Nghien Cuu Va Mo Phong Giao Thuc Dinh Tuyen Pegasis Trong Mang Cam Bien

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
KHOA IN T - VIN THNG
TT NGHIP I HC
ti:
NGHIN CU V M PHNG GIAO THC NH TUYN PEGASIS TRONG MNG CM BIN
Sinh vin thc hin:
TH TUYT Lp T6 - K48
Ging vin hng dn: Cn b phn bin:
TS. TRN NGC LAN TS. TRNG TUN
H ni, 5-2008
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI --------------------------------------------------
CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
c lp - T do - Hnh phc ---------------------------------
NHIM V N TT NGHIP
H v tn sinh vin: ..... S hiu sinh vin: Kho:.Khoa: in t - Vin thng Ngnh: ......... 1. u n:
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2. Cc s liu v d liu ban u:

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3. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton:

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4. Cc bn v, th ( ghi r cc loi v kch thc bn v ):

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5. H tn ging vin hng dn: .. 6. Ngy giao nhim v n: . 7. Ngy hon thnh n: .. Ngy thng nm Ch nhim B mn Ging vin hng dn
Sinh vin hon thnh v np n tt nghip ngy thng nm Cn b phn bin

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
--------------------------------------------------BN NHN XT N TT NGHIP H v tn sinh vin: ...................................................................... S hiu sinh vin: ........................... Ngnh: .................................................................................................. Kho: .................................................... Ging vin hng dn:.............................................................................................................................................. Cn b phn bin: ....................................................................................................................................... Ni dung thit k tt nghip:
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Nhn xt ca cn b phn bin:

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Ngy
thng nm Cn b phn bin
( K, ghi r h v tn)
LI NI U
Ngy nay nh c nhng tin b nhanh chng trong khoa hc v cng ngh s pht trin ca nhng mng bao gm cc cm bin gi thnh r, tiu th t nng lng v a chc nng nhn c nhng s ch ng k. Hin nay ngi ta ang tp trung trin khai cc mng cm bin p dng vo trong cuc sng hng ngy. l cc lnh vc v y t, qun s, mi trng, giao thng Trong mt tng lai khng xa, cc ng dng ca mng cm bin s tr thnh mt phn khng th thiu trong cuc sng con ngi nu chng ta pht huy c ht cc im mnh m khng phi mng no cng c c nh mng cm bin. Tuy nhin mng cm ng ang phi i mt vi rt nhiu thch thc, mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht l ngun nng lng b gii hn v khng th np li. Hin nay rt nhiu nh nghin cu ang tp trung vo vic ci thin kh nng s dng hiu qu nng lng ca mng cm bin trong tng lnh vc khc nhau. Trong qu trnh tm hiu v nghin cu v mng cm bin, em la chn v tm hiu giao thc nh tuyn PEGASIS. Giao thc ny ci thin ng k thi gian sng ca mng cm bin, v em quyt nh chn ti ny lm n tt nghip. c th hon thnh c n tt nghip ny, em c hc hi nhng kin thc qu bu t cc thy, c gio ca Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni trong sut nm nm i hc. Em v cng bit n s dy d, ch bo tn tnh ca cc thy, cc c trong thi gian hc tp ny. Em xin by t lng bit n ti TS. Trn Ngc Lan-b mn k thut thng tin Khoa in t vin thng- i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, tn tnh ch bo v nh hng cho em nghin cu ti ny. C cho em nhng li khuyn quan trng trong sut qu trnh hon thnh n.
Cui cng, em xin cm n gia nh v bn b lun to iu kin thun li, ng vin v gip em trong sut thi gian hc tp, cng nh qu trnh nghin cu, hon thnh n ny. H ni, thng 5 nm 2008 Sinh vin Th Tuyt
TM TT N
Ngy nay nh tin b vt bc trong khoa hc v cng ngh, mng cm bin tr thnh ti nghin cu nng bng v nhn c s tin b ng k trong vi nm qua. Mng cm bin l mng v tuyn bao gm cc thit b cm bin c phn b mt cch ngu nhin trong khng gian, nhm quan st cc hin tng vt l , hay iu kin mi trng nh nhit , m thanh, s chn ng, p sut, s chuyn ng, nhim cc v tr khc nhau. S pht trin ca mng cm bin m u l cc ng dng trong qun i v d nh gim st chin trng. Tuy nhin by gi mng cm bin cn c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc dn dng bao gm: quan st mi trng sng, chm sc sc khe, nh t ng hay iu khin giao thng. Cc con cm bin l cc thit b in t nh, thng thng c trang b b thu pht v tuyn hoc cc thit b khng dy khc, mt b vi x l nh v mt ngun nng lng. Cc con cm bin ny c kh nng thu thp, x l v truyn thng thng tin n cc nt khc v ra th gii bn ngoi. Mng cm bin l mt lnh vc rt su rng, n ny s gii thiu mt cch khi qut nht v cc c im ca mng cm bin. Sau phn cui s nghin cu v a ra gii thut nh tuyn PEGASIS nhm ci thin ng k thi gian sng ca mng. n ny gm c 4 chng: Chng 1: Tng quan v mng cm bin. Chng ny trnh by nhng khi nim chung nht v WSNs v a ra cu trc ca mng cm bin. ng thi cng nu ra cc ng dng c th trong nhiu lnh vc cuc sng. Chng 2: Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin. Chng ny a ra hai giao thc c trng l : ng b thi gian v giao thc v tr. Hai giao thc ny rt quan trng v c ngha i vi mng cm bin.
Chng 3: nh tuyn trong mng cm bin. Chng ny phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn ra lm ba loi : trung tm d liu, phn cp v nh tuyn da vo v tr a l. Chng 4: Gii thiu v Mobility framework ca OMNeT++ v m phng giao thc nh tuyn PEGASIS. Chng ny nu ra nhng u im ca PEGASIS so vi gii thut LEACH v a ra kt qu m phng .
Abstract
Nowadays thanks to rapid advances in science and technology, Wireless Sensor Networks have become a hot issue in research, and significant progress has been achieved in the past few years. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations. The development of wireless sensor networks was originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. However, wireless sensor networks are now used in many civilian application areas, including environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation, and traffic control. Sensor nodes are small electronic components, typically equipped with a radio transceiver or other wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, and an energy source, usually a battery. Its capable of gathering, processing, and communicating information to other nodes and to the outside world. The field of WSN is wide and deep. This thesis will introduce overview about WSN and give out a protocol which extends lifetime of WSN. This thesis has a total of 4 chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of wireless sensor networks: giving out the definition, the architecture (includes factors that influence the architecture of the networks and the two typical architectures of sensor networks), the applications and also pointing out many challenges that WSN are facing. Chapter 2: Protocols in WSN: giving out an overview of protocols used in WSN and the most two important ones, those are localization and time synchronization protocols.
Chapter 3: Routing in WSN: summarizing recent routing protocols for sensor networks and presenting a classification for the various approaches pursued. The three main categories explored in this chapter are data centric, hierarchical and location based. Each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category. Chapter 4: Simulating PEGASIS using Mobility framework of OMNeT++: giving out an overview of OMNeT++ and Mobility framework, a basic algorithm of PEGASIS. After that, the presented simulation results show that PEGASIS extends significantly the life time of sensor networks.
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DANH SCH HNH V.............................................................................................. iii DANH SCH BNG BIU ..........................................................................................v DANH SCH CC T VIT TT ............................................................................vi Chng 1. Tng quan v mng cm bin ....................................................................1 1.1. Gii thiu ...............................................................................................................1 1.2. Cu trc mng cm bin ........................................................................................2 1.2.1. Cc yu t nh hng n cu trc mng cm bin ......................................2 1.2.2. Kin trc giao thc mng ...............................................................................8 1.2.3. Hai cu trc c trng ca mng cm bin .................................................10 1.2.3.1. Cu trc phng.......................................................................................10 1.2.3.2. Cu trc tng .........................................................................................10 1.3. ng dng .............................................................................................................13 1.3.1. ng dng trong qun i..............................................................................14 1.3.2. ng dng trong mi trng..........................................................................16 1.3.3. ng dng trong chm sc sc khe..............................................................17 1.3.4. ng dng trong gia nh ..............................................................................18 1.4. Kt lun ...............................................................................................................18 Chng 2. Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin .........................................19 2.1. Gii thiu v giao thc c trng trong mng cm bin .....................................19 2.2. Giao thc ng b thi gian ................................................................................19 2.2.1. ng h cc nt cm bin v s chnh xc ..................................................21 2.2.2. ng b thi gian trong mng cm bin......................................................22 2.2.2.1. Giao thc ng b gia bn nhn v bn pht......................................24 2.2.2.2. Giao thc ng b gia bn nhn v bn nhn.....................................30 2.3. Giao thc v tr.....................................................................................................34 2.3.1. nh v da vo mc c sn .........................................................................35 2.3.2. nh v da vo v tr tng i ...................................................................36 2.4 Kt lun ................................................................................................................37 Chng 3. nh tuyn trong mng cm bin ............................................................38 3.1. Gii thiu .............................................................................................................38 3.2. Thch thc trong vn nh tuyn ....................................................................38 3.3. Cc vn v thit k giao thc nh tuyn........................................................39
3.3.1. c tnh thay i thi gian v trt t sp xp ca mng .............................39 3.3.2. Rng buc v ti nguyn...............................................................................39 3.3.3. M hnh d liu trong mng cm bin..........................................................40 3.3.4. Cch truyn d liu ......................................................................................40 3.4. Phn loi v so snh cc giao thc nh tuyn ....................................................42 3.5. Giao thc trung tm d liu.................................................................................44 3.5.1. Flooding v Gossiping..................................................................................44 3.5.2. SPIN ..............................................................................................................45 3.5.3. Directed Diffusion ........................................................................................47 3.6. Giao thc phn cp ..............................................................................................50 3.6.1. LEACH..........................................................................................................50 3.6.2. PEGASIS.......................................................................................................53 3.7. Giao thc da trn v tr ......................................................................................54 3.7.1. GAF...............................................................................................................55 3.7.2. GEAR ............................................................................................................57 3.8. Kt lun ...............................................................................................................59 Chng 4. M phng PEGASIS bng Mobility Framework ca OMNeT++........60 4.1. Gii thiu v OMNeT++ v Mobility Framework..............................................60 4.1.1. Gii thiu v OMNeT++ ..............................................................................60 4.1.2. Gii thiu v Mobility ...................................................................................64 4.2. Gii thiu v PEGASIS.......................................................................................71 4.2.1. PEGASIS c bn...........................................................................................72 4.2.2. PEGASIS ci tin..........................................................................................73 4.3. M phng.............................................................................................................76 4.3.1. M hnh nng lng .....................................................................................76 4.3.2. Gi thit v thit lp thng s ban u cho qu trnh m phng.................82 4.3.3. Kt qu m phng.........................................................................................89 4.4. Kt lun v hng nghin cu tip theo..............................................................91 KT LUN ...................................................................................................................92 Ti liu tham kho .......................................................................................................93
ii
DANH SCH HNH V

Hnh 1.1 Cu trc mng cm bin....................................................................................3 Hnh 1.2 Cu to nt cm bin........................................................................................4 Hnh 1.3 Kin trc giao thc mng cm bin .................................................................8 Hnh 1.4 Cu trc phng ca mng cm bin ...............................................................10 Hnh 1.5 Cu trc tng ca mng cm bin ...................................................................11 Hnh 1.6 Cu trc mng phn cp chc nng theo lp ..................................................11 Hnh 1.7 ng dng trong qun i ...............................................................................15 Hnh 1.8 ng dng trong mi trng ...........................................................................17 Hnh 1.9 ng dng trong chm sc sc khe...............................................................18 Hnh 2.1 Xc nh gc n ca m thanh xa bi mt dy sensor.............................20 Hnh 2.2 ng b bn pht/bn nhn v bn nhn/bn nhn. ......................................23 Hnh 2.3 Hot ng ca vic ng b bn pht/bn nhn .............................................25 Hnh 2.4 LTS multihop phn b ...................................................................................29 Hnh 2.5 V d v RBS ..................................................................................................31 Hnh 2.6 Chuyn tip gi d liu v chuyn i nhn thi gian ..................................33 Hnh 3.1 M hnh truyn d liu gia sink v cc nt...................................................41 Hnh 3.2 Truyn gi trong Flooding ..............................................................................44 Hnh 3.3 Ba tn hiu bt tay ca SPIN ..........................................................................46 Hnh 3.4 Hot ng ca SPIN........................................................................................46 Hnh 3.5 Hot ng c bn ca Directed Diffusion......................................................49 Hnh 3.6 M hnh mng LEACH.................................................................................51 Hnh 3.7 V d v li o trong GAF ...........................................................................56 Hnh 3.8 S chuyn trng thi trong GAF ....................................................................56 Hnh 3.9 Chuyn tip a l quy trong GEAR .........................................................59 Hnh 4.1 Cu trc phn cp module trong OMNeT++ .................................................61 Hnh 4.2 Cc kt ni trong OMNeT++ .........................................................................62
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Hnh 4.3 Cu trc ca host di ng...............................................................................65 Hnh 4.4 Cu trc k tha module trong MF ................................................................67 Hnh 4.5 Xy dng chui s dng thut ton Greedy..................................................72 Hnh 4.6 X l li khi mt nt trong chui cht............................................................73 Hnh 4.7 Khc phc ca PEGASIS................................................................................76 Hnh 4.8 M hnh nng lng n gin.........................................................................79 Hnh 4.9 Trm BS gi broadcast n cho cc nt trong mng .....................................84 Hnh 4.10 Trm BS gi bn tin Max Distance n nt xa nht.....................................85 Hnh 4.11 Nt xa nht chui gi bn tin Invite mi nt gn nht vo chui.................86 Hnh 4.12 Cc nt kt ni vo nhau to thnh chui .....................................................86 Hnh 4.13 Chui sau khi thit lp xong. ........................................................................87 Hnh 4.14 Kt qu khi m phng mng c kch thc .................................................90 (50m,50m) vi nng lng ban u ca nt l 0.25 J....................................................90 Hnh 4.15 Kt qu m phng khi kch thc mng......................................................90 l (100m.100m) vi nng lng ca nt ban u l 0.5J...............................................90
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DANH SCH BNG BIU

Bng 3.1 Phn loi v so snh cc giao thc chn ng trong WSN.........................43 Bng 3.2 Miu t interert s dng cp gi tr thuc tnh ..............................................48 Bng 4.1 Cc loi bn tin tng ng ca cc lp .........................................................68 Bng 4.2 S vng khi 1%, 20%, 50%, v 100% nt cht ..............................................89
DANH SCH CC T VIT TT

ID ADC RF MAC UTC GPS LTS RBS RSS TDOA AOA TDOA RSSI PLF TDMA CDMA ARP BS WSN Identification Analog to Digital Converter Radio frequency Media Access Control Coordinated Universal Time Global Positioning System Lightweight time synchronization protocol Reference broadcast synchronization). Received signal strength Time of arrival Angle of arrival Time difference of arrival Receiver Signal Strength Indicator Perceptive localization framework Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access Address Resolution Protocol BaseStation Wireless Sensor Network
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Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin
Chng 1. Tng quan v mng cm bin

1.1. Gii thiu
Trong nhng nm gn y, rt nhiu mng cm bin khng dy v ang c pht trin v trin khai cho nhiu cc ng dng khc nhau nh: theo di s thay i ca mi trng, kh hu, gim st cc mt trn qun s, pht hin v do thm vic tn cng bng ht nhn, sinh hc v ho hc, chun on s hng hc ca my mc, thit b, theo du v gim st cc bc s, bnh nhn cng nh qun l thuc trong cc bnh vin, theo di v iu khin giao thng, cc phng tin xe c Hn na vi s tin b cng ngh gn y v hi t ca h thng cc cng ngh nh k thut vi in t, cng ngh nano, giao tip khng dy, cng ngh mch tch hp, vi mch phn cm bin, x l v tnh ton tn hiu to ra nhng con cm bin c kch thc nh, a chc nng, gi thnh thp, cng sut tiu th thp, lm tng kh nng ng dng rng ri ca mng cm bin khng dy. Mt mng cm bin khng dy l mt mng bao gm nhiu nt cm bin nh c gi thnh thp, v tiu th nng lng t, giao tip thng qua cc kt ni khng dy, c nhim v cm nhn, o c, tnh ton nhm mc ch thu thp, tp trung d liu a ra cc quyt nh ton cc v mi trng t nhin . Nhng nt cm bin nh b ny bao gm cc thnh phn : Cc b vi x l rt nh, b nh gii hn,b phn cm bin, b thu pht khng dy, ngun nui. Kch thc ca cc con cm bin ny thay i t to nh hp giy cho n nh nh ht bi, ty thuc vo tng ng dng. Khi nghin cu v mng cm bin khng dy, mt trong nhng c im quan trng v then cht l thi gian sng ca cc con cm bin hay chnh l s gii hn v nng lng ca chng. Cc nt cm bin ny yu cu tiu th cng sut thp. Cc nt cm bin hot ng c gii hn v ni chung l khng th thay th c ngun cung cp. Do , trong khi mng truyn thng tp trung vo t c cc dch v cht
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lng cao, th cc giao thc mng cm bin phi tp trung u tin vo bo ton cng sut. Mng cm bin c mt s c im sau: C kh nng t t chc, yu cu t hoc khng c s can thip ca con ngi Truyn thng khng tin cy, qung b trong phm vi hp v nh tuyn multihop Trin khai dy c v kh nng kt hp gia cc nt cm bin Cu hnh mng thay i thng xuyn ph thuc vo fading v h hng cc nt Cc gii hn v mt nng lng, cng sut pht, b nh v cng sut tnh ton Chnh nhng c tnh ny a ra nhng chin lc mi v nhng yu cu thay i trong thit k mng cm bin.
1.2. Cu trc mng cm bin

1.2.1. Cc yu t nh hng n cu trc mng cm bin Cc cu trc hin nay cho mng Internet v mng ad hoc khng dy khng dng c cho mng cm bin khng dy, do mt s l do sau: S lng cc nt cm bin trong mng cm bin c th ln gp nhiu ln s lng nt trong mng ad hoc. Cc nt cm bin d b li. Cu trc mng cm bin thay i kh thng xuyn. Cc nt cm bin ch yu s dng truyn thng kiu qung b, trong khi hu ht cc mng ad hoc u da trn vic truyn im-im.
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Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin Cc nt cm bin b gii hn v nng lng, kh nng tnh ton v
b nh. Cc nt cm bin c th khng c s nhn dng ton cu (global identification) (ID) v chng c mt s lng ln mo u v mt s lng ln cc nt cm bin. Do vy, cu trc mng mi s: Kt hp vn nng lng v kh nng nh tuyn. Tch hp d liu v giao thc mng. Truyn nng lng hiu qu qua cc phng tin khng dy. Chia s nhim v gia cc nt ln cn. Cc nt cm bin c phn b trong mt sensor field nh hnh (1.1). Mi mt nt cm bin c kh nng thu thp d liu v nh tuyn li n cc sink.
Hnh 1.1 Cu trc mng cm bin
D liu c nh tuyn li n cc sink bi mt cu trc a im nh hnh v trn. Cc sink c th giao tip vi cc nt qun l nhim v (task manager node) qua mng Internet hoc v tinh. Sink l mt thc th, ti thng tin c yu cu . Sink c th l thc th bn trong mng (l mt nt cm bin ) hoc ngoi mng. Thc th ngoi mng c th l
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mt thit b thc s v d nh my tnh xch tay m tng tc vi mng cm bin, hoc cng n thun ch l mt gateway m ni vi mng khc ln hn nh Internet ni m cc yu cu thc s i vi cc thng tin ly t mt vi nt cm bin trong mng. Gii thiu v nt cm bin: Cu to ca nt cm bin nh sau: Mi nt cm bin c cu thnh bi 4 thnh phn c bn nh hnh (1.2): n v cm bin (a sensing unit), n v x l (a processing unit), n v truyn dn (a transceiver unit) v b ngun (a power unit). Ngoi ra c th c thm nhng thnh phn khc ty thuc vo tng ng dng nh l h thng nh v (location finding system), b pht ngun (power generator) v b phn di ng (mobilizer).
Hnh 1.2 Cu to nt cm bin.
Cc n v cm bin (sensing units) bao gm cm bin v b chuyn i tng t-s. Da trn nhng hin tng quan st c, tn hiu tng t to ra bi sensor c chuyn sang tn hiu s bng b ADC, sau c a vo b x l. n v x l thng c kt hp vi b lu tr nh (storage unit), quyt nh cc th tc lm cho cc nt kt hp vi nhau thc hin cc nhim v nh sn. Phn thu pht v tuyn kt ni cc nt vo mng.
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Mt trong s cc phn quan trng nht ca mt nt mng cm bin l b ngun. Cc b ngun thng c h tr bi cc b phn lc nh l t bo nng lng mt tri. Ngoi ra cng c nhng thnh phn ph khc ph thuc vo tng ng dng. Hu ht cc k thut nh tuyn v cc nhim v cm bin ca mng u yu cu c chnh xc cao v v tr. Cc b phn di ng i lc cn phi dch chuyn cc nt cm bin khi cn thit thc hin cc nhim v n nh. Tt c nhng thnh phn ny cn phi ph hp vi kch c tng module. Ngoi kch c ra cc nt cm bin cn mt s rng buc nghim ngt khc, nh l phi tiu th rt t nng lng, hot ng mt cao, c gi thnh thp, c th t hot ng, v thch bin vi s bin i ca mi trng. c im ca cu trc mng cm bin: Nh trn ta bit c im ca mng cm bin l bao gm mt s lng ln cc nt cm bin, cc nt cm bin c gii hn v rng buc v ti nguyn c bit l nng lng rt kht khe. Do , cu trc mng mi c c im rt khc vi cc mng truyn thng. Sau y ta s phn tch mt s c im ni bt trong mng cm bin nh sau: Kh nng chu li (fault tolerance): Mt s cc nt cm bin c th khng hot ng na do thiu nng lng, do nhng h hng vt l hoc do nh hng ca mi trng. Kh nng chu li th hin vic mng vn hot ng bnh thng, duy tr nhng chc nng ca n ngay c khi mt s nt mng khng hot ng. Kh nng m rng: Khi nghin cu mt hin tng, s lng cc nt cm bin c trin khai c th n hng trm nghn nt, ph thuc vo tng ng dng con s ny c th vt qu hng triu. Do cu trc mng mi phi c kh nng m rng c th lm vic vi s lng ln cc nt ny. Gi thnh sn xut : V cc mng cm bin bao gm mt s lng ln cc nt cm bin nn chi ph ca mi nt rt quan trng trong vic iu
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chnh chi ph ca ton mng. Nu chi ph ca ton mng t hn vic trin khai sensor theo kiu truyn thng, nh vy mng khng c gi thnh hp l. Do vy, chi ph ca mi nt cm bin phi gi mc thp. Rng buc v phn cng : V s lng cc nt trong mng rt nhiu nn cc nt cm bin cn phi c cc rng buc v phn cng nh sau : Kch thc phi nh, tiu th nng lng thp, c kh nng hot ng nhng ni c mt cao, chi ph sn xut thp, c kh nng t tr v hot ng khng cn c ngi kim sot, thch nghi vi mi trng. Mi trng hot ng: Cc nt cm bin c thit lp dy c, rt gn hoc trc tip bn trong cc hin tng quan st. V th, chng thng lm vic m khng cn gim st nhng vng xa xi. Chng c th lm vic bn trong cc my mc ln, di y bin, hoc trong nhng vng nhim ha hc hoc sinh hc, gia nh hoc nhng ta nh ln. Phng tin truyn dn : nhng mng cm bin multihop, cc nt c kt ni bng nhng phng tin khng dy. Cc ng kt ni ny c th to nn bi sng v tuyn, hng ngoi hoc nhng phng tin quang hc. thit lp s hot ng thng nht ca nhng mng ny, cc phng tin truyn dn phi c chn phi ph hp trn ton th gii. Hin ti nhiu phn cng ca cc nt cm bin da vo thit k mch RF. Nhng thit b cm bin nng lng thp dng b thu pht v tuyn 1 knh RF hot ng tn s 916MHz. Mt cch khc m cc nt trong mng giao tip vi nhau l bng hng ngoi. Thit k my thu pht v tuyn dng hng ngoi th gi thnh r v d dng hn. C hai loi hng ngoi v quang u yu cu b pht v thu nm trong phm vi nhn thy, tc l c th truyn nh sng cho nhau c. Cu hnh mng cm bin (network topology): Trong mng cm bin, hng trm n hng nghn nt c trin khai trn trng cm bin. Chng c trin khai trong vng hng chc feet ca mi nt. Mt cc nt c th
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ln ti 20 nt/m3. Do s lng cc nt cm bin rt ln nn cn phi thit lp mt cu hnh n nh. Chng ta c th kim tra cc vn lin quan n vic duy tr v thay i cu hnh 3 pha sau: Pha tin trin khai v trin khai: cc nt cm bin c th t ln xn hoc xp theo trt t trn trng cm bin. Chng c th c trin khai bng cch th t my bay xung, tn la, hoc c th do con ngi hoc robot t tng ci mt. Pha hu trin khai: sau khi trin khai, nhng s thay i cu hnh ph thuc vo vic thay i v tr cc nt cm bin, kh nng t trng thi khng kt ni (ph thuc vo nhiu, vic di chuyn cc vt cn), nng lng thch hp, nhng s c, v nhim v c th. Pha trin khai li: Sau khi trin khai cu hnh, ta vn c th thm vo cc nt cm bin khc thay th cc nt gp s c hoc ty thuc vo s thay i chc nng. S tiu th nng lng (power consumption) : Cc nt cm bin khng dy, c th coi l mt thit b vi in t ch c th c trang b ngun nng lng gii hn (<0,5Ah, 1.2V). Trong mt s ng dng, vic b sung ngun nng lng khng th thc hin c. V th khong thi gian sng ca cc nt cm bin ph thuc mnh vo thi gian sng ca pin. mng cm bin multihop ad hoc, mi mt nt ng mt vai tr kp va khi to va nh tuyn d liu. S trc trc ca mt vi nt cm bin c th gy ra nhng thay i ng k trong cu hnh v yu cu nh tuyn li cc gi v t chc li mng. V vy, vic duy tr v qun l ngun nng lng ng mt vai tr quan trng. l l do v sao m hin nay ngi ta ang tp trung nghin cu v cc gii thut v giao thc thit k ngun cho mng cm bin. Nhim v chnh ca cc nt cm bin trong trng cm bin l pht hin ra cc s kin, thc hin x l d liu cc b nhanh chng, v sau truyn d
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liu i. V th s tiu th nng lng c chia ra lm 3 vng: cm nhn (sensing), giao tip (communicating), v x l d liu (data processing). 1.2.2. Kin trc giao thc mng Kin trc giao thc p dng cho mng cm bin c trnh by trong hnh (1.3). Kin trc ny bao gm cc lp v cc mt phng qun l . Cc mt phng qun l ny lm cho cc nt c th lm vic cng nhau theo cch c hiu qu nht, nh tuyn d liu trong mng cm bin di ng v chia s ti nguyn gia cc nt cm bin.
Hnh 1.3 Kin trc giao thc mng cm bin
Mt phng qun l cng sut : Qun l cch cm bin s dng ngun nng lng ca n. V d : nt cm bin c th tt b thu sau khi nhn c mt bn tin. Khi mc cng sut ca con cm bin thp, n s broadcast sang nt cm bin bn cnh thng bo rng mc nng lng ca n thp v n khng th tham gia vo qu trnh nh tuyn . Mt phng qun l di ng : c nhim v pht hin v ng k s chuyn ng ca cc nt. Cc nt gi vic theo di xem ai l nt hng xm ca chng.
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Mt phng qun l : Cn bng v sp xp nhim v cm bin gia cc nt trong mt vng quan tm. Khng phi tt c cc nt cm bin u thc hin nhim v cm nhn cng mt thi im. Lp vt l : c nhim v la chn tn s, to ra tn s sng mang, pht hin tn hiu, iu ch v m ha tn hiu. Bng tn ISM 915 MHZ c s dng rng ri trong mng cm bin. Vn hiu qu nng lng cng cn phi c xem xt lp vt l, v d : iu bin M hoc iu bin nh phn. Lp lin kt d liu : lp ny c nhim v ghp cc lung d liu, pht hin cc khung (frame) d liu, cch truy nhp ng truyn v iu khin li. V mi trng c tp m v cc nt cm bin c th di ng, giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) phi xt n vn cng sut v phi c kh nng ti thiu ho vic va chm vi thng tin qung b ca cc nt ln cn. Lp mng : Lp mng ca mng cm bin c thit k tun theo nguyn tc sau : Hiu qu nng lng lun lun c coi l vn quan trng Mng cm bin ch yu l tp trung d liu Tch hp d liu ch c s dng khi n khng cn tr s cng tc c hiu qu ca cc nt cm bin. Lp truyn ti : ch cn thit khi h thng c k hoch c truy cp thng qua mng Internet hoc cc mng bn ngoi khc. Lp ng dng : Tu theo nhim v cm bin, cc loi phn mm ng dng khc nhau c th c xy dng v s dng lp ng dng.
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1.2.3. Hai cu trc c trng ca mng cm bin 1.2.3.1. Cu trc phng Trong cu trc phng (flat architecture) (hnh 1.4), tt c cc nt u ngang hng v ng nht trong hnh dng v chc nng. Cc nt giao tip vi sink qua multihop s dng cc nt ngang hng lm b tip sng. Vi phm vi truyn c nh, cc nt gn sink hn s m bo vai tr ca b tip sng i vi mt s lng ln ngun. Gi thit rng tt c cc ngun u dng cng mt tn s truyn d liu, v vy c th chia s thi gian. Tuy nhin cch ny ch c hiu qu vi iu kin l c ngun chia s n l, v d nh thi gian, tn s
Hnh 1.4 Cu trc phng ca mng cm bin
1.2.3.2. Cu trc tng Trong cu trc tng (tiered architecture) (hnh 1.5), cc cm c to ra gip cc ti nguyn trong cng mt cm gi d liu single hop hay multihop ( ty thuc vo kch c ca cm) n mt nt nh sn, thng gi l nt ch (cluster head). Trong cu trc ny cc nt to thnh mt h thng cp bc m mi nt mt mc xc nh thc hin cc nhim v nh sn.
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Hnh 1.5 Cu trc tng ca mng cm bin
Trong cu trc tng th chc nng cm nhn, tnh ton v phn phi d liu khng ng u gia cc nt. Nhng chc nng ny c th phn theo cp, cp thp nht thc hin tt c nhim v cm nhn, cp gia thc hin tnh ton, v cp trn cng thc hin phn phi d liu (hnh 1.6).
Cp 2: Phn phi
Cp 1 : Tnh ton
Cp 0: Cm nhn
Hnh 1.6 Cu trc mng phn cp chc nng theo lp
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Mng cm bin xy dng theo cu trc tng hot ng hiu qu hn cu trc phng, do cc l do sau: -Cu trc tng c th gim chi ph chi mng cm bin bng vic nh v cc ti nguyn v tr m chng hot ng hiu qu nht. R rng l nu trin khai cc phn cng thng nht, mi nt ch cn mt lng ti nguyn ti thiu thc hin tt c cc nhim v. V s lng cc nt cn thit ph thuc vo vng ph sng xc nh, chi ph ca ton mng v th s khng cao. Thay vo , nu mt s lng ln cc nt c chi ph thp c ch nh lm nhim v cm nhn, mt s lng nh hn cc nt c chi ph cao hn c ch nh phn tch d liu, nh v v ng b thi gian, chi ph cho ton mng s gim i. -Mng cu trc tng s c tui th cao hn cu trc mng phng. Khi cn phi tnh ton nhiu th mt b x l nhanh s hiu qu hn, ph thuc vo thi gian yu cu thc hin tnh ton. Tuy nhin, vi cc nhim v cm nhn cn hot ng trong khong thi gian di, cc nt tiu th t nng lng ph hp vi yu cu x l ti thiu s hot ng hiu qu hn. Do vy vi cu trc tng m cc chc nng mng phn chia gia cc phn cng c thit k ring cho tng chc nng s lm tng tui th ca mng. -V tin cy: mi mng cm bin phi ph hp vi vi s lng cc nt yu cu tha mn iu kin v bng thng v thi gian sng. Vi mng cu trc phng, qua phn tch ngi ta xc nh thng lng ti u ca mi nt trong mng c n nt l
W , trong W l rng bng tn ca knh chia s. Do khi kch c mng tng n
ln th thng lng ca mi nt s gim v 0. -Vic nghin cu cc mng cu trc tng em li nhiu trin vng khc phc vn ny. Mt cch tip cn l dng mt knh n l trong cu trc phn cp, trong cc nt cp thp hn to thnh mt cm xung quanh trm gc. Mi mt trm gc ng vai tr l cu ni vi cp cao hn, cp ny m bo vic giao tip trong cm thng qua cc b phn hu tuyn. Trong trng hp ny, dung lng ca mng tng
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tuyn tnh vi s lng cc cm, vi iu kin l s lng cc cm tng t nht phi nhanh bng
n . Cc nghin cu khc th cch dng cc knh khc nhau cc mc
khc nhau ca cu trc phn cp. Trong trng hp ny, dung lng ca mi lp trong cu trc tng v dung lng ca mi cm trong mi lp xc nh l c lp vi nhau. Tm li, vic tng thch gia cc chc nng trong mng c th t c khi dng cu trc tng. c bit ngi ta ang tp trung nghin cu v cc tin ch v tm a ch. Nhng chc nng nh vy c th phn phi n mi nt, mt phn phn b n tp con ca cc nt. Gi thit rng cc nt u khng c nh v phi thay i a ch mt cch nh k, s cn bng gia nhng la chn ny ph thuc vo tn s thch hp ca chc nng cp nht v tm kim. Hin nay cng ang c rt nhiu m hnh tm kim a ch trong mng cu trc tng.
1.3. ng dng
Nh trn ta cp n cc lnh vc ng dng mng cm bin khng dy.C th ta s xem xt k mt s ng dng nh sau hiu r s cn thit ca mng cm bin khng dy. Cc mng cm bin c th bao gm nhiu loi cm bin khc nhau nh cm bin ng t, cm bin t trng tc ly mu thp, cm bin th gic, cm bin hng ngoi, cm bin m thanh, radar m c th quan st vng rng cc iu kin xung quanh a dng bao gm: Nhit . m. S chuyn ng ca xe c. iu kin nh sng. p sut. S hnh thnh t. Mc nhiu.
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S c mt hay vng mt mt i tng no . Mc ng sut trn cc i tng b gn. c tnh hin ti nh tc , chiu v kch thc ca i tng. Cc nt cm bin c th c s dng cm bin lin tc hoc l pht hin s kin, s nhn dng s kin, cm bin v tr v iu khin cc b b phn pht ng. Khi nim vi cm bin v kt ni khng dy ca nhng nt ny ha hn nhiu vng ng dng mi. Chng ta phn loi cc ng dng ny trong qun i, mi trng, sc khe, gia nh v cc lnh vc thng mi khc. 1.3.1. ng dng trong qun i Mng cm bin khng dy c th tch l mt phn tch hp trong h thng iu khin qun i, gim st, giao tip, tnh ton thng minh, trinh st, theo di mc tiu. c tnh trin khai nhanh, t t chc v c th b li ca mng cm bin lm cho chng ha hn k thut cm bin cho h thng trong qun i. V mng cm bin da trn s trin khai dy c ca cc nt cm bin c sn, chi ph thp v s ph hy ca mt vi nt bi qun ch khng nh hng n hot ng ca qun i cng nh s ph hy cc cm bin truyn thng lm cho khi nim mng cm bin l ng dng tt i vi chin trng. Mt vi ng dng qun i ca mng cm bin l quan st lc lng, trang thit b, n dc, theo di chin trng do thm a hnh v lc lng qun ch, mc tiu, vic nh gi mc nguy him ca chin trng, pht hin v do thm vic tn cng bng ha hc, sinh hc, ht nhn. Gim st lc lng , trang thit b v n dc: Cc ngi lnh o, s quan s theo di lin tc trng thi lc lng qun i, iu kin v s c sn ca cc thit b v n dc trong chin trng bng vic s dng mng cm bin. Qun i, xe c, trang thit b v n dc c th gn lin vi cc thit b cm bin nh c th thng bo v trng thi. Nhng bn bo co ny
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c tp hp li ti cc nt sink gi ti lnh o trong qun i. D liu cng c th c chuyn tip n cc cp cao hn. Gim st chin trng: a hnh him tr, cc tuyn ng , ng mn v cc ch eo hp c th nhanh chng c bao ph bi mng cm bin v gn nh c th theo di cc hot ng ca qun ch. Khi cc hot ng ny c m rng v k hoch hot ng mi c chun b mt mng mi c th c trin khai bt c thi gian no khi theo di chin trng. Gim st a hnh v lc lng qun ch: mng cm bin c th c trin khai nhng a hnh then cht v mt vi ni quan trng, cc nt cm bin cn nhanh chng cm nhn cc d liu v tp trung d liu gi v trong vi pht trc khi qun ch pht hin v c th chn li chng. Hnh (1.7) cho ta hnh dung c v ng dng ca mng cm bin trong hot ng qun i.
Hnh 1.7 ng dng trong qun i
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nh gi s nguy him ca chin trng: trc v sau khi tn cng mng cm bin c th c trin khai nhng vng mc tiu nm c mc nguy him ca chin trng. Pht hin v thm d cc v tn cng bng ha hc, sinh hc v ht nhn. Trong cc cuc chin tranh ha hc v sinh hc ang gn k, mt iu rt quan trng l s pht hin ng lc v chnh xc cc tc nhn . Mng cm bin trin khai nhng vng m c s dng nh l h thng cnh bo sinh hc v ha hc c th cung cp cc thng tin mang ngha quan trng ng lc nhm trnh thng vong nghim trng. 1.3.2. ng dng trong mi trng Mt vi ng dng mi trng ca mng cm bin bao gm theo di s di c ca cc loi chim, cc ng vt nh, cc loi cn trng, theo di iu kin mi trng m nh hng n ma mng v vt nui; vic ti tiu, cc thit b o c ln i vi vic quan st din tch ln trn tri t, s thm d cc hnh tinh, pht hin sinh-ha, nng nghip chnh xc, quan st mi trng, tri t, mi trng vng bin v bu kh quyn, pht hin chy rng, nghin cu kh tng hc v a l, pht hin l lt, sp t s phc tp v sinh hc ca mi trng v nghin cu s nhim. Pht hin chy rng: v cc nt cm bin c th c trin khai mt cch ngu nhin, c chin lc vi mt cao trong rng, cc nt cm bin s d tm ngun gc ca la thng bo cho ngi s dng bit trc khi la lan rng khng kim sot c. Hng triu cc nt cm bin c th c trin khai v tch hp s dng h thng tn s khng dy hoc quang hc. Cng vy, chng c th c trang b cch thc s dng cng sut c hiu qu nh l pin mt tri bi v cc nt cm bin b b li khng c ch hng thng v hng nm. Cc nt cm bin s cng tc vi nhau thc hin cm bin phn b v khc phc kh khn, nh cc cy v m ngn tr tm nhn thng ca cm bin c dy.
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Hnh 1.8 ng dng trong mi trng
Pht hin l lt: mt v d l h thng bo ng c trin khai ti M. Mt vi loi cm bin c trin khai trong h thng cm bin lng ma, mc nc, thi tit. Nhng con cm bin ny cung cp thng tin tp trung h thng c s d liu c nh ngha trc. 1.3.3. ng dng trong chm sc sc khe Mt vi ng dng v sc khe i vi mng cm bin l gim st bnh nhn, cc triu chng, qun l thuc trong bnh vin, gim st s chuyn ng v x l bn trong ca cn trng hoc cc ng vt nh khc, theo di v kim tra bc s v bnh nhn trong bnh vin. Theo di bc s v bnh nhn trong bnh vin : mi bnh nhn c gn mt nt cm bin nh v nh, mi mt nt cm bin ny c nhim v ring, v d c nt cm bin xc nh nhp tim trong khi con cm bin khc pht hin p sut mu, bc s cng c th mang nt cm bin cho cc bc s khc xc nh c v tr ca h trong bnh vin.
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Hnh 1.9 ng dng trong chm sc sc khe
1.3.4. ng dng trong gia nh Trong lnh vc t ng ha gia nh, cc nt cm bin c t cc phng o nhit . Khng nhng th, chng cn c dng pht hin nhng s dch chuyn trong phng v thng bo li thng tin ny n thit b bo ng trong trng hp khng c ai nh.
1.4. Kt lun
Chng ny gii thiu tng quan v kin trc mng cm bin v cc ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc dn s cng nh qun s, y t, mi trng... Qua ta thy r c tm quan trng ca mng cm bin vi cuc sng ca chng ta. Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh ngy nay s ha hn thm nhiu ng dng mi ca mng cm bin.
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Chng 2 Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin
Chng 2. Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin

2.1. Gii thiu v giao thc c trng trong mng cm bin
Trong chng trc chng ta xem xt v cc khi nim tng quan nht v mng cm bin. Chng ny chng ta s i su vo tm hiu cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin. l hai giao thc ng b thi gian v giao thc v tr. Hai giao thc ny c ngha rt quan trng trong mng cm bin.
2.2. Giao thc ng b thi gian

Vn thi gian rt quan trng trong nhiu ng dng v giao thc trong mng cm bin. Cc nt c th o thi gian bng cch dng cc xung ng h cc b ly t cc b dao ng. Bi v cc pha ngu nhin lm dch chuyn v lm tri tc ca b dao ng, do vy thi gian cc b ca cc nt s bt u sai khc i lm cho mng mt i s ng b. Do vy vic ng b thi gian c vai tr rt quan trng trong hot ng ca mng cm bin. ng b thi gian l phng thc cho php cc thc th ring bit trong mt nhm ng b xung ng h ca chng hoc ng b vi thi gian ton cu phi hp (UTC). Phn ny s gii thch ti sao cn ng b thi gian v a ra mt s giao thc ng b khc nhau. Ti sao cn ng b thi gian trong mng cm bin: Mng cm bin cn lin kt vi th gii thc bit khi no mt hin tng xy ra. Dch v c bn chnh ca mng cm bin l tch hp d liu. Do cn ng b gia cc nt c th tch hp d liu truyn n Sink Mt vi giao thc yu cu ng b thi gian: qun l cu hnh mng.
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Chng 2 Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin Cc nt cm bin thng nh, gi thnh thp nn b dao ng
thng khng chnh xc, hn na chng b gii hn v nng lng nn thng c ch sleep tit kim nng lng. Sau y, ta xt v d n gin minh ho s cn thit ca chnh xc v thi gian nh sau (hnh 2.1)
Hnh 2.1 Xc nh gc n ca m thanh xa bi mt dy sensor
Mt sng m pht ra t mt ngun m khong cch xa tc ng n mt dy cc sensor v ta c th c on gc ti trong trng hp ny. Mi mt sensor u bit v tr ca chng v lu li thi gian n ca m thanh. Trong trng hp c th nh hnh v, gc c th c xc nh khi d v x bit, dng cng thc lng gic
x = d sin do = arcsin
x . Khong cch gia cc sensor c th xc nh t cc v d
tr bit ca cc sensor v x c th thu c t lch thi gian t gia cc ln cm nhn ca sensor v vn tc ca m thanh c 330m / s , s dng cng thc x = c t . Cho d = 1m v t = 0.001s th 0.336 (radians). Nu ng h ca cc sensor chnh xc n 500 s , s sai lch v thi gian thc c th khong gia 500 v 1500 s , v v th gi tr ca gc c th thay i trong khong 0.166 v 0.518 . V th, mt sai s nh trong khi ng b thi gian c th dn ti lch ng k khi c on.
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Cn phi ch rng thi gian dng trong mng cm bin phi l thi gian t nhin (physical time), l hai nt cm bin phi c s cm nhn nh nhau v 1s v 1s ca mt nt cm bin cng gn vi 1s trong thi gian thc (real time) hoc thi gian ton cu phi hp (coordinated universal time UTC) cng tt. Thi gian t nhin phi c phn bit vi khi nim v thi gian logic (logical time) l thi gian m cho php quyt nh vic sp xp cc s kin trong h thng phn b nhng khng cn thit phi ch ra bt k s lin quan no n thi gian thc. 2.2.1. ng h cc nt cm bin v s chnh xc Hu ht cc thit b ng h ca cc nt cm bin v my tnh u c cu to ging nhau. Mi nt c mt b dao ng mt tn s xc nh v mt my m xung dao ng. Phn mm ca cc nt ch truy nhp ti gi tr ca b m ny v thi gian gia hai ln tng ny quyt nh cch gii quyt vn thi gian: cc s kin xy ra gia hai ln tng ny khng th c phn bit t cc nhn thi gian ca chng. B dao ng thng c tri, l s dch ngu nhin so vi tn s trn danh ngha, hay cn gi l lch ng h. iu ny ph thuc vo s khng trong sut ca tinh th, hay cc iu kin mi trng nh p sut, nhit do vy vic trin khai mng cm bin trn thc t khc nhiu so vi trong phng th nghim. lch ng h c o bng ppm (parts per million), n a ra con s v s dao ng thm vo hoc s dao ng b mt m ng h to ra trong lng thi gian cn cho 1 triu dao ng tc danh ngha. Tn s dao ng thay i theo thi gian. C 2 kiu thay i: Thay i ngn hn: do thay i nhit , do thay i trong in p ngun cung cp, p sut khng kh Thay i di hn: do s lo ha ca cc b dao ng Ngi ta thng gi nh tn s cc b dao ng l n nh va phi trong phm vi t vi pht n vi chc pht. iu ny cng ni ln rng cc thut ton ng
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b thi gian phi ng b li vi pht mt ln theo kp s thay i ca tn s. V th giao thc ng b thi gian l rt cn thit. Mt iu cn quan tm na l bao lu th giao thc ng b thi gian chy mt ln? Gi s mt nt ch iu chnh dch pha i v tc tri ca dao ng l x ppm c nh, chnh xc yu cu l s, th sau khong thi gian khong
8 s cn x 10 6
thit phi ng b li. Vi x = 20ppm, chnh xc l 1s th sau 50s phi ng b li. Cc m hnh hin i ngy nay u c gng c lng chnh xc khng ch i m cn
i ko di chu k trc khi phi ng b li. Mt ln na phi nhn mnh rng qu
trnh ng b mt ln khng c hiu qu v tc tri thay i, v thng th ta gii hn c tc tri ln nht i > 0 m tha mn
1 d H i (t ) 1 + i 1 + i dt
(2.1)
Cng thc ny cn dng xc nh tn s ng b li. 2.2.2. ng b thi gian trong mng cm bin Trong mng cm bin c mt s c im m nh hng n yu cu thit k ca cc thut ton ng b thi gian: Thut ton phi ph hp vi phm vi mng mutilhop rng ln, cc nt b rng buc v mt nng lng. Yu cu v phm vi bao hm c s lng cc nt trong mng v mt cc nt. Yu cu v chnh xc c th thay i khc nhau t mili giy cho n hng giy. Khng s dng thm phn cng ch ginh cho mc ch ng b v tn chi ph v nng lng thm vo cho phn ph . Mc di ng l rt thp.
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Chng 2 Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin Hu nh khng c gii hn trn c nh v tr truyn gi v ph
thuc lp MAC, li cc gi, v truyn li. Tr truyn gia hai nt hng xm l khng ng k. Mt khong cch 30m cn 10-7s v vn tc nh sang l c =3.108m/s. C rt nhiu giao thc ng b thi gian truyn thng c gng gi vic ng b gia cc nt mi thi im nhng li khng quan tm n nng lng v cu hnh mng cho nn khng th p dng vo mng cm bin. V c im ca mng cm bin cho nn giao thc ng b thi gian cn ch v cc vn v chnh xc, chi ph nng lng v cc yu cu v b nh. Phng php c bn ng b thi gian trong mng cm bin l cng tc gia cc nt trong ton mng. Thit lp mi lin h cp dy (pair-wise) gia cc nt trong mng sau m rng ra ton mng. C hai cch thit lp s cng tc gia hai nt trong mng l ng b gia bn gi v bn nhn (Sender-Receiver) v gia bn nhn v bn nhn (Receiver-Receiver). ng b gia bn gi v bn nhn yu cu lin kt hai chiu gia hai nt ln cn. Trong phng php ng b gia bn nhn v bn nhn, nhiu nt nhn ca cc gi c nhn thi gian nh nhau ng b vi nhau m khng yu cu ng b vi bn gi ( mc gi gi tin broadcast n hai nt A v B, sau A v B t ng b vi nhau khng cn n mc). Hai phng php ny c miu t nh hnh (2.2).
Hnh 2.2 ng b bn pht/bn nhn v bn nhn/bn nhn. http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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2.2.2.1. Giao thc ng b gia bn nhn v bn pht Trong giao thc ny, mt nt gi l bn nhn, trao i gi d liu vi nt khc gi l bn pht, lm cho bn nhn ng b vi ng h ca bn pht. Giao thc ng b gia bn nhn v bn pht ni chung l i hi ng ni 2 chiu gia cc nt ln cn. in hnh ca giao thc ng b gia bn pht v bn nhn l Lightweight time synchronization protocol (LTS). Giao thc ny a ra bi VAN GREUNEN v RABAEY ng b ng h ca mng vi ng h ca cc nt tham chiu, v d nh c th c b nhn GPS. Trong khi hot ng n iu khin cc nt s dng nng lng hiu qu v t c chnh xc cao, v a ra nhng gii hn tng i chnh xc v cc phn cng c s v cc h thng. LTS khng yu cu phi update ng h cc b v n cng khng c lng tc tri thc s. LTS chia qu trnh ng b lm 2 giai on: - Giao thc ng b 2 chiu ng b 2 nt ln cn. - gi cc nt hoc mt tp hp cc nt cn quan tm ng b theo mt tham chiu chung, LTS xy dng mt cy phn tn t cc nt tham chiu n tt c cc nt. Nu cc li khi ng b single-hop l c lp, phn phi y ht nhau v c trung bnh l O th cc nt l ca cy cng c ng b vi li bng O nhng s thay i l tng cc thay i dc theo ng truyn t nt tham chiu n nt l. V vy s thay i ny c th ti thiu ho bng vic tm ra cy phn tn c chiu cao nh nht. ng b 2 chiu u tin chng ta s nghin cu v ng b hai chiu (hnh 2.4) Sau khi qu trnh ng b li c khi ng nt i, gi d liu yu cu ng b c nh dng ti thi im t1 vi thi gian Li(t1). Nt i iu khin cc gi qua h thng hot ng v cc ngn xp. Tr ng truyn c th bin thin rt nhiu. Khi nt i gi bit u tin ti thi im t2, nt j nhn bit cui cng ca gi ti t 3 = t 2 + + t P ,
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trong l tr ng truyn v tP l thi gian truyn gi (chiu di ca gi tnh theo bit).
Hnh 2.3 Hot ng ca vic ng b bn pht/bn nhn
Sau mt thi gian, ti thi im t4, gi d liu n c bo hiu n ng dng hoc h thng hot ng ca nt j qua mt qu trnh ngt, sau c nh du
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ti thi im t5 vi thi gian Lj(t5). Ti t6, nt j nh dng gi phc p vi thi gian Lj(t6), v iu khin gi n h thng hot ng ca n v ngn xp mng. Gi ny bao gm c thi gian trc l Lj(t5) v Li(t1). Nt i ngng nhn gi vo thi im t7 (t6 cng vi mo u ca mng hoc h thng hot ng) v nh du ti thi im t8 vi thi gian Li(t8). By gi ta s phn tch v sao nt i li nhn ra s hiu chnh ca n. c O = (t1 ) := Li (t1 ) L j (t1 ) , chng ta gi s khng c bt k s tri no gia cc ng h trong khong thi gian t t1 n t8, do O = (t * ) vi cc nt t * [t1 ,t 8 ] , v trn thc t nt i c on O bng vic c on (t 5 ) . T hnh v ta thy nhn thi gian Lj(t5) nh du s quay li ca nt i, c th xy ra bt k lc no trong khong t t1 n t8. Tuy nhin chng ta c th lm gim s khng xc nh ny bng cc nhn xt sau: Ch c mt tr ng truyn cng vi thi gian truyn gi t P gia t1 v t5 Ch c thm mt khong + t P gia t5 v t8 i vi gi phc p. Vi cc nt tnh chng ta c th gi thit rng tr ng truyn l nh nhau theo c hai hng. Thi gian gia t5 v t6 cng c tnh bi hiu L j (t 6 ) L j (t 5 ) .
I = Li (t1 ) + + t P , Li (t 8 ) t P ( L j (t 6 ) L j (t 5 )) . Nu chng ta gi s thi gian s
Do vy, c th gim s khng chnh xc ca t5 n khong
dng trong h thng hot ng v ngn xp mng, khong ngt cng nh l tr ng truyn l nh nhau theo hai hng, th t nt i s suy ra nt j s c Lj(t5) ti thi im (xt so vi nt i)
Li (t 5 ) = Li (t1 ) + + t P + Li (t 8 ) t p ( L j (t 6 ) L j (t 5 )) 2
(2.2)
V th,
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Li (t 8 ) + Li (t1 ) L j (t 6 ) L j (t 5 ) 2
O = (t 5 ) = Li (t 5 ) L j (t 5 ) =
(2.3)
By gi nt i c th iu chnh ng h cc b bng vic gn thm lch O vo. Bng cch ny nt i s ng b vi thi gian cc b ca nt j. Khi mc ch ca vic gn thm ny l cho nt j v O th phi cn thm gi th 3, gi t i n j v bao gm c O. Trong trng hp ny th ton b qu trnh ng b cn 3 gi. Sai s ng b cao nht ca m hnh ny l
I 2
nu v tP c chnh xc cao.
Sai s ng b thc s c th do cc khong ngt khc nhau i v j, n cc thi im khc nhau gia gia vic ngt nhn mt gi v dnh du thi gian gi , v cc thi gian truy nhp knh khc nhau. Nhng s khng chnh xc ny c th gim ng k nu nt yu cu c th nh du thi gian cc gi ca n cng chm cng tt, tt nht l ngay trc khi truyn hoc ngay sau khi chim c ng truyn. ng b trong ton mng Nh c kh nng ng b theo hai chiu, LTS gii quyt c nhim v ng b tt c cc nt trong ton mng vi nt tham chiu. Nu mt nt i no cch nt tham chiu mt khong l hi hop v nu li ng b thng thng ph thuc vo cc thng s = 0 v ' = 2 mi hop, v nu cc nt l c lp vi nhau, li ng b ca ca i ph thuc vo phng sai i2 = 4hi 2 . Vi cc nhn xt c bn ny mc ch ca LTS l xy dng mt cy phn tn c chiu cao nh nht v ch cn ng b cc cp nt dc theo cnh ca cy. Nu qu trnh ng b dc theo cy phn tn mt nhiu thi gian, tri gia cc ng h s gy ra thm sai s. LTS multihop tp trung Nt chun (v d nh mt nt vi b nhn GPS) to nn cy phn tn T v bt u ng b: u tin ng b nt chun vi cc nt con ca T, sau cc nt con vi cc nt con, v c tip tc nh th. V vy mi mt nt cn phi bit cc nt con ca n.
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Cc nt tham chiu cng cn phi ng b li tn s b cho tri. Ngi ta cho rng cc nt tham chiu cn phi c 4 tham s: chiu cao ln nht h ca cy phn tn, tc tri ln nht phi tho mn cho tt c cc nt trong mng, lch chun ca mi hop l 2 ( ni trn), v chnh xc mong mun l . Mc ch l lun lun c sai s ng b cc nt l lun nh hn vi chnh xc l 99%. Ngay sau khi ng b li, chnh xc ca nt l nh hn h 2.3 2 v n c th tng n mc . Vi tri ln nht , qu trnh ny mt mt khong thi gian l
2 2.3 h . Chu k ng b phi c chn sao cho nh hn tri xy ra trong
qu trnh ng b li n, c th ph hng chnh xc ban u 2.3 2 h . Vn ch yu y l chi ph. Qu trnh ng b n theo hai chiu cn 3 gi v nh vy vic ng b c mng bao gm n nt s cn 3n nt, khi khng tnh n li knh hoc xung t. Thm vo l ngun nng lng ng k to nn cy phn tn, v n cn phi lp li qu trnh ny sau mi ln ng b chu ng c cc sai s. Do nhng l do trn ta thy c vic cn thit c cc nt tham chiu multiple, nu mt nt b hng hoc nu mng b phn chia, th cc nt khc c th thay th. Mt giao thc ch rt hu dng h tr cc nt tham chiu ng. LTS multihop phn b LTS multihop phn b khng xy dng cy phn tn, nhng mi nt u nhn dng c s lng cc nt tham chiu dc theo ng i thch hp ca chng. l nhim v ca cc nt thit lp ng b li theo chu k. Ta hy xem xt trng hp hnh 2.4 v cho rng nt 1 mun ng b vi nt tham chiu R. Nt 1 pht yu cu ng b n R theo 1 chui ng b theo 2 hng: nt 4 ng b vi nt R, nt 3 ng b vi nt 4, v c th n nt 1.
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Hnh 2.4 LTS multihop phn b
C 2 iu cn ch y l: - Kt qu l nt 2, 3 v 4 cng c ng b vi nt R - Do c chnh xc yu cu v cng tc tri cho tt c cc nt, tn s ng b li i vi nt i cch nt tham chiu hi hop l
4 2.3 hi . V th trn
hnh ta thy nt 1 v nt 6 c chu k ng b li ngn nht. Nu 2 nt ny lun yu cu ng b vi nt R th cc nt 2, 3, 4 v 5 khng bao gi t yu cu ng b li. Mt nt phi chn nt tham chiu gn nht gim ti a sai s. Trong cch ny khng cn phi xy dng cy c trng s nh nht m nhim v ca gii thut ny l tm ng i tt nht. i vi cc mng v giao thc nh tuyn xc nh ta gp phi vn v chu trnh ng b/nh tuyn. T nhng v d trc ta thy cc nt c th tn dng nhng thun li khi qu trnh ng b ang din ra. Nh trong v d nt 5 hnh (2.4) . Thay v ng b nt 5 c lp vi nt tham chiu R (c th lm cho nt 3 v nt 4 t ng yu cu ng b), nt 5 c th gi yu cu n tt c cc nt ln cn tip tc ng b. Nu c bt k phn hi no, nt 5 c th i mt khong thi gian v sau s ng b vi nt phn hi. Cc c im ca LTS c kim tra bng vic m phng 500 nt phn b ngu nhin trong vng 120m (hnh ch nht 120m, mi nt c kh nng truyn trong hoc tham gia vo qu trnh ang ng b (gim s lng mo u khong 15 n 60%). Tuy nhin, nu ch c mt s lng nt c ng b, cc gii thut phn b c th
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gii hn mo u ca n n cc vng quan tm v lu tr nng lng ca tt c cc nt trong khi cc gii thut tp trung bao gm tt c cc nt v v th n c chi ph c nh bt k khi giao thc ng b thi gian c c dng hay khng. 2.2.2.2. Giao thc ng b gia bn nhn v bn nhn Trong giao thc ny nhiu bn nhn ca cc gi c nhn thi gian nh nhau ng b vi nhau nhng khng ng b vi bn gi. Chng ta xem xt mt giao thc c bn l ng b qung b tham chiu RBS (Reference broadcast synchronization). Giao thc ny bao gm hai thnh phn: thnh phn u tin l mt tp hp cc nt nm trong vng broadcast n (v d nh mt tp hp cc nt c th nghe thy nhau) nh gi xung ng h ca cc nt ngang hng vi chng. Thnh phn th hai cho php lin kt cc nhn thi gian gia cc nt xa vi mt vi khu vc broadcast gia chng. Chng ta s gii thch ln lt mi thnh phn ny. ng b trong mt khu vc broadcast: tng c bn nh sau: Bn gi s gi theo chu k mt gi (khng cn thit nh du nhn thi gian) vo knh broadcast v tt c cc bn nhn s nh du nhn thi gian cho gi ny. Cc bn nhn trao i nhn thi gian ca chng v c th s dng d liu ny bit c ng h ca nt hng xm. Bng vic lp li qu trnh ny cc nt khng ch bit v lch pha ca nhau m cn c tc tri na. Cc nt khng iu chnh ng h cc b ca n nhng i vi mi nt hng xm n xy dng mt bng lu tr cc tham s cn thit chuyn i gi tr xung ng h.V d: xem hnh (2.5 ). Hai nt i v j mun ng b. Ti thi im t0, nt R broadcast mt gi xung, bao gm s nhn dng R v mt chui s s. Nt i v j c mt khong cch khc nhau ti R, do tr truyn cng khc nhau. Bit cui n nt i thi im t1,i n nt j thi im t1,j v tr truyn tng bin l i v j . c hai nt mt ngt nhn gi c to ra, thi im t2,j v t2,i i vi nt j v i.
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Hnh 2.5 V d v RBS
Sau mt khong thi gian ngn na, thi im t3,i nt i nh du gi vi nhn thi gian cc b Li(t3,i); nt j cng tng t to ra nhn Lj(t3,j). Sau nt i v nt j cng trao i nhn thi gian v nhn dng ca cc gi xung (a ch bn gi, chui s) tng ng. C hai nt d dng tnh ton lch pha tng i ca ng h bng vic gi s t3,i = t3,j. c bit, nt i lu tr gi tr O(t3,i)=Li(t3,i)-Lj(t3,j) nh l lch pha trong bng cc b m khng c s iu chnh ng h ca n. R rng, s sp xp ny c th thun li t vic c cc bn nhn nh du cc nhn thi gian ca cc gi n nhanh n mc c th trong chu trnh ngt. Thi gian gia vic nhn bit cui v nh du nhn thi gian ca gi c gi l thay i bn nhn (receiver uncertainty), c k hiu l r,i v r,j i vi nt i v j tng ng. chnh xc t c i vi mi xung n: R rng, ton b vic tnh ton l chnh xc tuyt i khi vic gi s t3,i=t3,j thc s ng. Chng ta s phn tch ngn gn ngun li ng b c th nh sau: Tr ng truyn: Trong mng cm bin, khu vc broardcast thng thng nh v tr truyn ca mt gi c th b qua. Hn na, ch l s khc nhau gia tr
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truyn gia nt i v nt j m c ngha v s khc nhau ny c xu hng thm ch nh hn. Tr gia vic nhn bit cui cng v to ra mt ngt nhn gi: iu ny c th ty thuc vo tr x l phn cng (ging nh tnh ton checksum) cng nh l khong thi gian ngn to khi ngt trong cc trng hp phn on ch yu hoc ngt phc v c u tin cao hn. Hn na, l s khc nhau gia nt i v j m coi nh l li ng b. Tr gia ngt nhn gi v nh du nhn thi gian gi: nu nhn thi gian c to ra ngay trong chu trnh ngt th tr ny rt nh. dch chuyn gia vic nh du nhn thi gian v trao i nhn thi gian quan st c cng gp phn to ra li ng b. Thi gian cng tri qua, li ny cng ln. So snh vi phng php ng b thi gian gia bn gi/bn nhn th thi gian yu cu ca R nh dng gi tin, chuyn qua h iu hnh, phn mm mng, cng nh l tr truy cp ng truyn l hon ton khng lin quan n nhau v im chung ca vic tham chiu ca nt i v j l thi gian t0 m gi xut hin trong knh truyn. Cch to ra khu vc broadcast: Mt trong nhng im khng hn ch ca RBS l cch khu vc broadcast c to thnh v cch n c th m bo chc chn rng mt ng dn bin i thi gian thc t tn ti gia hai nt mong mun, nt cm bin v sink. Chng ta hy xem xt hai tnh hung khc nhau sau: Trong tnh hung mt s lng nt tnh hot ng nh l bn gi xung chuyn dng v cng l b chuyn tip cc gi. Nhng iu ny c biu din bng vng trn trn hnh. Cc nt cm bin thng thng l cc nt hng xm trung gian c ng b. Nt cm bin nh du nhn thi gian ca cc gi xung v truyn s quan st ca n n bn gi xung m tnh ton mi cp nt cm bin lch pha tng i v tc tri, v ri rc cc kt qu. Mt khu vc broardcast l c ro ra bi phm vi ca xung bn gi. Mt nt cm bin i chuyn tip mt gi c hai ty chn: N c th xc nh cc nt j khc trong
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cng khu vc chuyn tip gi n. Nu c hai u l nt hang xm n bc nhy th nt i c th chuyn i nhn thi gian v gi gi trc tip n j. iu ny biu th bng cung c trong hnh (2.6). Trong trng hp khc, nt i c th yu cu bn gi xung chuyn tip gi n nt j m khng thay i n. Trong c hai trng hp, bn gi xung khng yu cu gi bng thng tin v hi thoi.
Hnh 2.6 Chuyn tip gi d liu v chuyn i nhn thi gian
N c th chuyn tip gi ti bn gi xung. y l trch nhim bn gi xung tm kim mt phn t tip theo j v chuyn i nhn thi gian. Theo , bn gi xung c yu cu gi bng vi cc tham s hi thoi. Trong trng hp khc, bn gi xung khng s dng ng h cc b v do khng cn thit ng b vi cc nt cm bin ca n. Trong c hai trng hp khu vc broadcast c chn la nh sau: Mi nt cm bin l mt thnh vin ca t nht mt khu vc broadcast. Khi mt gi c truyn t mt ngun n nt sink trong khu vc broadcast khc, phi c mt chui cc khu vc broadcast trn ng dn gia ngun v sink v hai khu vc broadcast phi chng lp ln mt nt. Nhng nt gateway ny (nt hnh vung c hai mu trn hnh 2.6) bit cc thng s hi thoi i vi tt c cc nt trong hai khu vc v theo c th chuyn i nhn thi gian. phi c chng ln m bo chc chn c s hin din ca cc nt gateway. L tng, gia hai khu vc broadcast c nhiu hn mt nt gateway cho php mt vi s cn bng khi chuyn tip ti. S cc hi thoi cn thit gia mt ngun v mt sink s nh trnh s mt mt chnh xc, ci ny c gi l khu vc broadcast rng ln. Ni cch khc trong khu vc rng ln, c nhiu gi phi c trao i vi cng sut truyn ln hn phi
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c s dng t c n nt hng xm, lm tiu hao nng lng nhanh chng hn. iu ny c th c xem xt nh vn phn cm, vi mc ch tm cc cm b chng lp. Giao thc phn cp cm chuyn dng cho mc c s dng [2]. Giao thc ny cho php iu chnh kch thc cm tm c s cn bng ti gia ti thiu ha cc bc truyn v ti thiu ha lng gi/cng sut truyn. Nu khng c cc nt chuyn dng hoc khi tt c cc nt u bo hm bn gi xung cn thit c ng b, khu vc broadcast phi nh hn v tt c cc thnh vin trong khi vc broadcast phi l cc nt hng xm mt bc nhy c th trao i xung quan st cng nh chuyn tip gi d liu. Khu vc broadcast l mt tp hp cc nt. Trong tnh hung ny mi nt s hot ng nh l mt nt gi xung, v vic quyt nh chuyn tip b gii hn n nhng nt hng xm ny chia s t nht mt khu vc broadcast vi nt chuyn tip.
2.3. Giao thc v tr

Trong nhiu trng hp vic xc nh v tr trong th gii t nhin ca cc nt trong mng cm bin l rt cn thit, n c ngha hoc l mc ch ca mng cm bin. V d nh trong ng dng quan st mi trng v kh tng hc, d liu s khng cn c ngha nu nh khng c nh du thi gian v v tr. Hay nh trong cc ng dng: theo di vic ng gi hang, lu tr sch trong th vin, theo di v tr, tt c cc ng dng ny u cn xc nh v tr ca cc nt c bin. Ngoi ra thng tin v v tr cng rt quan trng trong mt vi giao thc nh tuyn, c bit l nh tuyn da vo v tr. Trong mng cm bin, c mt s lng rt ln cc nt, c trin khai mt cch ngu nhin trong khu vc quan st. Vic xc nh v tr tuyt i ca mt nt thng rt kh. Chng ta c th trang b thit b GPS cho cc nt. Tuy nhin cch ny khng kh thi i vi mng cm bin v GPS tng i t v khng th hot ng trong mi trng c bit nh trong nh, di lng t.
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Hin nay c hai k thut nh v c xem xt ch yu trong mng cm bin l: nh v da vo mc c sn. nh v da vo v tr tng i. C hai k thut ny u s dng s c lng phm vi v gc i vi vic nh v cc nt cm ng thng qua cng tn hiu thu c (received signal strength RSS), thi gian n (time of arrival TOA), s chnh lch thi gian n (time difference of arrival TDOA), v gc ti (angle of arrival AOA). 2.3.1. nh v da vo mc c sn Phng php ny gi s nh sau: C mt vi con cm bin bit v tr. Nhng nt ny s gi tn hiu mc(dn ng) theo chu k. Cc nt khc s o tn hiu ny, s dng php o tam gic , a tr nh gi v tr. RSSI (Receiver Signal Strength Indicator ) c dung xc nh s tng quan tn hiu vi khong cch. H thng nh v ad hoc (AHLoS) i hi mt vi nt phi c v tr xc nh qua GPS hoc qua cu hnh iu khin. iu ny cho php cc nt xc nh c v tr ca chng qua mt qu trnh hai pha: xp loi v c on. Trong pha xp loi, mi mt nt c on phm vi ca cc nt ln cn. Pha c on sau cho php cc nt ln cn m cha xc nh c v tr dng phm vi c c on trong pha xp loi v v tr ca vt mc xc nh v tr ca chng. Tuy nhin phng php ny ch ph hp vi tn hiu RF, v rt nhy cm vi vt cn, nhiu a ng, nh hng ca mi trng (ma,). Hn na tn hiu RF phi c phm vi tt: khong vi chc mt. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng RF v sng siu m: nt mc truyn tn hiu RF v mt sng siu m ti b thu. Thi gian
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n khc nhau gia hai tn hiu c s dng o khong cch. Phm vi ln ti 3 m, chnh xc 2cm. Tuy nhin phng php gi s rng du hiu ca ct mc nhng v tr bit nhiu khi khng th p dng khi cc nt cm ng trin khai nhng vng m kh c th xc nh c v tr. Trn th gii hin ny cc nh khoa hc ang nghin cu v vic t nh v trong dng cc ngun nhng v tr cha bit. Mc d h coi nh gi thuyt l cc vt mc phi v tr c nh nhng chng vn cn phi c ngun tn hiu. Cc ngun ny c trin khai trong cng mt vng vi cc nt cm ng v c dng lm chun cho cc nt ln cn c on cc v tr v hng cha bit t ngun tn hiu. Cng trnh nghin cu ca Moses v Savvides da trn cc ngun tn hiu. Cc cng trnh khc c on v tr ca cc nt bng vic xem xt cc vn v c on v tr nh l cc vn v s ti u li v c nhng rng buc v v tr gia hai nt, v d nh phm vi ph sng. Hn na trong phng php nh v ny, Patwari v cc ng nghip xc nh c chnh xc ranh gii ca v tr sensor da trn cc trm gc c nh cn thit cho thi gian n hoc nhn ca tn hiu. 2.3.2. nh v da vo v tr tng i Mc d cc giao thc nh v da trn vt mc rt hiu qu i vi mt s ng dng no , mt s mng cm ng khc c th c trin khai vng m khng th b nh hng bi vt mc hoc GPS, lc chng c th b nh hng bi nhiu mi trng hay l do sai s khi iu khin. Hn na, cc nt cm ng loi bnh thng c th hot ng ch khng tuyn tnh hoc nhiu khng tun theo phn b Gaussian. khc phc nhng kh khn ny, cc thng tin vng c t theo tng bc truyn t ngun cho n sink. thu c cc thng tin vng chnh xc, cc nt cm ng phi kt hp h tr cho nhau. Hn na, nng lng c th c d tr thm bng vic cho php cc nt cm ng d theo v tr ca cc nt ln cn. K thut xc nh v tr tng i ny c nghin cu k hn bi c cu v tr th cm (perceptive localization framework -PLF). Trong c cu ny, mt nt c th
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pht hin v d theo v tr ca ca nt ln cn bng cch dng k thut c on kt hp vi mt b lc tng phn c ghp vo mt dy cc sensor. tng chnh xc ca vic c lng v tr, sink c th yu cu tt c cc nt dc theo ng t ngun phi lc tng phn tng s lng vt mu. Qu trnh tc ng cc b ny khng yu cu bt k mt vt mc no. Hn na, phn x l trung tm khng cn phi quyt nh v tr ca cc ngun. Cho d dng giao thc nh v da trn vt mc hay l da trn v tr tng i th thng tin vng u cn thit trong cc giao thc lp vn chuyn, lp mng v lp lin kt d liu. Mi mt loi giao thc nh v c nhng yu cu khc nhau. Cc ng dng mng cm ng sau ny s s dng kt hp cc k thut nh v ny.
2.4 Kt lun
Chng ny ch tp trung vo trnh by hai giao thc tiu biu nht v p ng c cc yu cu ring bit ca mng cm ng l xc nh v tr v ng b thi gian. Ngoi hai giao thc ny cn c rt nhiu cc giao thc khc nh giao thc lp ng dng, lp MacV thi gian c hn nn em ch a ra hai giao thc quan trng m mi ngi cn tm hiu khi tip cn v lnh vc mng cm bin. Ngy nay cc nh nghin cu cng a rt nhiu ci tin ca hai giao thc ny, ph hp vi thc tin hn.
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Chng 3 nh tuyn trong mng cm bin
Chng 3. nh tuyn trong mng cm bin

3.1. Gii thiu
Mc d mng cm bin c kh nhiu im tng ng so vi cc mng adhoc c dy v khng dy nhng chng cng biu l mt s cc c tnh duy nht m to cho chng tn ti thnh mng ring. Chnh nhng c tnh ny lm cho tp trung mi nhn vo yu cu thit k cc giao thc nh tuyn mi m khc xa so vi cc giao thc nh tuyn trong cc mng adhoc c dy v khng dy. Vic nhm vo c tnh ny a ra mt tp cc thch thc ln v ring i vi WSN.Chng ny s trnh by ba loi giao thc nh tuyn chnh hay c dng trong mng cm bin, l nh tuyn trung tm d liu (data centric protocol), nh tuyn phn cp (hierarchical protocol) v nh tuyn da vo v tr (location based protocol).
3.2. Thch thc trong vn nh tuyn

Chnh v nhng c im ring bit ca mng cm bin m vic nh tuyn trong mng cm bin phi i mt vi rt nhiu thch thc sau: Mng cm bin c mt s lng ln cc nt, cho nn ta khng th xy dng c s a ch ton cu cho vic trin khai s lng ln cc nt v lng mo u duy tr ID qu cao. D liu trong mng cm bin yu cu cm nhn t nhiu ngun khc nhau v truyn n sink. Cc nt cm bin b rang buc kh cht ch v mt nng lng, tc x l, lu tr. Hu ht trong cc ng dng mng cm bin cc nt ni chung l tnh sau khi c trin khai ngoi tr mt vi nt c th di ng. Mng cm bin l nhng ng dng ring bit.
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Chng 3 nh tuyn trong mng cm bin Vic nhn bit v tr l vn rt quan trng v vic tp hp d
liu thng thng da trn v tr. Kh nng d tha d liu rt cao v cc nt cm bin thu lm d liu da trn hin tng chung.
3.3. Cc vn v thit k giao thc nh tuyn

Mc ch chnh ca mng cm bin l truyn thng d liu trong mng trong khi c gng ko di thi gian sng ca mng v ngn chn vic gim cc kt ni bng cch a ra nhng k thut qun l nng lng linh hot. Trong khi thit k cc giao thc nh tuyn, chng ta thng gp phi cc vn sau. 3.3.1. c tnh thay i thi gian v trt t sp xp ca mng Cc nt cm bin hot ng vi s gii hn v kh nng tnh ton, lu tr v truyn dn, di rng buc v nng lng kht khe. Ty thuc vo ng dng mt cc nt cm bin trong mng c th t tha tht n rt dy. Hn na trong nhiu ng dng s lng cc nt cm bin c th ln n hang trm, thm ch hang ngn nt c trin khai ty v thng thng khng b gim st bao ph mt vng rng ln. Trong mng ny, c tnh ca cc con cm bin l c tnh thch nghi ng v cao, nh l nhu cu t t chc v bo ton nng lng buc cc nt cm bin phi iu chnh lin tc thch ng hot ng hin ti. 3.3.2. Rng buc v ti nguyn Cc nt cm bin c thit k vi phc tp nh nht cho trin khai trong phm vi ln gim chi ph ton mng. Nng lng l mi quan tm chnh trong mng cm bin khng dy, lm th no t c thi gian sng ko di trong khi cc nt hot ng vi s gii hn v nng lng d tr. Vic truyn gi mutilhop chnh l ngun tiu th nng lng chnh trong mng. gim vic tiu th nng lng c th t c bng cch iu khin t ng chu k cng sut ca mng cm bin. Tuy
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nhin vn qun l nng lng tr thnh mt thch thc chin lc trong nhiu ng dng quan trng. 3.3.3. M hnh d liu trong mng cm bin M hnh d liu m t lung thng tin gia cc nt cm bin v cc sink. M hnh ny ph thuc nhiu vo bn cht ca ng dng trong ci cch d liu c yu cu v s dng. Mt vi m hnh d liu c xut nhm tp trung vo yu cu tng tc v nhu cu tp hp d liu ca a dng cc ng dng. Mt loi cc ng dng ca mng cm bin yu cu m hnh thu thp d liu m da trn vic ly mu theo chu k hay s xy ra ca s kin trong mi trng quan st. Trong cc ng dng khc d liu c th c chp v lu tr hoc c th c x l, tp hp ti mt nt trc khi chuyn tip d liu n sink. Mt loi th 3 l m hnh d liu tng tc hai chiu gia cc nt cm bin v sink. Nhu cu h tr a dng cc m hnh d liu lm tng tnh phc tp ca vn thit k giao thc nh tuyn. 3.3.4. Cch truyn d liu Ci cch m cc truy vn v d liu c truyn gia cc trm c s v cc v tr quan st hin tng l mt kha cnh quan trng trong mng cm bin khng dy. Mt phng php c bn thc hin vic ny l mi nt cm bin c th truyn d liu trc tip n trm c s. Tuy nhin phng php da trn bc nhy n (singlehop) c chi ph rt t v cc nt m xa trm c s th s nhanh chng b tiu hao nng lng v do lm gim thi gian sng ca mng. Nhm gim thiu li ca phng php ny th d liu trao i gia cc nt cm bin v trm c s c th c thc hin bng vic s dng truyn gi a bc nhy (mutilhop) qua phm vi truyn ngn. Phng php ny tit kim nng lng ng k v cng gim ng k s giao thoa truyn dn gia cc nt khi cnh tranh nhau truy
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cp knh, c bit l trong mng cm bin khng dy mt cao. D liu c truyn gia cc nt cm bin v cc sink c minh ha nh hnh v (3.1). p ng cc truy vn t cc sink hoc cc s kin c bit xy ra ti mi trng th d liu thu thp c s c truyn n cc trm c s thng qua nhiu ng dn mutilhop. Trong nh tuyn mutilhop ca mng cm bin khng dy, cc nt trung gian ng vai tr chuyn tip d liu gia ngun v ch. Vic xc nh xem tp hp cc nt no to thnh ng dn chuyn tip d liu gia ngun v ch l mt nhim v quan trng trong thut ton nh tuyn. Ni chung vic nh tuyn trong mng kch thc ln vn l mt vn kh khn, cc thut ton phi nhm vo nhiu yu cu thit k thch thc bao gm s chnh xc, n nh, ti u ha v ch n s thay i ca cc thng s.
Hnh 3.1 M hnh truyn d liu gia sink v cc nt
Vi c tnh bn trong ca mng cm bin bao gm s rng buc v di thng v nng lng to thm thch thc cho cc giao thc nh tuyn l phi nhm vo vic tha mn yu cu v lu lng trong khi vn m rng c thi gian sng ca mng.
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3.4. Phn loi v so snh cc giao thc nh tuyn

Vn nh tuyn trong mng cm bin l mt thch thc kh khn i hi phi cn bng gia s p ng nhanh ca mng v hiu qu. S cn bng ny yu cu s cn thit thch hp kh nng tnh ton v truyn dn ca cc nt cm bin ngc vi mo u yu cu thch ng vi iu kin ny. Trong mng cm bin khng dy, mo u c o chnh l lng bng thng c s dng, tiu th cng sut v yu cu x l ca cc nt di ng. Vic tm ra chin lc cn bng gia s cnh tranh ny cn thit to ra mt nn tng chin lc nh tuyn . Vic thit k cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy phi xem xt gii hn v cng sut v ti nguyn ca mi nt mng, cht lng thay i theo thi gian ca cc knh v tuyn v kh nng mt gi v tr. Nhm vo cc yu cu thit k ny mt s cc chin lc nh tuyn trong mng cm bin c a ra. Bng (3.1) a ra s phn loi mt s giao thc da trn nhiu tiu ch khc nhau. Mt loi giao thc nh tuyn thng qua kin trc phng trong cc nt c vai tr nh nhau. Kin trc phng c mt vi li ch bao gm s lng mo u ti thiu duy tr c s h tng, v c kh nng khm ph ra nhiu ng gia cc nt truyn dn chng li li. Loi th 2 l phn cp theo cm, li dng cu trc ca mng t c hiu qu v nng lng, s n nh, s m rng. Trong loi giao thc ny cc nt mng t t chc thnh cc cm trong mt nt c mc nng lng cao hn cc nt khc v ng vai tr l nt ch. Nt ch thc hin phi hp hot ng trong cm v chuyn tip thng tin gia cc cm vi nhau. Vic to thnh cc cm c kh nng lm gim tiu th nng lng v m rng thi gian sng ca mng. Loi giao thc nh tuyn th 3 l s dng phng php trung tm d liu phan b s quan tm (interest) bn trong mng. Phng php ny s dng thuc tnh da trn tn do mt nt ngun truy vn mt thuc tnh ca hin tng hn l mt nt ring l.
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Bng 3.1 Phn loi v so snh cc giao thc chn ng trong WSN
Giao thc trung tm d liu x x x x x x x X x X X X X x x x x Giao thc phn cp Giao thc da trn v tr Phn loi Di chuyn Da vo hi/p Kt hp s liu Xc nh v tr QoS phc tp ca trng thi Thp Thp Thp Thp Thp Thp Thp Nt ch nhm Nt ch nhm Nt ch nhm Thp Thp Thp Trung bnh Trung bnh Kh nng nh c Hn ch Hn ch Tt Tt Hn ch Hn ch Hn ch Tt Tt Tt Thp Tt Hn ch Hn ch Hn ch a ng Da vo yu cu C C C C Khng C C Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng C C
Giao thc chn ng SPIN Directed Diffusion Rumor GBR CADR COUGAR
ACQUIRE
Ngang hng Ngang hng Ngang hng Ngang hng Ngang hng Ngang hng Ngang hng Phn cp Phn cp Phn cp Phn cp Da theo v tr Da theo v tr Da theo v tr Da theo QoS
C th Hn ch Rt hn ch Hn ch Khng Khng Hn ch Nt gc c nh Nt gc c nh Nt gc c nh Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng
C C Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng C Khng
C C C C C C C C C Khng Khng Khng Khng C Khng
Khng C Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng C C C Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng
Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng C C
C C Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng
LEACH TEEN& APTEEN PEGASIS MECN& SMECN GAF GEAR SAR SPEED
Phn phi quan tm trong ton mng t c bng vic gn nhim v cho cc con cm bin v nhn mnh vo cc cu hi m lin quan n cc thuc tnh ring. Mt giao thc khc c th truyn quan tm ti cc nt bao gm qung b, cc thuc tnh da trn mutilcasting, geo-casting.
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Loi giao thc th 4 l da vo v tr nh a ch cho cc nt cm bin. li giao thc ny rt c ch cho nhng ng dng ni m v tr ca cc nt cm bin trong vng a l c bao ph bi mng lin quan n truy vn c a ra bi nt ngun.
3.5. Giao thc trung tm d liu

3.5.1. Flooding v Gossiping Flooding l k thut chung thng c s dng tm ra ng v truyn thng tin trong mng adhoc v tuyn v hu tuyn. Chin lc nh tuyn ny rt n gin v khng ph thuc vo cu hnh mng v cc gii thut nh tuyn phc tp. Flood s dng phng php reactive nh mi nt nhn d liu hoc iu khin d liu gi cc gi ti cc nt ln cn. Sau khi truyn, mt gi s c truyn trn tt c cc ng c th. Tr khi mng b ngt khng th cc gi s truyn n ch (hnh 3.2)
Hnh 3.2 Truyn gi trong Flooding
Hn na khi cu hnh mng thay i cc gi s truyn theo nhng tuyn mi gii thut ny s to ra v hn cc bn sao ca mi gi khi i qua cc nt. Gii thut ny c 3 nhc im ln nh sau: th nht l hin tng bn tin kp. Tc l cc 2 gi d liu ging nhau c gi n cng nt. Th hai l hin tng chng cho, tc l cc nt cng cm nhn mt vng khng gian v do to ra cc gi tng t nhau gi
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n cc nt ln cn. V th 3 l thut ton ny khng h quan tm n vn nng lng ca cc nt, cc nut s nhanh chng tiu hao nng lng v lm gim thi gian sng ca mng. Mt s ci tin ca giao thc ny l Gossiping, thut ton ny ci tin ch mi nt s ngu nhin gi gi m n nhn c n mt trong cc nt ln cn ca n. Thut ton ny lm gim s lng cc gi lan truyn trong mng, trnh hin tng bn tin kp tuy nhin c nhc im l c th gi s khng bao gi n c ch. 3.5.2. SPIN SPIN (Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation) l giao thc nh tuyn thng tin da trn s dn xp d liu. Mc tiu chnh ca giao thc ny l tp trung vic quan st mi trng c hiu qu bng mt s cc nt cm bin ring bit trong ton b mng. Nguyn l ca giao thc ny l s thch ng v ti nguyn v sp xp d liu. ngha ca vic dn xp d liu (data negotiation) ny l cc nt trong SPIN s bit v ni dung ca d liu trc khi bt k d liu no c truyn trong mng . SPIN khai thc tn d liu nh m cc nt s kt hp miu t d liu (metadata) vi d liu m chng to ra v s dng s miu t ny thc hin vic gin xp d liu trc khi truyn d liu thc t. Ni nhn d liu c th by t mi quan tm n ni dung d liu bng cch gi yu cu ly c d liu qung b. iu ny to ra s sp xp d liu m bo rng d liu ch c truyn n nt quan tm n loi d liu ny. Do m loi tr kh nng bn tin kp v gim thiu ng k vic truyn d liu d tha qua mng. Hn na vic s dng b miu t d liu cng loi tr kh nng chng ln v cc nt c th ch gii hn v tn lai d liu m chng quan tm n. Vic thch ng ti nguyn cho php cc nt cm bin chy SPIN c th thch ng vi trng thi hin ti ca ti nguyn nng lng. Mi nt c th d tm ti b qun l theo di mc tiu th nng lng ca mnh trc khi truyn hoc x l d liu. Khi mc nng lng cn li thp cc nt ny c th gim hoc loi b mt s hot
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ng nh l truyn miu t d liu hoc cc gi. Chnh vic thch nghi vi ti nguyn lm tng thi gian sng ca mng. thc hin truyn v sp xp d liu cc nt s dng giao thc ny s dng ba loi bn tin (hnh 3.3).
Hnh 3.3 Ba tn hiu bt tay ca SPIN
Hnh 3.4 Hot ng ca SPIN
Hot ng ca SPIN gm 6 bc nh hnh (3.4). Bc 1: ADV thng bo d liu mi ti cc nt. Bc 2: REQ yu cu d liu cn quan tm. Sau khi nhn c ADV cc nt quan tm n d liu ny s gi REQ yu cu ly d liu. Bc 3: bn tin DATA bn tin ny thc s cha d liu c cm bin v km theo mo u miu t d liu. Bc 4, sau khi nt ny nh n d liu n s chia s d liu ca n cho cc nt cn li trong mng bng vic pht bn tin ADV cha miu t d liu (metadata).
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Bc 5: sau cc nt xung quanh li gi bn tin REQ yu cu d liu, v bc 6 l DATA li c truyn n cc nt m yu cu d liu ny. Tuy nhin giao thc SPIN cng c hn ch khi m nt trung gian khng quan tm n d liu no , khi d liu khng th n c ch. 3.5.3. Directed Diffusion y l giao thc trung tm d liu i vi vic truyn v phn b thng tin trong mng cm bin khng dy. Mc tiu chnh ca phng php ny l tit kim nng lng tng thi gian sng ca mng t c mc tiu ny, giao thc ny gi tng tc gia cc nt cm bin, da vo vic trao i cc bn tin, nh v trong vng ln cn mng. S dng s tng tc v v tr nhn thy c tp hp ti thiu cc ng truyn dn. c im duy nht ca giao thc ny l s kt hp vi kh nng ca nt c th tp trung d liu p ng truy vn ca sink tit kim nng lng. Thnh phn chnh ca giao thc ny bao gm 4 thnh phn: interest (cc mi quan tm ca mng), data message (cc bn tin d liu), gradient, reinforcements. Directed disffusion s dng m hnh publish- and subcribe trong mt ngi kim tra (ti sink) s miu t mi quan tm (interest) bng mt cp thuc tnh-gi tr. Bng (3.2) miu t cp thuc tnh-gi tr, cc nt cm bin c kh nng p ng interest ny s tr li km theo d liu tng ng. Hot ng ca Directed Dissfusion nh hnh (3.5). Vi mi nhim v cm bin tch cc, sink s gi qung b bn tin interest theo chu k cho cc nt ln cn. Bn tin ny s truyn qua tt c cc nt trong mng nh l mt s quan tm n mt d liu no . Mc ch chnh ca vic thm d ny l xem xt xem c nt cm bin no c th tm kim d liu tng ng vi interest. Tt c cc nt u duy tr mt interest cache lu tr cc interest entry khc nhau.
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Bng 3.2 Miu t interert s dng cp thuc tnh-gi tr
Cp thuc tnh-gi tr Type = chim rui Interval=20ms Duration=10s Field=[(x1,x2),(y1,y2)]
Miu t Pht hin v tr ca chim rui Bo co s kin chu k 20ms Thi gian sng ca Interest Bo co t cc con cm bin trong vng
Mi mt mc (entry) trong interest cache s lu tr mt interest khc nhau. Cc entry cache ny s lu tr mt s trng sau: mt nhn thi gian (timestamp), nhiu trng gradient cho mi nt ln cn v v trng duration. Nhn thi gian s lu tr nhn thi gian ca interest nhn c sau cng. Mi gradient s lu tr c tc d liu v chiu m d liu c gi i. Gi tr ca tc d liu nhn c t thuc tnh khong thi gian trong bn tin interest. Trng duration s xc nh khong thi gian tn ti ca interest. Mt gradient c th coi nh l mt lin kt phn hi ca nt ln cn khi m nhn c bn tin interest. Vic truyn bn tin interest trong ton mng cng vi vic thit lp cc gradient ti mi nt cho php vic tm ra v thit lp cc ng dn gia sink m a ra yu cu v d liu quan tm v cc nt m p ng mi quan tm . Khi mt nt pht hin mt s kin n s tm kim trong cache xem c interest no ph hp khng, nu c n s tnh ton tc s kin cao nht cho tt c cc gradient li ra. Sau n thit lp mt phn h cm bin ly mu cc s kin mc tc cao ny. Cc nt s gi ra ngoi miu t v s kin cho cc nt ln cn c gradient. Cc nt ln cn ny nhn d liu v s kim tra trong cache xem c entry no ph hp khng, nu khng n s loi b d liu cn nu ph hp n s nhn d
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liu cc nt ny s thm bn tin vo cache d liu v sau gi bn tin d liu cho cc nt ln cn.
Hnh 3.5 Hot ng c bn ca Directed Diffusion
Khi nhn c mt interest cc nt tm kim trong interest cache ca n xem c entry no ph hp khng, nu khng nt s to mt cache entry mi. Cc nt s s dng cc thng tin cha trong interest to ra cc thng s interest trong entry. Cc entry ny l mt tp hp cha cc trng gradient vi tc v chiu tng ng vi nt ln cn m interest c nhn. Nu nh interest nhn c c trong cache th nt s cp nht nhn thi gian v trng duration cho ph hp vi entry. Mt trng gradient s c remove khi entry nu qu hn. Trong pha thit lp gradient th cc sink s thit lp mt tp hp cc ng dn. Sink c th s dng ng dn ny vi s kin cht lng cao lm tng tc d liu. iu ny t c thng qua mt ng dn c h tr x l (path reinforcement process). Cc sink ny c th s dng s h tr ca mt s cc nt ln cn. lm c iu ny sink c th gi li bn tin interest ngun tc cao thng qua cc ng dn c chn, nh vic tng cng cc nt ngun trn ng dn
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gi d liu thng xuyn hn. Directed disffusion c u im nu mt ng dn no gia sink v mt nt b li, mt ng dn c tc d liu thp hn c thay th. K thut nh tuyn ny n nh di phm vi mng ng. Loi giao thc nh tuyn ny tit kim nng lng ng k.
3.6. Giao thc phn cp

3.6.1. LEACH LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) l giao thc phn cp theo cm thch ng nng lng thp. y l giao thc thu lm v phn pht d liu ti cc sink c bit l cc trm c s. Mc tiu chnh ca LEACH l: M rng thi gian sng ca mng Gim s tiu th nng lng bi mi nt mng S dng tp trung d liu gim bn tin truyn dn trong mng t c nhng mc tiu ny LEACH thng qua m hnh phn cp t chc mng thnh cc cm, mi cm c qun l bi nt ch. Nt ch gnh ly trng trch thc hin nhiu tc v. u tin l thu lm d liu theo chu k t cc nt thnh vin, trong qu trnh tp trung d liu nt ch s c gng tp hp d liu gim d tha v nhng d liu tng quan nhau. Nhim v th hai l nt ch s trc tip truyn d liu c tp hp li n cc trm c s. Vic truyn ny c th thc hin theo kiu single hop. Nhim v th ba l LEACH s to ra mt m hnh ghp knh theo thi gian TDMA, mi nt trong cm s c gn mt khe thi gian m c th s dng truyn tin. M hnh LEACH nh hnh v (3.6). Cc nt ch s qung b m hnh TDMA cho cc nt thnh vin trong cm ca n. gim thiu kh nng xung t gia cc nt cm bin trong v ngoi cm, LEACH s dng m hnh truy cp a phn chia theo m CDMA.Qu trnh hot ng ca LEACH c chia thnh hai pha l pha thit lp v pha n nh. Pha thit lp bao gm hai bc l la chn nt ch v thng tin v
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cm. Pha n nh trng thi gm thu lm d liu, tp trung d liu v truyn d liu n cc trm c s. Thi gian ca bc n nh ko di hn so vi thi gian ca bc thit lp gim thiu mo u.
Hnh 3.6 M hnh mng LEACH
Trong bc thit lp, mt nt cm bin la chn mt s ngu nhin gia 0 v 1. Nu s ny nh hn ngng T(n) th nt cm bin l nt ch. T(n) c tnh nh sau:
T ( n) =
p nu n G 1 p * (r mod 1 / p)
(3.1)
T (n) = 0 cn li
Trong p: t l phn trm nt ch r: chu k hin ti G: tp hp cc nt khng c la chn lm nt ch trong 1/p chu k cui. Sau khi c chn lm nt ch, cc nt ch s qung b vai tr mi ca chng cho cc nt cn li trong mng. Cc nt cn li trong mng da vo bn tin v
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cng tn hiu nhn c hoc mt s tiu chun no quyt nh xem c tham gia vo cm hay khng. V sau cc nt ny s thng bo cho nt ch bit l mnh c mong mun tr thnh thnh vin ca cm do nt ch m nhn. Trong qu trnh to cm cc nt ch s to v phn pht m hnh TDMA cho cc nt thnh vin trong cm. Mi nt ch cng chn la mt m CDMA m sau s thng bo ti tt c cc thnh vin trong cm bit. Sau khi pha thit lp hon thnh bo hiu s bt u ca pha n nh trng thi v cc nt trong cm s thu lm d liu v s dng cc khe thi gian truyn d liu n nt ch. D liu c thu lm theo chu k. Vic m phng cho thy LEACH tit kim ng k nng lng. V s tit kim ny ph thuc ch yu vo h s tp trung d liu cc nt ch ca cm. Tuy nhin LEACH cng c mt s khuyt im sau: Vic gi s rng tt c cc nt ch trong mng u truyn n trm c s thng qua mt bc nhy l khng thc t, v v d tr nng lng v kh nng ca cc nt thay i theo thi gian t nt ny n nt khc. Hn na khong chu k n nh trng thi l vn then cht t c gim nng lng cn thit b p lng mo u gay ra bi x l la chn cm. Chu k ngn s lm tng lng mo u, chu k di s nhanh chng lm tiu hao nng lng ca nt ch. LEACH c c tnh gip tit kim nng lng, yu cu v nng lng trong LEACH c phn b cho tt c cc nt trong mng v chng ta gi s rng vai tr nt ch c lun chuyn vng trn da trn nng lng cn li trn mi nt. LEACH l thut ton phn tn hon ton v khng yu cu s iu khin bi trm c s. Vic qun l cm l cc b v khng cn s hiu bit v mng ton cc. Hn na vic tp trung d liu theo cm cng tit kim nng lng ng k v cc nt khng yu cu gi trc tip d liu n sink.
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PEGASIS (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems), PEGASIS phn cp l mt h cc giao thc nh tuyn v tp trung thng tin trong mng cm bin. Giao thc ny u tin h tr vic ko di thi gian sng ca mng nh t c vic tiu th nng lng ng nht v hiu sut nng lng cao qua tt c cc nt trong mng, th hai lm gim tr truyn d liu n sink. Giao thc ny xem xt m hnh mng bao gm tp hp cc nt ng nht c trin khai qua mt vng a l. Cc nt ny c s hiu bit v v tr cc nt khc trong ton mng v chng cn c kh nng iu khin cng sut v bao ph mt vng ty . Cc nt ny cng c trang b b thu pht sng h tr CDMA. Trch nhim ca cc nt ny l thu lm v truyn d liu n cc sink, thng thng l cc trm c s. Mc ch pht trin mt cu trc nh tuyn v mt s tp trung d liu gim thiu s tiu th cng sut v truyn d liu c tp trung n trm c s vi tr truyn dn nh nht trong khi vn cn bng s tiu th cng sut gia cc nt trong mng. Gii thut ny s dng m hnh cu trc dng chui. D trn m hnh ny cc nt s giao tip vi nt hang xm gn n nht. Cu trc chui bt u vi nt xa sink nht, cc nt mng c thm dn vo chui lm chui ln dn ln, bt u t nt hang xm gn nt cui nht. Cc nt s c gn vo chui theo cch greedy t nt ln cn gn nht cho ti cc nt cn li trong mng. xc nh c nt ln cn gn nht mi nt s s dng cng tn hiu o khong cch ti cc nt ln cn ca n. S dng d kin ny cc nt s iu chnh cng tn hiu sao cho ch c nt ln cn gn nht nghe c. Mt nt trong chui s c trn lm nt ch, trch nhim ca nt ch l truyn d liu tp hp c ti trm c s. Vai tr nt ch s b dch chuyn v tr trong chui sau mi vng chu k. Chu k ny c qun l bi sink v vic chuyn trng thi t
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vng ny n vng tip theo c th c khi to bi vic a ra du hiu cng sut cao bi sink. Vic quay vng nt ch trong chui nhm m bo cng bng trong tiu th nng lng gia cc nt trong mng. Tuy nhin cng cn ch rng vic thay i c khi dn n nt ch ri xa trm c s, sink, khi nt ny li cn yu cu cng sut cao truyn n trm c s. Vic tp trung d liu trong mng dc theo chui. u tin chain leader s gi mt th bi ti nt cui cng bn phi cui chui. Trong khi nhn c tn hiu ny nt cui s gi d liu n thu lm c n nt ln cn theo chiu xui trong chui, sau nt ny tp trung d liu v li tip tc gi n nt ln cn gn n nht, c nh vy cho n khi gi n nt ch. Sau nt ch s li tp trung d liu v gi n sink. Mc d n gin nhng m hnh tp trung dng chui d gy ra tr trc khi d liu tp trung c truyn n sink. Mt phng php gim tr ny l tp trung d liu song song dc theo chui, v s cng gim nhiu hn nu cc nt c trang b b thu pht s dng CDMA. Dng PEGASIS s gii quyt c vn v mo u gy ra bi vic hnh thnh cc cm ng trong LEACH v gim c s ln truyn v nhn bng vic tp hp d liu. Tuy nhin PEGASIS li c tr ng truyn ln i vi cc nt xa trong chui. Hn na nt chnh c th xy ra hin tng tht c chai.
3.7. Giao thc da trn v tr

Mc tiu chnh ca gii thut nh tuyn ny l da vo cc thng tin v v tr ca cc nt cm bin tm mt ng i hiu qu n ch. Loi nh tuyn ny rt ph hp vi mng cm bin ni m vic tp trung d liu l k thut hu ch gim thiu vic truyn bn tin n trm c s bng cch loi b s d tha gia cc gi n t cc ngun khc nhau. Loi nh tuyn ny cn yu cu s tnh ton v lng mo u truyn dn thp. Ta s xem xt mt s giao thc nh tuyn da trn v tr nh sau:
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Gii thut chnh xc theo a l (GAF) da trn v tr c hiu qu v mt nng lng c thit k ch yu cho cc mng ad hoc di ng, nhng cng c th p dng cho mng cm bin. GAF khai thc vic d tha d liu trong mng bng cch coi mt tp hp cc nt con trong mng l tng ng nhau khi nhn t giao thc lp trn. GAF chia vng quan st thnh cc hnh vung nh, bt k cc nt no trong hnh vung cng u c th giao tip v tuyn vi bt k nt no nm trong hnh vung bn cnh.GAF d tr nng lng bng cch tt cc nt khng cn thit trong mng m khng nh hng n mc chnh xc ca nh tuyn. N to ra mt li o cho vng bao ph. Mi nt dng GPS ca n v tr xc nh kt hp vi cng mt im trn li m c coi l tng ng khi tnh n gi ca vic nh tuyn gi. S tng ng nh vy c tn dng gi cc nt nh v trong vng li xc nh trong trng thi ngh tit kim nng lng. V vy GAF c th tng ng k thi gian sng ca mng cm bin khi m s lng cc nt tng ln. Mt v d c th c a ra hnh (3.7). Trong hnh v ny, nt 1 c th truyn n bt k nt no trong s cc nt 2, 3 v 4 v cc nt 2, 3, 4 c th truyn ti nt 5. Do cc nt 2, 3, v 4 l tng ng v 2 trong s 3 nt c th trng thi ngh. Cc nt chuyn trng thi t ngh sang hot ng ln lt cho cc ti c cn bng. C ba trng thi c nh ngha trong GAF, l pht hin (discovery), xc nh cc nt ln cn trong li, hot ng (active), th hin s tham gia vo qu trnh nh tuyn v ngh (sleep) khi sng c tt i. S chuyn trng thi trong GAF c miu t hnh (3.8) . Nt no ngh trong bao lu lin quan n cc thng s c iu chnh trong qu trnh nh tuyn. iu khin di ng, mi nt trong li c on thi gian ri khi li ca n v gi thng tin ny n nt ln cn.
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Hnh 3.7 V d v li o trong GAF
Cc nt ang khng hot ng iu chnh thi gian ngh ca chng ph hp cc thng tin nhn c t cc nt ln cn gi cho vic nh tuyn c chnh xc. Trc khi thi gian ri khi li ca cc nt ang hot ng qu hn, cc nt ang ngh thot khi trng thi v mt trong s cc nt tr nn hot ng. GAF c trin khai cho c nhng mng bao gm cc nt khng di ng (GAF c bn) v mng bao gm cc nt di ng (GAF thch ng di ng).
Hnh 3.8 S chuyn trng thi trong GAF
GAF c gng gi mng hot ng bng cch gi cho cc nt i din lun ch hot ng trong mi vng li o ca n. Cc kt qu m phng ch ra rng GAF thc hin ti thiu s c nh giao thc nh tuyn trong mng ad hoc thng
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thng khi ni n tn tht gi v lm tng thi gian sng ca mng bng cch tit kim nng lng. Mc d GAF l mt giao thc da trn v tr, n cng c th c coi l nh mt giao thc phn cp khi m cc cm da trn v tr a l. i vi mi vng li xc nh, mi nt i in hot ng nh mt nt ch truyn d liu n cc nt khc. Tuy nhin nt ch ny khng thc hin bt c mt nhim v hp nht hay tp trung d liu no nh trong cc giao thc phn cp thng thng. 3.7.2. GEAR Yu et al. a ra vic s dng thng tin v a l trong khi ph bin cc yu cu n cc vng thch hp v cc yu cu d liu thng bao gm cc thuc tnh a l. Giao thc GEAR (Geographic and Energy-Aware Routing) dng s nhn bit v nng lng v cc phng php thng bo thng tin v a l ti cc nt ln cn. Vic nh tuyn thng tin theo vng a l rt c ch trong cc h thng xc nh v tr, v c bit l trong mng cm bin. tng ny hn ch s lng cc yu cu Directed Diffusion bng cch quan tm n mt vng xc nh hn l gi cc yu cu ti ton mng. GEAR ci tin hn Directed Diffusion im ny v v th d tr c nhiu nng lng hn. Trong giao thc GEAR, mi mt nt gi mt estimated cost v mt learned cost trong qu trnh n ch qua cc nt ln cn. Estimated cost l s kt hp ca nng lng cn d v khong cch n ch. Learned cost l s ci tin ca estimated cost gii thch cho vic nh tuyn xung quanh cc hc trong mng. Hc xy ra khi m mt nt khng c bt k mt nt ln cn no gn hn so vi vng ch hn l chnh n. Trong trng hp khng c mt hc no th estimated cost bng vi learned cost. Learned cost c truyn ngc li 1 hop mi ln mt gi n ch lm cho vic thit lp ng cho gi tip theo c iu chnh. C 2 pha trong gii thut ny:
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Chuyn tip gi n vng ch: GEAR dng cch t chn nt ln cn da trn s nhn bit v nng lng v v tr a l nh tuyn gi n vng ch. C 2 trng hp cn quan tm: khi tn ti nhiu hn mt nt ln cn gn hn so vi ch: GEAR s chn hop tip theo trong s tt c cc nt ln cn gn ch hn. Khi m tt c cc nt u xa hn: trong trng hp ny s c mt l hng. GEAR chn hop tip theo m lm ti thiu gi chi ph ca nt ln cn ny. Trong trng hp ny, mt trong s cc nt ln cn c chn chuyn tip gi da trn learned cost. La chn ny c th c cp nht sau theo s hi t ca learned cost trong sut qu trnh truyn gi. Chuyn tip gi trong vng Nu gi c chuyn n vng, n c th truyn d liu trong vng c th bng cch chuyn tip a l quy hoc flooding c gii hn. Flooding c gii hn p dng tt trong trng hp cc sensor trin khai khng dy c. nhng mng c mt sensor cao, flooding a l quy li hiu qu v mt nng lng hn l flooding c gii hn. Trong trng hp , ngi ta chia vng thnh 4 vng nh v to ra 4 bn copy ca gi . Vic chia nh ny v qu trnh chuyn tip tip tc cho n khi trong vng ch cn 1 nt, v d nh hnh (3.9). tha mn cc iu kin chng ta dng gii thut chuyn tip a l qui truyn gi trong vng ny. Tuy nhin, vi nhng vng mt thp, chuyn tip a l quy i khi khng hon thnh, nh tuyn v tc dng trong mt vng ch rng trc khi s hop gi i qua vt qu gii hn. Trong trng hp ny chng ta dng flooding c gii hn.
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Hnh 3.9 Chuyn tip a l quy trong GEAR
3.8. Kt lun
Chng ny tng kt v a ra kh nhiu cc giao thc nh tuyn. Mi giao thc u c nhng u v nhc im ring. Hin nay, c rt nhiu cc ci tin ca cc loi giao thc ny c a ra, v cho kt qu rt kh quan. Vic la chn loi giao thc no hon ton ph thuc vo ng dng m chng ta trin khai. Mc d s hot ng ca cc gii thut nh tuyn ny y ha hn trong vn s dng hiu qu nng lng, cc nghin cu sau ny cn phi xc nh r cc vn nh cht lng dch v ca cc ng dng ca cc cm bin hnh nh v cc ng dng thi gian thc.
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Chng 4 M phng PEGASIS
Chng 4. M phng PEGASIS bng Mobility Framework ca OMNeT++

4.1. Gii thiu v OMNeT++ v Mobility Framework
4.1.1. Gii thiu v OMNeT++ OMNeT++ l vit tt ca cm t Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++. OMNeT++ l mt ng dng cung cp cho ngi s dng mi trng tin hnh m phng hot ng ca mng. Mc ch chnh ca ng dng l m phng hot ng mng thng tin, tuy nhin do tnh ph cp v linh hot ca n, OMNeT++ cn c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nh m phng cc h thng thng tin phc tp, cc mng kiu hng i (queueing networks) hay cc kin trc phn cng... OMNeT++ cung cp sn cc thnh phn tng ng vi cc m hnh thc t. Cc thnh phn ny (cn c gi l cc module) c lp trnh theo ngn ng C++, sau c tp hp li thnh nhng thnh phn hay nhng m hnh ln hn bng mt ngn ng bc cao (NED). OMNeT++ h tr giao din ho, tng ng vi cc m hnh cu trc ca n ng thi phn nhn m phng (simulation kernel) v cc module ca OMNeT++ cng rt d dng nhng vo trong cc ng dng khc. Mt m hnh trong OMNeT++ bao gm cc module lng nhau c cu trc phn cp. su ca ca cc module lng nhau l khng gii hn, iu ny cho php ngi s dng c th biu din cc cu trc logic ca cc h thng trong thc t bng cc cu trc m hnh. Cc module trao i thng tin vi nhau thng qua vic gi cc message (message). Cc message ny c th c cu trc phc tp tu . Cc module c th gi cc message ny theo hai cch, mt l gi trc tip ti a ch nhn, hai l gi i theo mt ng dn c nh sn, thng qua cc cng v cc kt ni. Cc module c th c cc tham s ca ring n. Cc tham s ny c th c s dng chnh sa cc thuc tnh ca module v biu din cho topology ca m hnh. Cc module mc thp nht trong cu trc phn cp ng gi cc thuc tnh.
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Cc module ny c coi l cc module n gin, v chng c lp trnh trong ngn ng C++ bng cch s dng cc th vin m phng. Cu trc phn cp ca cc module Mt m hnh trong OMNeT++ cha cc module lng nhau c cu trc phn cp, trao i thng tin vi nhau bng cch gi cc message. Cu trc ca m hnh c th c m t bng ngn ng NED ca OMNeT++.
Hnh 4.1 Cu trc phn cp module trong OMNeT++
Cc module c th cha nhiu module con v c gi l module kt hp. Cc module n gin l cc module c cp thp nht trong cu trc phn cp. Cc module n gin cha cc thut ton ca m hnh. Ngi s dng trin khai cc module n gin bng ngn ng C++, s dng cc th vin m phng ca OMNeT++. Message, cng, lin kt Cc module trao i thng tin bng vic gi cc message.Trong thc t, message c dng khung (frame) hoc l cc gi tin (packet) c truyn i trong mng. Cc message c th c cu trc phc tp tu . Cc module n gin c th gi cc message i mt cch trc tip n v tr nhn hoc gi i theo mt ng dn nh sn thng qua cc cng v cc lin kt. Thi gian m phng a phng (local simulation time) ca mt module tng ln khi module nhn c mt message. Message c th n t mt module khc hoc n t cng mt module (message ca chnh bn thn module - self-message c dng thc hin b nh thi). Cng (gate) l cc giao tip vo ra ca module.
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Message c gi i qua cc cng ra v c nhn vo thng qua cc cng vo. Mi kt ni (connection) hay cn gi l lin kt (link) c to bn trong mt mc n trong cu trc phn cp ca cc module: bn trong mt module kt hp, mt kt ni c th c to ra gia cc cng tng ng ca hai module con, hoc gia cng ca module con vi cng ca module kt hp.
Hnh 4.2 Cc kt ni trong OMNeT++
M hnh truyn gi tin: Mt kt ni c th c ba tham s c trng. Nhng tham s ny rt thun tin cho cc m hnh m phng mng thng tin nhng khng hu dng lm cho cc kiu m hnh khc. Ba tham s ny bao gm: tr ng truyn (propagation delay) tnh bng s - giy. T s li bit, c tnh bng s li/bit. T s d liu, c tnh bng s bit/s. Cc tham s ny l tu chn. Gi tr ca cc tham s ny l khc nhau trn tng kt ni, ph thuc vo kiu ca lin kt (hay cn gi l kiu ca knh truyn - channel type). tr ng truyn l tng thi gian n ca message b tr i khi truyn qua knh. T s li bit nh hng n qu trnh truyn message qua knh. T s ny l xc sut cc bit b truyn sai. Do xc sut mt message di n bit truyn i chnh xc l:
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P(message gi i c nhn chnh xc) = (1 - ber)n Trong ber l t s li bit v n l s bit ca message. Cc message truyn i u c mt c li, c ny s c thit lp khi vic truyn message c li. T s d liu c tnh theo n v bit/s, v n c s dng tnh thi gian truyn mt gi tin. Khi t s ny c s dng, qu trnh gi message i trong m hnh s tng ng vi vic truyn bit u tin v message c tnh l n ni sau khi bn nhn nhn c bit cui cng. Xy dng v chy th cc m hnh m phng Mt m hnh OMNeT++ bao gm nhng phn sau: Ngn ng m t topology - NED (file c phn m rng .ned): m t cu trc ca module vi cc tham s, cc cng... Cc file .ned c th c vit bng bt k b son tho hoc s dng chng trnh GNED c trong OMNeT++. nh ngha cu trc ca cc message (cc file c phn m rng .msg): Ngi s dng c th nh ngha rt nhiu kiu messsage v thm cc trng d liu cho chng. OMNeT++ s dch nhng nh ngha ny sang cc lp C++ y . M ngun ca cc module n gin. y l cc file C++ vi phn m rng l .h hoc .cc. Qu trnh tip theo ging nh bin dch m ngun C/C++: Trong Linux: cc file .cc lin kt thnh file .o. Trong Windows: cc file .cpp lien kt thnh file .obj. Sau , tt c cc file trn s c lin kt (link) vi cc th vin cn thit to thnh file .exe . Chy cc ng dng m phng bng OMNeT++:
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opp_nmakemake to ra Makefile.vc to file chy ta g: nmake -f Makefile.vc. 4.1.2. Gii thiu v Mobility Mobility l frame work c xy dng trn OMNeT++ nhm h tr m phng mng v tuyn v di ng. Phn li ca frame work h tr di ng ca cc nt, qun l kt ni ng v m hnh knh v tuyn. Thm vo , phn li ny cn cung cp cc module c bn m ta c th da vo m xy dng module ca mnh. Vi khi nim ny ngi lp trnh d dng m phng c giao thc ca mnh da trn Mobility frame work. Frame work ny ch yu c dng m phng: Mng v tuyn c nh. Mng v tuyn di ng. Mng tp trung v phn b. Mng cm bin. Mng v tuyn a knh. Nhiu s m phng khc m cn h tr di ng v giao din v tuyn. Cc khi nim c bn ca Mobility FW: Channel control : H tr di ng v qun l kt ni ng. iu khin v duy tr cc kt ni tim n gia cc host trong mng.
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Host: Cu trc ca mt host di ng c miu t nh hnh v di y. Host l module kt hp gm c cc lp(chnh l cc module) c bn sau: lp ng dng appl, lp mng Net, lp Nic. Trong module nic bao gm cc module con l: Mac, decider, snrEval. Tng ng vi cc lp l cc module c to ra trongth mc / template.
Hnh 4.3 Cu trc ca host di ng
Cu trc ny cng da trn mt phn ca tiu chun ISO/OSI. Tuy nhin host cn c thm hai module na l: blackboard v mobility. Mobility cung cp thng tin v v tr a l v iu khin s di chuyn ca host. Blackboard c s dng qua cc lp giao tip. N cung cp thng tin qua mt hay nhiu lp v rt c ch khi ta nh gi giao thc. Ci t Mobility FW: Ban u bn down Mobility FW trn trang web ca OMNeT++ v chng vo th mc ci t OMNeT++. Sau bn lm theo cc bc sau: Sa bin OMNETPP_ROOT trong file mkmk.cmd ch n th mc bn ci OMNeT++. Chy mkmk.cmd
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Sau bn cn lien kt cc th vin ca Mobility bng cch vo cmd ch n th mc Mobility chy lnh sau: nmake /f Makefile.vc core_dir && nmake /f Makefile.vc contrib_dir && nmake /f Makefile.vc networks_dir n y th bn c th s dng c Mobility v sn sng xy dng mt chng trnh ca chnh mnh. Mobility FM cung cp cc module c bn tng ng vi cc lp ca host. Module cung cp cc khai bo hm cn thit, cc hng dn c bn to module ca chnh bn. Hoc bn c th tham kho cc module trong th mc /core hoc /contric. Bn cng c th k tha cc Module ny. Sau khi xy dng cc module cn thit cho m phng, bn cn copy file Makefile.gen.vc vo th mc Yournetwork m bn to ra, thay i bin MOBFW ch n ng dn ca mobility. V cui cng bn vn phi to file Omnetpp.ini thit lp cc tham s u vo cho m phng. Mobility ch cung cp cc module cn thit cho qu trnh m phng. Tuy nhin nu bn cng c th to ra mt module mi m ph hp vi mc ch ca bn. Module mi c to ra phi bao gm 3 file: a.cc,a.h, a.ned. Module c bn Module c bn s dng khi to nhiu giai on ca OMNeT++ cho nn cc module ca MF khi to bng hai giai on. Trong trng hp bn s dng Blackboard th bn phi public giai on 0 v subcribe giai on 1. iu ny trnh trng hp vic miu t mt tham s trc khi tham s y c public Trong cc file phn template c cha hm initialize(int) ca module n gin . Bn khng c xa dng ny v n c coi nh l iu bt buc ca giai on khi to module c bn. Khi nim a ch Chng ta s dng id() ca module nh a ch trong MF. Id() ca lp Nic c dng nh a ch lp Mac v id() ca lp Net c dng nh a ch lp
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mng v lp ng dng. ly c a ch ca cc module ny MF cung cp cc hm c bn ly a ch: myApplAddr(), myNetwAddr() v myMacAddr() i vi cc lp BasicApplLayer, BasicNetwLayer v BasicMacLayer tng ng. Hm netw2mac() ca module Channel Control cung cp giao thc ARP n gin chuyn i a ch gia lp mng v lp Mac. Tuy nhin bn cng c th nh ngha li hm getMacAddr() ca lp BasicNetwLayer thc hin chc nng ny. Quy c t tn C mt s cc quy c t tn trong cc module file .ned v bn phi tun theo. Tt c cc module ca host phi cha t Host hoc host trong tn ca module. V d: BaseStationHost hoc MobileHost. Ngoi ra cn c mt s module ned bn khng th thay i tn c nh channelcontrol, blackboard, net, phy, snrEval. Module *Basic MF cung cp cho mi lp mt module tng ng ly t lp module c bn. Bn cng c th m rng cc module ny. Cu trc k tha module ca MF c th hin nh hnh v.
Hnh 4.4 Cu trc k tha module trong MF
Khi nim bn tin :
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cung cp cc chc nng c bn nh l ng gi(encapsulate) v d gi (decapsulate) trong module *Basic chng ta cn thit phi c nhng header cho mi lp tng ng. Nhng bn tin ny c nhng trng bt buc v quan trng cn thit cho m phng. Bn ch c th m rng cc loi bn tin ny. Sau y l mt s loi bn tin tng ng vi cc lp:
Bng 4.1 Cc loi bn tin tng ng ca cc lp
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Blackboard Khi bn mun nh gi hot ng mt giao thc, bn cn thit phi bit thng tin v trng thi bn trong mt giao thc. Khi bn cn s dng Blackboard. S thay i trng thi c publish trn Blackboard, v n gin bn ch cn ng k tham s vi Blackboard v sau truy cp n tham s ny. Ngoi ra Blackboard cn cho php bn trao i thong tin gia cc lp m khng cn s dng bin con tr lin lc vng quanh gia cc module. V d lp vt l c th cm nhn xem knh bn hay ri. Nu giao thc lp mng da trn cm nhn sng mang th n cn thong tin ny t lp vt l. Blackboard l mt module m cc thong tin tng ng c th publish trn n v sau c th truy cp bi bt k module no m ng k vi n. BasicModule cung cp mi th cn thit tng tc vi lp Blackboard.
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Nu bn mun subcribe() mt tham s, bn bt buc phi lm iu ny giai on 0 khi khi to module:

void YourClass::initialize(int stage) { BaseClass::initialize(stage); if (stage == 0){ SomeBBItem item; catItem = bb->subscribe(this, &item, -1); ... } else if(stage == 1) { ...
Bin item ca lp SomeBBItem th hin cho tham s m bn mun ng k. V d bn mun ng k thng tin v v tr ca host bn c th khai bo bin: SomeBBItem catHostMove. Tip theo bn cn phi thc hin ng k bin ny vi module Blackboard nh sau:
catItem = bb->subscribe(this, &item, -1);
catItem tr v kiu s nguyn, this l con tr n module m bn sau ny bn mun ly thng tin v s thay i ca tham s item, -1 l phm vi ca tham s. Hy ng k: unsubscribe() Mun hy ng k bn lm nh sau:
bb->unsubscribe(this, catItem);
Ly thng tin ng k: bn s dng hm receiveBBItem:

void YourClass::receiveBBItem(int category, \ const BBItem *details, int scopeModuleId) { // in case you want to handle messages here Enter_Method_Silent(); // in case not you but your base class subscribed: BaseClass::receiveBBItem(category, details, scopeModuleId); // react on the stuff that you subscribed if(category == catItem) { someBBItemPtr = static_cast<const SomeBBItem *>(details); // do something
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Tham s u tin ca hm ny l category l s nguyn m hm ng k tr li , tham s th hai l i tng ca lp m bn ng k v tham s th ba l phm vi ca tham s ny. Bn cng c th t hai macro Enter_Method or Enter_Method_Silent u. iu ny cho php bn sp xp hoc hy bn tin. Bn cng nn thng bo cho lp c s. By gi bt k s thay i no cua tham s ny, lp c s s thong bo cho bn. Phn ny ch trnh by tm tt v Mobility, bn c th tham kho thm cch s dng cc hm API trong th mc /doc sau khi ci t Mobility.
4.2. Gii thiu v PEGASIS

Mng cm bin bao gm nhng nt gii hn nng lng v truyn thng v tuyn thu lm thng tin hu ch trong trng cm bin. Vic hp nht d liu cm nhn c theo mt cch c hiu qu nng lng l vn then cht trong hot ng ko di thi gian sng ca mng. Trong bi ton tp hp d liu, trong mi vng truyn thng mi nt s c mt gi d liu truyn n trm c s. Nu mi nt truyn trc tip d liu n trm c s th n s nhanh chng b tiu hao nng lng. Giao thc LEACH khc phc bng cch to ra cc cm, trong mi cm s bu chn mt nt ch tp hp d liu t cc nt thnh vin v truyn n n trm c s. Bng cch ngu nhin la chn nt ch, LEACH t c s ci thin 8 ln so vi cch truyn trc tip khi o t l nt cht. Mc d t c nhng ci thin ng k nhng LEACH vn cn mt s gii hn sau: Tiu tn lng mo u thit lp cc cm. Truyn d liu trc tip t mi cm ch n trm c s xa. S lng cc ln truyn khong cch xa s tng khi kch thc mng tng v tiu hao tng nng lng ca mng. Giao thc PEGASIS em a ra y c s ci thin ng k hn so vi LEACH. PEGASIS (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems) l giao thc da trn xy dng chui gn ti u. Tc l mi nt ch giao tip vi mt nt ln
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cn gn n nht, v ln lt truyn d liu n trm c s, do n lm gim ti thiu nng lng s dng trong mt vng. 4.2.1. PEGASIS c bn PEGASIS h tr ti thiu ha khong cch truyn trong mng, ti thiu ha lng mo u qung b, ti thiu ha khi lng bn tin truyn n trm c s v phn b nng lng ng u gia cc nt trong mng. tng ca PEGASIS l to mt chui cc nt cm bin mi nt c th nhn v truyn d liu ti nt bn cnh, vic truyn d liu t nt n nt, tp hp li v sau cng truyn n trm c s. Cc nt ny s thay nhau truyn d liu n trm c s, nng lng trung bnh c s dng bi mi nt c gim mi vng. thc hin thut ton chng ta gi s tt c cc nt cm bin u c hiu bit ton cc v mng v u c th s dng thut ton Greedy. Thut ton greedy thc hin rt tt v vic xy dng chui c thc hin trc khi mt vng truyn d liu bt u. xy dng mt chui chng ta bt u t nt xa trm BS nht. Chng ta lm iu ny m bo cc xa BS u c nt ln cn gn n, v trong thut ton greedy khong cch gia cc nt s tng dn v cc nt nm trong chui s khng c thm li. Hnh (4.5) ch ra th t lin kt, nt 0 ni vi nt 3, nt 3 ni vi nt 1, nt 1 ni vi nt 2. Khi mt nt cht, cc nt s phi xy dng li chui v b qua nt cht y.
Hnh 4.5 Xy dng chui s dng thut ton Greedy
tp hp d liu mi vng, mi nt s nhn d liu t nt hng xm v hp nht vi d liu n cm nhn c v truyn n nt hng xm tip theo trong chui.
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Sau khi chui c thnh lp, bc tip theo l chn nt ch. Nt ch c chn bng cch sau: vng th i th nt th i mod N (N l s nt trong mng ) s lm ch. Nh vy nng lng s c san s gia cc nt. Khi mt nt cht, chui s c cp nht li bng cch b qua nt trong chui. Nh hnh 4.6 khi nt 7 cht , nt 8 s c gng lin lc vi nt 6.
Hnh 4.6 X l li khi mt nt trong chui cht.
4.2.2. PEGASIS ci tin Trong gii thut PEGASIS c bn, chng ta thy rng mc d nng lng c chia s cho cc nt nhng cc nt xa trm BS s b tiu th nng lng nhiu hn v do nhanh chng cht i. Nh vy s nh hng n thi gian sng ca ton mng. Sau y, ta a ra mt ci tin trong qu trnh chn nt ch lm tng thi gian sng ca mng. Chng ta s khng cho cc nt xa trm BS v c nng lng thp lm nt ch. Chng ta chn nt ch nh sau: Tt c cc nt s tnh ton t s Ri nh sau:
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Trong : Pai : nng lng ca nt i ti thi im hin ti. PTxi : nng lng cn thit nt i truyn n trm c s. Nt cui chui s bt u gi gi cha gi tr Ri ca n v pha nt hng xm trong chui. Mi nt nhn gi ny s so snh gi tr hin ti trong gi vi gi tr R ca n. Nu cao hn, n n gin s chuyn tip gi, cn nu nh hn, n s bin i gi vi gi tr hin ti ca n v chuyn tip n nt cnh n trong chui. Nt c gi tr R cao nht s l nt ch. Nt ch s thng bo cho cch thnh vin trong chui bit. Vic bu chn nt ch c thc hin theo mt s vng no . S vng la chn nt ch thay i thch ng theo mc nng lng hin ti ca mi nt. Ti thi im bt u, mc nng lng ca mi nt khc nhau tng i nh v cc nt vn c mc nng lng rt cao. Mt khi c la chn lm nt ch, nt s gi vai tr ny trong mt s vng. Sau n khi to chu k la chn nt ch khc v do lm gim s mo u lin kt vi nt ch. Khi mc nng lng ca cc nt gim th s vng chn li nt ch cng gim v do trnh c mt nt tiu th nng lng qu nhiu khi lm nt ch. Khi mc nng lng ca nt tr nn qu thp, vic chn nt ch s din ra thng xuyn mi vng. K thut ny m bo cc nt c nng lng cao v gn trm BS s c nhiu c hi lm nt ch hn. Vic chn nt gn trm BS lm nt ch s gim tng chi ph truyn trong mng. Sau khi chn nt ch. Nt ch s truyn th bi dc theo chui n nt cui chui. Nt ny bt u cm nhn d liu v truyn n nt bn cnh n trong chui. Nt ny s tp hp d liu ca n v d liu nhn c trong mt gi v truyn n nt bn cnh n trong chui. C nh th, d liu c truyn n trm c s.
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Nh vy v mt thut ton chng ta thy rng PEGASIS c nhng ci tin ng k hn so vi LEACH v thi gian sng. PEGASIS tit kim nng lng mt s giai on. C th nh sau: u tin, vic tp hp d liu cc b, khong cch m hu nh cc nt trong mng truyn d liu nh hn nhiu so vi vic truyn d liu ca cc nt thnh vin n nt ch trong cm ca LEACH. Th hai, khi lng d liu nt ch trong PEGASIS nhn c nhiu nht l hai bn tin trong khi ca LEACH l 20 (nu mng c 100 nt), nhiu hn rt nhiu. Th ba, ch c mt nt trong mng truyn d liu n trm c s trong khi LEACH c 5% s nt truyn n trm c s. Mc d c nhng ci tin ng k so vi LEACH, nhng PEGASIS vn tn ti mt s hn ch nh sau: Tr trong mng kh ln, c bit l nu kch thc mng ln th chui s rt di v s lng bc nhy rt cao khi truyn d liu t cui chui n trm c s. Thm vo , cc nt trong chui phi bit cu hnh mng v iu ny khng phi lun lun d dng i vi mng cm bin. Xy ra hin tng tht c chai ti nt ch. Tc l d liu tp hp c n nt ch th nt ch khng cn nng lng truyn n trm BS na. Khc phc: khc phc tr chng ta c th chia mng ra thnh nhiu khu vc con, mi khu vc con ny s thit lp nn mt chui. Tng ng vi mi chui con s c mt nt ch. Cc nt ch ny li c th lin kt vi nhau to thnh chui cp cao hn v chui ny s li chn nt ch truyn n trm BS. M t nh hnh (4.7) sau:
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Hnh 4.7 Khc phc ca PEGASIS
4.3. M phng
4.3.1. M hnh nng lng c im ca knh v tuyn Trong knh v tuyn, qu trnh truyn sng in t c th c m hnh bng quy lut hm gim cng sut khong cch gia b pht v b thu. Thm vo , nu gia b pht v b thu khng truyn theo ng truyn thng m b cn tr bi chng ngi vt th khi song in t s n b thu bng cc ng khc nhau ti thi im khc nhau. iu ny gy ra hin tng phading a ng. Vn l ta s dng m hnh no (m hnh ng truyn thng hay m hnh phading a ng) trong mng cm bin. Ta bit cng sut thu c ti b thu s gim khi khong cch gia bn pht v bn nhn tng ln. Theo Wendi th c hai m hnh ny u c s dng ty thuc vo khong cch gia bn truyn v bn pht. Nu khong cch gia bn pht v bn thu nh hn khong cch dcross-over th m hnh khng gian c s dng (suy hao d2) v nu ngc li th m hnh 2 ng dn c s dng (suy hao d4).
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im ct (cross-over) c nh ngha nh sau:

d crossover = 4 L hr ht
(4.1)
Trong : L 1 : h s suy hao h thng khng lin quan n qu trnh truyn hr: chiu cao ca nten bn nhn so vi mt t ht: l chiu cao ca n ten pht so vi mt t : l bc song ca tn hiu song mang Nu khong cch truyn nh hn dcross-over th cng sut truyn suy hao c tnh nh sau :
Pr (d ) = Pt Gt Gr 2 (4d ) 2 L
(4.2)
Trong : Pr(d) : cng sut nhn c khong cch d Pt : cng sut bn truyn Gt : h s khuch i ca anten bn truyn Gr h s khuch i ca anten bn nhn : l bc song ca tn hiu sng mang L 1 : h s suy hao h thng khng lin quan n qu trnh truyn d : khong cch gia bn truyn v bn nhn Phng trnh ny m hnh s suy hao khi bn pht v bn thu c s thng tin tm nhn thng (truyn thng khng c chng ngi vt), iu ny ch xy ra nu nh bn pht v bn thu gn nhau(d<dcross-over). Nu khong cch d> dcross-over th ta c cng thc sau :
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Pt Gt Gr ht2 hr2 Pr (d ) = d4
Chng 4 M phng PEGASIS (4.3)
Trong : Pr(d) : cng sut nhn c khong cch d Pt : cng sut bn truyn hr: chiu cao ca nten bn nhn so vi mt t ht: l chiu cao ca n ten pht so vi mt t d : khong cch gia bn truyn v bn nhn Gt : h s khuych i ca anten bn truyn Gr h s khuych i ca anten bn nhn Trong trng hp ny tn hiu nhn c theo c hai hng, hng trc tip v hng phn x. V c mt hay nhiu ng truyn m tn hiu n, nn tn hiu s suy gim theo d4. V d : Cho Gt=Gr=1, ht=hr=1.5m, h thng khng suy hao L=1, f=914 MHZ Suy ra : =3*108 /914*106 =0.328m, thay gi tr ny vo hai biu thc trn Ta c:
P 4 t2 d : d < 86.2m 6.82 10 Pr = Pt 2.25 4 : d 86.2m d
(4.4)
Trong phn ny, chng ta s xem xt mt m hnh n gin s p dng trong phn m phng.
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Hnh 4.8 M hnh nng lng n gin
Nh tho lun trn s suy gim cng sut trong qu trnh truyn ph thuc vo khong cch gia bn pht v bn thu, nu khong cch tng i ngn, ta c th p dng m hnh t l nghch vi d2, v ngc li nu khong cch di ta p dng m hnh t l vi d4. B iu khin cng sut c th o ngc s suy hao ny bng cch thit lp khuch i cng sut m bo mc cng sut no ti bn nhn, do truyn mt bn tin di l bit, khong cch d ta c:
ETx (l , d ) = ETx elec (l ) + ETx amp (l , d )
(4.5) (4.6)
lE elec + l friss amp d 2 : d < d crossover ETx (l , d ) = lE elec + l two ray ampd 4 : d d crossover
Bn nhn:
E Rx (l ) = E Rx elec (l ) E Rx (l ) = lE elec
(4.7) (4.8)
Trong nng lng in t, Eelec ph thuc vo cc h s nh: m ha s, iu ch, lc tn hiu trc khi c gi n b khuych i.Thm vo vic s dng k thut tri ph nng lng in t phi tnh n c nng lng tri ph tn hiu khi
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truyn v tng quan d liu vi m tri ph khi nhn. Cc nh nghin cu thit k chip thu pht baseband h tr thng tin tri ph a ngi dng v hot ng 165mW ch truyn v 46.5 mW ch nhn, theo windy, ngi ta tp hp nng lng tiu th trn 1 bit d liu b thu pht l Eelec=50nJ/bit i vi b thu pht tc 1Mpbs. iu ny c ngha l phn in t s tiu tn 50mW khi hot ng (thu hoc pht d liu). Hai tham s: friss-amp v two-ray-amp ty thuc vo nhy my thu yu cu, v nhiu tp m my thu, do cng sut truyn cn phi iu chnh cng sut my thu ln hn mt mc ngng PR-thresh. Chng ta c th lm ngc li t ngng ca cng sut my thu tnh ton cng sut truyn ti thiu. Nu tc truyn l Rb th cng sut truyn Pt s bng nng lng truyn trn bit ETx-amp(1,d) nhn vi tc : Pt= ETx-amp(1,d)*Rb. Khi ta c :
R d2 Pt = fruss amp b 4 two ray amp Rb d : d < d crossover : d d crossover
(4.9)
(4.10)
S dng m hnh knh truyn trn chng ta s c :

friss amp Rb Gt Gr 2 : Pr = (4 )2 2 2 : tw0 ray amp Rb Gt Gr ht hr d < d crossover d d crossover
(4.11)
V
friss amp
(4 ) P = r thresh 2 Rb Gt Gr
(4.12)
two ray amp =
Pr thresh (4.13) Rb Gt Gr ht2 hr2
Do cng sut truyn Pt s l hm ca ngng cng sut bn thu v khong cch d

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1 Pr thresh d 2 Pt = 4 2 Pr thresh d
: :
d < d crossover (4.14) d d crossover
Vi 1 =
(4 )2
Gt G r
2
; 2 =
1 (4.15) Gt Gt ht2 hr2
Chng ta c th xc nh mc ngng my thu s dng vic nh gi nhiu my thu. Nu nhiu sn nhit l 99dBm v tp m nhiu my thu l 17dB2 v chng ta yu cu t s tn hiu trn nhiu t nht l 30dB nhn tn hiu k nhiu, th cng sut nhn ti thiu l : PR-thresh > 30 + (-82)=-52 dBm (4.16)
Do cng sut nhn c t nht phi l -52dBm hay 6.3 nW nhn thnh cng gi. Thay cc gi tr vo (Gt=Gr=1, ht=hr=1.5m, L=1, f=914 MHZ, =0.328m, Rb=1Mbps). Ta c:
friss amp = 10 pJ / bit / m 2
(4.17)
two ray amp = 0.0013 pJ / bit / m 4 (4.18)
Chng ta s s dng m hnh v tuyn n gin kiu th nht nh sau: Truyn bn tin k bit khong cch d s dng m hnh v tuyn. ETx-elec : nng lng/bit truyn ERx-elec: nng lng /bit nhn amp : h s ca b khuch i Phng trnh bn truyn:
ETx (k , d ) = ETx elec (k ) + ETx amp (k , d )
ETx (k , d ) = E elec k + amp k d 2
Phng trnh bn nhn:

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E Rx (k ) = E Rx elec (k ) E Rx (k ) = E elec k
Vic nhn bn tin cng tiu tn nng lng kh cao cho nn chng ta cng cn ti thiu s ln truyn v nhn mi nt. 4.3.2. Gi thit v thit lp thng s ban u cho qu trnh m phng Chng ta c mt s cc gi thit ban u nh sau: Cc nt trong mng u bit v topology ca mng Tt c cc nt trong ton mng u c th truyn d liu trc tip n trm c s (Sink). S nt trong mng N=100 nt. Phm vi m phng mng (50m x 50m), trm BS t v tr (25m,150m). Nu phm vi m phng mng l 100m x 100m , trm BS t v tr (50m,300m). Nng lng ban u iniPower =0.25J ; 0.5J Nng lng tiu tn khi x l mt bit : Eelec=50nJ/bit H s khuch i: friss amp = 10 pJ / bit / m 2 Chiu di mi bn tin DATA k=2000 bit. Chng ta s m phng trn Mobility Framework. Cc nt trong mng c phn b v tr mt cch ngu nhin. Qu trnh m phng gm cc bc nh sau: Bc 1: Tm nt xa trm BS nht Bc 2: Thit lp chui Bc 3: Chn nt ch
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Chng 4 M phng PEGASIS Bc 4: Truyn d liu v x l li khi nt cht
Chng ta s i ln lt tng bc nh trn. Bc 1: Tm nt xa nht Ban u BS s a ra lnh xy dng mng thng qua bn tin INITIATE_CONFIGURE_NETWORK. Sau BS broadcast bn tin BROADCASTING_POSITION cho ton b nt trong mng tnh ton khong cch t cc nt n BS. Bn tin BROADCASTING_POSITION:
cplusplus {{#include "NetwPkt_m.h"}}; class NetwPkt; message BSP extends NetwPkt { fields: int posX; int posY; }
Tham s posX v posY cha ta ca trm BS. Chng ta c th ly c v tr hin ti ca BS thng qua vic ng k bin HostCoor vi Blackboard
posX = (int)(HostCoor.x) posY = (int)(HostCoor.y)
Hnh (4.9) l giao din ca Mobility khi m phng, miu t qu trnh broadcast ca trm c s (BS) n cc nt trong mng, host[0] trong hnh chnh l trm c s. ng nt t l ng truyn v tuyn ca bn tin. Channel control iu khin vic di ng ca cc host v tnh ton khong cch giao thoa gia cc nt. Trong phn m phng ny ta gi s cc nt cm bin khng di ng.
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Hnh 4.9 Trm BS gi broadcast n cho cc nt trong mng
Cc nt nhn c bn tin ny s tnh ton khong cch n BS nh thng s ta cha trong bn tin. V sau gi reply li bng bn tin REPLY_BROADCASTING_POSITION:
cplusplus {{#include "NetwPkt_m.h"}}; class NetwPkt; message RBSP extends NetwPkt { fields: double distance; };
Trong : Tham s distance s cha khong cch ca cc nt n BS. Sau khi BS nhn c bn tin ny, BS s so snh cc gi tr distance v tm ra MaxDistance, tc l s tm ra nt xa nht so vi BS. Bc 2: Thit lp chui Sau khi tm c nt xa nht, BS gi thng bo n nt thng qua bn tin MAX_DISTANCE (hnh 4.10).
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Nt xa nht ny chnh l nt gc ca chui. Nt ny nhn c bn tin MAX_DISTANCE s bt u tm nt khc gn n nht v cho vo chui. N s dng bn tin FIND_NODE_INTO_CHAIN c cc trng ging nh bn tin BROADCASTING_POSITION ca BS .
Hnh 4.10 Trm BS gi bn tin Max Distance n nt xa nht
Cc nt xung quanh nhn c bn tin ny v gi bn tin p tr li REPLY_FIND_NODE_INTO_CHAIN. Nt ny cn c vo cc gi tr distance trong cc bn tin la chn ra nt gn mnh nht c a ch MinAddr v khong cch Min. Sau n gi bn tin mi gi vo chui INVITE_INTO_CHAIN nh sau:
cplusplus {{#include "NetwPkt_m.h"}}; class NetwPkt; message InvitePkt extends NetwPkt { fields: int vitri; int index; };
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Hnh 4.11 Nt xa nht chui gi bn tin Invite mi nt gn nht vo chui
C nh vy, sau khi nt ny vo chui th li tip tc mi gi cc nt cn li trong chui vo chui.
Hnh 4.12 Cc nt kt ni vo nhau to thnh chui http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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Ch : Ta nn khai bo thm mt bin vaoChuoi kiu bool nh du khi mt nt vo chui ri. iu ny s rt thun li v cc nt mt khi vo chui ri s khng tnh ton khong cch khi nhn c bn tin FIND_NODE_INTO_CHAIN.
Hnh 4.13 Chui sau khi thit lp xong.
Sau khi tt c cc nt u vo chui, nt cui cng vo chui s gi bn tin REQUEST_CHOSING_HEADER n cho trm BS. BS s bt u khi to qu trnh chn nt ch bng cch gi n nt gc ca chui, chnh l nt c khong cch xa BS nht. Bc 3: Chn nt ch Nt xa nht bt u tnh ton t l: Ratio=curPower/distance Vi curPower l nng lng hin ti ca nt v cho vo bn tin truyn dc theo chui, ti cc nt: khi nhn c bn tin cng tnh ton gi tr ny v sau gi so snh gi tr Ratio ca n v ca bn tin nhn c. Nu nh hn n n gin s foreward i cn ngc li s thay th bng Ratio ca mnh v li truyn i. Nt c gi
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tr Ratio cao nht s c chn lm nt ch. Nt ch s thng bo cho cc nt khc bit v tr ca cc nt v n l nt ch. Bc 4: Truyn d liu v x l li khi mt nt cht Nt ch bt u gi TOKEN n nt gc chui bt u mt vng truyn d liu, sau nh thut ton nu trn, cc nt s ln lt tch hp d liu ca n v truyn n nt ch. Sau nt ch s tp hp d liu ca n v hai bn tin t hai pha truyn v v truyn n Sink. Mi bn tin c kch thc k=2000 bit. Ti cc nt mi khi nhn c bn tin s tnh ton nng lng nhn v truyn theo cng thc cp m hnh m phng. Phng trnh tnh ton nng lng khi truyn bn tin:
ETx (k , d ) = ETx elec (k ) + ETx amp (k , d )
ETx (k , d ) = E elec k + amp k d 2
Phng trnh tnh ton nng lng khi nhn bn tin:

E Rx (k ) = E Rx elec (k ) E Rx (k ) = E elec k
Sau mi ln nhn gi tin, cc nt s kim tra xem cn nng lng truyn v nhn khng? Nu khng nng lng th n s khng truyn gi i v cng s khng nhn gi tin. Lc ny mt nt coi nh l cht, cc nt khc da vo thi gian timeout, khng thy nt gi d liu n s thng bo n nt ch cp nht li chui. Chui mi s b qua nt cht. Sau nt ch li gi TOKEN bt u thu thp d liu. Khi nt cht, nt ch c nhim v gi thng bo n BS, BS m s nt cht v sau BS a ra kt qu.
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Sau y ta s a ra kt qu m phng ca ba giao thc: truyn tin trc tip, LEACH, PEGASIS. Trong bng (4.10) l kt qu khi m phng, phn m ng vi kch thc mng l (50m,50m), phn cn li l kt qu m phng ng vi mng c kch thc (100m, 100m). Trong bng (4.2) ta thy, cc nt bt u cht ng lot sau khi 20% nt cht. Bi v khong cch gia cc nt lc ny ln hn rt nhiu, vic la chn nt ch din ra thng xuyn mi vng v cc nt cng nhanh chng tiu hao nng lng hn.
Bng 4.2 S vng khi 1%, 20%, 50%, v 100% nt cht
Hnh (4.14) v (4.15) ch ra s vng khi 1% , 20%, 50% v 100% nt cht vi kch thc m phng mng l (50m,50m) v (100m,100m). T kt qu ta nhn thy rng, s vng PEGASIS t c gp 2 ln so vi LEACH vi kch thc mng l (50m,50m).
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Hnh 4.14 Kt qu khi m phng mng c kch thc (50m,50m) vi nng lng ban u ca nt l 0.25 J
Hnh 4.15 Kt qu m phng khi kch thc mng l (100m.100m) vi nng lng ca nt ban u l 0.5J
Nng lng ban u ca nt trong hnh (4.9) l 0.25J v hnh (4.10) l 0.5J . Mc nng lng tng gp i dn n s vng cng tng gp i . Vi kch thc mng (100m,100m) th s vng khi thc hin PEGASIS gp ba so vi LEACH.
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n tt nghip
4.4. Kt lun v hng nghin cu tip theo

Trong chng ny a ra kt qu m phng ca PEGASIS. Kt qu cho thy PEGASIS khc phc c nhc im ca LEACH bng cch loi b lng mo u ca thng tin cc cm ng, ti thiu ha khong cch truyn v nhn gia cc nt trong mng, v ch s dng mt ln truyn d liu hp nht trn mi vng n trm c s. Cc nt thay nhau truyn d liu hp nht n trm c s lm cn bng nng lng tiu tn trong mng v tng kh nng chng li li khi cc nt cht v tr ngu nhin. Vic phn b nng lng trong mng ti lm tng thi gian sng v cht lng ca mng. Vic m phng cho thy giao thc PEGASIS tt hn LEACH v thm ch ci thin hn khi kch thc mng tng. Tuy nhin, mt vn ni tri trong PEGASIS l tr truyn, nt ch phi i nhn c bn tin d liu hp nht ca cc nt sau mi truyn n trm c s. Hn na thng xy ra hin tng nt c chai ti nt ch. Hng nghin cu tip theo cn khc phc c cc nhc im ny.
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KT LUN
Khi nim mng cm bin tng i cn l lm i vi nhiu ngi lm vic trong lnh vc vin thng. n ny em trnh by mt cch tng quan nht v mng cm bin. Vi tnh nng u vit v ng dng a dng m khng phi mng no cng c, trong tng lai khng xa mng cm bin s c pht trin rng ri v nhanh chng. Em hy vng vi n ny, s gp phn vo vic nghin cu v lnh vc cn tng i mi m ny Vit Nam. Trong phm vi n tt nghip ny, em nghin cu c nhng nt khi qut nht v mng cm ng v m phng c mt giao thc nh tuyn thng c dng trong mng. Do kin thc cn hn ch, nn n tt nghip ca em khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong nhn c s ph bnh, ng gp ca cc thy trong b mn cng nh trong khoa n ca em c hon thin. Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n TS. Trn Ngc Lan - B mn K thut thng tin - Khoa in T Vin Thng Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni nhit tnh gip em trong thi gian va qua. H Ni, Thng 5 Nm 2008 Sinh vin thc hin Th Tuyt
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Ti liu tham kho

[1]. Holger Karl Andreas Willig, Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks, Wiley, 2005. [2]. S. Linsay, PEGASIS: power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems, Computer Systems Reasearch Department The Aerospace Corporation P.O. Box 92957, Los Angeles, CA 90009-2957. [3]. Jamal N. Al-Karaki Ahmed E. Kamal, Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011. [4]. Armin Veichtlbauer, Peter Dorfinger Salzburg, Modeling of Energy Efficient Wireless Communication, Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Advanced Networking Center Salzburg, Austria. [5]. I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su*, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, Wireless sensor networks: a survey, Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA, Received 12 December 2001; accepted 20 December 2001 [6]. http://ceng.usc.edu/~anrg/SensorNetBib.html truy nhp cui cng ngy 10/5/2008.
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Nghien Cuu Va Mo Phong Giao Thuc Dinh Tuyen Pegasis Trong Mang Cam Bien

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Nghien Cuu Va Mo Phong Giao Thuc Dinh Tuyen Pegasis Trong Mang Cam Bien

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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

KHOA IN T - VIN THNG

NGHIN CU V M PHNG GIAO THC NH TUYN PEGASIS TRONG MNG CM BIN

Sinh vin thc hin:

Ging vin hng dn: Cn b phn bin:

TS. TRN NGC LAN TS. TRNG TUN

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI --------------------------------------------------

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp - T do - Hnh phc ---------------------------------

2. Cc s liu v d liu ban u:

3. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton:

4. Cc bn v, th ( ghi r cc loi v kch thc bn v ):

Sinh vin hon thnh v np n tt nghip ngy thng nm Cn b phn bin

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

Nhn xt ca cn b phn bin:

thng nm Cn b phn bin

DANH SCH HNH V

DANH SCH BNG BIU

DANH SCH CC T VIT TT

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

1.2. Cu trc mng cm bin

Hnh 1.1 Cu trc mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Hnh 1.2 Cu to nt cm bin.

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Hnh 1.3 Kin trc giao thc mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Hnh 1.4 Cu trc phng ca mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Hnh 1.5 Cu trc tng ca mng cm bin

Hnh 1.6 Cu trc mng phn cp chc nng theo lp

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Hnh 1.7 ng dng trong qun i

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Hnh 1.8 ng dng trong mi trng

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Hnh 1.9 ng dng trong chm sc sc khe

Chng 2 Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin

Chng 2. Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin

2.2. Giao thc ng b thi gian

Hnh 2.1 Xc nh gc n ca m thanh xa bi mt dy sensor

x . Khong cch gia cc sensor c th xc nh t cc v d

Chng 2 Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin

Chng 2 Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin

Hnh 2.2 ng b bn pht/bn nhn v bn nhn/bn nhn. http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Chng 2 Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin

Chng 2 Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin

trong l tr ng truyn v tP l thi gian truyn gi (chiu di ca gi tnh theo bit).

Hnh 2.3 Hot ng ca vic ng b bn pht/bn nhn

Chng 2 Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin

I = Li (t1 ) + + t P , Li (t 8 ) t P ( L j (t 6 ) L j (t 5 )) . Nu chng ta gi s thi gian s

Do vy, c th gim s khng chnh xc ca t5 n khong

Chng 2 Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin