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Corrosion Resistant Steel (Stainless Steel)
Corrosion Resistant Steel (Stainless Steel)
University of Indonesia
Stainless steels = Cr containing steel alloys Cr content is min. 10.5% and max 30% Cr makes the steel 'stainless' = improved corrosion resistance, due to a chromium oxide film that is formed on the steel surface This extremely thin layer is also self-repairing in the presence of oxygen and damage by abrasion, cutting or machining is quickly repaired
0.1
5 10 % Chromium
University of Indonesia
University of Indonesia
Fig. 1 - In any normal oxidising environment a protective coating of passive chromium rich oxide film is automatically formed on stainless steel. Fig. 2 - When scratched, damaged or machined this protective film is denuded exposing the steel to the atmosphere. Fig. 3 - The protective coating is quickly restored through the rapid self-repairing quality of the chromium rich film.
Ketahanan korosi tergantung pada kestabilan lapisan oksida Untuk lingkungan yang berbeda dioptimalkan oleh alloying dengan unsur lain
University of Indonesia
University of Indonesia
Schaefler Diagram
University of Indonesia University of Indonesia
Diagram Schaeffler-Delong
University of Indonesia
904
Martensitik-Austenitik Martensitik-
University of Indonesia
Nickel Equivalent
304 410
Martensitik
316
2507
Chromium Equivalent
Chromium Equivalent = %Cr + 1.5%Si + %Mo Nickel Equivalent = %Ni + 30(%C + %N) + 0.5(%Mn + %Cu + %Co)
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of Indonesia
University of Indonesia
University of Indonesia
University of Indonesia
Family of SS
pembentukan fasa kedua (precipitate) yang melibatkan unsur Cr, Mo, W, Cu, N
Sigma phase Chi phase
Sangat penting untuk mengetahui pengaruh elemen paduan terhadap complex metallurgical system
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of Indonesia
University of Indonesia
Effect of Carbon
Iron + carbon =
increasing the hardness and strength of iron.
Property Corrosion Resistance Mechanical Properties High Temperature Resistance Machinability Weldability
Cold Workability
University of Indonesia
Effect of Chromium
Chrom :
To increase resistance to oxidation. This resistance increases as more chromium is added.
University of Indonesia
Cr < 27 % in order to
retain ductility, toughness and corrosion resistance
University of Indonesia
Effect of Nickel
Ni = austenite former (austenite promoting element) To balance the microstructure to ferrite/ austenite ratio Affects the corrosion and mechanical properties Excessive Ni:
increase in austenite content Promoting a greater conc. of ferrite stabilizer element (Cr, Mo) in the remaining ferrite (not change to the precipitation of sigma phase)
University of Indonesia
Effect of Mo and N
Molybdenum (Mo):
Strong ferrite former, similar effect as Cr does on properties when added to austenitic stainless steels
improves resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion especially in Cl and S containing environments
Nitrogen (N):
N = austenite forming element increasing the austenite stability Yield strength is greatly improved without sensitization (e.g. carbon)
University of Indonesia
Effect of Mn and Cu
Manganese (Mn): to improve hot working properties and increase strength, toughness and hardenability. Mn = austenite forming element used as a substitute for nickel in Austenitic SS e.g. AISI 202 as a substitute for AISI 304 Copper (Cu): Cu = normally present as a residual element in a few alloys to produce precipitation hardening properties or to enhance corrosion resistance
University of Indonesia
Effect of W
W = minor elements
improving corrosion resistance
W=
like Cr and Mo promotes sigma phase formation promote of Chi phase
University of Indonesia
University of Indonesia
Alloy Group
Austenitic Duplex Ferritic Martensitic Precipitation Hardening Alloy Group Austenitic Duplex Ferritic Martensitic Precipitation Hardening
University of Indonesia
University of Indonesia
Austenitic SS peka terhadap intergranular corrosion jk berada pada temp 480815OC Umumnya akibat:
Welding Service condition
Terjadi karena terbentuk endapan M23C6 (Cr3Fe)23C6 pada batas butir Pencegahan:
Kurangi Kadar C (0.015 0.02%), substitusi dengan N Tambahkan Nb/ Ti
University of Indonesia
475C Embrittlement
Paduan dengan Cr tinggi, cenderung untuk Brittle, terutama jika ditahan atau pendinginan lambat pada 400 550OC 475C Embrittlement menyebabkan: UTS, Hardness naik Ductility turun Ketangguhan turun Corrosion resistance turun Penyebab 475C Embrittlement: Terbentuk second phase (carbides, nitrides, oxides, phosphides) Pembentukan Fe3Cr, FeCr, FeCr3, mirip sigma phase hanya saja pada temp rendah Kecenderungan Brittle jika: Kandungan Cr tinggi Kandungan Carbide former tinggi (Mo, V, Ti, Nb) Pengerjaan pada temp 475 OC
Pembentukan FeCr Intermetallic yang keras, brittle (68 HRC) Terbentuk jika temperatur proses sekitar 565 980 OC dan berlangsung lama, hal ini dapat menyebabkan fracture Semua elemen paduan penstabil ferrite dapat men promote pembentukan sigma phase Cr yang tinggi mem promote sigma phase C yang tinggi pembentukan sigma phase dikurangi sebab terbentuk Cr-Carbide
University of Indonesia
Tugas I:
Buat paper tentang :
Ultra finegraine steel, atau Nano structure steel
Uraian meliputi latar belakang R&D bida tsb., sejarah perkembangan R&D, mekanisme penguatan, dan aplikasi Nilai terbaik diberikan dengan kriteria:
Orisinalitas uraian, Kelengkapan bahasan (comprehensive), Ke- update- an bahan