Vi sinh thc phm

Gii thiu v bia

3 2

Nguyn liu v qui trnh sn xut

Cc VSV tham gia

GII THIU V BIA

1
3 2 3

Khi nim Lch s

Cc loi bia

Khi nim
Bia l loi nc ung ln men c cn thp, c lm t nguyn liu chnh l malt i mch, hoa houplon, nm men v nc. Qu trnh sn xut bia c gi l nu bia.

Lch s
Bia c nin i t nht l t thin nin k th 5 trc cng nguyn v c ghi chp li trong cc th tch c ca Ai Cp c i v lng h (Mesopotamia). c sn xut khong 7.000 nm trc khu vc ngy nay l Iran.

Lch s
S b sung hoa bia vo bia to v ng, bo qun v hng v cho bia l mt pht kin tng i mi. Nm 1516 William IV, Cng tc x Bavaria thng qua Reinheitsgebot (Lut tinh khit), quy nh rng thnh phn ca bia ch c bao gm nc, la mch hoa bia, vi men bia .

Lch s
Vi s pht minh ra ng c hi nc nm 1765, cng nghip ha sn xut bia tr thnh s tht. Nm 1953, Morton W Coutts, mt ngi New Zealand pht trin k thut ln men lin tc. Nm 1880 Louis Pasteur tm ra bn cht qu trnh sn xut bia

Cc loi bia
C nhiu loi bia khc nhau, mi loi bia c coi l thuc v mt kiu bia c th no . Yu t chnh xc nh loi bia l men bia s dng trong qu trnh ln men;c hai h ln: ale- s dng ln mem ni. lager- s dng ln men chm. Bia c c trng pha trn ca c ale v lager c gi l bia lai (bia hn hp):

Mt s loi bia s dng rng ri Vit Nam

Nguyn liu v qui trnh sn xut

Nguyn liu

- Malt - Hoa Houplon - Nc

- Men bia - Ph gia

Malt
- Malt l i mch ny mm, l ngun nguyn liu chnh cung cp cht ho tan cho dch ng trc ln men -Malt quyt nh cht lng bia thnh phm: Malt cung cp ton b lng gluxit chuyn ha ng -> cn Malt cung cp cc loi enzym amylase. Malt cha mt lng ln protein

Hoa houplon
To v ng c trng To hng thm c trng Tng kh nng to bt v gi bt Tng bn keo Tnh khng khun

Nguyn liu

Hoa houplon

Malt

Nm men
Trong sn xut bia, nm men s ln men dch ng thnh CO2 , C2H5OH v mt s sn phm khc.
Nm men ni
Nm men

Nm men chm

Nc
L thnh phn c bn trong qu trnh sn xut bia. Chim 77-90% trng lng bia thnh phm. Dng trong qu trnh trn, nu, ng ha v pha long dch ln men, ra nm men, v sinhthit b

Qui trnh sn xut

H ha dch ha ng ha
H ha

- H ha: l qu trnh tinh bt di tc dng ca nhit, trng n v ha tan vo trong nc. - Nhit h ha ph thuc vo tinh bt ca loi ht v c to nh ca loi ht tinh bt.
- Tinh bt ca go c h ha 80-85oC, la m th bt u h ha to l 60-85oC, khoai ty h ha 55-60oC

Dch ha
- L s tc ng ca enzym, s dch ha din ra rt chm

ng ha
- L s bin i ca tinh bt dch ha thnh dextrin v maltoza, ch xy ra c khi c dch ha xong

Qu trnh ln men chnh

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Q Pha lag: Nm men hp th ton b oxy trong dch ng tng hp enzyme, sterol Pha tng tc: t bo tng trng v phn chia Pha ly tha: t bo sinh sn v trao i cht cc i. Pha gim tc: qu trnh ln men sinh CO2 Pha cn bng ng: Nm men khng cn tng trng m bt u kt bng

 th tng trng ca nm men

Qu trnh ln men ph
Tip tc ln men phn cht kh cn st li sau ln men chnh Bo ha CO2 v tng cng mi v cho bia. Thc hin qu trnh chn ca bia (n nh cht lng bia), lm trong bia a bia v nhit thp hn ch s xm nhp v ph hy ca vi sinh vt.

Nm men
- Thuc nhm c th n bo, phn b rng trong thin nhin.

T bo nm men

Nm men s dng trong sn xut bia gm:

- Nm men ni (Saccharomyces serevisiea)

- Nm men chm (Saccharomyces carlbergensis)

Nm men ni
- Dnh li vi nhau thnh chui, t bo hnh cu hoc ovan t 7-10 micromet.

- Qu trnh chuyn ho ng: Raffinoza: Galactoza Glucoza Fructoza - Cui qu trnh ln men, cc tb nm men kt thnh chm, hp th vo bt kh CO2 ri ni ln b mt dch ln men, nm men c tch khi bia bng cch ht bt.

Nm men chm
-T bo ng ring l hoc cp i, tb hnh cu cha cc gen MEL c kh nng chuyn ho ng melibioza. - Qu trnh chuyn ho ng: Raffinoza: Galactoza Glucoza Fructoza.

- Kt thc qu trnh ln men, chng lng xung y thit b, tch khi bia ngi ta x cn y thit b.

So snh nm men ni v nm men chm.

Sinh l
- S khc nhau gia 2 loi nm men l kh nng ln men cc loi ng trisacarit. - Nm men chm s dng hon ton ng raffinoza trong nm men ni ch s dng 1/3 ng sacaroza.

- Chng cn khc nhau v kh nng h hp, trao i cht khi ln men v hnh thnh bo t.

- Trao i cht ca nm men chm ch yu

xy ra trong qu trnh ln men cn nm men ni xy ra mnh trong qu trnh h hp v vy sinh khi nm men ni thu c nhiu hn nm men chm. Nm men chm c nng enzym thp hn nm men ni, kh nng to bo t ca nm men chm lu hn v hn ch hn nm men ni.

Cng ngh ln men

- Nm men ni ni ln b mt dch trong v cui qu trnh ln men chnh, trong khi nm men chm lng xung y thit b khi kt thc ln men chnh. - Nm men chm cn chia ra 2 loi tu thuc kh nng lng ca n l nm men bi v nm men kt bng.

- Nm men chm kt bng c ngha quan trng trong thc t sn xut bia, lm cho bia nhanh trong, nhng kh nng ln men ht ng khng bng nm men bi v nm men ni. Ngoi ra, nhit ln men ca mi chng cng khc nhau, nm men chm l 4-120 oC, nm men ni l 14-250 oC.

Sn xut nm men bia

- Nui cy trong phng th nghim nui cy men ging trong nh my ly tm men ging nui cy men thng mi ly tm men thng mi lc men ng gi sn phm men ti hoc sy kh c sn phm men kh.

Ch tiu la chn nm men bia

- Qu trnh sinh trng ca nm men qua cc pha. - Kh nng kt lng ca nm men c vai tr rt quan trng trong sn xut bia. - Sc ln men l iu quan trng nht trong thc t sn xut, tc ln men ph thuc vo: kh nng ln men ca nm men, hot tnh sinh l, s lng t bo, nhit , pH, thnh phn ca dch men v hm lng protein ca nm men.

Ngoi ra mt s nh sn xut cng s dng enzyme amylase c tch chit t nm mc thu phn tinh bt. Nm mc c tnh cht h hp tu tin trong iu kin ym kh nhng sn xut thp nn ch dnh cho sn xut th cng. Hin nay ngi ta thng s dng mt s loi nm mc sau:

Aspergillus oryzae

Loi nm mc c mu vng, bo t h. c im ca n l c h enzyme amilase v protease Loi nm mc c mu xm trng, rt giu enzyme amylase

Aspergillus usamii

NM MC
Aspergillus awamori Loi nm mc c mu xm en giu enzyme amylase

Mucor rouxii

thng c mu xm trng cng giu enzyme amylase

Nm mc Aspergillus

Vi khun lactic:
B sung vo trc qu trnh ln men

To pH thch hp ln men bia

To hng cho bia Acid ha dch ng trc khi ln men

CC YU T NH HNG N VI SINH VT TRONG QU TRNH LN MEN BIA

OXY
S

cung cp oxy trong qu trnh ln men cn thit cho s tng hp acid bo khng bo ha v thnh phn sterol ca mng t bo nm men. B sung kh oxy trong giai on u ca qu trnh ln men lm tng cng qu trnh h hp hiu kh ca nm men. Thiu oxy, qu trnh oxy ha xy ra khng hon ton, sinh ra cn v CO2

PH
nh hng hot tnh trao trao nh hng n n hot tnh i cht

i cht ca ca vi sinh vt. vi sinh vt. cao s s lm tht trong qu pHpH cao lm tn tn tht trong trnh lnqu trnh nhanh. tng nhanh. men tng ln men

Thi gian ca mt qu trnh ln men mch in hnh

NHIT
Nhit ln men thng thp hn so vi nhit ti u. Nht cao: nm men cht. Nhit thp: c ch s sinh trng.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces carlbergensis

(10 25 0C)

(0 10 0C)

Ethanol
Nng 2%: nm men pht trin bnh thng. Nng 2 5 % : nm men gim tng trng. Nng ln hn 5%: nm men chm dt tng trng nhng vn ln men. Nng t 12%: nm men chm dt ln men.

MI TRNG DINH DNG

Lng ng ln men chim 98%, lng ng tng hp ch chim 2%. Cc cht kch thch sinh trng pht trin. Nc nha: khi nng ca nc nha ln n 20% th nm men khng pht trin c. Nng cn qu 8.5% lm ngng s sinh trng ca nm men.

NH HNG CA VI SINH VT N CHT LNG CA BIA

Tch cc Hn ch

NH HNG TCH CC

nh hng n malt i mch: vi sinh vt ca malt sinh ra amylolytic, proteolytic v enzyme phn gii thnh t bo. Cc enzyme thy phn c ngun gc t vi sinh vt tham gia xc tc qu trnh phn ct biopolyme trong qu trnh sn xut malt v qu trnh nu.

HN CH

Vi sinh vt c ch s ny mm ca ht trong qu trnh sn xut malt.

Qu trnh trao i cht ca vi sinh vt to nn s thay i v thnh phn carbonhydrate, lipid, protein v nh hng n cht lng malt.

Mt s nm men v vi khun to ra cc polysaccharide ngoi

bo trong qu trnh sn xut malt gy ra c i dch nha v

bia.

HN CH

Trong qu trnh sn xut c th xy ra hin tng nm men kt lng sm dn n qu trnh ln men khng trit v hng v ca thnh phm khng t c nh mong mun.

Gushing bia l hin tng tro bt xut hin mt cch t ngt

khng mong mun ca bia chai, do nhim nm mc Fusarium c mt

trong malt trong iu kin thi tit xu.

Nhiu si nm mc c kh nng sinh ra c t trung gian gi l

mycotoxin (Aspergillus, Penicillium v Fusarium): nh hng qu

trnh trao i cht ca nm men.

Mt s loi nm mc gy hi cho bia

Aspergillus