Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

MC LC
CHNG I : TNG QUAN V MNG VIN THNG .............................. 3
Bi 1 : Mng vin thng............................................................................ 3
1.nh ngha : ......................................................................................... 3
2.Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng ................................................... 3
Bi 2 : K thut mng li vin thng..................................................... 4
1. Cu hnh mng .................................................................................... 5
2. nh s............................................................................................... 8
3. Bo hiu.............................................................................................. 9
4.Tnh cc........................................................................................... 11
5. ng b ............................................................................................ 11
6. Cht lng lin lc (dch v)............................................................. 13
CHNG II :THIT K V QUY HOCH KT NI MNG (Topology)14
Bi 1:L thuyt v th (Graph Theory)............................................. 14
1. Khi nim v l thuyt th ............................................................ 14
2. nh ngha cc khi nim c bn ...................................................... 14
3. Cch biu din th: ....................................................................... 14
4. Bc ca nh th: .......................................................................... 16
5. khi nim xch,chu trnh (ng, vng) ............................................ 16
6. Mt s dng th ............................................................................ 17
7. Cy v sao (Tree,Star)....................................................................... 18
Bi 2: Thut ton ng dng trong thit k mng.................................. 18
1. Gii thiu.......................................................................................... 18
2. Thut ton Kruskal (tm MST cu th).......................................... 19
3. Thut ton Prim ................................................................................ 21
4. Thut ton Dijkstra: .......................................................................... 23
Bi 3: Thit k kt ni (Topology Design) ............................................. 24
1.Bi ton thit k kt ni: .................................................................... 24
2. Thit k kt ni mng truy nhp........................................................ 25
3. Thut ton Mentor ............................................................................ 27
CHNG III: L THUYT LU LNG V HNG I ..................... 29
Bi 1: Khi nim v lu lng v n v Erlang................................... 29
1. nh ngha: ....................................................................................... 29
2. Lu lng mang : ............................................................................. 29
3. Lu lng pht sinh A: ..................................................................... 31
4. Lu lng tn tht Ar : ..................................................................... 31
Bi 2: S bin ng lu lng , khi nim gi bn v tc nghn......... 31
1. Gi bn l g ?................................................................................... 31
2. Tc nghn. ........................................................................................ 32
Bi3 :H thng tn tht (Loss) v cng thc Erlang B ......................... 32
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

1 .Cng thc Erlang B : ........................................................................ 32

2. Cc c tnh lu lng ca cng thc Erlang B ................................ 34
3. Lu lng mang bi knh th i:........................................................ 35
Bi 4: H thng tr (Delay) v cng thc Erlang C .............................. 36
1. Cng thc Erlang C: ......................................................................... 36
Bi 5: Nguyn l Moe.............................................................................. 39
Bi 6: L thuyt hng i ....................................................................... 39
1.Gii thiu:.......................................................................................... 39
2. Miu t h thng hng i................................................................. 40
Bi 7 : Tin trnh im............................................................................ 40
1. M t tin trnh ................................................................................. 40
2.Tnh cht ca tin trnh ...................................................................... 40
Bi 8 : Tin trnh Poisson ....................................................................... 42
1. c tnh ca tin trnh poisson : ........................................................ 42
2. Cc bin i ca tin trnh poisson:................................................... 42
Bi 9: nh l Little ................................................................................ 43
1. Cng thc Little ................................................................................ 43
2. Chng minh cng thc Little: ........................................................... 45
Bi 10 : Phn tch mt hng i n ..................................................... 45
1. K hiu Kendall ................................................................................ 45
2. Qu trnh Sinh-T (Birth-Death)....................................................... 46
3. Hng i M/M/1 ............................................................................... 47
4. Hng i M/M/1/K ........................................................................... 49
5. Hng i M/M/C............................................................................... 50
CHNG IV :H THNG QUN L MNG .......................................... 51
Bi 1: Tng quan v qun l mng ........................................................ 51
1.Cc mng thng tin v cng tc qun l............................................. 51
2. Cc h thng mng ring................................................................... 51
3. Qun l mng.................................................................................... 51
Bi 2: Khi nim c bn v qun l mng............................................. 52
1. M hnh qun l mng ...................................................................... 52
2. Cc nhim v ca qun l mng........................................................ 52
3. Phn cng cc cng vic qun l....................................................... 53
4. Nhng chc nng qun l ca h thng qun l mng ...................... 54
Bi 3 : H thng qun l mng............................................................... 55
1. Chc nng :....................................................................................... 55
2. Cc loi h thng qun l mng ........................................................ 55

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

CHNG I : TNG QUAN V MNG VIN THNG

Bi 1 : Mng vin thng
1.nh ngha :
Mng vin thng l tp hp cc trang thit b k thut cung cp dch
v vin thng cho ngi dng (c phn cng ln phn mm).
2.Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng
Bao gm phn cng:
- Thit b u cui
- Cc h thng chuyn mch
- Cc thit b truyn dn

V tinh

Thoi

TE

Fax

TE

Data

TE

TE

TE

TE
TE

TE

TE

TE

ng truyn

TE: m bo giao tip gia ngi dng, chuyn i thng tin sang tn
hiu in v trao i cc tn hiu iu khin mng li.
Thit b chuyn mch : Thit lp ng truyn dn gia cc thu bao
bt k, vi thit b chuyn mch th ng truyn c chia s mng
li c th s dng mt cc kinh t, c hia loi thit b chuyn mch :
- Tng i ni ht :Dng kt ni trc tip vi thu bao.

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

- Tng i chuyn tip : Chuyn mch lu lng gia cc tng i

vi nhau.
Thit b truyn dn: Dng kt ni thu bao ti tng i v kt ni
cc tng i vi nhau m bo truyn tthng tin mt cch chnh xc.,
bao gm:
- Truyn dn hu tuyn
- Truyn dn v tuyn
Bi 2 : K thut mng li vin thng
K thut mng li vin thng cn thit lm cho s kt hp ca cc
dng thit b c th vn hnh nh mt mng li, k thut mng li vin
thng bao gm : Cu hnh mng li, nh s, tnh cc, bo hiu, ng b
mng li v cht lng lin lc.
K thut mng li vin thng

- Cu hnh mng

- ng b

- nh s

- Cht lng

- Bo hiu

- Tnh cc

Thit b mng

Thit b
mng

Thit b
chuyn
mch

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

Thit b
truyn
dn

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

1. Cu hnh mng
a) T chc mng li
- Cc dng c bn: Dng li (mesh), dng sao (star) v dng hn
hp.
- T chc mng li c ngha l kt ni cc tng i vi nhau.
- Khi c nhiu hn mt tng i c ni bng trung k th khi
ta c mt t chc mng li.
Mng li :
Cc tng i c kt ni trc tip vi nhau thng qua tng i trung
gian. S lng cc ng kt ni khi c n tng i =

n(n 1)
2

Khng ph hp cho phm vi rng.

Lu lng trn tng i nh lu lng trn mch thp km hiu qu do
vy phng php ny ch thch hp cho mng c t tng i, nm tp trung
trong vng c phm v hp.
u im: Khi c s c th n d dng khc phc c.
Mng sao :
Cc tng i ni ht c ni ti tng i chuyn tip nh hnh sao. Lu
lng gia cc tng i ni ht c tp trung bi tng i chuyn tip.
u: Cc ng truyn dn s c cng mt cch hiu qu hn.
Mng sao thch hp vi ni yu cu k thut truyn dn cao hn chi ph
chuyn mch , tng i c th phn b trong vng rng ln.
Khi tng i chuyn tip b hng th cuc gi gia cc tng i ni ht khng
th thc hin c nh hng ti mt vng rng.
Mng hn hp :
L mng kt hp ca hai mng trn.
c dim: Khi lu lng gia cc tng i ni ht nh th n s c kt ni
thng qua tng i chuyn tip. Khi lu lng ln th cc tng i c kt
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

ni trc tip vi nhau, cu hnh ny cho php khai thc cc tng i v thit b
hiu qu hn.
b) Phng php xc nh cu hnh mng
T chc phn cp
- Khi mt mng c qui m nh th n thng c sp xp khng cn
cp no c, khi mng ln ln th t chc phn cp thng c p
dng.
- Phn cp ngha l tng i ni ht c ni kt ti tng i cp trn
(trung tm c s) sau cc trung tm c s ny c kt ni ti tng
i cp cao hn.
Trung tm cp 2

Trung tm c s

LE
Bin gii vng

nh tuyn:
Thng thng c nhiu ng kt ni gia hai tng i, vic la chn
ng kt ni gia chng gi l nh tuyn. Trong nh tuyn th x l
thay th thng c thc hin, c ngha l khi tuyn th nht c la
chn m b chim th tuyn hai c la chn, cn nu tuyn hai b chim
th tuyn ba c la chn,
c) V d v t chc phn cp :
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

M, Canada
Anh

RC

MSC

SC

DSC

PC

GSC

TC/TP

LE

IP

RC : Reginal Center
SC : Sectional Center
PC : Primary Center
TP : Toll Print
TC : Toll Center
IP : Intermediate Point

MSC : Main Switching Center

DSC : Districk Switching Center
GSC : Group Switching Center

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Vit Nam

GMSC

Toll

VTI

VTN

Tenderm

2. nh s
Yu cu nh s
D nh v d s dng
S th khng cn thit thay i trong mt thi gian di (mang tnh d tr), khi
s lng thu bao tng Khng b thay i s.
nh tuyn v tnh cc d dng, a ra c dch v mi mt cch thun
tin.
H thng nh s:
- H thng nh s ng
- H thng nh s m
ng ngha l khoanh vng cc thu bao c s cc ch s nh nhau
(C ngha trong php vi hp, ni b nh trong c quan, vn phng,)

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

M l kt hp ca nhiu vng nh s ng, cc thu bao thuc vng

khc nhau c thm tin t trung k v m s trung k.
Cu to s
S quc gia :
Tin t trung k

M trung k

M tng i

S trm

S 0

S thu bao

S quc gia

Theo khuyn ngh E163 ca ITU th tin t trung k i vi cc nc l

s 0, m trng k bao gm mt, hai, ba hay bn ch s.
S quc t:
Tin t

M nc

M trung k

M tng i

S trm

S 0

S quc gia
S quc t

M quc gia (nc) cng do ITU ch ra, bao gm 1,2 hay 3 ch s.S quc t
khng qu 12 ch s,i vi s thu bao ISDN th khng qu 15 k t.
3. Bo hiu
Yu cu:
- Dung lng thng tin .
- Tr truyn tn hiu phi nh.
- Cc tn hiu n nh v khng c li.
- ng truyn phi c thit k 1 cch kinh t.
- m bo kt ni cc mng tt thng qua vic tiu chun ho tn hiu.
Cc dng tn hiu bo hiu
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Chim dng
Chim dng
Gii phng
hng i

Tn hiu
gim st

Tr li
Tn hiu
hng v

Tn hiu

Gii phng
hng v
PB (Push
Buttom )

Tn hiu a ch

Bo hiu gia thu bao v tng i:

MF (MutiFrequency)
DP (Dial
Pulse)

- Tn hiu gim st c gi i bi s phn cc tt hay bt ca dng 1

chiu.
- Tn hiu a ch c gi bng PB hoc DP.
Bo hiu gia tng i v tng i: bao gm 2 loi:
- CAS: Bo hiu lin knh
- CCS:Bo hiu knh chung
CAS:Tn hiu bo hiu c gn vi mi mch thoi, tn hiu bo hiu
ny thng c gi v nhn trc thi im cuc gi tin hnh. Ngy nay,
khng dng CAS m chuyn sang CCS.
CCS: Tn hiu bo hiu c tch ra khi tn hiu thoi v c thay
th bng cc bn tin v c truyn i trn h thng truyn dn ring bit.
SS7:
- Cu trc phn lp so snh vi OSI
- Nguyn tc xy dng mng SS7
- Cu trc ca bn tin: MSuLSSU, FISU v ngha cc trng trong bn
tin.
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

10

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

4.Tnh cc
Yu cu:
Hp l vi ngi s dng
H thng gi cc n gin
H thng tnh cc chp nhn c t fc chi ph dch v
Thit b tnh cc n gin
Cc dng v c im ca h thng gi cc
Gi cc ngang bng
Gi cc l c nh cho hng thng.
c im:
Thu nhp n nh, khng cn thit b o, ho n n gin.
i vi nhng ngi s dng t v nhiu(lu lng) khng cng bng.
(2)H thng gi cc c o:
Da trn nguyn tc tnh theo lu lngcng bng hn i vi ngi s
dng.
-i vi nh dich v th cn c thit b o, sgs ho n phc tp hn.
-Khi khng c cuc gi th thu nhp ca nh cung cp bng 0khng b p
c chi ph xy dng mng.
(3) Tnh ton cc cuc gi
Da trn thi gian cuc gi tng ng theo khong cch.
Cc cuc gi = a.

thgiangoi
Tgiy

a:Cc cuc gi cho T giy ng vi 1 khong cch nht nh.

-Bng vic thay i gi tr a hay T ta c 2 phng php tnh cc:
+)Phng php tnh cc thi gian c nh (T khng i, a thay i theo
khong cch)
+)Phng php o nhp chu k (a khng i, T thay i theo khong cch)
5. ng b
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Yu cu:
Thc hin s to ra cc tn s (cc tn s ng h) th phi c thng
nht mt cch chnh xc truyn v nhn thng tin gia cc tng i v cc
h thng truyn dn :
- H thng cn ng b (cn ng b c lp)
- H thng ch v t
- H thng tng h
H thng cn ng b :B dao ng c t c lp ti mi im ca
mng.
ng b ch-t (Master-Slaver):ng h c tin cy cao c lp
trm ch v tn hiu ng h c phn phi qua mng.
Master

Slaver

ng b tng h: ng h bin i c lp t ti mi trm trong

mng c K 1 cch tng h bi cc tn hiu ng h ca cc trm khc
to ra 1 ng h thng nht chung cho cc trm trong mng li.

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

6. Cht lng lin lc (dch v)

Cht lng ph thuc vo cc yu t:
-

Cp dch v

Cht lng truyn dn

S n nh

Cht lng chuyn mch:

Xc sut li (mt) kt ni l do:
-

Bn thn thit b

Mch qu giang b bn, hay thu bao bn

Tr kt ni do:
- Tr tn hiu quay s,tr quay s tc l thi gian t lc ta
quay s ti lc ta nghe thy ting chung bn b gi.
- Tr gii phng ng ay (thi gian nh nht kt thc
cuc gi ny v bt u cuc gi khc.
Cht lng ting.
S n nh ca cc thit b:
-

tin cy ca cc thit b phi c m bo

Ch v chi ph khi nng cp n nh sao cho hp l

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

CHNG II :THIT K V QUY HOCH KT NI MNG

(Topology)
Bi 1:L thuyt v th (Graph Theory)
1. Khi nim v l thuyt th
Biu din cc trung tm bng cc nt v ni vi nhau, ng kt ni biu
th quan h s x hi (x hi ),kinh t (s t chc) v trong giao
thng (mng giao thng).
Konig l ngi u tin c tng gi cc dng s trn l th v
a ra l thuyt th.
VD1: Tm ng i gia cc nt A,B,C,D trong mng
VD2:T mu cho bn d, c bao nhiu mu ti thiu sao cho 2 nc cnh
nhau c mu khc nhau.
VD3: Bi ton tm ng i ca ngi bn hng.
2. nh ngha cc khi nim c bn
a) th : Tp hp X cc i tng v b E, cc cp sp th t v khng sp
th t, cc phn t ca X c gi l 1 th, c k hiu la G(X,E)
b) nh: Cc phn t ca X c gi l nh (Vertex,node)
c) Cnh: Cnh l cp nh khng sp th t (Egde,Link)
d) Cung: L cp nh c sp xp theo th t (Are)
e) Cnh cung bi: L mt cp nh c th dc ni vi nhau bng 2 hoc
nhiu hn 2 cnh (hoc l 2 cung). Lc cnh vi cung gi l cnh cung bi.
f) nh k nhau: Cp nh X,Y gi l k nhau nu XY v l 2 u ca cng
mt cnh hay 1 cung.
g) th v hng (Undirected graph): L th ch c cha cnh
h) th c hng: L th ch c cha cung.
3. Cch biu din th:
VD: Cho th c khuyn G(X,E) c tp nh. X={x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7}
V tp cnh v cung :
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

E={(x1,x2); (x2,x3); (x4,x6); (x5,x6); (x3,x3); (x1,x6); (x5,x5)}

a1

a2

a3

a4

a1 a5 l cc cnh

a5

b1

b2

a1

b1, b2 l cc cung

X1

a2

x2

khuyn

nt

b1

X3

a5

X5
b2

a4

X6

X4

a3

X7

Biu din bng ma trn lin thc:

G(X,E):

X={x1,..,xn}
E={e1,.,en}

Ma trn A= aij ; 1<i<n; 1<m<j

+1 nu xi l cc nh u cung
-1 nu xi l cc nh cui cung
1 nu xi l mt u cnh ej

aij =

0 nu xi khng thuc cnh (cung) ej

+2 nu xi l nh m cung ej ng thi l khuyn xut pht t n
-2 nu xi l nh m cnh ej ng thi l nt thuc n

x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7

a1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0

a2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0

a3
0
0
0
1
0
1
0

a4
0
0
0
0
1
1
0

a5
0
0
-2
0
0
0
0

b1
+1
0
0
0
0
-1
0

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

b2
0
0
0
0
+2
0
0

15

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

4. Bc ca nh th:
- Bc ca nh: S cnh v s cung thuc nh th c gi l bc ca
nh x v k hiu l: m(x)
Tnh cht:
- Tng s bc ca cc nh cng gp i s cnh
- S nh bc l lun l 1 s chn.
- Trong mt th vi n nh (n>=2) th c t nht 2 nh cng bc.
5. khi nim xch,chu trnh (ng, vng)
Ch : i vi th v hng c khi nim xch v chu trnh.i vi
th c hng c khi nim ng v vng.
Tuy nhin vn dung khi nim ng (path) cho c hai loi th.
-Xch, chu trnh ( th v hng) :Cho G(X,E) l th v hng, dy
cc nh thuc G(X,E); =[x1,x2xi,...xn] c gi l mt xch nu mi i
th cp nh (xi,xj) l k nhau.
- di cu xch ||: L tng s v tr ca tt c cc cnh xut hin trong
xch th c gi l di xch.
-Chu trnh:Nu xch vi hai u trung nhau th c gi l chu trnh.
-Xch chu trnh n (s cp) L xch hay chu trnh nu n i qua mi
cnh hoc nh khng qu 1 ln.
V d:

X2

X1

X3

X5

X6

X4

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

1 = {x1,x2,x3,x4} xch
2 ={x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x1} chu trnh n (s cp)
3 ={x1,x5,x2,x4,x5,x6,x1} l chu trnh

ng, vng ( th c hng)

+)ng G(X.E): Cho th G9X,E) l th c hng, dy nh
ca G(X,E); (= [x,x21,...,xn] c gi l mt ng nu vi mi gi tr ca i
th xi l nh u cn x i +1 l nh cui ca mt cung no .
+) di ca ng: L tng s v tr ca cung xut hin trong
+)Vng : L ng c dim u v im cui trng nhau.
+)ng vng n, s cp: L ng vng nu n i qua mi cnh v
mi nh khng qu 1 ln,
6. Mt s dng th
th lin thng (Connected graph)
-Cp nh lin thng: nh x,y c gi l lin thng nu gia x v y c
t nht 1 xch ni vi nhau hoc tn ti t nht mt ng i t x ti y hoc
ngc li
- th lin thng:
th v hng G(X,E) gi l lin thng nu mi cp nh ca n u
lin thng,
VD:

th y (Complete graph):
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

G(X,E) c gi l th y nu mi cp nh c ni vi nhau bng

ng 1 cnh
Ch :Nu mi cp nh c ni vi nhau bng ng k cnh th th
G(X,E) c gi l th k y .
VD:

th phng (Planar graph)

G(X,E) c gi l th phng nu n c t nht mt dng biu din hnh
hc tri trn 1 mt phng no m cc cnh ca n ch ct nhau nh.
7. Cy v sao (Tree,Star)
- Cy: L th lin thng khng cha chu trnh (vng)
- Cy bao trm ca th ST (Spanning tree) l cy kt ni tt c cc
nh ca th.
- Sao: L th lin thng vi duy nht 1 nh c bc ln hn 1.
Bi 2: Thut ton ng dng trong thit k mng
1. Gii thiu
- Yu cu i vi thut ton:
Trong thit k mng cn c nhng thut ton a ra gii php hp l trong
khong thi gian chp nhn c.
Hiu nng:Tng thi gian cn thit gii quyt.
Vn thc t:
Cc thnh ph cn kt ni vi nhau

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Cn phi xy dng kt ni, ni tt c cc thnh ph vi chi ph thp

nht.
Vn k thut:
Tm tp ca cc nt sao cho kt ni c chiu di nh nht. Tng ng vi
vic tm cy bao chm c chiu di nh nht (minimum spanning tree-MST)
Bi ton:
Cho tp cc nt {A,B,C,D,,N}
V tp cc lin kt {(A,B),(B,C),,}
Tm cy MST?
Cy bao chm:
Cho tp G(N,A);N l tp nut i;N{i}; i= 1, n v tp cnh A{(i,j)}
- Xy dng cy bao trm T{(N,A}
- Cc bc thc hin:
Chn (i,j) A v i N;j N-N
N=j N (b xung nt j vo tp N)
A=A{(i,j)}(b sung cnh (i,j)vo A)
Tip tc cho n khi N=N
Ch :
+)Thut bon bt u t nt u tincha c nh no
+)Mi bc thm vo N 1 nt v 1 cnh
+)Cy bao trumg T bo gm n nt v (n-1)cnh
2. Thut ton Kruskal (tm MST cu th)
Cc bc ca thut ton:
- Cho th c cc tp cc nt v cc cnh (cnh)
Bc 1: Sp xp tt c lin kt theo gi thp ti cao vo bng gi lin kt
Bc 2: Kim tra tt c cc nt kt ni vi nhau cha?
+)Nu c th dng
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

19

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

+)Nu khng th tip tc

Bc 3: nh du lin kt u tintong bng lin kt
Bc 4: Nu khng cn lin kt no m cha kt ni th dng.
Bc 5: Kim tra lin kt nh du c to vo hay khng?
+)Nu c th b ra khi bng lin kt
+)Nu khng th thm vo th, b khi bng lin kt. Quay tr li
bc 2
V d :
18

13

7
2

23

14

I
30
3

13
11

A
10

TT

24

Lin kt

11

Gi ca lin kt

Gii php

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

20

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

BC
IE
BA
CD
AD
AH
HI
HG
IG
IF
EF
DE
DI
GF
DH

2
3
6
7
8
10
11
11
13
14
15
18
23
24
30

Chn
Chn
Chn
Chn
Khng chn (to vng)
Chn
Chn
Chn
Khng chn (to vng)
Chn
Dng
Dng
Dng
Dng
Dng

Tng di cy MST l :
L MST = 2+3+6+7+10+11+11+14 = 64
3. Thut ton Prim
Mc ch: Tm cy MST
Cc bc:
- Pht trin cy t mt nt ban u trong mng.
- C cc bc k tip nhau.
- mi 1 bc tm nt mi thm vo cy bng cch chn 1 lin
kt c di nh nht (lin kt ni gia nt thuc cy v 1 nt
khng thuc cy)
V d :

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

21

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

18

13

7
2

23

14

24

I
30
3

13
11

A
10

G
11

Bc 1: Chn mt nt bt k (gi s y ta chn B )

Bc 2: B sung nt B vo cy T ban u T={B}
Sau chn BC do c gi tr nh nht
BC=2

chn BC

BA=6
Bc 3:
T=

{B,C}
{(B,C)}

Lc ny T c 2 nt v 1 lin kt

Bc 4:

{B,C,A}
T=
chn CD=7
{(B,A);(B,C)}
.
.
.
.
.
.
Bc 10: Kt thc cho ta di cy T=64
c im ca hai thut ton Kruskal v Prim :
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

22

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

- C hai thut ton trn u thuc loi thut ton Thum (greedy
algrithim) c im ca loi thut ton ny l lun chn gii php tt nht
trong tng bc mt m khng tnh n kt qu tng th. Thut ton Thum
thng a ra gii php gn ng thay v gii php ti u.
4. Thut ton Dijkstra:
Mc ch l tm cy PTS (path shortest tree)
Xy dng cy ni t nt ngun n tt c cc nt khc trong mng sao cho
ng i t nt ngun n mi nt l ngn nht.
iu kin :
N = tp cc nt trong mng
C : nt ngun ( trung tm)
M :tp cc nt xc nh c ng dn ngn nht
dij :gi lin kt t nt i j ;dij=0, dij= nu i,j khng ni trc tip vi
nhau
Ln: gi ca ng dn ngn nht t nt C n nt N
Cc bc :
1)Khi to M= C
Ln =dCn cho n c
2)Vi mi wN ; Lw =m.n.Lj vi jM thm w vo M
3) Tnh ton :Ln=m.n(Ln, Lw+dwn) vi mi n khng thuc M
1

V d :

3
3

5
4
2

4
2
1

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

23

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Bc 1: M= {0} (nt gc)

L 1 =L 10 = 1
L 2 =L 20 = 6
L 3 =L 30 = 3
L 4 =L 40 = 2
L 5 =L 50 = 4

L 1 min =1

Bc 2: M={0;1}
L 1 =1
L2

d 20 =6
L 2 =2
d 21 + L 1 = 1+1=2

L3

d 30 =3
L 3 =2
d 31 + L 1 =2

L4

d 40 =2
L 4 =2
d 41 + L 1 = + 1 =

L5

d 50 =4
L 5 =2
d 51 + L 1 =

Chn L 2 min = 2
M={0,1,2}
Ta thc hin tng t cho cc bc sau ...
Bi 3: Thit k kt ni (Topology Design)
1.Bi ton thit k kt ni:
Mng :
Mng truy nhp (Access Network)
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

24

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Mng li
Mng phn tn (chung)
Yu cu:
Xc nh v tr (to ) ca cc im kt ni
Xc nh lu lng ti cc nt
Xc nh : tr, bng thng ti a
Tnh ton d phng
2. Thit k kt ni mng truy nhp
Dng thut ton tm cy ti thiu c trng s CMTS (Capacitated
Minimum Spanning Tree)
Thut ton Kruskal
Bi ton CMTS :
Cho mt nt trung tm v mt tp cc nt truy nhp t N1 ti Nn, v cho tp
trng s ca mi nt tng ng l Wj, gii hn dung lng W , ma trn gi l
Cij (gi lin kt).
Tm tp cy T1,,Tk sao cho:
Mi nt ch thuc v mt Tj
Mi Tj u cha nt trung tm No
Tng trng s ca cc nt thuc Tj th nh hn W
Cy kt ni MST c chiu di nh nht
Thut ton Kruskal:
Bc 1: Sp xp lin kt theo gi , theo th t tng dn vo bng
Bc 2: Kim tra xem cc nt c lin thng hay khng? Nu c th
dng thut ton, nu khng th tip tc .
Bc 3: Chn lin kt dng u tin ca bng
Bc 4: kim tra xem cc lin kt nh du c to vng hay khng :
Nu c th b lin kt ra khi bng v quay v bc hai
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

25

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Nu khng th kim tra gii hn dung lng xem c vi phm

khng :
+ Nu vi phm th quay v bc hai
+ Nu khng vi phm th thm lin kt vo mng v b ra
khi bng lin kt ri quay v bc hai
V d :
6

2
6
6

15

12

5
5

10
6

3
3

Nt trung tm l nt 0
Trng s ca tt c cc nt w=1 ; iu kin W =3. Tm cy CMST ?

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

26

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Lin kt
(1,3)
(1,2)
(0,1)
(2,4)
(0,2)
(3,4)
(3,5)
(4,5)
(2,3)
(1,4)
(0,3)
(1,5)
(0,4)
(2,5)
(0,5)

Gi
3
4
5
5
6
6
6
7
8
8
9
10
12
12
15

Gii php
chn
chn
chn
khng chn ( Wi>3)
khng chn (to vng)
khng chn (Wi>3)
khng chn ( Wi>3)
chn
khng chn (to vng)
khng chn (Wi>3)
khng chn (to vng)
khng chn (Wi>3)
chn dng
chn dng
chn dng

3. Thut ton Mentor

- Dng thit k mng Backbone, mng a dch v, mng phn tn.
- L thut ton lai ghp gia MSTv pST
Bc 1:tm tm c ca mng :
N

Mi = Cijwj
j =1

Mi =min =>i l tm C ca mng

N : s nt ca mng
wj: trng s ca nt j
Cij :gi lin kt (i;j)
Wj =

(r

kj

+r jk )

r jk :lu lng t nt jk

r kj :lu lng t nt kj
Bc 2: Tm cc nt Back bone trong mng :

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

27

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

- So snh tt c cc Wi vi W, nu tho mn Wj W th gn i l
nt Back bone
- Ly i lm tm quay vng trn tm i bn knh R, th cc nt sau
y l nt truy nhp ca nt i .
Ch :Trong qu trnh xc nh c mt s nt cha nm trong vng trn tm
i, bn knh R. Cc nt nh vy ta ni n thuc tp Uv phi c mt thut ton
tip tc a cc nt thuc tp Uvo cc nt truy cp tng ng .
Xt hm:
Fj = Pc.

Cjc
wj
+ (1-Pc)
D
W

Cjc :gi t nt j n tm c
D : ng knh mng (khong cch gia 2 nt trong mng)
wj :trng s
W :mc ngng ; Pc=01
- Tnh ton gi tr Fj cho tt c cc nt thuc tp U nu Fj ln nht th
chn nt nt j lm nt Back bone v li quay vng trn tm j bn knh r, cc
nt thuc vng trn ny l cc nt truy nhp v qu trnh li tip tc cho ti
khi cc nt nm trong mng
Bc 3: Xy dng cy kt ni gia cc nt Back bone vi nhau.
Cy MST : Total Length = min
Total path = max
PST

: Total Length = max

Total path

Mentor :

= min

Kt hp MST v pST

- Cy MST
+) Chn nt gc trng tm c
+) Chn tp cy kt ni Nban u N= {c}
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

28

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

+) Tnh gi lin kt Lj = dij

+) Lj = min =>thm nt j v lin kt (i,j) vo N
-Cy PST:( tng t)
+) Lj =dij +Li
-Cy lai ghp Mentor :
+) Lj =dij + .li vi :01
-Cy Mentor:
= 0 MST
= 1 PST
Mng truy cp thng dng sao n gin => thut ton CMST
Trng s a vo nhm gim thiu cc kt ni nhnh ca cy an cho
cng ni vo back bone. Thut ton Mentor cho mng Backbone

CHNG III: L THUYT LU LNG V HNG I

Bi 1: Khi nim v lu lng v n v Erlang
1. nh ngha:
- Trong l thuyt lu lng vin thng, thng s dng thut ng lu
lng biu th cng lu lng , tc l lu lng trong mt n
v thi gian.
- nh ngha v cng lu lng :L mt lu lng tc thi trong
mt nhm ti nguyn dng chung l s ti nguyn bn ti thi im .
Y(t) =

1
T

n(t )dt
0

n(t) :s ti nguyn bn (s thit b c s dng ti thi im t)

2. Lu lng mang :
- K hiu : Ac =Y =A :Lu lng mang
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

29

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

- L lu lng c thc hin bi mt nhm phc v trong khong thi

gian t ln .
Ch :trong thc t thut ng cng lu lng thng c ngha l cng
lu lng trung bnh trong mt khong thi gian.
S
trung
k
bn

t
n v lu lng: ErlangT (Erl)
Khi lng lu lng
L tng lu lng mang trong chu k T v c o bng n v : Erl
gi (Eh)
Ch : Lu lng mang khng th vt qu s lng ng dy,
mt ng dy ch c th mang nhiu nht 1 Erl, v n v Erl khng c th
nguyn
V d : Cho mt mch v thi gian chim ng dng c biu din
Y(t)

3 min

0.5 min

0.5

t
gianT
xem
xt t=
1h
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - KhoaThi
in
Vin
Thng

30

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Tm Ac =?
Ac =

ti

=(3+0,5 +0,5)/60 =1/15(Erlang)

- i vi in thoi c nh thng th c Ac =0,010,04 Erl (at home)

- i vi c quan (on bussinise) : 0,04 0,06 Erl
- Tng i c quan: 0,6 Erl
- in thoi tr tin :0,7 Erl
3. Lu lng pht sinh A:
Khi nim :L lu lng c mang n khng c cuc gi no b t chi
do thiu ti nguyn (VD:vi s knh khng b gii hn ). Lu lng pht sinh
l mt gi tr l thuyt, khng o lng c v ch c th c lng thng
qua lu lng mang .
A =.S
: tc n ca cuc gi (s cuc gi n trong mt n v thi gian)
S :thi gian phc v trung bnh
Ngoi ra c th c tnh :A =/ ( : tc phc v)
4. Lu lng tn tht Ar :
Ar =A Ac
L s chnh lc gia lu lng pht sinh v lu lng mang. Gi tr Ar gim
khi nng lng ca h thng tng ln (nng lng tng s knh tng
gim c Ar)
Bi 2: S bin ng lu lng , khi nim gi bn v tc nghn
1. Gi bn l g ?
- Lu lng vin thng bo ng theo cc hot ng x hi, lu lng
pht sinh t cc ngun ring l v cc thu bao to cuc gi l hon

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

31

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

ton c lp vi nhau, lu lng va c bn cht ngu nhin va c bn

cht tin nh
- Thi gian gi bn nht (TCBH)l 60 pht lin tc m trong khong thi
gian lu lng trung bnh l cao nht.
Ch : C th c mt s ngy xy ra lu lng trong gi bn nht ln hn
thi gian ch bn nht, nhng trung bnh trong nhiu ngy th gi tr TCBH l
ln nht.
Ph thuc TCBH:
+)Ph thuc vo khong thi gian 24 gi.
+)Ph thuc ngy trong tun
+)Ph thuc theo ma (thng)
+)Lu lng tng theo hng nm.
2. Tc nghn.
Khi xy dng mng, cc nh thit k mng thng tnh ti mc ch kinh
t v da trn thc t l him khi c 100% thu bao cng thc hin cc kt
ni. V vy ngi ta xy dng mng ch p ng c mt phn nht nh ca
yu cu. Nh vy, cc thu bao phi chia s vi nhau v ti nguyn th c th
khng c kt ni ngay th cuc gi lc b t chi hay tc nghn.
Bi3 :H thng tn tht (Loss) v cng thc Erlang B
1 .Cng thc Erlang B :
Cng thc Erlang c m t bng 3 thnh phn l: cu trc, chin lc
v lu lng.
- Cu trc: H thng c n knh ng nht hot ng song song v c
gi l 1 nhm ng nht.
- Chin lc:Mt cuc gi ti h thng c chp nhn nu c t nht 1
knh ri, nu tt c cc knh u bn th cuc gi s b hu b m
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

32

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

khng gy mt nh hng no sau , chin lc ny c gi l m

hnh tn tht Erlang. (Loss Erlang hay LCC-Loss calls cleared)
- Lu lng: Gi s khong thi gian phc v c phn b theo hm
m v tin trnh s dng l tin trnh Poisson vi tc l . Loi lu
lng ny c gi l PCT-1 (pure chance trafic Type I)
Cng thc Erlang B biu th mi quan h gia lu lng xut hin, lng
thit b v cc xc sut tn hao. Cng thc c dng rng ri nh l thuyt
tiu chun cho vic lp quy hoch mng vin thng.
Cc chun ca cng thc Erlang B:
-

Cc cuc gi xut hin 1 cch ngu nhin.

Xc sut xy ra s c cuc gi lun c nh
Xc sut xy ra s c cuc gi khng b nh hng bi cc
cuc gi trc.
Trong thi gian rt ngn khng c cuc gi no xut hin
hoc ch mt cuc gi xut hin.

Tiu chun v dng tn hao: Cuc gi khng th lin lc c

khi tt c cc mnh u bn.

Nhm mch ra l nhm trung k c kh nng s dng ht.

Thi gian chim dng ca cc cuc gi gn ng vi phn b

hm m.

Cc mch vo v hn, cc mch ra hu hn.

An
n!
=
En(A)= E 1, n (A) = P(n) =
2
A
An
1+ A +
+ ... +
2!
n!

An
n!
n
Ai

i = 0 i!

A:Lu lng pht sinh (A=.s)

n: S knh

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

33

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

VD: Cho tc gi n bng mt cuc gi trn 1 pht, thi gian trung

bnh ca 1 cuc gi thi gian l 3 pht, s knh phc v bng 4. Tnh xc sut
tn tht P theo 2 cng thc trn.
Cch 1:
Lu lng pht sinh A= .t = 1.3 = 3Erl
34
4!

P(n)=

3 2 33 3 4
1+ 3+
+
+
2
3! 4!

= 0, 206

ngha : c 1/5 cc cuc gi ti s thu bao b tn tht (b bn)

Cch 2:
E 4 ( A) =

A.E3 ( A)
4 + A.E3 ( A)

E 0 ( A) = 1
E 1 ( A) =

E 2 ( A) =

A.E 0 ( A)
3
3
=
=
1 + A.E 0 ( A) 1 + 3 4
A.E1 ( A)
=
2 + A.E1 ( A)

A.E 2 ( A)
E 3 ( A) =
=
3 + A.E 2 ( A)

E 4 ( A) =

A.E 3 ( A)
=
4 + A.E 3 ( A)

3
4

3.

2 + 3.
3.

3
4

9
17

9
3 + 3.
17
3.

9
17

4 + 3.

9
17

9
17

27
78

81
0.2061
393

2. Cc c tnh lu lng ca cng thc Erlang B

- nghn theo thi gian E: Tc l phn thi gian m mi knh phc v
u bn, nghn loi ny c th o c ti tng i v c gi l nghn
o.
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

34

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

- nghn theo cuc gi B: L phn lcc cuc gi gp lc tt c cc

knh phc v u bn.
- nghn theo lu lng C:L phn lu lng pht sinh m khng
c phc v.
E = B = C = En(A) = p(n) i vi loi PCF-1.(Thuc tnh PASTA:Poisson
Arrival See Time Average).
Lu lng tn tht : Ar = A x p(n)
Lu lng mang : Ac = Y =A Ar = A(1-P(n)).
3. Lu lng mang bi knh th i:
- Tm chn theo kiu ngu nhin: Trong trng hp ny tt c cc knh
mang lu lng trung bnh bng nhau .Tng lu lng mang i lp
vi chin lc tu chn v tn hiu lu lng c mang a:
a=

Y
A(1 En( A))
=
n
n

- Tm chn theo th t : Lu lng mang trn knh i l chnh lch

gia lu lng tn tht ca h thng vi i-1.Knh v lu lng ca h
thng vi Y knh.
a i = A{Ei-1(A) Ei(A)}
Tm chn cc knh t di ln trn,nu knh di bn th chn cc knh trn.
Lu lng knh i

A ri
A ri 1

i-1
.
.
.
.

Y i 1

Yi

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

35

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

V d : Cho thi gian xem xt T l 1h ,lu lng pht sinh A l 1 Erl, s knh
l n=3, thi gian phc v trung bnh cho mt cuc gi l 3 pht. Tnh s lng
cuc gi b nghn trong khong thi gian T, tnh lu lng tn tht, lu lng
mang ?
- S cuc gi tn tht
N loss = B.N=P(n).N
A
S

1
3

N= .T = .T = .60 = 20 cuc gi
=

A 1
=
cuc gi/pht
S 3

An
13
1
3!
=
B=P(n)= n n! i =
2
A
1
13 16
+
1+1+

2! 3!
i = 0 i!

N loss =

1
.20 1.25 cuc gi
16

ngha : Trong 20 cuc gi dn c 1.25 cuc gi b nghn khng

c phc v.
- Lu lng tn tht :
Ar= A.C = 1.

1
1
=
(Erl)
16 16

- Lu lng mang
Ac = Y= A(1-P(n)) = 1.(1-

1
)= 15/16 (Erl)
16

Bi 4: H thng tr (Delay) v cng thc Erlang C

Xt lu lng vi tin trnh poisson (Khng gi hn v ti
nguyn).Phn b thi gian phc v l pct-1. H thng hng i ny c tn l
h thng tr Erlang.Trong h thng ny th lu lng mang s bng lu lng
pht sinh v khng c khch hng no b nghn.
1. Cng thc Erlang C:
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

36

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

W : L bin ngu nhin ca thi gian i th ta c xc xut bin w>0 l:

An n
.
n! n A
E 2, n (A) = P(w>0) =
A2
A n 1
An n
1+ A +
+ ... +
+
.
2!
(n 1)! n! n A

(A<n)

Cho bit xc xut cuc gi n h thng th n phi b xp vo hng i

(do s knh gii hn).
Vi A>n th chc chn phi vo hng i.
Xc xut 1 khch hng i phc v ngay :
Sn = E2,n(A)
Cng thc hi quy:
1
1
1
=
E1,n ( A)
E1, n1 ( A)
E2 , n ( A)

I 2,n (A) = I 1, n (A) - I 1,n1 (A)

I 2,n (A) =

1
E2 ,n ( A)

Lu lng pht sinh =lu lng mang

A=Y (Ch p dng cho m hnh tr).
V d : Cho h thng tr tc cc cuc gi n =20 cuc/gi, thi gian
chim knh ca cuc gi l 6 pht .Tnh lu lng mang, lu lng pht sinh.
Xc sut cuc gi bt k phi vo hng i, xc sut cuc gi i c phc v
ngay, cho n=3 . (Tnh theo hai cch)
- Lu lng mang = lu lng pht sinh; A=Y
A= .S =

20
.6 = 2 Erl
60

Cch 1:
- Xc sut cuc gi vo hng i

Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

37

Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

2 3
.
3! 3 2
E 2, n ( A) =
= 4/9
3 2 33 3
1+ 3 +
+ .
2! 3! 3 2

- Xc sut cuc gi c phc v :

4
9

Sn = 1- E 2, n ( A) = 1 =

5
9

Cch 2:
1
1
1
=

E 2 ,3 E1, 3 ( A) E1, 2 ( A)

E 1, 0 ( A) = 1
E 1,1 ( A) =

E 1, 2 ( A) =

E 1, 3 ( A) =

2.E1,0 ( A)
1 + 2.E1,0 ( A)

2.E1,1 ( A)
2 + 2.E1,1 ( A)

A.E1, 2 ( A)
3 + A.E1, 2 ( A)

2
1
=
1+ 2 3
2.

2
3

2 + 2.
2.
=

2
3

2
5

3 + 2.

2
5

4 2
=
10 5

4
19

1
1
1
19 5 9
=

= . =
E 2 ,3 ( A) E1, 3 ( A) E 1, 2 ( A) 4 2 4

E 2,3 ( A) =

4
9

- Nhc im ca h thng tr:

H thng xp hng c o bng thi gian i, y khng ch quan tm ti
thi gian i trung bnh m cn phi quan tm ti c phn b ca thi gian i
c th chp nhn c .Nu gii hn ny b vt qu th kt ni s ht hn
v n s c gii phng cng bc.

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Bi 5: Nguyn l Moe
S trin khai hay b sung thm thit b s c coi l hp l nht v s
c coi l hp l nht v s dng li khi m li nhun em li do vic b
sung ny cn bng vi chi ph trin khai.
Chi ph trin khai trn mt knh dn l N.
Li nhun c oc khi c thm mt knh l M
M t l vi F(N) lu lng pht sinh khi c thm mt knh dn.
Nguyn l Moe : u t dg li khi M=N
nhim v bi ton l tnh F(N)
- Xt h thng c n knh : lu lng mang Y n = A[1 E n (A)]
- Xt h thng c n+1 knh : lu lng mang
Y n +1 = A[1 E n +1 (A)]
P n = Y n +1 Y n = A[1 E n +1 ] A[1 E n (A)] = A[E n (A) E n +1 (A)]
Tnh c lu lng pht sinh F(N) ri nhn vi gi cc ta tnh c
M, nu M>= N suy ra nn u t thm
Chng ta b sung thit b vo h thng cho nkhi chi ph trin khai ln
hn li nhun thu c.
Bi 6: L thuyt hng i
1.Gii thiu:
Trong chuyn mch gi :
-

im truy nhp

Nt trung gian

Thi gian i b m:

Tc x l ca nt thi gian x l:

Tc truyn d liu (n v i)

Kch thc b m

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Quy tc phc v

Trong chuyn mch knh

- X l cuc gi
- Tnh sn sng ca cc trung k (xc sut tn hao)
2. Miu t h thng hng i
A/B/n
A: miu t tin trnh n ca cuc gi
B: miu t tin trnh phc v.
n: miu t s knh
Bi 7 : Tin trnh im
1. M t tin trnh
Tin trnh im thng thng.
Cuc gi th i s n ti thi im Ti vi To=0
To<T1<T2<<Ti<Ti+1<
Suy ra ti mi thi im c khng qu mt cuc gi .
Gi N(t) l s cuc gi n trong [0, t]
Nu t tng th N(t) s khng bao gio gim.
Xi = Ti 1 : khong thi gian gia hai ln n
M t tin trnh bng cc cch:
- Gi khong [0, t] khng i . Xt bin ngu nhin N(t) cho s
cc cuc trong khoang t [0,t] khng i , N(t) bin thin.
- S cc cuc gi n l hng s ,xt bin ngu nhin Ti l
khong thi gian din ra N cuc gi.
Mi quan h gia hai cch biu din
N(t)< n khi m ch khi Tn =

Xi
i =1

Hay P{Nt<n} = P{Tn>t}

2.Tnh cht ca tin trnh
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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Tnh dng :
Cho tu t2>0 v vi mi K>= 0 xc sut m K cuc gi n trong
khong thi gian [t1 ,t1+t2] th c lp vi t1.
K cuc gi n trong [t1,t1+t2]
P{N t1+ t 2 - N t1 = k} = P{N t1+t 2+ t - N t1+t =k}
Pht biu :
Cho d v tr no trn trc thi gian phn b xc sut tin trnh im
l c lp thi im quan st.
Tnh c lp: Xc sut c K s kin trong khong [t1, t1+t2]
l c lp vi cc s kin trc thi im t1
P{N t1+ t 2 - N t1 = k|N t1 -N to =n} = P{N t1+t 2+ t - N t1+t =k}
Suy ra tng lai ca tin trnh ch ph vo trng thi hin ti, nhng
trng thi tip theo ch ph thuc v trng thi hin ti nhng c lp vi vic
n c to ra nh th no.
Nu ng thc trn ng vi mi gi tr ca t th tin trnh ny c gi
l tin trnh Mackov hay cn gi l tin trnh khng nh
Tnh u n :
Mt tin trnh im c gi l u n nu xc sut xy ra nhiu hn 1
s kin cng mt thi im l bng 0.
P{N t + t - N t >=2} = 0 khi t 0
Ngha l xc sut xy ra c k cuc trong khong [t1, t+t] l k=0 hoc 1 cuc
gi.
Tnh u dn loi tr cc tin trnh ca nhiu cuc gi vo cng mt
thi im

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Bi 8 : Tin trnh Poisson

- Tin trnh Poisson l tin trnh im quan trng nht vai tr ca n cng
nh vai tr phn b chun trong xc sut thng k.
- Tt c cc tin trnh im ng dng khc u l dng tng qut hay l
dng sa i ca tin trnh Poisson.
- Tin trnh poisson m t rt nhiu tin trnh trong thc t, bi v n c
tnh ngu nhin nht.
1. c tnh ca tin trnh poisson :
- nh nghi :
Tin trnh poisson l tin trnh c tnh cht

Tnh dng : xc sut c k s kin trong khong (t1, t2) khng

ph thuc vo t1

Tnh c lp : xc sut c k s kin khi m ch khi, tnh cht

ny gi l tnh khng nh.

Tnh u n : loi tr nhiu s kin xy ra ti mt thi im,

xc sut c k s kin trong khong T c xc nh
(T ) k .e T
P(k)=
; k=0,1,2...
k!

Phn b Poisson c gi l phn b chun v :

P(k ) =1
k =0

K vng E(k)=

k .P(k ) = .T
k =0

Phng sai k2 = E(k 2 )- E 2 (k) = .T

:l tham s tc

2. Cc bin i ca tin trnh poisson:

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

- T cc tnh cht trn ngi ta c th a ra cc tnh cht khc

nh ngha tin trnh Poisson l :
- Biu din s :l s cc s kin trong mt khon thi gian vi di
c nh c phn b theo phn b Poisson
(T ) k .e T
k!

P(k)=

- Biu din khong thi gian Xi gia cc s kin lin tip nhau c
phn b theo hm m
P(X x) = 1- e x

x>=0

Ex =

x2 =

1
2

x<0

Nu tho mn hai iu kin trn th c gi l tin trnh Poisson

Bi 9: nh l Little
Xem xt mt h thng hng i, khch hng n l mt tin trnh ngu nhin.
Cc khch hng n h thng cc thi im ngu nhin v ch c phc
v th khch hng s ri khi h thng.
1. Cng thc Little
K hiu :
+ N(t) : S cc cuc gi trong h thng ti thi im t
+ (t) : S cc cuc gi n h thng trong [0,t]
+ (t) : S cc cuc gi ri khi h thng trong [0,t]
+ Yi : L thi gian trong h thng ca cuc gi th i
+ Nt : S cc cuc gi trung bnh trong [0,t]
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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Nt =

1
N (t )dt
t 0

S
cc
cuc
gi
n

(t )

N(t)

(t )

t
0
t
T1

+ T1 : Thi gian cuc gi u tin li h thng.

+ t : Mt cuc gi n trong [0,t]
+ t : Mt cuc gi i khi h thng trong [0,t]
t =

t
t

+ Tt : Thi gian trung bnh li trong h thng

t

Tt =

Ti
i =1

Ta tm mi quan h gia Nt, t , Tt

Gi s tn ti cc gii hn sau :
N=

lim Nt
t >

; =

lim t ; T = lim Tt
t >

t >

Khi ta c cng thc Little (nh l Little)

N = .T

S cuc gi trung bnh trong h thn bng tch s ca mt cuc gi

v thi gian chim knh trung bnh. Cng thc Little ng cho mi hng i.

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

2. Chng minh cng thc Little:

(t )
S
cc
cuc
gi
n

N(t)

t (t )
3
2
Ti

t
0
t

T1

Din tch phn gch cho S :

t

S= [ (t ) (t )]dt = N (t )dt
t

S= 1. Ti
i =1

=> N (t )dt =
0

Ti
i =1

1
1 t
N (t )dt =

t 0
t t

Ti
i =1

<=> Nt = t .Tt

Nu tn ti gii hn : N =

lim Nt

; =

t >

lim t ; T = lim Tt
t >

t >

=> N = . T
Bi 10 : Phn tch mt hng i n
1. K hiu Kendall
K hiu Kendall c s dng rng ri m t h thng xp hng
A/S/m/B/K/SD
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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

A :phn b ca tin trnh n

S :Phn b ca phc v
m :s knh phc v
B :Kch thc b m
K : Quy m mt (s cc cuc gi n)
SD :Th t phc v cc cuc gi n h thng nh th no! (Quy tc phc
v). VD: FCFS, LCFS, SIRO....
Thi gian gia cc ln n A v thi gian phc v S thng c gi
thit l cc bin s ngu nhin c lp v c phn b ng nht, k hiu l
IID (Independent Identycaly Distributed)
Cc tin trnh thng dng :
M : Tin trnh m Markov (khng nh)
D : Tin trnh tt nh (thi gian nh nhau)
G : Tin trnh chung
Er : Tin trnh Erlang bc r
VD: hn i thng dng nht nh :M/M/1.M/D/1.M/M/h
M/D/1 :
- Tin trnh n l hm m
- Tin trnh phc v D
- S Server l m=1
2. Qu trnh Sinh-T (Birth-Death)
Trng thi ca h thng c biu din bng s cc cng vic n trong mt h
thng
Khi c mt cng vic mi n th trng thi ca h thng s thay i sang
n+1, khi c mt cng vic ra i th trng thi h thng s thay i sang n-1, ta
c lc chuyn tip trng thi l qu trnh sinh t.

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

0

i 2

2
------

0i 1
i-1

i 1

I+1

i +1

n : Tc ca ln n n
: Tc ca ln i
...
Pn = 0 1 n 1 .Po
1 2 ... n

Pn : Xc sut n nh trng thi n

3. Hng i M/M/1
Lc :

------

i-1

I+1

Tt c cc tc n u l ,
: Tc ca ln n
: Tc ca ln i
Pn=(

n
) . Po = n .Po

Pn : Xc sut n nh trng thi n

Po : Xc sut n nh trng thi 0
: Mt lu lng =

Trong trng hp ny s knh phc v bng 1, ch c 1 server

Cc cng thc tnh ton :
- Xc sut c n job trong h thng
Pn= (1- ) n ; n=1,2,...
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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Po= (1- )
- S lng trung bnh cc job trong h thng
L=E(n)=

Phng sai: n2 =

(1 ) 2

Tham s thi gian :

- Thi gian trung bnh ca 1 job trong h thng :W
W=

L
1

=
=
(1 )

- Thi gian phc v trung bnh cho mt job : W S

WS=

- Thi gian trung bnh ca job trong hng i

W q = W- W S =

=
(1 )
(1 )

Chiu di hng i :
- S lng trung bnh cc job trong h thng
L=

- S lng trung bnh cc job trong server : L S

L S = 1.P(n>=1) =1- P(n=0) =1-(1- ) =
- S lng trung bnh ca cc cng vic trong hng i L q

L q = L- L S =
=
1
1

V d : Cho Switch nhn cc bn tin n tc 240bn tin/pht. di bn

tin c phn b hm m vi chiu di trung bnh l 100 k t. Tc truyn
bn tin i khi h thng l 500 k t/giy. Tnh cc tham s sau :
- Thi gian trung bnh ca bn mt tin trong h thng
- S bn tin trung bnh trong h thng
- Tnh chiu di hng i v thi gian i trung bnh.
Bi gii :
- Xt h thng M/M/1 :
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

+ Tc n =

240
= 4 bn tin/giy
60

+ Tc phc v =

500
=5
100

+ Mt lu lng =

4
= = 0.8
5

S bn tin trong h thng

L=E(n)=

0.8
=
= 4 bn tin
1 1 0.8

Thigian trung bnh ca bn tin trong h thng

L 4
= = 1 (s)
4

W=

Chiu di hng i L q
Lq=

2
0,8.0,8
=
= 3, 2 bn tin
1 1 0,8

Thi gian i trung bnh W q

L
2
3,2
= q =
= 0,8 (s)
(1 )
4

Wq=

4. Hng i M/M/1/K

------

k-1

Vi s cng vic (job) l k

Pn = ( ) n .Po ; 0<=n<=k
Pn = 2 (1 )(1 k +1 )
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni - Khoa in T Vin Thng

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

L=

(k + 1) k +1

1
1 k +1

Xc sut job n h thng b t chi l P K

Tc thc t n h thng ' = (1-P K )
Mt lu lng ' =

'
= (1 PK )

5. Hng i M/M/C

------

C-1

(c 1)

2
1 n
( ) Po ; 0<=n<=C
n!

1
( ) n Po vi n>c
Pn=
nc
C!C

c 1
(c )c
n 1
] 1
Po= [ (c ) +
n! c!(1 )
n=0

Pn=

- Xc sut xut hin hng i Pq =

- di hng i : Lq = Pq.
- Thi gian i : Wq =

Po(c ) c
;cng thc Erlang
c!(1 )

Lq

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

CHNG IV :H THNG QUN L MNG

.
Bi 1: Tng quan v qun l mng
1.Cc mng thng tin v cng tc qun l
- Chc nng qun l mng
- Cng c iu khin
- Cc i tng iu khin, cc mng cng cng v mng ring
2. Cc h thng mng ring
- Mng ring l mt mng thng tin do mt t chc hay cng ty to lp
h tr cho hot nh ca c nhn cng ty hay t chc .
- Thnh phn mng ring bao gm :
+ Dch v :
Dch v cho thu (Vd: knh tc cao, v tinh...)
Cung cp cc dch v cng cng (thoi, Fax, trao i d liu
s,...)
+ Thit b :
My ch, my trm, cc tng i BPX, cc thit b phn knh,
ghp knh, cc h thng chuyn mch gi ring.
- Nhc im ca mng ring :
Khi c s c th phi mt thi gian di mi tch c mng ra, kh xc
nh c ni h hng, tnh cc phc tp, thit b nhiu hng cung cp lm
gim kh nng tng thch, cng tc khai thc mng li phc tp
3. Qun l mng
Mc ch :
Khai thc , bo dng kim sot mng mt cch hiu qu nht .cung
cp s liu thu c cho vic quy hoch thit k, xy dng mng c mt
mng li hon chnh nht.
S cn thit ca qun l mng :
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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

v i vi mng ring:
- To ra mng c tin cy cao
- Vic vn hnh ,bo dng,kim sot mng d dng hn
- Tng dung lng v tiu chun ha cc chc nng kim sot
- Pht hin nhanh chng cc im h hng
- H thng ha cc mc iu khin
v Khi mng ring m rng
Hon thin giao din Ngi-My
Khuyn khch vic gim nhn s
Thc hin qun l mng
- a vo s dng mt h thng iu hnh mng, h thng ny c gi
l h thng qun l mng.
- K kt cc giao ko cho vic qun l mng
- H thng ha cc nhim v khc nhau.
Bi 2: Khi nim c bn v qun l mng
1. M hnh qun l mng
Bo dng

Xy dng mng
t nhiu thnh
phn

iu khin

Vn hnh

Cung cp dch v
thng tin

Qun l
mng

K hoch vn hnh

iu khin mng

Khai thc bo dng

Kim sot

2. Cc nhim v ca qun l mng

K hoch iu hnh :
- Nguyn tc qun l, k hoch v lch trnh v iu hnh da trn
nguyn tc vn hnh.
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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

- H thng iu hnh v bo dng da trn k hoch v lch trnh iu

hnh
Bo dng v khai thc
- Nhim v:
Gim st : gim st v iu khin tp trung hot ng c h thng
bao gm thit b u cui , knh dn v cc trm tp trung.
Bo dng : Khi c s c, phi nhanh chnh chun on xc h
im h hng, b tr sa cha hay chuyn sang h thng d
phng
Tr gip ngi s dng bao gm : o to, hng dn ngi s
dng
iu khin vn hnh :
iu khin vic cp nht cc thnh phn mng, s liu lu lng,
nhng iu kin dn n s c , nhim v khc phc s c, v cht lng
mng.
3. Phn cng cc cng vic qun l
duy tr v ci thin cht lng dch v, vic quan trng l xy dng
mt chu trnh phn phi h thng s lin tc lun chuyn nhng kt qu d
liu nh gi t bn kim sot sang bn k hoch dch v

Qun l mng

Xy dng mng

Thc hin

Xem
xt

nh gi mng

Lp k
hoch

Xy dng mng

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

4. Nhng chc nng qun l ca h thng qun l mng

- C 5 chc nng chnh :
Qun l li :
- Nhim v : pht hin li v a ra cc gii php gii quyt cc
li hay s c
- C th n bao gm:
Qu trnh thu thp thng tin ca h thng
Pht hin li (xc nh ngun gy li, thi im, loi li)
Chun on cc yu t gy ra li v hng dn cch x l
thch hp
Qun l cu hnh:
- Qun l trng thi v cu hnh ca cc ti nguyn. Thit lp hot
ng ca cc thit b, chuyn sang s dng cc thit b d phng.
- iu khin hot ng :
Thit lp cu hnh, cp nht tc knh bng cch thay i
chiu di b m
iu khin cu hnh :chuyn mch knh bng cch thay i cc
a ch.
Qun l cht lng hot ng
- nh gi s gim hiu nng (So vi thng tin thu thp trong iu kin
bnh thng)
- Thu thp d liu thng k nh : t l li, thi gian p ng ca thit b,
lu lng...
Qun l an ninh
- Ngn nga s truy nhp tri php vo ti nguyn, bo v an ton cho h
thng
- Qun l an ninh bao gm :
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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

Qun l theo xc nhn (dng m, password ...)

iu khin truy nhp : Kim sot cc quyn truy nhp s dng
cc quyn truy nhp.
Kim tra an ninh bao gm cng tc lp h s v vic truy nhp
vo h thng
Qun l k ton:
Tnh chi ph theo mc s dng ti nguyn, lp bn ghi v cc ph s
dng ca khch hng.
Bi 3 : H thng qun l mng
1. Chc nng :
H thng qun l mng duy tr cht lng mng v m bo hot ng
c hiu qu cao, bo dng v iu khin mng. ng thi h thng ny cn
cung cp d liu phn nh vic cp nht cc phung tin ca mng ring
2. Cc loi h thng qun l mng
C th phn chia qun l mng ra lm hai :
- H thng mng ring l qun l tng phn thit b ring vf h thng
qun l tch hp qun l tn b thit bj h thng, cc h thng qun
l tch hp c th phn chia lm hai loi :
H thng phn tn : Ch tp trung cc chc nng qun l ti cp
bc trn ca nhng h thng qun l ring.
H thng tp trung : iu khin tp trung v trc tip cc thit
b ca ton b mng

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

H thng qun l mng

H thng ring l

H thng tch hp

H thng phn tn

H thng tp trung

V d v h thng qun l ring l

Mng TDM

H thng TDM

Mng PBX

H thng qun l PBX

H thng qun l gi

Mng gi

V d : H thng qun l tch hp

Mng TDM

Mng PBX

Mng gi

H thng TDM

H thng qun l

H thng
iu
khin tp
trung

B phn
qun l
h thng
thng tin

H thng qun l

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Bi ging mn T Chc Mng Vin Thng

V d :H thng qun l tp trung

Mng TDM

Mng PBX

H thng
iu
khin tp
trung

B phn
qun l
h thng
thng tin

Mng gi

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