh chng ch phn ng thuc a, chng pht xt, chng nguy c chin tranh, i t do, dn sinh, dn ch, cm o, ha bnh. Hnh thc u tranh: Kt hp cc hnh thc cng khai v b mt, hp php v bt hp php. Ch trng: Thnh lp Mt trn thng nht nhn dn phn ng Dng. Thng 3/1938, i thnh Mt trn thng nht dn ch ng Dng, gi tt l Mt trn dn ch ng Dng. b/ Nhng phong tro u tranh tiu biu : - Phong tro ng Dng i hi : + Nm 1936, ng pht ng cc tng lp nhn dn hi hp tho ra bn nguyn vng gi ti phi on Chnh ph Php tin ti triu tp ng Dng i hi (8/1936). + Cc y ban hnh ng thnh lp Nam k, Bc k, Trung k ( Nam k c hn 600 y ban hnh ng thnh lp, pht truyn n, ra bo, mt tinh, tho lun dn ch, dn sinh ) + Thng 9/1936 Php gii tn y ban hnh ng, cm hi hp, tch thu cc bo. - Phong tro u tranh i t do, dn sinh, dn ch : Trong nhng nm 1937 - 1939, cc cuc mt tinh biu tnh i cc quyn sng ca cc tng lp nhn dn. Tiu biu l cuc u tranh vo ngy Quc t lao ng 01/05/1938, ln u tin nhiu cuc mt tinh t chc cng khai H Ni v nhiu ni khc, thu ht ng o qun chng tham gia. - u tranh ngh trng: L mt hnh thc u tranh mi m ca ng: + ng vn ng ngi tin b trong hng ng tr thc phong kin, t sn dn tc ra ng c vo Vin dn biu Bc k, Trung k, Hi ng kinh t - l ti ng Dng, Hi ng qun ht Nam k. + Mc tiu: M rng lc lng Mt trn dn ch v vch trn chnh sch phn ng ca thc dn, tay sai, bnh vc quyn li ca nhn dn. - u tranh trn lnh vc bo ch + T nm 1937 bo ch cng khai ca ng bng ting Vit: Tin tc, i nay, bng ting Php: Lao ng), Tranh u bo ch tr thnh mi xung kch trong nhng phong tro ln ca cuc vn ng dn ch, dn sinh thi k 1936 - 1939. + Nhiu sch chnh tr l lun xut bn cng khai hoc a t Php v. Nhiu tc phm vn hc hin thc ph phn ra i nh: Bc ng cng, Tt n, S . Th cch mng, kch i c Lu c/ Kt qu : Thu kt qu to ln v vn ha - t tng: ng o cc tng lp nhn dn c gic ng v con ng cch mng Cau 24. Trnh by ngha lch s v bi hc kinh nghim ca phong tro dn ch 1936 - 1939.
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1. ngha ca phong tro dn ch 1936 - 1939 : + L phong tro qun chng rng ln, c t chc, di s lnh o ca ng Cng sn ng Dng.
+ Buc chnh quyn thc dn phi nhng b mt s yu sch v dn sinh, dn ch; qun chng
c gic ng v chnh tr, tr thnh lc lng chnh tr hng hu ca cch mng; cn b c tp hp v trng thnh. + L mt cuc tng din tp, chun b cho Tng khi ngha thng Tm sau ny. 2. Bi hc kinh nghim ca phong tro dn ch 1936 - 1939 : + V vic xy dng Mt trn dn tc thng nht. + T chc, lnh o qun chng u tranh cng khai, hp php. + u tranh t tng trong ni b ng v vi cc ng phi chnh tr phn ng. + ng thy c hn ch trong cng tc mt trn, dn tc M rng : Theo anh (ch), ngha quan trng nht ca cuc vn ng dn ch 1936 - 1939 vi cch mng Vit Nam l g ? ngha quan trng nht ca cuc vn ng dn ch 1936 - 1939 vi cch mng Vit Nam : y l cuc din tp th hai chun b cho Cch mng thng Tm 1945. Cau 25. So snh ch trng, sch lc cch mng ca ng Cng sn ng Dng v hnh thc u tranh gia thi k 1930 - 1931 vi thi k 1936 - 1939.
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Ni dung Nhn nh k th Mc tiu u tranh Tp hp lc lng
Phong tro cch mng 1930 1931 quc v phong kin i c lp dn tc v Ngi cy c rung Lin minh cng - nng.
Cao tro dn ch 1936 1939 Thc dn Php phn ng v tay sai. i T do, dn ch, cm o, ho bnh. Mt trn Dn ch ng Dng, tp hp mi lc lng dn ch, yu nc v tin b. Cc giai cp, cc tng lp (cng nhn, nng dn, tr thc, dn ngho thnh th), cc gii, cc la tui, cc on th, cc hi... - Chnh tr, cng khai : + Thu thp nguyn vng ca nhn dn... + Xut bn sch bo... - Na hp php. Ch yu thnh th.
Lc lng tham gia
Ch yu cng nhn - nng dn.
Phng php v hnh thc u tranh
- Chnh tr : Bo cng, biu tnh. - Bo ng v trang : nh ph huyn l, n in, nh ga, tri giam,... Nng thn v cc trung tm cng nghip.
a bn
Cau 26. Trnh by nhng nt chnh v tnh hnh Vit Nam trong nhng nm u sau Chin tranh th gii th hai.
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1. Tnh hnh chnh tr : + Th gii : Ngy 1/9/1939 : Chin tranh th gii th hai bng n, ngy 3/9/1939: Php tuyn chin vi c. Thng 6/1940, Php u hng c. + Vit Nam : ng Dng, c cu lm Ton quyn thc hin mt lot chnh sch v vt sc ngi, sc ca ca Vit Nam dc vo cuc chin tranh .
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Cui thng 9/1940, Nht vt bin gii Vit Trung vo min Bc Vit Nam, Php u hng.
Nht gi nguyn b my thng tr ca Php v vt kinh t phc v cho chin tranh, n p cch mng. Vit Nam t di ch thng tr ca Nht Php. Thng 12/1941 : Php cam kt hp tc vi Nht v mi phng din. T thng 9/1940, Php Nht cu kt vi nhau p bc bc lt nhn dn ng Dng nhng b mu thun quyn li, cho nn chng u nhm ngm chun b i ph nhau. Vit Nam, bn cnh ng phi thn Php cn c ng phi thn Nht nh : i Vit, Phc Quc ra sc tuyn truyn la bp v vn minh, sc mnh Nht Bn, thuyt i ng , dn ng cho Nht ht cng Php. Thng 6/1941, c tn cng Lin X. Nm 1945, chu u : pht xt c b tht bi nng n; chu Thi Bnh Dng, Nht b thua to nhiu ni. ng Dng, ngy 9/3/1945 Nht o chnh Php. Li dng c hi , cc ng phi chnh tr Vit Nam tng cng hot ng. Qun chng nhn dn sc si kh th, sn sng vng ln khi ngha. 2. Tnh hnh kinh t - x hi : * Kinh t :
Chnh sch ca Php u thng 9/1939, Ton quyn Catru Chnh sch ca Nht Php buc phi cho Nht s dng phng tin giao ra lnh tng ng vin nhm cung cp thng, kim sot ng st, tu bin. Nht bt Php cho mu quc tim lc ti a ca ng trong 4 nm 6 thng np khon tin 723.786.000 ng. Dng v qun s, nhn lc, cc sn Cp rung t ca nng dn, bt nng dn nh la, phm v nguyn liu. ng trng ay, thu du phc v cho nhu cu chin tranh . Php thi hnh chnh sch Kinh t ch huy : tng mc thu c, t thm thu Buc Php xut cng cc nguyn liu chin tranh sang Nht vi gi r nh : than, st, cao su, xi mng mi , sa thi bt cng nhn, vin chc, gim tin lng, tng gi lm, Cng ty ca Nht u t vo nhng ngnh phc v kim sot gt gao sn xut, phn phi, cho qun s nh mng-gan, st, pht pht, crm. n nh gi c. * X hi : Chnh sch bc lt ca Php Nht y nhn dn ta ti ch cng cc : Cui 1944 u nm 1945 c ti 2 triu ng bo ta cht i . Cc giai cp, tng lp nc ta, tr tay sai quc, i a ch v t sn mi bn u b nh hng bi chnh sch bc lt ca Php - Nht . ng Cng sn ng Dng phi kp thi, ra ng li u tranh ph hp.
M rng : im ging v khc nhau trong mc ch ca chnh sch bc lt ca thc dn Php v pht xt Nht l g ? Ging : th on ca chng nhm che y hnh vi p bc bc lt nhn dn Vit Nam, la bp nhn dn ta lm tng chng l bn ch khng phi l k th. Khc : Th on chnh tr ca Php nhm cng c ch thng tr ca Php ng Dng cn trong khi th on ca Nht l lm ch da cho vic Nht cai tr ng Dng v Nht mi xm lc v nhy vo ng Dng. Cau 27. Nu hon cnh, ni dung c bn v ngha lch s ca Hi ngh Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn ng Dng thng 11/1939.
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a. Hon cnh : Ngy 1/9/1939, Chin tranh th gii th hai bng n, c tn cng Php. Thng 6/1940, Php u hng. Thng 9/1940: pht xt Nht nhy vo ng Dng, cu kt vi Php v vt ti lc v n p cch mng Vit Nam Nhn dn Vit Nam phi gnh chu ch thng tr ca hai tng p bc Php Nht.
ng trc tnh hnh mi, Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn ng Dng hp Hi
ngh ln th 6 (8/11/1939) hp ti B im (Hc Mn Gia nh) do Tng B th Nguyn Vn C ch tr. b. Ni dung c bn ca Ngh quyt Hi ngh Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn ng Dng thng 11/1939 : Xc nh k th trc mt l quc pht xt. t nhim v gii phng dn tc ln hng u. Tm gc khu hiu cch mng rung t, thay khu hiu "Chnh quyn cng nng" bng khu hiu "Chnh ph Cng ho Dn ch ng Dng". Ch trng thnh lp Mt trn dn tc Thng nht Phn ng Dng, nhm on kt rng ri cc tng lp, giai cp, cc dn tc ng Dng, cha mi nhn vo k th ch yu trc mt l quc pht xt. Phn tch ni dung s chuyn hng ch o chin lc ? o Lun cng chnh tr (1930) ca ng ra hai nhim v chin lc nh quc v phong kin. Hai nhim v ny c mi quan h cht ch vi nhau. o Trong mt giai on 1939 - 1941, ng Cng sn kp thi chuyn hng ch o chin lc: tp chung mi nhn vo k th ch yu trc mt l ch ngha quc - pht xt, t nhim v gii phng dn tc ln hng u, tm rt Cch mng rung t, thay khu hiu Chnh ph cng - nng bng Chnh ph Cng ho Dn ch ng Dng c. ngha: Hi ngh Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng ln th VI nh du s chuyn hng ng n v ch o chin lc cch mng. ng Cng sn ng Dng ging cao ngn c gii phng dn tc, on kt rng ri cc tng lp, giai cp v dn tc ng Dng trong cng mt Mt trn Dn tc Thng nht, m ng i ti thng li ca Cch mng Thng Tm nm 1945. Cau 28. Nu hon cnh v ni dung c bn ca Hi ngh ln th 8 ca Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn ng Dng thng 5/1941. Theo anh (ch), Hi ngh Trung ng ng thng 5/1941 c ngha quan trng nh th no ?
Hng dn tr li
a. Hon cnh lch s : Ngy 28/01/1941, lnh t Nguyn i Quc tr v nc trc tip lnh o cch mng, triu tp Hi ngh Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng ln th 8 Pc B (Cao Bng) t ngy 10 n 19/5/1941. b. Ni dung : Khng nh ch trng ng n ca Hi ngh 6 v 7 nhng cao hn na nhim v gii phng dn tc v a nhim v ny ln hng u. Tm gc khu hiu "nh a ch, chia rung t cho dn cy" thay bng khu hiu "Tch thu rung t ca bn quc v Vit gian chia cho dn cy ngho, gim t, gim tc ... Ch trng thnh lp mt trn dn tc thng nht ring cho tng nc Vit Nam, Lo, Campuchia. Nhim v trung tm ca ng trong giai on ny: chun b khi ngha v trang Bu Ban Chp hnh Trung ng do Trng Chinh lm Tng B th. Ngy 19/05/1941, thnh lp Mt trn Vit Minh. Nm thng sau, Tuyn ngn, Chng trnh, iu l Vit Minh c cng b chnh thc. c. ngha : Hi ngh Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng ln th 8 c ngha quan trng. Ngh quyt ca Hi ngh ln 8 hon chnh vic chuyn hng ch o chin lc v sch lc cch mng ra Hi ngh Ban Chp hng Trung ng ln th 6 (11/1939). N c tc dng quyt nh trong vic vn ng ton ng, ton dn chun b tin ti Cch mng thng Tm. M rng : Vn 1 : Ti sao n thng 2/1941, Nguyn i Quc mi v nc ? + Trong thi gian Qung Chu (1925 1926), Nguyn i Quc thnh lp Hi Vit Nam Cch mng thanh nin. n thng 2/1930, Ngi triu tp hi ngh hp nht ba t chc Cng sn Vit Nam ti Hng Cng. Nguyn i Quc cha v nc bi v Cch mng Vit Nam cha c thi c ginh thng li.
+ n thng 9/1939, th chin th hai (1945) bng n, phe ng minh v cc dn tc tin b trn th gii nhn rng ch ngha Pht xt s tht bi v lc thi c ca cc dn tc thuc a ginh c lp s n. + V th thng 2/1941, Nguyn i Quc mi v nc lnh o Cch mng chun b mi iu kin n thi c ginh c lp hon ton. Vn 2 : Theo anh (ch), trong cc ch trng ca Hi ngh ln 8 Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn ng Dng (5/1941), ch chng no l quan trng nht ? V sao ? + Ch trng quan trng nht l : Trc ht phi lm sao gii phng cho c cc dn tc ng Dng khi ch Php - Nht. V vy hi ngh quyt nh tm gc khu hiu nh a ch, chia rung t cho dn cy, thay bng cc khu hiu tch thu rung t ca bn quc v Vit gian chia cho dn cy ngho, gim t, gim tc, chia li rung cng tin ti thc hin ngi cy c rung + Bi v : Nu khng gii quyt c vn dn tc gii phng, khng i c c lp t do cho ton th dn tc, th chng nhng ton th quc gia dn tc cn chu mi kip nga tru, m quyn li ca b phn giai cp n vn nm cng khng i li c.
Cau 29. Bng kin thc v khi ngha Bc Sn, khi ngha Nam K v binh bin Lng, hy hon thin bng sau: Khi ngha Bc Sn Nguyn nhn Din bin chnh Kt qu Ba s kin trn c ngha lch s nh th no ?
Hng dn tr li
Khi ngha Nam K
Binh bin Lng
- ng b Nam K quyt nh - Ngy 13/1/1941, Binh s khi ngha. m 22 rng ngi Vit n ch ngy 23/11/1940, nhn dn Rng, do i Cung lnh cc tnh Nam B ng lot o ni dy chim n ni dy, trit h nhiu n Lng, ri tin v bt ca ch. Nhiu ni, thnh ph Vinh song k chnh quyn nhn dn v ta hoch khng thc hin n cch mng c thnh c.... lp... - Thc dn Php n p - Cuc binh bin tht bi khi ngha tn khc, c s do lc lng ca Php ng b tn tht nng. Nhng mnh. i Cung b bt, b l c sao vng ln u tra tn d man v b x t tin xut hin trong khi cng 10 ng ch. ngha. * ngha : Cc cuc khi ngha v binh bin trn li cho ng ta nhng bi hc kinh nghim b ch v khi ngha v trang, v xy dng lc lng v trang v chin tranh du kch, trc tip chun b cho Cch mng thng Tm.
* Hon thnh bng : Khi ngha Bc Sn - Ngy 22/9/1940, pht xt Nguyn Nht nh vo Lng Sn. Qun Php y b chy qua nhn chu Bc Sn. ng b Bc Sn lnh o nhn dn khi ngha. - Nhn dn tc v kh v Din bin gii tn chnh quyn ch, t v trang, thnh lp chnh chnh quyn cch mng (27/9/1940). Qun khi ngha lp cn c qun s, U ban ch huy, tch thu ti sn ca quc v tay sai chia cho dn ngho - Khi ngha tht bi song Kt qu i du kch Bc Sn ra i v sau pht trin thnh Cu quc qun, hot ng vng Bc Sn v V Nhai.
Khi ngha Nam K - Php bt binh lnh Vit Nam lm bia n cho chng bin gii Lo v Campuchia, gy ra s bt bnh trong nhn dn Nam K.
Binh bin Lng - Ti Ngh An, binh lnh ngi Vit bt bnh trc vic b bt lm bia n cho Php.
Cau 30. Trnh by cng cuc chun b khi ngha ca ng Cng sn ng Dng v nhn dn Vit Nam k t sau Hi ngh ln th 8 ca Ban Chp hnh Trung ng (thng 5/1941). Nu ngha ca cng cuc chun b .
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1. Xy dng lc lng cho cuc khi ngha v trang : a) Xy dng lc lng chnh tr: Nhim v cp bch: vn ng qun chng tham gia Vit Minh. Cao Bng l ni th im xy dng cc Hi Cu quc. Nm 1942 khp 9 chu ca Cao Bng u c Hi Cu quc. y ban Vit Minh tnh Cao Bng v y ban Vit Minh lin tnh Cao - Bc - Lng c thnh lp. min Bc v min Trung, cc "Hi phn " chuyn sang cc "Hi cu quc", nhiu "Hi cu quc" mi c thnh lp. Nm 1943, ng a ra bn " cng vn ha Vit Nam" v vn ng thnh lp Hi vn ha cu quc Vit Nam (cui 1944) v ng dn ch Vit Nam ng trong Mt trn Vit Minh (6/1944). ng cng tng cng vn ng binh lnh Vit v ngoi kiu ng Dng chng pht xt. b) Xy dng lc lng v trang: Sau khi ngha Bc Sn, i du kch Bc Sn thnh lp, hot ng ti cn c Bc Sn - V Nhai. Nm 1941, cc i du kch Bc Sn thng nht thnh Trung i Cu quc qun s I (01/05/1941), pht ng chin tranh du kch trong 8 thng. Ngy 15/9/1941, Trung i Cu quc qun II ra i. c) Xy dng cn c a cch mng: 2 cn c a u tin ca cch mng nc ta l: Hi ngh Trung ng ln th 7 (11/1940) ch trng xy dng Bc Sn V Nhai thnh cn c a cch mng . 1941, sau khi v nc, Nguyn Ai Quc chn Cao Bng xy dng cn c a. T 1943, cuc chin tranh th gii chuyn bin c li cho cch mng, s tht bi ca pht xt r rng, ng y mnh chun b cho khi ngha ginh chnh quyn. 2. Cng tc chun b Tng khi ngha : - Thng 02/1943, Ban Thng v Trung ng ng hp vch ra k hoch chun b ton din cho khi ngha v trang. Khp nng thn, thnh th min Bc, cc on th Vit Minh, cc Hi Cu quc c xy dng v cng c . - cn c Bc Sn - V Nhai, Trung i cu quc qun III ra i (25/02/1944). - cn c Cao Bng, cc i t v v trang, i du kch thnh lp. Nm 1943, 19 ban xung phong Nam tin c lp ra lin lc vi cn c a Bc Sn V Nhai v pht trin lc lng xung min xui . - 07/05/1944: Tng b Vit Minh ra ch th sa son khi ngha - 22/12/1944, theo ch th ca H Ch Minh, i Vit Nam tuyn truyn gii phng qun thnh lp. Hai ngy sau, i thng hai trn Phay Kht v N Ngn. 3. ngha : o Lc lng chnh tr v v trang c nc c xy dng v pht trin mnh, sn sng ni dy khi thi c n. o Cng vic chun b cho khi ngha v trang ginh chnh quyn c tin hnh gp rt, to iu kin thun li cho khi ngha ginh thng li nhanh chng. Cau 31. Cho bit hon cnh lch s v din bin khi ngha tng phn t thng 3 n thng 8/1945. Tc dng ca cao tro khng Nht cu nc i vi Tng khi ngha thng Tm nm 1945 nh th no ?
Hng dn tr li
1. Hon cnh lch s v din bin khi ngha tng phn t thng 3 n thng 8/1945 : a. Hon cnh lch s : * Th gii : - u 1945, Lin X nh bi pht xt c, gii phng cc nc Trung v ng u. - chu - Thi Bnh Dng, Nht tht bi nng n.
- ng Dng, lc lng Php theo phi Gn ch thi c phn cng Nht, mu thun Nht - Php tr nn gay gt. * Trong nc : - Ti 09/03/1945, Nht o chnh Php, Php u hng. Nht tuyn b : gip cc dn tc ng Dng xy dng nn c lp, dng Chnh ph b nhn Trn Trng Kim, a Bo i lm Quc trng. Thc cht l c chim ng Dng, tng cng v vt, bc lt v n p d man nhng ngi cch mng. - Ngy 12/03/1945, Ban Thng v Trung ng ng ra ch th: Nht Php bn nhau v hnh ng ca chng ta, nhn nh : K th chnh ca nhn dn ng Dng: pht xt Nht. Khu hiu: nh ui pht xt Nht. Hnh thc u tranh: t bt hp tc bi cng, bi th n biu tnh,th uy, v trang du kch v sn sng chuyn qua tng khi ngha khi c iu kin . Ch trng Pht ng mt cao tro khng Nht cu nc mnh m lm tin cho cuc tng khi ngha. b. Din bin khi ngha tng phn: + cn c a Cao - Bc - Lng, Vit Nam tuyn truyn gii phng qun v Cu quc qun phi hp vi lc lng chnh tr ca qun chng gii phng hng lot x, chu, huyn, chnh quyn nhn dn c thnh lp. + Bc K, trc nn i trm trng, ng ch trng Ph kho thc, gii quyt nn i, p ng nguyn vng cp bch ca nng dn, to thnh phong tro u tranh mnh m cha tng c. + Vit Minh lnh o qun chng ni dy Hip Ha (Bc Giang), Tin Du (Bc Ninh), Bn Yn Nhn (Hng Yn) . + Qung Ngi, t chnh tr nh lao Ba T ni dy, lp chnh quyn cch mng, t chc i du kch Ba T. Hng ngn cn b cch mng b giam trong nh t H Ni, Bun M Thut, Hi An u tranh i t do, ni dy ph nh giam, ra ngoi hot ng. + Nam K, Vit Minh hot ng mnh m M Tho, Hu Giang. 2. Tc dng : Qua cao tro, lc lng chnh tr v lc lng v trang c nc pht trin mnh, to thi c cho Tng khi ngha mau chng chn mui. L cuc tp dt ln, c tc dng chun b trc tip cho Tng khi ngha thng Tm 1945 thng li. Cau 32. Phn tch thi c ch quan v khch quan trong Cch mng thng Tm 1945. ng Cng sn ng Dng v lnh t H Ch Minh chp thi c ngn nm c mt pht ng qun ni dy ginh chnh quyn nh th no ?
Hng dn tr li
1. Thi c lch s : * Khch quan: - Ngy 09/08/1945, Hng qun Lin X tiu dit i qun Quan ng ca Nht ng Bc Trung Quc . - Ngy 14/08/1945, Hi ng ti cao chin tranh v ni cc Nht quyt nh u hng ng minh khng iu kin. Tra 15/08/1945, Nht hong tuyn b u hng. Bn Nht ng Dng v tay sai Nht hoang mang. iu kin khch quan c li cho Tng khi ngha n. ng tn dng c hi ngn nm c mt ny tin hnh Tng khi ngha thng Tm ginh thng li nhanh chng v t mu. * Ch quan: Lc lng cch mng chun b sn sng : - Ngy 13/08/1945, Trung ng ng v Tng b Vit Minh thnh lp y ban khi ngha Ton quc, ban b : Qun lnh s 1, pht lnh Tng khi ngha trong c nc. - T ngy 14 n 15/08/1945, Hi ngh ton quc ca ng hp Tn Tro (Tuyn Quang), quyt nh pht ng tng khi ngha trong c nc, ginh chnh quyn trc khi qun ng minh vo ng Dng, nhng vn i ni, i ngoi sau khi ginh c chnh quyn.
- T ngy 16 n 17/08/1945, i hi quc dn Tn Tro tn thnh ch trng Tng khi ngha ca ng, thng qua 10 chnh sch ca Vit Minh, c ra y ban dn tc gii phng Vit Nam do H Ch Minh lm Ch tch, ly l c sao vng nm cnh lm Quc k, bi Tin qun ca lm Quc ca. 2. Tng khi ngha thng Tm nm 1945 : - Gia thng 8/1945, kh th cch mng sc si trong c nc. T ngy 14/08/1945, mt s cp b ng, Vit Minh, tuy cha nhn c lnh Tng khi ngha nhng cn c tnh hnh c th ca a phng v vn dng ch th : Nht - Php bn nhau v hnh ng ca chng ta, pht ng nhn dn khi ngha nhiu x, huyn thuc cc tnh ng bng chu th sng Hng, Thanh Ha, Ngh An, H Tnh, Tha Thin - Hu, Khnh Ha - 14/08/1945: khi ngha Qung Ngi thng li. - Chiu 16/08/1945, theo lnh ca y ban khi ngha, mt n v gii phng qun do V Nguyn Gip ch huy, t Tn Tro v th x Thi Nguyn, m u cuc Tng khi ngha. - 18/ 8/ 1945, Bc Giang, Hi Dng, H Tnh, Qung Nam ginh chnh quyn tnh l. * Ginh chnh quyn H Ni - Chiu 17/08/1945, qun chng mt tinh ti Nh ht thnh ph, h vang khu hiu : ng h Vit Minh, o b nhn, Vit Nam c lp. - y ban khi ngha H Ni quyt nh ginh chnh quyn vo 19/8/1945. + 18/08, c sao vng xut hin trn cc ng ph chnh. + 19/08, hng chc vn nhn dn xung ng biu dng lc lng, chim cc c quan u no ca ch: Ph Khm sai Bc B, S Cnh st Trung ng, S Bu in, .Ti 19/8/1945 khi ngha thng li. * Ginh chnh quyn Hu : - Ngy 20/08/1945, y ban khi ngha tnh c thnh lp, quyt nh ginh chnh quyn vo ngy 23/08. Hng chc vn nhn dn biu tnh th uy chim cc cng s. Chnh quyn v tay nhn dn. - Chiu 30/08/1945, vua Bo i thoi v, ch phong kin sp . * Ginh chnh quyn Si Gn : - X y Nam K quyt nh khi ngha ngy 25/08 . - Sng 25/08/1945, cc n v Xung phong cng on, Thanh nin tin phong, cng nhn, nng dn cc tnh Gia nh, Bin Ha, Th Du Mt, M Tho ko v thnh ph, chim S Mt thm, S Cnh st, Nh ga, Bu in, Nh my in ginh chnh quyn. - ng Nai Thng v H Tin l nhng a phng ginh chnh quyn mun nht (28/08/1945). Nhn xt : Tng khi ngha ginh c thng li trn c nc trong vng na thng, t ngy 14 n ngy 28/08/1945 (tng i nhanh v t mu). Thng li cc a phng : H Ni, Hu, Si Gn c ngha quyt nh thng li ca Tng khi ngha. M rng : Vn 1. C hi ngn nm c mt m ng v nhn dn ta tn dng khi pht ng Tng khi ngha thng Tm nm 1945 l g ? Tc dng ca c hi nh th no? + C hi ngn nm c mt m ng v nhn dn ta tn dng khi pht ng Tng khi ngha thng Tm nm 1945 l hon cnh thun li ca Chin tranh th gii th hai: Hng qun Lin X v qun ng minh nh tan pht xt c, Nht, gp phn quyt nh vo thng li chung ca cc lc lng ha bnh dn ch trn th gii. K th chnh ca nhn dn ng Dng lc ny l pht xt Nht gc ng. + Tc dng: Tng khi ngha ginh chnh quyn mt cch nhanh chng v t mu. Vn 2. Ti sao c th khng nh : Cch mng thng Tm nc ta nm 1945 l mt cuc cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn nhn ? + Cch mng thng Tm nm 1945 Vit Nam n ra vo thi i qu t ch ngha t bn ln ch ngha x hi trn phm vi ton th gii, m u bng cuc Cch mng x hi ch ngha thng Mi Nga (1917). + Nhim v cch mng ca n l phi nh ui bn quc, lt ch phong kin ginh c lp dn tc dn tc, rung t cho dn cy, ri sau m ng tin ln ch ngha x hi, b qua thi k pht trin t bn ch ngha. + Lc lng lnh o cch mng l do giai cp v sn.
+ Lc lng tham gia cch mng bao gm bn giai cp l: giai cp cng nhn, giai cp nng dn, giai cp tiu t sn, giai cp t sn dn tc song ng lc ch yu l cng nng. + Kt qu: Cch mng thng Tm nh ui bn quc, gii phng dn tc, tch thu c mt phn rung t ca bn quc v bn Vit gian phn ng tm giao cho dn cy ngho cy cy v ban b c quyn t do dn ch cho nhn dn. Nh vy, Cch mng thng Tm trc ht ch l mt cuc Cch mng gii phng dn tc, song v gii phng dn tc l nhim v c bn nht ca mt trong hai nhim v c bn ca mt cuc Cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn m nu hon thnh nhim v ny th tt yu s m ng i n hon thnh nhim v tip theo. V th chng ta c th ni Cch mng thng Tm l mt cuc cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn.
Cau 33. S ra i ca nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha v ngha ca s kin .
Hng dn tr li
* S ra i ca nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho : - Ngy 25/08/1945, Ch tch H Ch Minh cng vi Trung ng ng v y ban dn tc gii phng Vit Nam t Tn Tro v n H Ni. - Ngy 28/08/1945, y ban dn tc gii phng Vit Nam ci t thnh Chnh ph lm thi nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha. - Sau khi Cch mng thng Tm thnh cng, ngy 02/09/1945, Chnh ph lm thi ra mt quc dn th H Ni. Ch tch H Ch Minh thay mt Chnh ph lm thi c bn Tuyn ngn c lp, khai sinh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho. * ngha: o Nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ho ra i l mt bin c lch s v i ca dn tc, n ph tan xing xch ca n l Php - Nht v phong kin lp nn Vit Nam dn ch cng ho. o T mt nc thuc a chng ta ginh c c lp, t do v chnh quyn cch mng. o M ra k nguyn mi trong lch s: k nguyn c lp, t do gn lin vi ch ngha x hi. o Thng li u tin trong thi i mi ca mt dn tc nhc tiu t gii phng khi ch quc. o ng thi vi s ra i ca nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho, nh nc dn ch nhn dn u tin ng Nam c v mnh m tinh thn u tranh ca nhn dn cc nc thuc a v na thuc a trn th gii, nht l chu v chu Phi. Cau 34. Nu nguyn nhn thng li, ngha lch s v bi hc kinh nghim ca Cch mng thng Tm nm 1945.
Hng dn tr li
1. ngha lch s : a. i vi dn tc Vit Nam : M ra bc ngot ln trong lch s dn tc ta, ph tan xing xch n l ca Php - Nht, lt nho ngai vng phong kin, lp nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha. nh du bc pht trin nhy vt ca cch mng Vit Nam, m u k nguyn mi c lp, t do; nhn dn lao ng nm chnh quyn, lm ch t nc, lm ch vn mnh dn tc; k nguyn gii phng dn tc gn lin vi gii phng x hi. b. i vi th gii : Gp phn vo chin thng ch ngha pht xt trong Chin tranh th gii th hai. C v mnh m cc dn tc thuc a u tranh t gii phng, c nh hng to ln n Min v Lo. 2. Nguyn nhn thng li : a. Nguyn nhn khch quan: Chin thng ca ng minh trong chin tranh chng pht xt, nht l chin thng c v Nht ca Lin X, c v tinh thn, nim tin cho nhn dn ta trong u tranh gii phng dn tc, to thi c nhn dn ta ng ln Tng khi ngha. b. Nguyn nhn ch quan:
o Dn tc ta c truyn thng yu nc nng nn, khi ng Cng sn ng Dng, Vit Minh pht cao c cu nc th ton dn nht t ng ln cu nc, cu nh. o ng ra ng li chin lc, ch o chin lc v sch lc ng n trn c s l lun Mc - Lnin c vn dng sng to vo hon cnh Vit Nam. o ng c qu trnh chun b sut 15 nm, qua cc phong tro cch mng 1930 - 1931, 1936 1939 v thoi tro cch mng 1932 - 1935, rt nhng bi hc kinh nghim thnh cng v tht bi, nht l qu trnh xy dng lc lng chnh tr, v trang, cn c a trong thi k vn ng gii phng dn tc 1939 - 1945. o Ton ng, ton dn nht tr, quyt tm ginh c lp t do, linh hat, sng to ch o khi ngha, chp thi c pht ng qun chng ni dy ginh chnh quyn. 3. Bi hc kinh nghim : ng vn dng sng to ch ngha Mc - Lnin vo thc tin Vit Nam, kp thi thay i ch trng ch o chin lc cho ph hp; gii quyt ng n mi quan h gia nhim v dn tc v dn ch, cao vn dn tc, t nhim v gii phng dn tc ln hng u. on kt cc lc lng cch mng trong mt trn dn tc thng nht, trn c s lin minh cng nng, to nn sc mnh ton dn, phn ha v c lp cao k th tin ti tiu dit chng. Kt hp u tranh chnh tr vi v trang, kt hp chin tranh du kch, u tranh chnh tr v khi ngha tng phn, khi ngha nng thn v thnh th, tin ti Tng khi ngha. ng lun kt hp u tranh v xy dng ngy cng vng mnh v t chc, t tng v chnh tr, nng lc v uy tn lnh o cch mng thnh cng.
CHNG III. VIT NAM T NM 1946 N NM 1954

Cau 35. Tnh hnh Vit Nam sau Cch mng thng Tm 1945 c nhng thun li v kh khn g ?
Hng dn tr li
1. Thun li : C chnh quyn cch mng ca nhn dn. Nhn dn lm ch vn mnh ca mnh, phn khi, tin tng, quyt tm bo v ch mi. C s lnh o sng sut, dy dn kinh nghim ca ng Cng sn ng Dng v Lnh t H Ch Minh. Phong tro cch mng trn th gii pht trin mnh. 2. Kh khn : a. V i ni : Ngay sau khi ginh c c lp, nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha phi i mt vi mun vn kh khn: + Nn i : Hu qu nn i nm 1945 vn cha khc phc ni. v do l lt n thng 8/1945 vn cha khi phc, hn hn lm cho 50% din tch t khng th cy cy. Cng thng nghip nh n, gi c sinh hot t . Nn i mi c nguy c xy ra trong nm 1946. + Nn dt : Hn 90% dn s khng bit ch. Cc t nn x hi nh m tn d oan, ru ch, c bc...trn lan. + Ngn sch cn kit Ngn sch quc gia trng rng: Cn 1,2 triu ng, trong c n mt na l tin rch khng dng c. H thng ngn hng vn cn b Nht kim sot.
Qun Tng a vo lu hnh ng Quc t, Quan kim lm ri lon nn ti chnh
nc ta. b. V i ngoi : + Min Bc (t v tuyn 16 tr ra) : Hn 20 vn qun Tng v cc ng phi tay sai ca chng nh: Vit Nam Quc dn ng (Vit Quc), Vit Nam cch mng ng ch hi (Vit Cch) trn vo nc ta vi mu tiu dit ng Cng Sn ng Dng, lp nn chnh quyn tay sai ca chng. Da vo qun Tng, cc ng phi ny lp nn chnh quyn phi ng Yn Bi, Mng Ci, Vnh Yn. + Min Nam (t v tuyn 16 tr vo) Qun i Anh dn ng cho thc dn Php quay tr li xm lc Vit Nam. Cc lc lng phn ng thn Php nh ng i Vit, mt s gio phi...hot ng tr li v chng ph cch mng. Ngoi ra, cn c 6 vn qun Nht trn khp t nc..... Nhng kh khn v i ni v i ngoi trn l mt thch thc qu ln i vi Chnh ph Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha ang cn non tr lc by gi. Vit Nam lc ny nh ang trong tnh th ngn cn treo si tc.
Cau 36. Nhng kh khn ca cch mng Vit Nam sau Cch mng thng Tm 1945 c ng v Chnh ph cch mng gii quyt nh th no ? Nu kt qu v ngha.
Hng dn tr li
1. Bc u xy dng chnh quyn cch mng, gii quyt nn i, nn dt v kh khn v ti chnh : a. Xy dng chnh quyn cch mng : + Chnh tr : - Ngy 06/01/1946, hn 90% c tri trong c nc i b phiu bu Quc hi. - Ngy 02/03/1946, Quc hi thng qua danh sch Chnh ph lin hip khng chin do Ch tch H Ch Minh ng u, lp ra Ban d tho Hin php. - Ngy 09/11/1946: Ban hnh Hin php u tin. - Cc a phng thuc Bc B v Trung B bu c hi ng nhn dn cc cp (tnh, huyn, x) theo nguyn tc ph thng u phiu. + Qun s : - Lc lng v trang c xy dng. - Vit Nam gii phng qun i thnh V quc on (9/1945), ri Qun i quc gia Vit Nam (22/ 5/1946). Cui nm 1945, lc lng dn qun t v tng ln hng chc vn ngi. b. Gii quyt nn i + Bin php cp thi: - H Ch tch ku gi nhng cm s o, lp H go cu i, t chc Ngy ng tm. - Quyn gp, iu ha thc go gia cc a phng trong c nc, nghim tr nhng k u c tch tr, khng dng go, ng, khoai, sn nu ru. + Bin php lu di : - Tng gia sn xut Tc t tc vng, Khng mt tc t b hoang. - B thu thn v cc th thu v l. - Gim t, thu rung t 25 %, chia li rung t cng. Sn xut nng nghip nhanh chng c phc hi, nn i b y li. c. Gii quyt nn dt : - Ngy 8/ 9/1945, H Ch Tch k sc lnh lp Nha Bnh dn hc v, ku gi nhn dn xa nn m ch. n ngy 8/9/1946, trn ton quc gn 76 nghn lp hc, xa m ch cho hn 2,5 triu ngi . - Trng hc cc cp ph thng v i hc sm khai ging, ni dung v phng php gio dc c i mi theo tinh thn dn tc dn ch. d. Gii quyt kh khn v ti chnh :
- Ku gi tinh thn t nguyn ng gp ca nhn dn c nc qua Qu c lp v Tun l vng, thu c 370 kg vng, 20 triu ng vo Qu c lp, 40 triu ng vo Qu m ph quc phng. - Ngy 31/01 /1946, Chnh ph ra sc lnh pht hnh tin Vit Nam. - Ngy 23/11/1946. Quc hi cho lu hnh tin Vit Nam trong c nc. 2. u tranh chng ngoi xm, ni phn, bo v chnh quyn cch mng : a. Khng chin chng thc dn Php tr li xm lc min Nam : - Ngy 02/09/1945, nhn dn Si Gn Ch Ln t chc mt tinh cho mng ngy c lp, Php x sng vo m ng l nhiu ngi cht v b thng. - m 22 rng sng 23/09/1945, c s gip ca qun Anh, Php nh p tr s y ban nhn dn Nam B v c quan t v thnh ph Si Gn, xm lc nc ta ln th hai . - Qun dn Nam B nht t ng ln chin u chng qun xm lc, bao vy Php trong thnh ph. T 5/10/1945, Php ph vng vy Si Gn - Ch Ln, m rng nh chim Nam B v Nam Trung B. - ng, Chnh ph v H Ch tch lnh o c nc chi vin cho Nam B v Nam Trung b khng chin: huy ng cc on qun Nam tin st cnh cng nhn dn Nam Trung B chin u; t chc quyn gp gip nhn dn Nam B v Nam Trung B khng chin. b. u tranh vi Trung hoa Quc dn ng v bn phn cch mng min Bc : a. i vi qun Trung Hoa Quc dn ng. - ng, Chnh ph v H Ch tch ch trng tm thi ha hon, trnh xung t vi qun Trung Hoa Quc dn ng. - Quc hi kha I ng : + Cho tay sai Tng 70 gh trong Quc hi cng 4 gh B trng trong Chnh ph lin hip, cho Nguyn Hi Thn (lnh t Vit Cch) gi chc Ph Ch tch nc. + Kinh t: cung cp mt phn lng thc thc phm, phng tin giao thng vn ti, nhn tiu tin Trung Quc. b. i vi cc t chc phn cch mng, tay sai: ta kin quyt vch trn m mu v hnh ng chia r, ph hoi ca chng, ban hnh mt s sc lnh trn p bn phn cch mng. c. ngha: hn ch mc thp nht cc hot ng chng ph ca Trung Hoa Quc dn ng v tay sai, lm tht bi m mu lt chnh quyn cch mng ca chng . c. Ha hon vi Php nhm y qun Trung Hoa Quc dn ng ra khi nc ta : + Nguyn nhn vic ta ha hon vi thc dn Php (Hon cnh k kt Hip nh S b Vit - Php 06/03/1946) : - Ngy 28/2/1946, Php v Trung Hoa Quc dn ng k Hip c Hoa - Php, theo Php nhng mt s quyn li kinh t, chnh tr cho Trung Hoa thay qun Trung Hoa gi gip qun Nht Bc K. - Hip c Hoa - Php t nhn dn ta trc s la chn: hoc cm sng chin u chng thc dn Php, hoc ha hon, nhn nhng Php trnh tnh trng phi i ph mt lc vi nhiu k th. - ng quyt nh chn con ng ha hon vi Php, k Hip nh S b ngy 6/3/1946. + Ni dung Hip nh S b 6/3/1946 Php cng nhn nc Vit Nam l quc gia t do, c Chnh ph, ngh vin, qun i, ti chnh ring v l thnh vin ca Lin bang ng Dng trong khi Lin hip Php . Chnh ph Vit Nam tha thun cho 15.000 qun Php gii gip qun Nht min Bc Hai bn ngng xung t min Nam, to thun li i n m phn chnh thc . + ngha : - Ta trnh c vic phi ng u cng lc vi nhiu k th, y c 20 vn qun Trung Hoa Quc dn ng v tay sai ra khi nc ta. - C thm thi gian ha bnh cng c, chun b mi mt cho khng chin lu di chng Php. + Tm c Vit - Php ngy 14 /9/1946
- Sau hip nh S b, Php tng cng cc hot ng khiu khch, chng ph ta, quan h Vit - Php cng thng, c nguy c xy ra chin tranh. - H Ch tch k vi Php Tm c 14/09/1946, nhn nhng cho Php mt s quyn li kinh t, vn ha, to iu kin cho ta c thm thi gian xy dng, cng c lc lng, chun b vo cuc khng chin ton quc chng Php lu di. ngha ca nhng bin php trn i vi cuc khng chin chng Php : ra ch ch trng sng sut, ti tnh (cng rn v nguyn tt, mm do v phng php, bit li dng mu thun k th, khng cho chng tp trung lc lng chng ta) a nc ta vt qua mi kh khn, chun b sn sng bc vo cuc khng chin chng Php. Xy dng v cng c c chnh quyn cch mng t trung ng n a phng lc lng ch o khng chin sau ny. Xy dng v cng c c lc lng khng chin (v quc on, dn qun, t v). Xy dng c c s kinh t - x hi phc v khng chin. Tht cht hn na khi on kt - kin quc. Cng c thm nim tin ca nhn dn i vi chnh quyn cch mng. M rng : ginh c thng li trong vic xy dng v bo v chnh quyn, gi gn c lp dn tc th ngoi s lnh o ng n, ti tnh ca ng v ch tch H Ch Minh, theo anh (ch) cn c nguyn nhn no khc rt quan trng ? V sao ? + Nguyn nhn quan trng : nhn dn ta tin tng lm theo s lnh o ca ng Cng sn ng Dng l rt quan trng v : Nhn dn ta nhn thy s lnh o ca ng l sng sut, ti tnh nn quyt tm theo ng. + Nhn dn ta hiu r ni kh nhc ca nhn dn mt nc nn quyt tm chin u bo v thnh qu cch mng.
Cau 37. Ch trng v bin php ca ng Cng sn ng Dng v Chnh ph Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho i ph vi thc dn Php v Tng trong thi gian trc v sau Hip nh s b (6/3/1946) c g khc nhau ? Ti sao c s khc nhau ?
Hng dn tr li
- Sau khi Cch mng thng Tm 1945 thnh cng, nc ta ng trc mt th trong gic ngoi, c bit l Php v Tng. Mc d chng c mu khc nhng u c m mu chung l lt chnh quyn cch mng, bin nc ta thnh thuc a ca chng. - Trc tnh hnh , ng v Chnh ph ta ra bin php i ph. Nu trc Hip nh s b (6/3/1946) ta ch trng ha hon vi Tng v nh Php min Nam th sau Hip nh s b (6/3/1946) ta ch trng ha hon c Php ln Tng th hin qua Hip nh s b (6/3/1946) v Tm c (14/9/1946). - C s khc nhau l v: + Do Php v Tng bt tay cu kt vi nhau chng li ta, k Hip c Hoa Php (2/1946), theo qun Php ra Bc qun Tng rt v nc. Trong tnh hnh , nu ta nh Php min Bc khi qun Tng cha rt v nc th Tng s ng v Php nh li ta. Nu ha hon vi Php ta chng nhng trnh c cuc chin u bt li m cn thc hin c mc tiu ui qun Tng ra khi nc ta. + Vic nhn nhng vi Php, buc chng phi cng nhn Vit Nam l quc gia t do, lm c s php l ta tip tc u tranh vi Php. + Ta c thm thi gian ha hon cn thit tip tc xy dng, cng c chnh quyn v mi mt khc chun b cho cuc chin u chng Php lu di v sau. + t thin ch ha bnh, p ng mong mun ca nhn dn Php v nhn dn th gii khng mun chin tranh xy ra, do ta c th tranh th c s ng tnh ng h ca nhn dn Php v nhn dn th gii.
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Cau 38. Nu nhng s kin tiu biu v cng cuc xy dng chnh quyn, u tranh chng th trong v gic ngoi, bo v chnh quyn cch mng trong nm u sau Cch mng thng Tm (1945 - 1946).
Hng dn tr li
Thi gian 02/09/1945 23/09/1945 06/01/1946 28/02/1946 06/03/1946 14/09/1946 23/11/1946 19/12/1946
S kin Thnh lp nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho. Nam B khng chin Tng tuyn c bu quc hi u tin trong c nc. Hip c Hoa Php c k kt Ch tch H Ch Minh k vi chnh ph Php Hip nh s b Bn Tm c c k kt Quc hi quyt nh cho lu hnh tin Vit Nam mi. Ton quc khng chin bng n.
Cau 39. Ti sao ng v Chnh ph pht ng phong tro ton quc khng chin chng thc dn Php vo ngy 19/12/1946 ? Nu ng li khng chin do ng Cng sn ng Dng ra trong nhng nm 1946 - 1947.
Hng dn tr li
1. Nguyn nhn dn n vic ng v Chnh ph pht ng phong tro ton quc khng chin chng thc dn Php vo ngy 19/12/1946 l do s bi c ca thc dn Php : - Sau khi k Hip nh S b 6/3/1946 v Tm c 14/9/1946, thc dn Php vn chun b xm lc nc ta. o Tin cng cc phng tuyn ca ta Nam B v Nam Trung B. o Thng 11/1946, Php khiu khch ta Hi Phng, Lng Sn. o H Ni, Php n sng, t nh Thng tin, chim ng B ti chnh, tn st m mu mt s ni. - Ngy 18 v 19/12/1946, Php gi ti hu th i ta Php gi gn trt t H Ni, nu khng, chm nht sng 20/12/1946, Php s chuyn sang hnh ng. 2. ng li khng chin chng Php ca ng : - Ngy 18 v 19/12/1946, Hi ngh bt thng Trung ng ng quyt nh pht ng c nc khng chin. - 20 gi ngy 19/12/1946, cng nhn nh my in Yn Ph (H Ni) ph my, tt in lm tn hiu tin cng, cuc khng chin ton quc chng Php bng n. H Ch tch ra Li ku gi ton quc khng chin :
Chng ta mun ha bnh, chng ta phi nhn nhng. Nhng chng ta cng nhn nhng, thc dn Php cng ln ti, v chng quyt tm cp nc ta ln na ! Khng ! Chng ta th hy sinh tt c, ch nht nh khng chu mt nc, nht nh khng chu lm n l. Bt k n ng, n b, bt k ngi gi, ngi tr, khng chia tn gio, ng phi, dn tc. H l ngi Vit Nam th phi ng ln nh thc dn Php cu T quc. Ai c sng dng sng. Ai c gm dng gm, khng c gm th dng cuc, thung, gy gc. Ai cng phi ra sc chng gic Php cu nc.
- Ngy 21/12/1946, H Ch tch gi th n nhn dn Vit Nam v nhn dn Php v cc nc ng minh, khng nh nim tin vo thng li ca cuc khng chin chng Php. - Thng 9/1947, tc phm Khng chin nht nh thng li ca Tng b th ng Cng sn ng Dng Trng Chinh c xut bn. * Ni dung c bn ca ng li khng chin chng Php : Li ku gi ton quc khng chin ca Ch tch H Ch Minh (19/12/1946), Ch th Ton dn khng chin ca Ban Thng v Trung ng ng (2/12/1946) v tc phm Khng chin nht nh thng li (9/1947) l nhng vn lin lch s v ng li khng chin, nu r tnh cht, mc ch, ni dung v phng chm ca cuc khng chin chng Php: khng chin ton dn, ton din, trng k, t lc cnh sinh v tranh th s ng h ca quc t.
Khng chin ton dn: ton dn khng chin, ton dn nh gic theo khu hiu: Mi ngi dn l mt chin s, mi lng x l mt pho i. Khng chin ton din: khng chin trn tt c cc mt trn: qun s, chnh tr, kinh t, vn ho x hi v ngoi giao. Khng chin trng k : p dng chin lc nh lu di, da vo sc mnh ca mnh l chnh, vi u th tuyt i ca ta v chnh tr v tinh thn khc phc dn nhng nhc im v vt cht k thut khin cho ta cng nh cng mch, ch cng nh cng suy yu dn dn, lm cho thay i tng quan lc lng gia ta v ch, cui cng nh bi chng. Khng chin t lc cnh sinh l chnh nhm pht huy cao kh nng tim tng ca dn tc, trnh li bn ngoi, ng thi ra sc tranh th s ng h ca quc t. ng li khng chin ng n l ngn c ton ng, ton dn, ng vin cao nht sc mnh ca ton dn nh thng k th xm lc. M rng : Phn tch tnh cht chnh ngha v tnh nhn dn trong cuc khng chin chng Php ca nhn ta. + S lc i nt v cuc khng chin chng Php ca nhn dn ta. + Tnh chnh ngha : nhn dn ta u tranh chng thc dn Php xm lc, gp phn vp thng li ca phong tro gii phng dn tc trn th thi, v ha bnh, tin b nhn loi, c nhn dn th gii ng tnh ng h... + Tnh nhn dn : mi tng lp nhn dn tham gia khng chin, chnh sch on kt dn tc ca ng Cng sn ng Dng...
Cau 40. Cuc chin u ca qun dn ta trong nhng thng u khng chin ton quc chng thc dn Php din ra nh th no ? ng Cng sn ng Dng v Chnh ph nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha lm g chun b cho cuc khng chin lu di ?
Hng dn tr li
1. Cuc chin u cc th : * th l ni tp trung sc mnh ca nhn dn ta cho nn Php lun tm cch khiu khch, gy hn. Chnh v vy cuc khng chin chng Php xm lc din ra trc tin cc th l : tiu hao sinh lc ch v giam ch trong thnh ph. To iu kin cho lc lng ta rt v chin khu an ton. Ta c thi gian xy dng nng thn thnh cn c khng chin. a. Khng chin th H Ni : - Ngy 19/12/1946, Trung ng ng Cng sn ng Dng ch th cho cc mt trn trong c nc Ch trong vng 24 gi l cng, gic Php s n sng. Tt c sn sng !. Cuc chin u H Ni bt u, qun dn ta tin cng cc v tr qun Php, dng chng ngi vt ngn ch v tn c ngi gi, tr em ra ngoi thnh. - T ngy 19/12 n 29/12/1946, nhng cuc chin quyt lit din ra ni thnh nh Bc B ph, Bu in B H, u cu Long Bin, ga Hng C, ch ng Xun... . Qun dn ta nh gn 40 trn, dit 370 tn ch. - T 30/2/1946 n 7/2/1947, ch phn cng, ta phi chuyn lc lng v Lin khu I. - Ngy 17/02/1947, Trung on th rt v cn c an ton. * Kt qu : Trong 60 ngy m, H Ni chin u gn 200 trn, git v lm b thng hng ngn ch, ph hy nhiu xe c gii, 5 my bay , giam chn ch trong thnh ph mt thi gian di hu phng huy ng khng chin, bo v Trung ng ng. b. Khng chin cc th khc. - Bc Giang, Bc Ninh, Nam nh, Vinh, Hu, Nng qun ta bao vy, tin cng tiu dit ch. To iu kin cho c nc i vo cuc khng chin lu di . - Qun dn Nam B, Nam Trung B y mnh chin tranh du kch, chn nh ch trn cc tuyn giao thng, ph c s hu cn ca chng.
2. Tch cc chun b cho cuc khng chin lu di : a. Cng tc di chuyn, thc hin Tiu th khng chin : - Chuyn cc c quan ng, Chnh ph, vn chuyn mc, nguyn vt liu v Vit Bc . - Khu hiu: Vn khng nh trng, Tn c cng l khng chin, Ph hoi khng chin, ph nh ca, ng s, cu cng khng cho ch s dng. b. Xy dng lc lng mi mt cho cuc khng chin lu di : - ng, Chnh ph xy dng lc lng khng chin v mi mt : + Chnh tr : Lp y ban khng chin hnh chnh, thc hin khng chin kin quc; lp Hi Lin hip quc dn Vit Nam. + Kinh t : duy tr v pht trin sn xut . + Qun s : quy nh vic tuyn qun tham gia cc lc lng chin u. + Vn ha : tip tc duy tr v pht trin phong tro bnh dn hc v, trng ph thng cc cp vn ging dy, hc tp trong hon cnh chin tranh .
Cau 41. Trnh by din bin, kt qu v ngha ca Chin dch Vit Bc thu - ng 1947. Sau chin thng Vit Bc thu - ng 1947, cuc khng chin ton dn, ton din ca qun dn ta c y mnh nh th no ?
Hng dn tr li
1. Chin thng Vit Bc thu - ng 1947 : a. Hon cnh lch s : Thng 3/1947, Blae sang lm Cao y Php ng Dng, vch k hoch tin cng Vit Bc, tiu dit c quan u no khng chin v qun ch lc, trit ng lin lc quc t ca ta, nhanh chng ginh thng li qun s, lp chnh ph b nhn v kt thc chin tranh. b. m mu ca Php : Huy ng 12.000 qun v hu ht my bay ng Dng tin cng Vit Bc. - Sng ngy 7/10/1947 : + Qun d Php chim Bc Cn, Ch Mi, Ch n + Qun c gii t Lng Sn theo ng s 4 ln Cao Bng, ri vng xung Bc Cn theo ng s 3, bao vy pha ng v bc Vit Bc. - Ngy 9/10/1947, b binh v lnh thy nh b Php t H Ni ngc sng Hng, sng L ln Tuyn Quang, nh i Th, bao vy pha ty Vit Bc. To th gng km bao vy Vit Bc. c. Din bin : - Ngy 15/10/1947, ng ch th: Phi ph tan cuc tin cng ma ng ca gic Php. - Trn khp cc mt trn, qun dn ta anh dng chin u y lui ch: + Mt trn ng s 3, ta nh hn 20 trn, buc Php rt khi Ch n, Ch R... cui thng 11/1947. + Mt trn ng s 4, ta phc kch Bn Sao o Bng Lau (30/10/1947), ph hy 27 xe, bt sng 240 ch. ng s 4 tr thnh con ng cht, ch lm vo th c lp phi rt khi Bn Thi. + Mt trn sng L, ta chn nh ch oan Hng (25/10), Khe Lau (10/11), nh chm nhiu tu chin, can ch . B gy hai gng km ng - Ty ca Php. Ngy 19/12/947, Php phi rt khi Vit Bc. - cc mt trn khc: qun ta kim ch, khng cho ch tp trung binh lc vo cc chin trng chnh. d. Kt qu v ngha : * Kt qu : - Ta tiu dit hn 6000 tn ch, bn ri 16 my bay, bn chm 11 tu chin v ca n. - Tinh thn binh lnh Php hoang mang, d lun Php phn n. - C quan u no khng chin c bo ton, b i ch lc ca ta trng thnh. * ngha :
- Cuc khng chin chng Php chuyn sang giai on mi: Php buc phi chuyn t nh nhanh thng nhanh sang nh lu di vi ta. - Lc lng so snh gia ta v ch bt u thay i theo chiu hng c li cho ta. 2. y mnh khng chin ton dn, ton din : ng v Chnh ph thc hin phng chm chin lc nh lu di, ph m mu mi ca ch, tng cng lc lng v trang nhn dn, y mnh cuc khng chin ton dn ton din. - Qun s, ch trng vn ng nhn dn thc hin v trang ton dn, pht ng chin tranh du kch. - Chnh tr, nm 1949, quyt nh t chc bu c Hi ng nhn dn v U ban khng chin hnh chnh cc cp. Thng 6/1949, Vit Minh v Hi Lin Vit quyt nh tin ti thng nht hai t chc t c s n trung ng. - Kinh t, ch trng va ra sc ph hoi kinh t ch va y mnh xy dng v bo v nn kinh t dn ch nhn dn c kh nng t cp t tc. - Vn ho, gio dc, nm 1848, Tng b th Trng Chinh c bo co Ch ngha Mc v vn n vn ho Vit Nam, nn r nn vn ho mi cch mng Vit Nam c xy dng theo phng chm : Dn tc - Khoa hc - i chng. Thng 7/1970, Chnh ph ra ch trng ci cch gio dc ph thng, thay h thng gio dc 12 nm bng h thng gio dc 9 nm, hng gio dc phc v khng chin v kin quc, t nn mng cho nn gio dc dn tc dn ch nhn dn. M rng : Ti sao ni vi chin thng Vit Bc, qun v dn ta nh bi hon ton chin lc nh nhanh thng nhanh ca thc dn Php ? + Ngay t u cuc chin tranh, Php thc hin m mu nh nhanh thng nhanh. Cuc tn cng ln Vit Bc nm trong m mu , nhng thc dn Php khng t c nhng mc tiu chin lc ra l tiu dit c quan u no khng chin v b i ch lc ca ta, nhanh chng kt thc chin tranh. + Vi chin thng Vit Bc, qun dn ta nh bi hon ton chin lc nh nhanh thng nhanh ca ch, buc chng phi chuyn sang nh lu di vi ta.
Cau 42. Chin dch Bin gii thu - ng 1950 ca qun dn ta c m ra trong bi cnh nh th no ? Nu din bin, kt qu ca chin dch. Theo anh (ch), v ngha, chin dch Bin gii thu ng 1950 c g khc vi chin dch Vit Bc thu - ng 1947 ?
Hng dn tr li
1. Hon cnh lch s mi ca cuc khng chin : * Thun li : - Ngy 1/10/1949, cch mng Trung Quc thnh cng, nc Cng ho Nhn dn Trung Hoa ra i v t quan h ngoi giao vi ta (18/1/1950) - Ngy 14/1/1950, H Ch tch tuyn b sn sang t quan h ngoi giao vi cc nc. T thng 1/1950, Lin X v cc nc x hi ch ngha t quan h ngoi giao vi ta. Cuc khng chin ca ta c s ng h v ng tnh ca nhn dn th gii. * Kh khn : - M can thip su vo ng Dng: + Cng nhn chnh ph Bo i + Thng 5/1950, ng vin tr cho Php + Lp phi on c vn qun s (MAAG) Vit Nam - Ngy 13/5/1949. M gip Php thc hin k hoch Rve + Tng cng h thng phng ng trn ng s 4, ct t lin lc ca ta vi quc t. + Lp hnh lang ng Ty (Hi Phng H Ni Ha Bnh Sn La) + C lp v chun b tn cng Vit Bc ln th hai, kt thc chin tranh. 2. Cuc tin cng ch bin gii pha bc ca qun ta : a. Ch trng ca Ta: Thng 6/1950, ta ch ng m chin dch Bin gii nhm: - Tiu dit mt b phn quan trng sinh lc ch - Khai thng bin gii, m ng thng sang Trung Quc v th gii dn ch
- M rng v cng c cn c Vit Bc, to thc y khng chin tin ln. b. Din bin : - Ngy 16/9/1950, ta tin cng ng Kh, n ngy 18/09, ta chim ng Kh Tht Kh b uy hip, Cao Bng b c lp, h thng phng ng ca Php trn ng s 4 b ct lm i. - Php phi rt qun t Cao Bng v theo ng s 4 v t Tht Kh ln chim li ng Kh v n cnh qun t Cao Bng v. - T ngy 1 n ngy 8/10, ta chn nh, tiu dit hai binh on ch, buc chng phi rt khi Tht Kh v Na Sm (8/10). - Ngy 13/10/1950, ch rt khi Na Sm, cuc hnh qun ca ch Thi Nguyn cng b p tan. - T 17 22/10/1950, Php rt khi ng ng, Lng Sn, Lc Bnh, nh Lp, An Chu. - Phi hp vi mt trn Bin gii, ta hot ng mnh t ngn sng Hng, Ty Bc, ng s 6, s 12, buc ch phi rt khi th x Ho Bnh. Phong tro du kch pht trin mnh Bnh Tr - Thin, Lin khu V v Nam B. c. Kt qu : K hoch Rve ph sn. - Ta loi khi vng chin u 8.000 ch, thu trn 3.000 tn v kh v phng tin chin tranh. - Gii phng bin gii Vit Trung di 750 km vi 35 vn dn, khai thng con ng ni nc ta vi cc nc x hi ch ngha. - Chc thng hnh lang ng Ty ca Php d. ngha lch s ca chin dch Bin gii thu - ng nm 1950 khc vi ngha lch s chin dch Vit Bc thu - ng nm 1947 nhng im sau : Chin dch Vit Bc thu - ng 1947 : Ta nh bi k hoch nh nhanh thng nhanh, buc Php phi nh lu di. Chin dch Bin gii thu - ng 1950 : + Php : b ng, lng tng nhiu mt. + Ta : m ra bc pht trin mi ca cuc khng chin : Qun i ta trng thnh, ginh th ch ng trn chin trng chnh Bc b.
Cau 43. Ti sao ni t sau chin thng Bin gii thu - ng nm 1950 cuc khng chin chng Php ca nhn dn ta c nhng bc pht trin mi, gi vng v pht huy quyn ch ng trn chin trng chnh Bc ng Dng ?
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+ T sau nm 1950, cuc chin tranh xm lc ca thc dn Php ngy cng c y mnh, ng thi M ngy cng can thip su hn, cu kt cht ch vi Php trong nhng m mu v hnh ng mi. Tuy nhin, y cng chnh l giai on m lc lng khng chin ca chng ta khng ngng trng thnh v mi mt, qun dn ta ginh nhiu thng li to ln v ton din, tip tc gi vng quyn ch ng trn chin trng. + V chnh tr, t ngy 11 n 19/2/1951, i hi i biu ln th II ca ng Cng sn ng Dng hp ti Chim Ha - Tuyn Quang. i hi thng qua hai bn bo co quan trng l Bo co chnh tr v bo co Bn v cch mng Vit Nam, khng nh ng li khng chin chng Php ca ng, nu r nhim v c bn ca cch mng Vit Nam. i hi cng thng qua Tuyn ngn, Chnh cng, iu l mi... + i hi i biu ln th hai nh du bc pht trin mi trong qu trnh trng thnh v lnh o cch mng ca ng ta, l i hi khng chin thng li. + Trong nhng nm 1951 - 1953 hu phng khng chin ca chng ta pht trin v mi mt. + Ngy 3/3/1951 Mt trn Lin Vit c thng nht t Mt trn Vit Minh v Hi Lin Vit. Ngy 11/3/1951, Lin minh nhn dn Vit - Min - Lo c thnh lp tng cng khi on kt ba nc trong u tranh chng k th chung. Sau cc s kin , mt phong tro thi ua yu nc lan rng lm ny n nhiu n v, c nhn u t.
+ V kinh t, cuc vn ng lao ng sn xut v thc hnh tit kim to nn mt khi lng sn phm ln. c th bi dng sc dn, ta thc hin 5 t gim t v 1 t ci cch rung t. + V vn ha gio dc, y t, chng ta cng c nhng thnh tch ng k, c tnh qun chng rng ln, gp phn to thm sc mnh cho cuc khng chin. + Chnh vi nhng tim lc , chng ta m cc chin dch trung du v ng bng Bc B, thc hin tin cng gi vng quyn ch ng chin lc trn chin trng. T cui nm 1950 n gia nm 1951, ta lin tip m cc chin dch: Chin dch Trn Hng o (Chin dch trung du), chin dch Hong Hoa Thm (chin dch ng s 18), chin dch Quang Trung (chin dch H - Nam - Ninh). Trong ng xun 1951 - 1952, ta m chin dch phn cng v tin cng ch Ha Bnh. Sau l chin dch Ty Bc thu ng 1952 v chin dch Thng Lo xun h 1953. C th ni cc chin dch qun s trong giai on 1951 - 1953 ca qun v dn ta y ch li su v th b ng i ph, gi vng quyn ch ng chin lc trn chin trng chnh Bc B, to th v lc mi cho nhng thng li quyt nh ca cuc khng chin.
Cau 44. Trnh by m mu v hnh ng mi ca Php M k t sau tht bi chin dch Bin gii thu - ng nm 1950.
Hng dn tr li
1. M can thip su vo cuc chin tranh xm lc ng Dng : - T thng 5/1949, M tng bc can thip su vo xm lc ng Dng. + 23/12/1950, k vi Php Hip nh phng th chung ng Dng, vin tr qun s, kinh t ti chnh cho Php v b nhn, tng bc thay Php ng Dng . + Thng 9/1951, k vi Bo i Hip c hp tc kinh t Vit - M nhm rng buc Bo i vo M. - Vin tr ca M chim t l ngy cng cao:1950 l 52 t phrng chim 19 % ngn sch; 1953 l 285 t phrng chim 43 % ngn sch. - Cc phi on vin tr kinh t, c vn qun s M n Vit Nam ngy cng nhiu. Cc trung tm, trng hun luyn M tuyn chn ngi Vit Nam sang M hc. 2. K hoch Lt Ttxinhi : - Ngy 6/12/1950, i tng Lt Ttxinhi lm Tng ch huy qun i vin chinh, kim Cao u Php ng Dng, da vo vin tr M, ra k hoch mi, mong kt thc nhanh chin tranh. * K hoch c 4 im chnh : Tp trung qun u - Phi xy dng mt lc lng c ng mnh, pht trin ngu qun, xy dng qun i quc gia. Xy dng phng tuyn cng s xi mng ct st ( boong ke), lp vnh ai trng bao quanh trung du v ng bng Bc B nhm ngn chn ch lc ta v kim sot ta a nhn, ti, vt lc ra vng t do. Tin hnh chin tranh tng lc, bnh nh vng tm chim, v vt sc ngi, sc ca ca nhn dn ta tng cng lc lng ca chng. nh ph hu phng ca ta. Lm cho cuc u tranh ca ta vng sau lng ch tr nn kh khn, phc tp.
Cau 45. Nu nhng quyt nh chnh v ngha lch s ca i hi i biu ln th II ca ng Cng sn ng Dng (2/1951).
Hng dn tr li
1. Hon cnh : - T ngy 11 n 19/2/1951, i hi i biu ton quc ln II ca ng Cng sn ng Dng hp Vinh Quang Chim Ha (Tuyn Quang), thng qua hai bn bo co quan trng: + Bo co chnh tr do H Ch tch trnh by tng kt kinh nghim u tranh ca ng
+ Bo co Bn v cch mng Vit Nam do Tng B th Trng Chinh trnh by, nu r nhim v c bn ca cch mng Vit Nam l nh ui quc, tay sai, ginh c lp v thng nht hon ton cho dn tc, pht trin ch dn ch nhn dn, gy dng c s cho ch ngha x hi Vit Nam. 2. Ni dung : - Tch ng Cng sn ng Dng, thnh lp Vit Nam, Lo, Campuchia mi nc mt ng Mc - Lnin ring ph hp vi tng dn tc . - Vit Nam, lp ng Lao ng Vit Nam v a ng hot ng cng khai. - Thng qua Tuyn ngn, Chnh cng, iu l mi; xut bn bo Nhn dn, c quan Trung ng ca ng . - Bu ra Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng v B Chnh tr do H Ch Minh lm Ch tch v Trng Chinh lm Tng B th . ngha: nh du bc pht trin mi trong qu trnh lnh o v trng thnh ca ng.
Cau 46. Chng minh th ch ng nh ch trn chin trng chnh Bc b ca qun ta vn c gi vng sau chin thng Bin gii thu - ng 1950 n trc ng - Xun 1953 - 1954.
Hng dn tr li
1. Vi chin dch Bin gii thu - ng 1950, qun i ta ginh c th ch ng trn chin trng chnh (Bc B), m ra bc pht trin mi ca cuc khng chin chng Php. gi vng quyn ch ng trn chin trng chnh Bc B v y ch li su vo th b ng, i ph, trong thi gian t cui nm 1950 n trc ng - xun 1953 - 1954, qun dn ta lin tc m cc cuc tin cng quy m ln. 2. T cui nm 1950 n gia nm1951, qun ta m ba chin dch Trn Hng o (...), Hong Hoa Thm (...) v chin dch Quang Trung (...) nh vo phng tuyn kin c ca ch trung du v ng bng, loi khi vng chin u nhiu sinh lc ch, ph v tng mng k hoch bnh nh ca Php, song kt qu chin u cn hn ch. 3. Vi phng chm chin lc nh chc thng v phng hng chin lc trnh ch mnh, nh ch yu, ta m cc chin dch: a. Chin dch Ha Bnh ng - xun 1951 - 1952. Kt qu sau hn ba thng chin u, ta gii phng hon ton khu vc Ha Bnh Sng rng 2000 km2 vi 15 vn dn. Cc cn c du kch c m rng... b. Chin dch Ty Bc thu - ng 1952, kt qu ta gii phng 28.000 km2 vi 25 vn dn, ph mt phn m mu lp x Thi t tr ca ch. c. Chin dch Thng Lo xun - h 1953 : u nm 1953, qun i Vit Nam cng vi qun i Lo phi hp m chin dch Thng Lo. Kt qu ta gii phng ton b tnh Sm Na, mt phn tnh Xing Khong v tnh Phongxal vi trn 30 vn dn. d. Nhn chung, t sau chin thng Bin gii thu - ng 1950, ta ginh, gi v pht trin quyn ch ng chin lc trn chin trng chnh, tiu hao thm nhiu sinh lc ch, gii phng nhiu vng t rng ln, lc lng ngy cng pht trin mnh vi 3 th qun. Nhng thng li trn y a cuc khng chin chng Php pht trin ln mt bc mi, to ra th v lc cho qun v dn ta phi hp vi qun v dn Lo, Campuchia ph tan k hoch Nava trong ng - xun 1953 - 1954, buc Php phi chm dt chin tranh xm lc ng Dng.
Cau 47. Nu vn tt cc s kin c ngha chin lc ca qun dn ta trn cc mt trn qun s, chnh tr, kinh t, vn ho - gio dc trong khng chin chng Php t thu ng 1950 n ng - xun 1953 - 1954.
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Thi gian
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S kin
Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c 1. Qun s - 9/1950 - 23/ 2/1952 - 14/10/1952 - 8/4/1953 - 2/1951 - 3/3/951 - 11/3/1951 - 1952 - 12/1953 - 7/1950
2. Chnh tr
3. Kinh t 4. Vn ho, gio dc
- Chin dch Bin gii. - Chin dch Ho Bnh kt thc. - Chin dch Ty Bc. - Chin dch Thng Lo. - i hi i biu ton quc ln th hai ca ng. ng quyt nh ra hot ng cng khai, ly tn l ng Lao ng Vit Nam. - Vit Minh v Hi Lin Vit thng nht thnh Mt trn Lin Vit. - Lin minh nhn dn Vit Min Lo c thnh lp. - Vn ng tng gia sn xut, thc hnh tit kim. - Thng qua Lut ci cch gio dc. Thc hin ci cch gio dc.
Cau 48. Trnh by din bin cuc Tin cng chin lc ng - Xun 1953 - 1954 ca qun dn ta.
Hng dn tr li
a. Ch trng, k hoch qun s ng - Xun 1953 - 1954 ca ta : Cui thng 9/1953, B Chnh tr hp bn k hoch qun s trong ng - Xun 1953 - 1954. + Nhim v: tiu dit ch l chnh. + Phng hng chin lc: Tp trung lc lng m nhng cuc tin cng vo nhng hng quan trng v chin lc m ch tng i yu, nhm tiu dit sinh lc ch, gii phng t ai, buc chng phi phn tn lc lng, to iu kin thun li ta tiu dit ch. b. Din bin : - Ngy 10/12/1953, ch lc ta tin cng Lai Chu, gii phng ton b th x (tr in Bin) Nava buc phi a 6 tiu on c ng tng cng in Bin Ph. in Bin Ph thnh ni tp trung binh th hai ca Php. - Thng 12/1953, lin qun Lo - Vit tin cng Trung Lo, gii phng Th Kht, uy hip Xavannakhet v Sn. Nava buc phi tng vin cho Sn. Sn tr thnh ni tp trung binh lc th ba ca Php. - Thng 1/1954, lin qun Lo - Vit tin cng Thng Lo, gii phng lu vc sng Nm Hu v ton tnh Phong Xal. Nava a qun t ng bng Bc B tng cng cho Lung Phabang v Mng Si. Lung Phabang v Mng Si thnh ni tp trung binh lc th t ca Php. - Thng 2/1954, ta tin cng Bc Ty Nguyn, gii phng Kon Tum, uy hip Plyku. Php buc phi tng cng lc lng cho Plyku v Plyku tr thnh ni tp trung binh lc th nm. - Phi hp vi mt trn chnh, vng sau lng ch, phong tro du kch pht trin mnh Nam B, Nam Trung B, Bnh - Tr -Thin, ng bng Bc B c. ngha: - K hoch Nava bc u ph sn: Php b phn tn lm 5 ni. - Chun b v vt cht v tinh thn cho ta m cuc tin cng quyt nh vo in Bin Ph.
Cau 49. m mu ca Php - M trong vic chim ng, xy dng tp on c im in Bin Ph. Ti sao ta m chin dch in Bin Ph ? Chin dch din ra v ginh c thng li nh th no ? ngha ca thng li .
Hng dn tr li
a. m mu ca Php, M : - in Bin Ph c v tr chin lc then cht ng Dng v ng Nam nn Php c nm gi. Nava xy dng in Bin Ph thnh mt tp on c im mnh nht ng Dng. Php tp trung y 16.200 qun, loi binh chng, c b tr thnh ba phn khu vi 49 c im. + Phn khu Bc gm cc c im c Lp, Bn Ko + Phn khu Trung tm Mng Thanh, ni t c quan ch huy, tp trung 2/3 lc lng, c sn bay v h thng pho binh.
+ Phn khu Nam Hng Cm, c trn a pho, sn bay. - Php v M coi in Bin Ph l mt pho i bt kh xm phm, trung tm ca k hoch Nava. b. Ch trng ca ta : - Thng 12/1953, ng quyt nh m Chin dch in Bin Ph nhm tiu dit lc lng ch, gii phng Ty Bc, to iu kin cho Lo gii phng Bc Lo. - Ta huy ng mt lc lng ln chun b cho chin dch: khong 55.000 qun, hng chc ngn tn v kh, n dc; lng thc, cng nhiu t vn ti, thuyn b chuyn ra mt trn. - u thng 3 cng tc chun b mi mt hon tt. Qun ta n sng m mn cuc tn cng tp on c im in Bin Ph (13/3/1954). c. Din bin : Chin dch in Bin Ph din ra qua 3 t - t 1, t ngy 13/3 n 17/3/1954: Ta tin cng tiu dit cc cn c Him Lam v ton b phn khu Bc, loi khi vng chin 2.000 ch. - t 2, t ngy 30/3 n 26/4/1954: Ta tin cng pha ng khu Trung tm Mng Thanh: E1, D1, C1, C2, A1 ,chim phn ln cc cn c ca ch, to iu kin bao vy, chia ct, khng ch ch. M khn cp vin tr cho Php v e da nm bom nguyn t in Bin Ph. Ta khc phc kh khn v tip t, quyt tm ginh thng li. - t 3, t ngy 1/05 n 7/5/1954: Ta tin cng khu Trung tm Mng Thanh v phn khu Nam, tiu dit cc cn c cn li ca ch. Chiu 7/5, ta nh vo s ch huy ch. 17 gi 30 ngy 7/5/1954, Tng Caxtri cng ton b Ban tham mu ch u hng v b bt sng. L c Quyt chin quyt thng ca ta tung bay trn nc hm Tng Caxtri. Tp on c im in Bin Ph b tiu dit. - Cc chin trng ton quc phi hp cht ch nhm phn tn, tiu hao, km chn ch, to iu kin cho in Bin Ph ginh thng li . d. Kt qu : Trong cuc Tin cng chin lc ng - Xun 1953 - 1954 v Chin dch lch s in Bin Ph, ta loi khi vng chin u 128.000 ch, 162 my bay, thu nhiu v kh, gii phng nhiu vng rng ln. Ring ti in Bin Ph, ta loi khi vng chin 16.200 ch, bn ri 62 my bay, thu ton b v kh, phng tin chin tranh. e. ngha : Thng li ca cuc Tin cng chin lc ng - Xun 1953 - 1954 v Chin dch lch s in Bin Ph p tan hon ton k hoch Nava, ging n quyt nh vo ch xm lc ca Php, lm xoay chuyn cc din chin tranh ng Dng, to iu kin thun li cho cuc u tranh ngoi giao ca ta ginh thng li. Chin thng in Bin Ph ghi vo lch s dn tc nh mt Bch ng, mt Chi Lng hay mt ng a th k XX v i vo lch s th gii nh mt chin cng chi li, t ph thnh tr ca h thng n dch thuc a ca ch ngha quc. M rng : Vn 1. Hy gii thch v sao in Bin Ph l khu chnh ca k hoch Nava ? - n 1953, sau 8 nm tin hnh chin tranh xm lc ng Dng, lc lng ca Php chu nhiu tht bi nng n. Php ngy cng l thuc vo M. c M gip, Php thc hin k hoch Nava trong 18 thng, hng ginh thng li buc ta phi m phn theo iu kin c li cho chng. - K hoch Nava gm hai bc : mun thc hin iu quan trng nht l phi tp trung khi c ng mnh (44 tiu ton) mi c th ginh thng li vi ta trong trn quyt chin chin lc. - Php v M xy dng in Bin Ph tr thnh tp on c im mnh nht ng Dng, nhm chim ly mt a bn quan trng khng ch Ty Bc Vit Nam, Thng Lo, ng thi lm cn c qun s t lm bn p xm lc ng Dng v ng Nam sau ny. - Thng 2/1953, B Chnh tr ng Lao ng Vit Nam chn in Bin Ph lm trn quyt chin chin lc. Nh vy, c Ta v ln Php u chn in Bin Ph lm trn then cht kt thc chin tranh. in Bin Ph l khu chnh ca k hoch Nava.
Vn 2. Ti sao ni : Thng li in Bin Ph c tc dng quyt nh i vi thng li ca Hi ngh Ginev ? - Thc t lch s nc ta chng minh rng : ch c nh tan ch xm lc ca k ch th chng mi chu thng lng thc s chm dt chin tranh, lp li ha bnh. - Thng li bn hi ngh, ch c th c thc hin khi chng c thc lc, khi chng ta thng, mnh, bp c ch xm lc ca k th. - Cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php xm lc ang i n hi kt thc. Ta v Php tin hnh m phn Ginev. Do thi ca Php vn cha t b ch xm lc, nn khng thnh tht m phn... n khi tht bi in Bin Ph, ch xm lc b nh tan, Php mi chu k kt vi Ta Hip nh Ginev. Do vy, thng li in Bin Ph c tc dng quyt nh...
Cau 50. Cho bit ni dung c bn v ngha lch s ca Hip nh Ginev 1954 v ng Dng.
Hng dn tr li
1. Hi ngh Ginev : - ng - xun 1953 - 1954, cng vi cuc tin cng qun s, ng v Chnh ph y mnh u tranh ngoi giao. - Thng 1/1954, Hi ngh Ngoi trng Lin X, M, Anh, Php Bc-lin tha thun triu tp hi ngh Ginev gii quyt vn Triu Tin v lp li ha bnh ng Dng. - Ngy 8/5/1954, Hi ngh Ginev bt u bn v vn lp li ha bnh ng Dng. Phi on ta do Ph th tng Phm Vn ng lm Trng on c chnh thc mi hp. - Cuc u tranh trn bn hi ngh din ra gay gt do lp trng thiu thin ch v ngoan c ca Php M; Lp trng ta l gii quyt vn qun s v chnh tr cho ba nc ng Dng trn c s c lp, ch quyn, thng nht v ton vn lnh th. - Cn c vo iu kin c th ca cuc khng chin cng nh so snh lc lng gia ta v Php v xu th gii quyt tranh chp bng thng lng, Vit Nam k Hip nh Ginev ngy 21/7/1954. - Tuy nhin, i din M khng k m ra tuyn b ring cam kt tn trng Hip nh nhng khng chu s rng buc ca Hip nh. 2. Hip nh Ginev : * Ni dung c bn : Cc nc tham d Hi ngh cam kt tn trng c lp, ch quyn, thng nht v ton vn lnh th ca Vit Nam, Lo, Campuchia; khng can thip vo cng vic ni b ca ba nc. Cc bn tham chin ngng bn , lp li ha bnh trn ton ng Dng Thc hin di chuyn, tp kt qun i hai vng: o Vit Nam, ly v tuyn 17 (dc theo sng Bn Hi Qung Tr) lm gii tuyn qun s tm thi cng vi mt khu phi qun s hai bn gii tuyn. o Lo, tp kt Sm Na v Phong Xal . o Campuchia, lc lng khng chin phc vin ti ch, khng c vng tp kt . Cm a qun i, nhn vin qun s, v kh nc ngoi vo ng Dng, khng c t cn c qun s ng Dng. Cc nc ng Dng khng c tham gia lin minh qun s v khng cho nc khc dng lnh th vo vic gy chin tranh hoc xm lc. Vit Nam tin ti thng nht bng tng tuyn c t do trong c nc vo thng 7/1956 di s kim sot ca mt y ban quc t do n lm Ch tch. Trch nhim thi hnh Hip nh thuc v nhng ngi k Hip nh v nhng ngi k tc h. * ngha v hn ch : - Hip nh Ginev 1954 v ng Dng l vn bn php l quc t ghi nhn cc quyn dn tc c bn ca nhn dn ng Dng v c cc cng quc, cc nc tham d Hi ngh tn trng.
- nh du thng li ca cuc khng chin chng Php, song cha trn vn v mi gii phng c min Bc. Cuc u tranh cch mng vn phi tip tc gii phng min Nam, thng nht t nc. - Php buc phi chm dt chin tranh, rt qun i v nc. M tht bi trong m mu ko di, m rng, quc t ha chin tranh xm lc ng Dng.
Cau 51. Phn tch nguyn nhn thng li v ngha lch s ca cuc khng chin chng Php (1946 - 1954).
Hng dn tr li
1. ngha lch s : a. i vi dn tc - Chm dt cuc chin tranh xm lc v ch thng tr thc dn ca Php trong gn mt th k trn t nc ta; - Min Bc c gii phng, chuyn sang giai on cch mng x hi ch ngha, to c s nhn dn ta gii phng min Nam, thng nht T quc. b. i vi th gii - Ging n nng n vo tham vng xm lc, n dch ca ch ngha quc sau Chin tranh th gii th hai. - Gp phn lm tan r h thng thuc a, c v mnh m phong tro gii phng dn tc trn th gii , Phi, M Latinh. 2. Nguyn nhn thng li : - Quan trng nht l c s lnh o sng sut ca ng, ng u l Ch tch H Ch vi ng li chnh tr, qun s v ng li khng chin ng n, sng to. - Ton dn, ton qun ta on kt dng cm trong chin u, lao ng, sn xut . - C h thng chnh quyn dn ch nhn dn trong c nc, c mt trn dn tc thng nht, c lc lng v trang sm xy dng v khng ngng ln mnh, c hu phng rng ln, vng chc v mi mt. - Vit Nam, Lo v Campuchia lin minh chin u chng k th chung. - S ng tnh, ng h, gip ca Trung Quc, Lin X v cc nc dn ch nhn dn khc, ca nhn dn Php v loi ngi tin b.
CHNG IV. VIT NAM T NM 1954 N NM 1975

Cau 52. Ti sao sau Hip nh Ginev nm 1954 v ng Dng, nc Vit Nam b chia ct lm hai min vi hai ch chnh tr khc nhau ? Hy cho bit nhim v chin lc ca cch mng mi min Bc, Nam trong thi k 1954 - 1975 v mi quan h cch mng gia hai min.
Hng dn tr li
1. Tnh hnh nc ta sau Hip nh Ginev nm 1954 v ng Dng : a. Min Bc : Ngy 10/10/1954, qun ta tip qun H Ni. Ngy 1/1/1955, Trung ng ng, Chnh ph v H Ch tch tr v Th . Ngy 13/5/1955, lnh Php cui cng ri khi Hi Phng, min Bc hon ton gii phng. b. Min Nam : Gia thng 5/1956, Php rt khi min Nam khi cha thc hin hip thng tng tuyn c thng nht Vit Nam theo iu khon ca Hip nh Ginev..
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M thay Php, a tay sai Ng nh Dim ln nm chnh quyn min Nam, m mu chia
ct Vit Nam, bin min Nam Vit Nam thnh thuc a kiu mi, cn c qun s ng Dng v ng Nam . 2. Nhim v : - Trong tnh hnh t nc tm thi b chia ct lm hai min, mi min c mt nhim v chin lc khc nhau: + Min Bc tin hnh cch mng x hi ch ngha. + Min Nam tip tc cuc cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn. - Quan h cch mng gia hai min: mi min thc hin mt chin lc cch mng khc nhau, nhng c quan h mt thit vi nhau. + u nhm thc hin mt nhim v chin lc chung l nh M v tay sai, nhm gii phng min Nam, thng nht t nc, to iu kin cho c nc i ln ch ngha x hi. + L quan h gia hu phng v tin tuyn; phi hp, tc ng thc y ln nhau, to iu kin cho nhau.Thng li ca cch mng mi min u l thng li chung.
Cau 53. Phong tro ng khi (1959 - 1960) min Nam n ra trong hon cnh no ? Nu din bin, kt qu v ngha.
Hng dn tr li
a. Nguyn nhn bng n : - 1957-1959: chnh quyn Ng nh Dim ban hnh chnh sch t cng, dit cng, ra o lut 10/59 t cng sn ra ngoi vng php lut, l my chm khp min Nam lm lc lng cch mng b tn tht nng, i hi phi c bin php quyt lit a cch mng vt qua kh khn. - Thng 01/1959, Hi ngh Trung ng ng 15 xc nh: cch mng min Nam khng c con ng no khc l s dng bo lc cch mng nh chnh quyn M - Dim. Phng hng c bn l khi ngha ginh chnh quyn v tay nhn dn bng lc lng v trang. b. Din bin : Lc u phong tro n ra l t tng a phng nh Vnh Thnh, Bc i (2/1959), Tr Bng (8/1959), sau lan khp min Nam thnh cao tro cch mng, tiu biu l cuc ng khi Bn Tre. Ngy 17/1/1960, ng khi n ra 3 x nh Thu, Phc Hip, Bnh Khnh (huyn M Cy, tnh Bn Tre), t lan khp huyn M Cy v tnh Bn Tre (huyn Ging Trm, Ba Tri, Chu Thnh) Qun chng gii tn chnh quyn ch, lp y ban nhn dn t qun, lp lc lng v trang, tch thu rung t ca a ch, cng ho chia cho dn cy ngho. Phong tro lan khp Nam B, Ty Nguyn v mt s ni Trung Trung b. Cui nm 1960, ta lm ch 600/1298 x Nam B, 3.200/5721 thn Ty Nguyn, 904/3829 thn Trung Trung b. c. ngha : * i vi M - Dim: - Ging n nng n vo chnh sch thc dn mi ca M. - Lm lung lay tn gc ch tay sai Ng nh Dim. * V pha Ta: - nh du bc pht trin nhy vt ca cch mng Vit Nam: t th gi gn lc lng sang th tin cng. - T kh th , ngy 20/12/1960, Mt trn dn tc gii phng min Nam Vit Nam ra i, on kt ton dn u tranh chng M - Dim, lp chnh quyn cch mng di hnh thc y ban nhn dn t qun. M rng : V sao ni : phong tro ng khi (1959 - 1960) c coi l mc nh du bc pht trin nhy vt ca cch mng min Nam ?
+ ng Khi thng li lm lung lay tn gc ch M - Dim min Nam nc ta v
+ +
l thng li c ngha quyt nh ca cng nhn min Nam trong vic nh bi chin lc Chin tranh mt pha ca M v tay sai. Thng li ca phong tro ng Khi lm cho lc lng v trang cch mng min Nam xut hin. Hai lc lng chnh tr v lc lng v trang u ln mnh. Vng gii phng min Nam nc ta ra i. Hng ngn x, thn, p min Nam c gii phng. Nhn dn ginh quyn lm ch. Ngy 20/12/1960, Mt trn Gii phng min Nam ra i. Mt trn ch trng: on kt ton dn, kin quyt u tranh chng quc M xm lc v tay sai Ng nh Dim, thnh lp chnh quyn lin minh dn tc dn ch rng ri min Nam, thc hin c lp dn tc, t do dn ch, ci thin dn sinh, gi vng ho bnh, thi hnh chnh sch trung lp, tin ti ho bnh thng nht T quc. Cch mng min Nam i t th gi gn, bo v lc lng v c s cch mng sang thi k tin cng nh ch thng tr ca M - Dim, gii phng min Nam, hon thnh cuc cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn trong c nc. Vi tt c nhng im , cuc ng khi (1959 - 1960) c coi l mc nh du bc pht trin nhy vt ca cch mng min Nam nc ta.
Cau 54. i hi i biu ton quc ln th III ca ng Lao ng Vit Nam hp trong bi cnh lch s nh th no ? Nu ni dung v ngha ca i hi.
Hng dn tr li
a. Hon cnh lch s : Gia lc cch mng hai min Nam Bc c nhng bc tin quan trng, ng Lao ng Vit Nam t chc i hi i biu ton quc ln th III t ngy 5 n 10/9/1960 ti H Ni. b. Ni dung : - ra nhim v chin lc cho cch mng c nc v tng min + Min Bc: cch mng x hi ch ngha c vai tr quyt nh nht . + Min Nam: Cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn c vai tr quyt nh trc tip. + Cch mng hai min c quan h mt thit, gn b nhau nhm hon thnh cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn trong c nc, thc hin ha bnh thng nht nc nh. - Tho lun bo co chnh tr, bo co sa i iu l ng. - Thng qua k hach 5 nm ln th nht (1961 - 1965) xy dng CNXH min Bc. - Bu Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Lao ng Vit Nam do H Ch Minh lm Ch tch v L Dun lm B th th nht. ngha: L i hi xy dng ch ngha x hi min Bc, thc hin ha bnh thng nht nc nh.
Cau 55. m mu v th on ca M khi tin hnh Chin tranh c bit (1961 - 1965) min Nam Vit Nam. Qun dn min Nam chin u chng chin lc Chin tranh c bit v ginh c thng li nh th no ?
Hng dn tr li
1. Chin lc Chin tranh c bit ca M min Nam a. Bi cnh lch s: Cui 1960, sau phong tro ng khi min Nam, M ra v thc hin Chin tranh c bit (1960 - 1965) min Nam Vit Nam. Trong khi , trn th gii, phong tro gii phng dn tc dng ln mnh m e do h thng thuc a ca ch ngha quc. i phng li Tng thng M G.Keni ra chin lc ton cu Phn ng linh hot v tin hnh chin lc Chin tranh c bit. b. m mu - L hnh thc chin tranh xm lc thc dn kiu mi, c tin hnh bng qun i tay sai, di s ch huy ca h thng c vn M, da vo v kh, trang b k thut, phng tin chin tranh ca M, nhm chng li phong tro cch mng ca nhn dn ta. - m mu c bn: dng ngi Vit nh ngi Vit
c. Th on: - ra k hoch Xtaly Taylo : Bnh nh min Nam trong 18 thng. - Tng vin tr qun s cho Dim, tng cng c vn M v lc lng qun i Si Gn. - Tin hnh dn dn lp p chin lc, trang b hin i, s dng ph bin cc chin thut mi nh trc thng vn v thit xa vn. - Thnh lp B ch huy qun s M min Nam (MACV). - M nhiu cuc hnh qun cn qut nhm tiu dit lc lng cch mng, tin hnh nhiu hot ng ph hoi min Bc, phong ta bin gii, vng bin nhm ngn chn s chi vin ca min Bc cho min Nam. 2. Min Nam chin u chng Chin tranh c bit ca M Mt trn dn tc gii phng min Nam Vit Nam v ng lnh o nhn dn ta kt hp u tranh chnh tr vi u tranh v trang, ni dy tin cng ch trn ba vng chin lc (rng ni, nng thn ng bng v th), bng ba mi gip cng (chnh tr, qun s, binh vn). a. nh bi k hoch Xtaly Taylo (1961 1963): bnh nh min Nam trong 18 thng. - 1961 - 1962: qun gii phng y li nhiu cuc tin cng ca ch. u tranh chng v ph p chin lc: din ra gay go quyt lit gia ta v ch. Ta ph p chin lc i i vi dng lng chin u. Cui nm 1962, ta kim sot trn na tng s p vi 70% nng dn min Nam. u tranh qun s : Ngy 2/1/1963, qun dn ta thng ln trn p Bc (M Tho), nh bi cuc hnh qun cn qut ca 2000 M - Ngy Si Gn c c vn M ch huy vi phng tin chin tranh hin i. u tranh chnh tr : din ra mnh m khp cc th ln, ni bt l u tranh ca i qun tc di, ca cc tn Pht gio Gp phn y nhanh qu trnh suy sp ca chnh quyn Ng nh Dim. - Ngy 1/11/1963, M git dy cho cc tng lnh Si Gn o chnh lt Ng nh Dim. Chnh quyn Si Gn lm vo tnh trng khng hong. b. nh bi k hoch Ginxn - Mc Namara : Tng cng vin tr qun s, n nh chnh quyn Si Gn, bnh nh min Nam c trng im trong hai nm (1964 1965). nh ph p chin lc: tng mng ln p chin lc ca ch b ph v, lm ph sn c bn xng sng ca chin tranh c bit. Cui nm 1964, ch ch cn kim sot c 3.300 p, ti thng 6/1965, gim xung mc thp nht, ch cn kim sot 2.200 p. Vng gii phng ngy cng m rng, tr thnh hu phng trc tip ca cch mng. Ti vng gii phng, chnh quyn cch mng cc cp c thnh lp, rung t ca Vit gian b tch thu c chia cho dn cy ngho. V qun s: ng - Xun 1964 - 1965, ta thng ln trn Bnh Gi (2/12/1964), loi 1700 tn ch khi vng chin, nh bi chin lc trc thng vn v thit xa vn. Sau , ta tip tc ginh thng li An Lo, Ba Gia, ng Xoi... Lm ph sn v c bn chin lc Chin tranh c bit ca M. 3. ngha : - M tht bi trong vic s dng min Nam Vit Nam lm th im mt loi hnh chin tranh n p phong tro cch mng trn th gii. - M buc phi chuyn sang chin lc Chin tranh cc b (tc tha nhn s tht bi ca chin tranh c bit). - Chng t ng li lnh o ca ng l ng n v s trng thnh nhanh chng ca Qun Gii phng min Nam Vit Nam. M rng : Theo anh (ch), nhng nguyn nhn ch yu no dn ti thng li ca qun dn min Nam trong vic chng li Chin tranh c bit ? + S lnh o ca ng Lao ng Vit Nam + Cm th trc nhng ti c to ln ca M v tay sai, nhn dn ta quyt tm chin u, sn sng hy sinh + S ng tnh ng h ca nhn dn yu chung ha bnh th gii.
Cau 56. Bng nhng s kin lch s, anh (ch) hy chng minh cu ni ca Ch tch H Ch Minh ti Hi ngh Chnh tr c bit (3/1964) : Trong 10 nm qua, min Bc nc ta tin hnh nhng bc di cha tng thy trong lch s dn tc. t nc, x hi v con ngi u i mi.
Hng dn tr li
1. T nm 1954 n nm 1957, sau khi min Bc hon ton gii phng, bt tay vo cng cuc ci cch rung t, khi phc kinh t, hn gn vt thng chin tranh. Qua 5 t ci cch rung t, giai cp o ch cn bn b xo b. Nng dn lm ch nng thn, nguyn vng lu i ca nhn dn l ngi cy c rung c thc hin. - Cng cuc khi phc kinh t c ton dn tch cc hng ng v trin hai trong tt c cc ngnh. Trong nng nghip, nng dn hng hi khai khn rung t b hoang, bo m cy cy ht rung t vng ch, tng thm n tru b, sm thm nng c. H thng iu c tu b. Trong cng nghip, giai cp cng nhn nhanh chng khi phc v m hu ht cc c s cng nghip. Cc ngnh th cng nghip min Bc cng c khi phc nhanh chng. Trong thng nghip, h thng mu dch quc doanh v hp tc x mua bn c m rng, cung cp ngy cng nhiu mt hng cho nhn dn; giao lu hng ho gia cc a phng ngy cng pht trin; hot ng ngoi thng dn dn tp trung vo tay Nh nc. Giao thng vn ti c ch trng. - Vn ho gio dc c y mnh. H thng y t chm sc sc kho cho nhn dn c Nh nc quan tm xy dng . Np sng lnh mnh, gi gn v sinh c vn ng thc hin khp mi ni. 2. T nm 1958 n nm 1960, min Bc thc hin ci cch quan h sn xut, bc u pht trin kinh t - vn ho. Min Bc ly ci tp x hi ch ngha lm trng tm: ci to i vi cng nghip, th cng nghip, thng nghip nh, cng thng nghip t bn t doanh, trong khu chnh l hp tc ho nng nghip. Kt qu ci to l xo b c bn ch ngi bc lt ngi, c tc dng thc y sn xut pht trin, nht l trong iu kin chin tranh, hp tc x bo i sng vt cht, tinh thn cho ngi ra i chin u, phc v chin u. 3. T nm 1961 n nm 1965, min Bc bc vo thc hin k hoch Nh nc 5 nm ln th nht, min Bc chuyn sang ly xy dng ch ngha x hi lm trng tm. Nhim v c bn ca k hoch 5 nm l ra sc pht trin cng nghip v nng nghip, tip tc cng cuc ci to x hi ch ngha, cng c v tng cng thnh phn kinh t quc danh, ci thin mt bc i sng vt cht v vn ho ca nhn dn lao ng, cng c quc phng, tng cng trt t v an ninh x hi. Cng nghip c u tin xy dng, gi tr sn lng cng nghip nng nm 1965 tng 3 ln so vi 1960, cng nghip quc doanh chim t trng 93% tng gi tr sn lng cng nghip min Bc. Nng nghip: i b phn nng dn tham gia hp tc x nng nghip. Nng dn bc u thc p dng khoa hc - k thut vo sn xut nng nghip. H thng tu nng pht trin, trong c cng trnh Bc - Hng - Hi. Nhiu hp tc x v vt nng sut 5 tn thc trn 1 hcta gieo trng. Thng nghip c u tin pht trin, gp phn pht trin kinh t, cng c quan h sn xut mi, n nh v ci thin i sng nhn dn. Giao thng ng b, ng st, ng lin tnh, lin huyn, ng sng, ng hng khng c cng c. Vic i li trong nc v giao thng quc t thun li hn trc. Gio dc t ph thng n i hc pht trin nhanh. Y t c u t pht trin, xy dng khong 6.000 c s. - Chi vin cho min Nam c nhn lc v vt lc chin u v xy dng vng gii phng. Trong 5 nm, mt khi lng v kh, n dt,...c chuyn vo chin trng. Ngy cng c nhiu n v v trang, cn b qun s v cn b cc ngnh c a vo min Nam tham gia chin u, phc v chin u v xy dng vng gii phng. Nhng thnh tu t c trong vic thc hin k hoch 5 nm (1961 1965) v ni chung trong 10 nm (1954 - 1964) lm thay i b mt x hi min Bc. Ti Hi ngh Chnh tr
c bit (3/1964), Ch tch H Ch Minh ni : Trong 10 nm qua, min Bc nc ta tin hnh nhng bc di cha tng thy trong lch s dn tc. t nc, x hi v con ngi u i mi. Ngy 7/2/1965, M gy chin tranh ph hoi min Bc ln th nht, min Bc chuyn hng xy dng v pht trin kinh t cho ph hp vi iu kin chin tranh.
Cau 57. quc M thc hin m mu v th on g trong vic tin hnh chin lc Chin tranh cc b (1965 - 1968) min Nam ? Qun dn ta min Nam ginh c nhng thng li g trong chin u chng chin lc Chin tranh cc b ? Nu ngha ca thng li Vn Tng (8/1965).
Hng dn tr li
1. Chin lc Chin tranh cc b ca M min Nam : a. m mu Gia 1965, trc nguy c chin lc chin tranh c bit b ph sn, M phi chuyn sang chin lc chin tranh cc b min Nam v m rng ph hoi ra min Bc. y l hnh thc chin tranh xm lc thc dn kiu mi, c tin hnh bng lc lng vin chinh M l ch yu cng qun ng minh v qun i Si Gn vi cc phng tin chin tranh hin i. Qun s lc cao nht (1969) ln n 1,5 triu tn (M hn 0,5 triu). b. Th on : M t a qun vo min Nam v tng cng pht trin ngy qun. Vi u th v qun s, M cho m cuc hnh qun tm, dit vo Vn Tng v 2 cuc phn cng 2 ma kh 1965 - 1966 v 1966 - 1967 nhm tm dit v bnh nh vo vng cn c khng chin. 2. Qun dn min Nam chin u chng Chin tranh cc b : Qun dn ta chin u chng chin tranh cc b bng sc mnh c dn tc, ca tin tuyn v hu phng vi ch quyt chin quyt thng gic M xm lc. a. Qun s : * Trn Vn Tng (Qung Ngi ) - 18/08/1965: M huy ng 9000 qun tn cng Vn Tng. - Kt qu: Sau 1 ngy chin u, ta loi khi vng chin 900 ch, 22 xe tng, 13 my bay. - ngha: Vn Tng c coi l p Bc i vi M, m u cho cao tro tm M nh, tm ngy dit trn khp min Nam. * Cuc tn cng 2 ma kh : - 1965 - 1966 : + M huy ng 72 vn qun (22 vn M v ng minh), m 450 cuc hnh qun, trong c 5 cuc hnh qun tm dit ln, nhm vo hai hng chin lc chnh: Lin khu V v ng Nam B. + Ta tn cng khp ni, ginh nhiu thng li, loi khi vng chin 104.000 ch (c 45.500 M v ng minh), bn ri 1430 my bay. - 1966 - 1967 : + M huy ng 98 vn qun (44 vn M v ng minh), m 895 cuc hnh qun, c 3 cuc hnh qun bnh nh v tm dit ln, tiu biu l Gian-xn Xi-ti nh vo cn c Dng Minh Chu nhm tiu dit qun ch lc v c quan u no ca ta. + Ta tn cng khp ni, p tan cuc hnh qun tm dit v bnh nh ca M, loi khi vng chin 151.000 ch (73.500 M v ng minh), bn ri 1231 my bay. b. Chnh tr : + Khp ni t thnh th n nng thn , nhn dn ni dy u tranh trng tr c n, ph p chin lc, i M rt v nc , i t do dn ch. + Uy tn Mt trn dn tc gii phng min nam Vit Nam ln cao. Cng lnh ca mt trn c 41 nc, 12 t chc quc t v 5 t chc khu vc ng h.
Cau 58. Cuc Tng tin cng v ni dy Xun Mu Thn 1968 min Nam Vit Nam din ra trong hon cnh no ? Nu khi qut din bin, kt qu v ngha.
Hng dn tr li
a. Hon cnh lch s : Bc vo ma xun nm 1968, xut pht t nhn nh so snh lc lng thay i c li cho ta sau hai ma kh, ng thi li dung mu thun M trong nm bu c tng thng (1968), ta ch trng m mt cuc Tng tin cng v ni dy trn ton min Nam, trng tm l th. b. Mc tiu: Tiu dit b phn quan trng qun vin chinh M, lm sp ngy quyn, buc M phi tin hnh m phn, rt qun v quc c. Din bin : 3 t * t 1: T 30/1/1968 n 25/02/1968: Ta ng lot tn cng 37/44 tnh, 4/6 th, 64/242 qun. - Ti Si Gn: Ta tn cng cc v tr u no ca ch (Dinh c lp,To i s M, B tng tham mu Ngy, Tng nha cnh st Si Gn , sn bay Tn Sn Nht ,i pht thanh). - Kt qu: Ta loi khi vng chin 147.000 ch (43000 M), ph hy khi lng ln vt cht v cc phng tin chin tranh ca ch. * t 2 (thng 5, 6) v t 3 (thng 8, 9): Ta gp nhiu kh khn v tn tht * Nguyn nhn : Do ta ch quan trong nh gi tnh hnh, ra yu cu cha st vi thc t, khng kp thi kim im rt kinh nghim nh gi tnh hnh v c ch trng chuyn hng kp thi, chm thy nhng c gng mi ca ch v kh khn lc ca ta. d. ngha : - Lm lung lay ch xm lc ca M . - Buc M phi tuyn b phi M ho chin tranh (tc tha nhn tht bi chin tranh cc b) v chm dt chin tranh ph hoi min Bc, chp nhn n bn hi ngh Pari m phn v chm dt chin tranh Vit Nam.
Cau 59. Phn tch nhng im ging nhau v khc nhau gia hai chin lc Chin tranh c bit v Chin tranh cc b ca M min Nam Vit Nam.
Hng dn tr li
T nm 1961 n 1968, M lin tc tin hnh cc chin lc chin tranh xm lc Vit Nam: Chin tranh c bit (1961 - 1965) v Chin tranh cc b (1965 - 1968), gia hai chin lc ny c nhng im ging v khc nhau : * Ging nhau: (m mu) u l hnh thc chin tranh xm lc thc dn mi nm trong chin lc ton cu "Phn ng linh hot" nhm bin min Nam thnh thuc a kiu mi, chng li cch mng v nhn dn ta... * Khc nhau: (th on) + Lc lng: Chin tranh c bit c tin hnh bng qun i Si Gn, di s ch huy ca c vn M, c M trang b phng tin chin tranh v cung cp USD... Chin tranh cc b c tin hnh bng qun vin chinh M, qun ng minh v qun i Si Gn (trong qun M gi vai tr quan trng)... + Tnh cht c lit : Chin tranh c bit min Nam, cn Chin tranh cc b m rng c hai min Nam - Bc. + Bin php: Chin tranh c bit c thc hin vi hai k hoch: Xtaly - Taylo v Ginxn Mc Namara vi cc bin php nh: xy dng qun i Si Gn, dn dn lp p chin lc... Chin tranh cc b c thc hin bng nhng cuc hnh qun bnh nh, tm dit vi hai cuc phn cng chin lc ma kh 1965 - 1966 v 1966 - 1967, nhm tiu dit lc lng cch mng... + Qui m: Chin tranh c bit ch tin hnh min Nam ...
Chin tranh cc b va tin hnh Min Nam ng thi gy chin tranh ph hoi Min Bc ...
Cau 60. T nm 1965 n nm 1968, qun dn ta min Bc chin u v sn xut nh th no v p ng nhng yu cu g ca cch mng c nc ?
Hng dn tr li
1. M tin hnh chin tranh bng khng qun v hi qun ph hoi min Bc : - Ngy 5/8/1964, M dng ln "s kin vnh Bc B" cho my bay nm bom, bn ph mt s ni min Bc (ca sng Gianh, Vinh - Bn Thy)... - Ngy 7/2/1965, M nm bom th x ng Hi, o Cn C... chnh thc gy ra cuc chin tranh ph hoi bng khng qun v hi qun i vi min Bc. * m mu: - Ph tim lc kinh t - quc phng, ph cng cuc xy dng CNXH min Bc. - Ngn chn chi vin t bn ngoi vo min Bc v t min Bc vo min Nam. - Uy hip tinh thn, lm lung lay quyt tm chng M ca nhn dn Vit Nam. 2. Min Bc chin u chng chin tranh ph hoi, va sn xut va lm ngha v hu phng : a. Min Bc chin u chng chin tranh ph hoi - Chuyn mi hot ng sang thi chin, qun s ha ton dn, p cng s, o hm, s tn... trnh thit hi v ngi v ca, tip tc chin u v sn xut. H ch n l nh, ai khng trc tip chin u th phc v sn xut. - Ch trng : y mnh kinh t a phng (cng nng nghip, giao thng vn ti) m bo phc v chin tranh. - Vi tinh thn Khng c g qu hn c lp t do, qun dn min Bc thi ua chng M, t nhiu thnh tch ln trong chin u v sn xut. Sau hn 4 nm (5.08.1964 01.11. 1968), min Bc bn ri 3.243 my bay (6 B52, 3 F111), loi khi vng chin hng ngn phi cng, bn chm 143 tu chin. Ngy 1/11/1968, M buc phi ngng nm bom min Bc. b. Min Bc va sn xut va lm ngha v hu phng: * Sn xut : - Nng nghip: din tch canh tc c m rng, nng sut tng, t ba mc tiu (5 tn thc, 2 u ln, 1 lao ng/ 1ha/1 nm). - Cng nghip: nng lc sn xut mt s ngnh c gi vng, p ng nhu cu thit yu ca sn xut v i sng. - Giao thng vn ti: m bo thng xuyn thng sut. * Lm ngha v hu phng : - Min Bc phn u Mi ngi lm vic bng hai. V tin tuyn ku gi, hu phng sn sng p li: Thc khng thiu mt cn, qun khng thiu mt ngi. - Tuyn ng H Ch Minh trn b v trn bin bt u khai thng (thng 5/1959), ni lin hu phng vi tin tuyn. Trong 4 nm (1965 - 1968) a hn 30 vn cn b, b i vo Nam chin u v xy dng vng gii phng, cng hng chc vn tn v kh, n dc, lng thc, thuc men, tng gp 10 ln so vi trc.
Cau 61. m mu v th on ca M trong chin lc Vit Nam ha chin tranh v ng Dng ha chin tranh. Nu nhng thng li chung ca nhn dn ba nc Vit Nam, Lo, Campuchia trn cc mt trn qun s, chnh tr, ngoi giao trong chin u chng Vit Nam ha chin tranh v ng Dng ha chin tranhca M (1969 1973).
Hng dn tr li
1. Chin lc Vit Nam ha v ng Dng ha chin tranh ca M

a. Bi cnh : u nm 1969, Tng thng Nchxn va ln nm chnh quyn ra chin lc ton cu Ngn e thc t. Sau tht bi ca chin lc Chin tranh cc b, M phi chuyn sang chin lc Vit Nam ha chin tranh v ng Dng ha chin tranh. b. m mu : - y l hnh thc chin tranh thc dn kiu mi c tin hnh bng qun i Si Gn l ch yu, c s phi hp ca ha lc v khng qun M, vn do M ch huy bng h thng c vn. - M rng xm lc Lo v Campuchia, thc hin m mu Dng ngi ng Dng nh ngi ng Dng. - M tng vin tr gip qun s ngy tng ln 1 triu ngi cng vi trang thit b hin i qun ngy t gnh vc c chin tranh. - Li dng mu thun Trung - X, tho hip vi Trung Quc, ho hon vi Lin X nhm hn ch s gip ca cc nc i vi cuc khng chin ca nhn dn ta. 2. Chin u chng chin lc Vit Nam ha chin tranh v ng Dng ha chin tranh ca M. - Chin u chng Vit Nam ha chin tranh l chng li cuc chin tranh ton din c tng cng v m rng ra ton ng Dng. Ta va chin u trn chin trng va u tranh trn bn m phn vi ch. - Nm 1969, thc hin Di chc ca Bc H, c nc y mnh cuc khng chin chng M cu nc. a. Thng li v chnh tr, ngoi giao : + Ngy 6/6/1969, Chnh ph cch mng lm thi Cng ha min Nam Vit Nam thnh lp, c 23 nc cng nhn, 21 nc t quan h ngoi giao. + Trong hai nm 1970 1971, nhn dn ta cng vi nhn dn hai nc Campuchia v Lo ginh c nhng thng li c ngha chin lc trn mt trn qun s v chnh tr. + Ngy 24 n 25/4/1970: Hi ngh cp cao 3 nc ng Dng hp nhm i ph vic M ch o b tay sai lm o chnh lt Chnh ph trung lp ca Xihanc (18/3/1970) chun b cho bc phiu lu qun s mi; biu th quyt tm on kt chng M. + cc ni khc, phong tro u tranh ca cc tng lp nhn dn v sinh vin, hc sinh n ra lin tc. + Qun chng ni dy ph p chin lc, chng bnh nh. u nm 1971, cch mng lm ch thm 3600 p vi 3 triu dn b. Thng li qun s : + T ngy 30/4 30/6/1970, qun dn Vit Campuchia p tan cuc hnh qun xm lc Campuchia ca 10 vn M v qun Si Gn, loi khi vng chin 17.000 ch, gii phng 5 tnh ng bc vi 4,5 triu dn. + T 12/2 n 23/3/1971, qun dn Vit Lo p tan cuc hnh qun Lam Sn 719 ca M v qun Si Gn, loi khi vng chin 22.000 ch, gi vng hnh lang chin lc ca cch mng ng Dng. + Thng li trn mt trn qun s h tr v thc y phong tro u tranh chnh tr, chng bnh nh.
Cau 62. Tm tt hon cnh, din bin, kt qu v ngha ca cuc tin cng chin lc nm 1972 ca qun v dn ta min Nam.
Hng dn tr li
a. Hon cnh lch s : - Trong 2 nm 1970 - 1971, ta ginh nhiu thng li trn cc mt trn qun s, chnh tr, ngoi giao. - Cch mng min Nam c nhng iu kin v thi c thun li cho mt cuc tin cng chin lc mi b. Din bin v kt qu :
- Ngy 30/3/1972: Ta bt ng m cuc tin cng chin lc, nh vo Qung Tr, ly Qung Tr lm hng tn cng ch yu, ri pht trin rng khp min Nam, dit 20 vn qun Si Gn, gii phng vng t ai rng ln. - Sau , ch phn cng mnh, gy cho ta nhiu thit hi. M tin hnh tr li chin tranh ph hoi min Bc t ngy 6/4/1972. c. ngha. - M ra bc ngot ca cuc khng chin chng M, ging n mnh m vo qun ngu v quc sch bnh nh - Buc M phi tuyn b M ha tr li cuc chin tranh (tc tha nhn s tht bi ca chin lc Vit Nam ha chin tranh).
Cau 63. Qun v dn min Bc nh bi cuc tp kch bng khng qun ca quc M cui nm 1972 nh th no ? Nu kt qu v ngha.
Hng dn tr li
a. Hon cnh : - Ngy 6/4/1972, M nm bom mt s ni thuc khu IV c. Ngy 16.04, chnh thc tin hnh chin tranh khng qun ph hoi min Bc ln II, sau phong ta cng Hi Phng, cc ca sng, lung lch, vng bin min Bc. b. m mu : - Ph tim lc kinh t - quc phng, ph cng cuc xy dng CNXH min Bc. - Ngn chn chi vin t bn ngoi vo min Bc v t min Bc vo min Nam. - Uy hip tinh thn, lm lung lay quyt tm chng M ca nhn dn Vit Nam. - Cu nguy cho chin lc Vit Nam ha chin tranh b. Din bin v kt qu : + Nh c chun b trc v vi t th sn sng chin u, min Bc tip tc chuyn sang kinh t thi chin, m bo lin tc sn xut v giao thng chin lc. + T 14/12/1972, sau 2 thng ngng nm bom h tr cho mu chnh tr v ngoi giao mi, Nixon m cuc tp kch bn ph d di H Ni, Hi Phng bng B52 trong 12 ngy m (t 18/12/1972 n 29/12/1972) nhm ginh thng li qun s quyt nh, buc ta k hip nh c li cho M. - Qun dn min Bc nh bi cuc tp kch ca M, lm nn trn : in Bin Ph trn khng. Ta h 81 my bay (34 chic B52, 5 chic F111), bt sng 43 phi cng. Tnh chung trong chin tranh ph hoi ln II, ta h 735 my bay (61 B52, 10 F111), 125 tu chin, loi khi vng chin hng trm phi cng. Trn in Bin Ph trn khng l trn thng quyt nh ca ta, buc M phi tuyn b ngng hng cc hot ng chng ph min Bc (15/1/1973) v k Hip nh Pari (27/1/1973).
Cau 64. T nm 1969 n nm 1973, min Bc t c nhng thnh tu g trong vic thc hin nhim v khi phc, pht trin kinh t - x hi v thc hin ngha v ca hu phng nh th no i vi tin tuyn min Nam ?
Hng dn tr li
1. Min Bc khi phc v pht trin kinh t - x hi : - Nng nghip: Chnh ph ch trng khuyn khch sn xut, ch trng chn nui, sn xut, thm canh tng v (5 tn/ha), sn lng lng thc nm 1970 tng hn 60 vn tn so vi 1968. - Cng nghip : Khi phc v xy dng, u tin thy in Thc B (Ha Bnh) (pht in thng 10/1971). Gi tr sn lng 1971 tng 142% so vi 1968. - Giao thng vn ti : nhanh chng khi phc. - Vn ha, gio dc, y t: phc hi v pht trin. 2. Min Bc chi vin min Nam : - m bo tip nhn hng vin tr t bn ngoi v chi vin theo yu cu ca tin tuyn min Nam, c Lo v Campuchia.
- 1969 - 1971: hng chc vn thanh nin nhp ng 60% vo min Nam, Lo, Campuchia. Nm 1972, 22 vn thanh nin nhp ng vo chin trng ng Dng. - Vin tr khi lng vt cht tng 1,6 ln trc kia (1972 : tng 1,7 ln so vi 1971).
Cau 65. in vo hai bng thng k di y nhng s kin thch hp : Bng 1 : m mu ca M trong vic thc hin 3 chin lc chin tranh xm lc min Nam t 1961 n 1973.
Tn chin lc Hnh thc m mu Th on Phm vi thc hin
Bng 2 : Nhng thng li tiu biu ca qun dn min Nam nhm lm ph sn cc chin lc chin tranh xm lc ca M.
Tn chin lc Chin thng m u Chin thng kt thc Kt qu
Hng dn tr li
Bng 1 : m mu ca M trong vic thc hin 3 chin lc chin tranh xm lc min Nam t nm 1961 n nm 1973. Tn chin lc Chin tranh c bit (1961 1965) Hnh thc m mu - Tin hnh bng qun i ngy + c vn M ch huy + v kh phng tin chin tranh ca M - Dng ngi Vit nh ngi Vit. Th on Phm vi thc hin
Chin tranh xm lc thc dn kiu mi.
Chin tranh cc b (1965 1968)
Chin tranh xm lc thc dn kiu mi.
+ Tin hnh bng qun vin chinh M + qun ch hu + ngy qun. + Qun M : gi vai tr quan trng
Vit Nam ha chin tranh (1969 1973)
Chin tranh xm lc thc dn mi
+ Tin hnh bng qun ngy + c vn M + v kh + phng tin chin tranh ca M. + Dng ngi Vit nh ngi Vit,
+ Tng c vn M: Min - 1960 : 1100 Nam - 1964 : 26.000 + Lp B ch huy qun i M Si Gn (MACV) 8/2/1962 + Tng qun ngy : - 1961 : 170.000 - 1964 : 560.000 + y mnh Tm dit v binh nh. + Tng qun M : - Min - 1965 : 200.000 Nam - 1967 : 537.000 + Hnh qun tm dit : - nh sng sao vo Vn - Min Tng. Bc - 2 cuc phn cng chin lc ma kh 1965 1967. - y mnh bnh nh. - Thc hin chin tranh ph hoi min Bc. + Rt qun M. + Tng vin tr qun s, kinh Ba nc t ng + Tng u t vn k thut. Dng + M rng chin tranh ra min Bc, Lo, Campuchia. + Cu kt vi nc ln x hi
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gim xng mu ch ngha c lp ta. ngi M. Bng 2 : Nhng thng li tiu biu ca qun dn min Nam nhm lm ph sn cc chin lc chin tranh xm lc ca M. Tn chin lc Chin tranh c bit (1961 - 1965) Chin tranh cc b (1965 - 1968) Chin thng m u Chin thng kt thc Kt qu
+ p Bc (M Tho) ngy - Bnh Gi (B Ra) ngy + Chin lc chin 2/1/1963 : dit 450 ch, 8 2/12/1964 : dit 1700 ch tranh c bit b ph hy nhiu phng tin ph sn. my bay, 3 xe bc thp chin tranh. + Cuc tng tin cng v + Chin lc chin + Vn Tng (Qung Ngi) (18/8/1965) : dit 900 ch, ni dy Xun Mu Thn tranh cc b b ph sn. (1968) : dit 150.000 ch 22 xe tng + 13 my bay + Chm dt nm bom min Bc thng thuyt vi ta Pari + nh bi cuc hnh qun + Cuc tng tin cng v ca M ngy ng Bc ni dy 1972 : dit 20 vn Campuchia (t ngy tn ch 30/4/1970 n ngy 30/6/1970) tiu dit 17.000 ch, gii phng 5 tnh ng Bc Campuchia + Chin lc Vit Nam ha chin tranh b ph sn. + M phi k Hip nh Pari (27/1/1973) chm dt chin tranh
Vit Nam ha chin tranh (1969 - 1973)
Cau 66. Cho bit hon cnh lch s, ni dung c bn v ngha ca Hip nh Pari nm 1973 v vic chm dt chin tranh, lp li ha bnh Vit Nam.
Hng dn tr li
1. Hon cnh lch s : u nm 1967, sau thng li trong hai ma kh 1965 - 1966 v 1966 - 1967, ta ch trng m thm mt trn tin cng ngoi giao. Mc tiu ngoi giao trc mt l i M chm dt khng iu kin chin tranh ph hoi min Bc, coi l iu kin i n thng lng bn hi ngh. Nm 1968, sau Mu Thn 1968 v thng li ca ta trong chin tranh ph hoi II, M phi thng lng vi ta t 13/5/1968 (T 25/1/1969, gia 4 bn gm M + Vit Nam Cng ha v Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha + Mt trn dn tc gii phng min Nam Vit Nam) - Sau nhiu cuc tip xc, lp trng hai bn qu xa nhau: Vit Nam i M v ng minh rt qun, tn trng cc quyn dn tc c bn v quyn t quyt ca nhn dn Vit Nam. Ngc li, M i min Bc rt qun v t chi k d tho Hip nh d tha thun (10/1972) - Thng 12/1972, M m cuc tp kch bng my bay chin lc B52 vo H Ni v Hi Phng trong 12 ngy m. Vit Nam p tan cuc tp kch bng khng qun ca M, lm nn trn in Bin Ph trn khng, buc M phi tr li k Hip nh Pari. - Ngy 27/1/1973, Hip nh Pari v chm dt chin tranh Vit Nam c k kt gia 4 B trng i din cc Chnh ph tham d hi ngh. 2. Ni dung c bn ca Hip nh Pari : Hoa K v cc nc cam kt tn trng c lp, ch quyn thng nht v ton vn lnh th ca Vit Nam.
Hai bn ngng bn min Nam lc 24 gi ngy 27/01/1973 v Hoa K cam kt chm dt mi hot ng chng ph min Bc Vit Nam. Hoa K rt ht qun i ca mnh v qun ng minh trong vng 60 ngy k t khi k hip nh, hu b cc cn c qun s M, cam kt khng tip tc can thip vo ni b ca min Nam Vit Nam. Nhn dn min Nam t quyt nh tng lai chnh tr thng qua tng tuyn c t do, khng c s can thip ca nc ngoi. Hai min Nam - Bc Vit Nam s thng lng v vic thng nht t nc, khng c s can thip ca nc ngoi. Hai bn ngng bn, trao tr cho nhau t binh v dn thng b bt. Cc bn cng nhn thc t min Nam Vit Nam c 2 chnh quyn, 2 qun i, 2 vng kim sot v 3 lc lng chnh tr (lc lng cch mng, lc lng ho bnh trung lp v lc lng chnh quyn Si Gn). Hoa K cam kt gp phn vo vic hn gn vt thng chin tranh Vit Nam v ng Dng, tin ti thit lp quan h mi, bnh ng v cng c li gia hai nc. 3. ngha lch s - L thng li ca s kt hp gia u tranh chnh tr, qun s, ngoi giao, l kt qu ca cuc u tranh kin cng, bt khut ca qun dn ta trn c 2 min t nc. - M ra bc ngot mi cho cch mng Vit Nam, to thi c thun li nhn dn ta tin ln gii phng hon ton min Nam.
Cau 67. Min Bc thc hin nhng nhim v g sau Hip nh Pari nm 1973 v Vit Nam ? Nu kt qu v ngha.
Hng dn tr li
- Sau Hip nh Pari 1973, thay i so snh lc lng min Nam c li cho cch mng. Min Bc tr li ha bnh, va tin hnh khc phc hu qu chin tranh, khi phc v pht trin kinh t - x hi, va tip tc chi vin cho tin tuyn min Nam. - Trong hai nm 1973 - 1974 : + Min Bc c bn khi phc mi mt, kinh t c bc pht trin. n cui nm 1974, sn xut cng nng nghip trn mt s mt t v vt mc nm 1964 v 1971, i sng nhn dn n nh. + a vo chin trng 20 vn b i. t xut trong hai thng u nm 1975, min Bc a vo Nam 57.000 b i cng khi lng vt cht - k thut khng l, p ng y v kp thi nhu cu to ln v cp bch ca cuc Tng tin cng chin lc.
Cau 68. Trong nhng nm u sau Hip nh Pari 1973 v Vit Nam, cuc u tranh ca nhn dn ta min Nam chng m mu, hnh ng mi ca M v chnh quyn Vit Nam Cng ha din ra nh th no ? Nu ngha ca chin thng Phc Long (6/1/1975).
Hng dn tr li
- Sau Hip nh Pari 1973, M vn tip tc vin tr qun s, kinh t cho chnh quyn Si Gn. Chnh quyn Si Gn ngang nhin ph hoi Hip nh Pari, tin hnh chin dch trn ngp lnh th, m nhng cuc hnh qun bnh nh - ln chim vng gii phng ca ta, tip tc chin lc Vit Nam ha chin tranh. - Nhn dn min Nam tip tc chng m mu v hnh ng mi ca M v chnh quyn Si Gn, t mt s kt qu nht nh. Nhng do khng nh gi ht m mu ca ch, do qu nhn mnh n ha bnh, ha hp dn tc, nn ti mt s a bn quan trng, ta b mt t, mt dn. - Thng 7/1973, Hi ngh Trung ng ln th 21 nu r nhim v c bn ca cch mng min Nam trong giai on hin ti l tip tc cch mng dn tc, dn ch nhn dn bng con ng cch mng bo lc, phi nm vng chin lc tin cng, kin quyt u tranh trn c ba
mt trn: qun s, chnh tr, ngoi giao. Thc hin ngh quyt 21, qun dn min Nam kin quyt nh tr ch, bo v v m rng vng gii phng. - Cui nm 1974 u nm 1975, ta m t hot ng qun s ng Xun vo hng Nam B, trng tm l ng bng sng Cu Long v ng Nam B, ginh thng li ln trong chin dch nh ng 14 - Phc Long, loi khi vng chin 3000 ch, gii phng ng 14, th x v ton tnh Phc Long. Chnh quyn Si Gn phn ng mnh, a qun chim li nhng tht bi, cn M ch phn ng yu t, dng p lc t xa. - Nhn dn min Nam y mnh u tranh chnh tr, ngoi giao, t co M v chnh quyn Si Gn vi phm Hip nh Paris, nu cao tnh chnh ngha cuc chin u ca nhn dn ta, i lt chnh quyn Nguyn Vn thiu, thc hin cc quyn t do, dn ch. - Ti vng gii phng, nhn dn ta ra sc khi phc v y mnh sn xut, tng ngun d tr chin lc cho cuc chin u hon thnh gii phng min Nam.
Cau 69. ng Lao ng Vit Nam cn c vo iu kin nh th no ra k hoch gii phng hon ton min Nam ? Ni dung ca k hoch l g ? Khi qut din bin cuc Tng tin cng v ni dy Xun 1975 ca qun dn ta min Nam Vit Nam.
Hng dn tr li
1. Ch trng, k hoch gii phng min Nam : Cui nm 1974 u nm 1975, trong tnh hnh so snh lc lng min Nam thay i c li cho cch mng, B chnh tr Trung ng ng ra k hoch gii phng min Nam trong hai nm 1975 - 1976, nhng nhn mnh c nm 1975 l thi c v nu thi c n vo u hoc cui nm 1975 th lp tc gii phng min Nam trong nm 1975. 2. Cuc Tng tin cng v ni dy Xun 1975 : a. Chin dch Ty Nguyn (4/3 n 24/3/1975) : - Ty Nguyn l a bn chin lc quan trng m ta v ch c nm gi. Nhng do nhn nh sai hng tin cng ca ta, ch cht gi y mt lc lng mng... B Chnh tr quyt nh chn Ty Nguyn lm hng tin cng ch yu trong nm 1975. - Ngy 10/3/1975, sau khi nh nghi binh Pleiku, Kontum, ta tin cng v gii phng bun M Thut. Ngy 12.03, ch phn cng chim li nhng khng thnh. - Ngy 14/3/1975, Nguyn Vn Thiu ra lnh rt qun khi Ty Nguyn v gi vng duyn hi min Trung. Trn ng rt chy, chng b qun ta truy kch tiu dit. - Ngy 24/03/1975, ta gii phng Ty Nguyn vi 60 vn dn. ngha : Chin dch Ty Nguyn thng li chuyn cuc khng chin chng M cu nc sang giai on mi: t tin cng chin lc Ty Nguyn pht trin thnh Tng tin cng chin lc trn ton chin trng min Nam. b. Chin dch Hu Nng (21/3 n 29/03/1975) : - Trong khi chin dch Ty Nguyn tip din, B chnh tr quyt nh gii phng hon ton min Nam, trc ht l chin dch gii phng Hu Nng. - Pht hin ch co cm Hu, ngy 21/03 qun ta nh thng vo cn c, chn ng rt chy v bao vy ch trong thnh ph. - 25/03, ta tn cng vo Hu v hm sau (26/03) gii phng Hu v ton tnh Tha Thin. - Trong cng thi gian, ta gii phng th x Tam K, Qung Ngi, Chu Lai, uy hip Nng t pha Nam. Nng ri vo th c lp, hn 10 vn qun ch b dn v y tr nn hn lon, mt ht kh nng chin u. - Sng 29/3 qun ta tin cng Nng, n 3 gi chiu ta chim ton b thnh ph. - Cng thi gian ny, cc tnh cn li ven bin min Trung, Nam Ty Nguyn, mt s tnh Nam B ln lt c gii phng. c. Chin dch H Ch Minh lch s (26/4 n 30/4/1975) : - Sau hai chin dch, B chnh tr nhn nh: "Thi c chin lc mi n, ta c iu kin hon thnh sm quyt tm gii phng min Nam... trc thng 5/1975" vi phng chm thn
tc, to bo, bt ng, chc thng. Chin dch gii phng Si Gn c mang tn Chin dch H Ch Minh. - Trc khi m chin dch H Ch Minh, qun ta nh Xun Lc, Phan Rang nhng cn c phng th trng yu ca ch bo v pha ng Si Gn, lm M ngu hong lon. - 18/4/1975 : Tng thng M ra lnh di tn ngi M . - 21/4, Nguyn Vn Thiu t chc tng thng. - 17 gi ngy 26/4, qun ta m u chin dch, 5 cnh qun tin vo trung tm Si Gn, nh chim cc c quan u no ca ch. - 10 gi 45 pht ngy 30/4, xe tng ca ta tin vo Dinh c Lp, bt sng tan b Chnh ph Trung ng Si Gn. Dng Vn Minh tuyn b u hng khng iu kin. - 11 gi 30 pht cng ngy, l c cch mng tung bay trn ta nh Ph tng thng, chin dch H Ch Minh ton thng. - Cc tnh cn li ca Nam B, nhn dn nht t ni dy v tin cng theo phng thc x gii phng x, huyn gii phng huyn, tnh gii phng tnh . - Ngy 2/5/1975, min Nam hon ton gii phng. M rng : S ch o qun s ti tnh ca ng ta trong cuc Tng tin cng v ni dy Xun 1975 c th hin nhng im no ? Hy nu v phn tch. Bit chp ng thi c v ra ch trng chnh xc, kp thi (phn tch). Kt hp t chc tin cng v ni dy (phn tch). Ch o s phi hp gia chin trng chnh v ph (phn tch). Ngh thut tc chin ti gii v iu luyn ca Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam c th hin qua vic : + Chn im tin cng : Bun Ma Thut (phn tch). + Ngh thut nghi binh, gi b mt, nh bt ng. + Ngh thut chi ct chin dch. + Linh hot trong chin u.
Cau 70. Trnh by nguyn nhn thng li v ngha lch s ca cuc khng chin chng M cu nc (1954 - 1975).
Hng dn tr li
1. ngha lch s : Kt thc 21 nm chin u chng M v 30 nm chin tranh gii phng dn tc, bo v T quc t sau Cch mng thng Tm 1945, chm dt ch thng tr ca ch ngha quc v ch phong kin nc ta, hon thnh cch mng dn tc dn ch nhn dn, thng nht t nc. M ra mt k nguyn mi ca lch s dn tc: t nc c lp, thng nht, i ln CNXH. Tc ng mnh n tnh hnh nc M v th gii, c v phong tro cch mng th gii, nht l phong tro gii phng dn tc. 2. Nguyn nhn thng li : Nguyn nhn chnh l do c s lnh o sng sut ca ng ng u l Ch tch H Ch Minh vi ng li chnh tr, qun s c lp, t ch, ng li cch mng ng n, sng to, phng php u tranh linh hot, kt hp u tranh qun s, chnh tr, ngoi giao Nhn dn ta giu lng yu nc, on kt nht tr, lao ng cn c, chin u dng cm v s nghip cch mng. Hu phng min Bc p ng kp thi cc yu cu ca cuc chin u hai min. S phi hp chin u v on kt gip ca ba dn tc ng Dng. S ng tnh ng h, gip ca cc lc lng cch mng, ha bnh, dn ch trn th gii, nht l ca Lin X, Trung Quc v cc nc x hi ch ngha khc. Nhn dn M v nhn dn th gii phn i cuc chin tranh xm lc Vit Nam ca M.

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Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

CHNG I. VIT NAM T NM 1919 N NM 1930

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Nu khi qut phong tro u 1920 - 1925.

Phong tro Mc tiu Tnh cht

Cng nhn Nng v mc ch kinh t. - T pht - Tin dn n t gic

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

CHNG II. VIT NAM T NM 1930 N NM 1945

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Ni dung Nhn nh k th Mc tiu u tranh Tp hp lc lng

Lc lng tham gia

Ch yu cng nhn - nng dn.

Phng php v hnh thc u tranh

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Khi ngha Nam K

Binh bin Lng

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

CHNG III. VIT NAM T NM 1946 N NM 1954

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12

Qun Tng a vo lu hnh ng Quc t, Quan kim lm ri lon nn ti chnh

Chu Tin Lc - Trng THPT Th c

Ti liu n tp Lch s Vit Nam khi 12