PHN 1 : B GIAO THC TCP/IP

I Gii Thiu: - cc my my tnh c th lin lc vi nhau qua mng, chng phi s dng cng 1 ngn ng hay cn gi l 1 giao thc (Protocol). Giao thc l 1 h lut v chun cho php cc my tnh trong mng lin lc vi nhau. -TCP/IP l vit tt ca Transmission Control Protocol (Giao thc iu Khin Truyn Thng) / Internet Protocol (Giao thc Internet). -TCP/IP khng ch gm 2 giao thc m thc t n l tp hp ca nhiu giao thc. Chng ta gi l 1 H Giao Thc hay B Giao Thc (Suite Of Protocols). Bi vit chng ta s tp trung vo B Giao Thc ny. II Tng qut: - cho cc my tnh trao i d liu vi nhau TCP/IP s dng m hnh truyn thng 4 tng hay cn gi l M Hnh DoD (M hnh ca B Quc Phng M). Cc tng trong m hnh ny l (Theo th t t trn xung): + Tng ng Dng (Application Layer) + Tng Giao Vn (Transport Layer) + Tng Lin Mng (Internet Layer) + Tng Giao Din Mng (Network Interface Layer) - Mi giao thc ca H TCP/IP u thuc 1 trong cc tng ny. Ta s cng tm hiu tng tng . 1.Tng Giao Din Mng (Network Interface Layer): - Tng Giao Din Mng c trch nhim a d liu ti v nhn d liu t phng tin truyn dn. Tng ny gm cc thit b phn cng vt l chng hn nh Card Mng v Cp Mng. - 1 Card Mng chng hn card Ethernet cha 1 s HEX 12 k t (00-18-37-03-C0-F4) c gi l a Ch MAC (Media Access Control) hay a Ch Truy Nhp Phng Tin . MAC ng vai tr quan trng trong vic gn a ch v truyn d liu. - 1 s giao thc tiu biu thuc tng ny gm : + ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) + Ethernet + Token Ring + FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) + Frame Relay 2.Tng Lin Mng (Internet Layer): - Nm bn trn tng giao din mng. Tng ny c chc nng gn a ch, ng gi v nh tuyn (Route) d liu. 4 giao thc quan trng nht trong tng ny gm: + IP (Internet Protocol): C chc nng gn a ch cho d liu trc khi truyn v nh tuyn chng ti ch. + ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): C chc nng bin dch a ch IP ca my ch thnh a ch MAC. + ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): C chc nng thng bo li trong trng hp truyn d liu b hng. + IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol): C chc nng iu khin truyn a hng (Multicast) 3.Tng Giao Vn (Transport Layer): - C trch nhim thit lp phin truyn thng gia cc my tnh v quy nh cch truyn d liu. 2 giao thc chnh trong tng ny gm:

+ UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Cn gi l Giao Thc Gi Ngi Dng. UDP cung cp cc knh truyn thng phi kt ni nn n khng m bo truyn d liu 1 cch tin cy. Cc ng dng dng UDP thng ch truyn nhng gi c kch thc nh, tin cy d liu ph thuc vo tng ng dng + TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Ngc li vi UDP, TCP cung cp cc knh truyn thng hng kt ni v m bo truyn d liu 1 cch tin cy. TCP thng truyn cc gi tin c kch thc ln v yu cu pha nhn xc nhn v cc gi tin nhn. 4.Tng ng Dng (Application Layer): - Gm nhiu giao thc cung cp cho cc ng dng ngi dng. c s dng nh dng v trao i thng tin ngi dng. 1 s giao thc thng dng trong tng ny l: + DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Giao Thc Cu Hnh Trm ng + DNS (Domain Name System): H Thng Tn Min + SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Giao Thc Qun L Mng n Gin + FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Tp Tin + TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Tp Tin Bnh Thng + SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Th n Gin + TELNET ***Bng sau m t khi qut v B Giao Thc TCP/IP:

PHN 2 : A CH IP
I a ch IP: - Mi my trn mng TCP/IP hay cn gi l trm TCP/IP c nhn dng bng 1 a ch IP logic. Mi trm hay mi thit b mng s dng TCP/IP truyn thng cn c 1 a ch IP duy nht. - a ch IP cho bit v tr ca 1 h thng trong 1 mng ging nh a ch xc nh ngi nh trn 1 con ng no . Tng t nh 1 khu dn c. a ch IP phi l duy nht trn ton cu v phi c vit di 1 nh dng chun. - Mi a ch IP c chia thnh 2 phn : Phn a ch mng (Net ID) v Phn a ch trm (Host ID).

+ Net ID: Dng nhn dng nhng h thng trong cng 1 khu vc vt l cn c gi l Phn on (Segment). Mi h thng trong cng 1 Phn on phi c cng a Ch Mng v Phn a ch ny phi l duy nht trong s cc mng hin c. + Host ID: Dng nhn dng 1 trm lm vic, 1 my ch, 1 Router hoc 1 trm TCP/IP trong 1 phn on. Phn a ch trm cng phi l duy nht trong 1 mng - Ging a ch bu in gm 2 phn: M BU IN S NH,TN NG. a ch IP cng gm 2 phn: NET ID HOST ID. + Phn u tin, NET ID nhn dng mng m my tnh ni ti, tt c my tnh trong cng mng phi c cng NET ID ging nh mi nh trong cng qun phi c cng M BU IN. + Phn th hai, HOST ID xc nh my tnh, router hoc thit b mng khc trong mng. HOST ID phi l duy nht trong 1 mng ging nh S NH,TN NG phi l duy nht trong 1 qun. Hai my tnh c th c cng HOST ID nu NET ID ca chng khc nhau, ging nh hai NG c th cng tn nu nh chng thuc 2 qun khc nhau. - S kt hp gia NET ID v HOST ID phi cho php nhn dng duy nht mi my tnh ring bit. - Cc a ch IP c chiu di 32bit c chia thnh 4 dy. Mi dy gm 8bit (1Byte), mi Byte c phn cch = 1 du ., 1 Byte l 1 gi tr nm trong khong t 0-255. Cch biu din nh vy gi l K hiu thp phn du chm (Dotted-Decimal Notation) cho mi ngi s dng nh a ch 1 cch d dng.

- Tuy nhin khi x l thng tin my tnh li s dng H Nh Phn (Binary) v tn hiu chng s dng truyn thng ch c 2 trng thi l Bt (1) v Tt (0) ***Bng bn di y s m t s kt hp gia K Hiu Thp Phn (Decimal Notation) v K Hiu Khoa Hc (Scientific Notation) vi mi Bit bn trong 1 B Tm Nh Phn (Binary Octet).

Trong 1 Byte , mi bit c gn mt gi tr. Nu Bit c t l 0 th n c gn gi tr 0, nu Bit c t l 1 th c th chuyn i thnh 1 gi tr thp phn. Bit thp nht trong Byte tng ng vi 1, Bit cao nht tng ng vi 128. Vy gi tr ln nht ca 1 Byte l 255 tng ng vi trng hp c 8 Bit u c t l 1.

V d: Ta s i a ch sau: 10101100 00010000 00000101 01111101 sang dng K Hiu Thp Phn Du Chm.

II a ch IP Public v a ch IP Private: 1.IP Public: - Mi 1 a ch IP ngoi Internet l duy nht. cc Network c nhng a ch duy nht ngoi Internet, th Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) s chia nhng khong a ch khng d tr thnh nhng phn nh v y thc trch nhim phn phi a ch cho cc t chc ng K Min khp th gii. Nhng t chc l Asia-Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC), American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN), and Rseaux IP Europens (RIPE NCC). Nhng t chc ny s phn phi nhng khi a ch n 1 s nh cc Internet Service Provider (ISP) ln v cc ISP ln ny sau s gn nhng khi nh hn cho cc i l v cc ISP nh hn. - ISP s cp 1 IP Public cho mi my tnh ca bn cc my tnh ny c th kt ni trc tip n ISP. Cc a ch ny c cp 1 cch t ng dn mi my tnh khi my tnh kt ni v c th l a ch tnh nu ng line ca bn thu ring hay cc ti khon Dial-up 2.IP Private: - IANA d tr mt t a ch IP m cc a ch ny khng bao gi c s dng trn Internet. Nhng a ch IP Private ny c s dng cho nhng Host yu cu c IP kt ni nhng khng cn c thy trn cc mng Public. V d, 1 user kt ni nhng my tnh trong mng TCP/IP nh th ko cn cp 1 a ch IP Public cho mi Host. User c th ly nhng khong IP bng di y cung cp a ch cho cc Host trong mng.

- Nhng host c a ch IP Private c th kt ni n Internet bng cch s dng 1 Proxy Server hay 1 my tnh chy Windows Server 2003 cu hnh nh l 1 Network Address Translation (NAT) Server. Windows Server 2003 cng tch hp chc nng Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) cung cp dch v NAT n gin cho cc Client trong mng Private. III Lp a ch: - C 5 lp a ch IP to cc mng c kch thc khc nhau gm: Lp A, Lp B, Lp C, Lp D, Lp E. - TCP/IP h tr gn a ch lp A, lp B, lp C cho cc trm. - Cc lp ny c chiu di phn NET ID v HOST ID khc nhau nn s lng Mng v s lng Trm trn mi mng cng khc nhau: + Lp A: c gn cho cc Mng c kch thc cc ln. Trong lp a ch ny Byte u tin xc nh NET ID, Bit cao nht ca Byte ny lun c t l 0. 3 Byte cn li xc nh Host ID. Do lp A c th cp cho 126 Mng vi 16.777.214 Trm trn mi Mng. + Lp B: c gn cho cc Mng c kch thc va v ln. Trong lp a ch ny 2 Byte u tin xc nh NET ID, 2 Bit cao nht ca Byte u tin lun c t l 1 0. 2 Byte cn li xc nh Host ID. Do lp B c th cp cho 16.384 Mng vi 65.534 Trm trn mi Mng. + Lp C: c gn cho cc Mng c kch thc nh. Trong lp a ch ny 3 Byte u tin xc nh NET ID, 3 Bit cao nht ca Byte u tin lun c t l 1 1 0. Byte cui cng xc nh Host ID. Do lp C c th cp cho 2.097.152 Mng vi 254 Trm trn mi Mng. + Lp D: Cc a ch lp ny s dng cho Truyn a Hng (Multicast). 1 nhm Multicast c th cha 1 hoc nhiu Trm. Trong lp ny 4 Bit cao nht ca Byte u tin lun c t l 1 1 1 0, cc Bit cn li nh ngha nhm Multicast. a ch lp D khng c chia thnh Net ID v Host ID. Cc gi(Packets) Multicast c truyn ti 1 nhm Trm c th v ch c cc Trm ng k vo nhm ny mi nhn c gi. + Lp E: L lp a ch thc nghim, n khng c thit k cho mc ch s dng chung. Lp E c d phng cho cc ng dng tng lai. Cc Bit cao nht ca Byte u tin lun c t l 1 1 1 1. - Tng s IP c th s dng l : 3.720.314.628 *** Bng sau y s m t khi qut v cc lp a ch IP:

*** Bng m t s khc nhau gia 3 Lp a ch A, B v C:

IV Subnet Mask: - bit Trm ch thuc Mng cc b hay xa. Trm ngun cn 1 thng tin khc. Thng tin ny chnh l Subnet Mask - Subnet Mask l 1 a ch 32 bit c s dng che 1 phn ca a ch IP. Bng cch ny cc my tnh c th xc nh u l Net ID v u l Host ID trong 1 a ch IP. - Mi Trm trong mng TCP/IP yu cu c 1 Subnet Mask.N c gi l Subnet Mask mc nh, nu n cha c chia Subnet (v v vy n ch c 1 Subnet n), v c gi l Subnet Mask ty nu n c chia thnh nhiu Subnet Vd: 1 s 32bit tiu biu cho 1 Subnet Mask mc nh c dng bi nhng Trm cu hnh vi 1 a ch lp C (vd 192.168.20.50) l : 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (255.255.255.0). Khi 1 trm c a ch 192.168.20.50

gi gi tin n a ch 192.168.50.20. u tin, Trm s thc hin php tnh AND gia a Ch cc b vi Subnet Mask mc nh cc b. Bi v khi thc hin php tnh AND 2 s, bt k s no AND vi 0 s l 0, v AND vi 1 s l chnh n => khi AND 192.168.20.50 vi 255.255.255.0 kt qu l 192.168.20.0. My trm sau s thc hin php tnh AND gia a ch ch vi Subnet Mask ging trn. TCP/IP sau s so snh kt qu nhng gi tr t 2 php tnh AND. Nu 2 gi tr ng nht th Trm TCP/IP kt lun ch kia l trn Subnet cc b. Nu 2 gi tr khc nhau th Trm xc nh ch kia l xa. - Ta cng c 1 cch vit khc xc nh Subnet Mask l: a ch IP / Tin t Mng Tin t Mng c xc nh bng cch cng tt c cc bit 1 trong dy 32bit ca Subnet Mask. Vd: 192.168.5.10 c Subnet Mask mc nh l 255.255.255.0. i qua s nh phn s l 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000. => Tng cng c 24 bit 1. Vy ta c th vit di dng: 192.168.5.10 / 24 *** Bng di y s a ra nhng Subnet Mask mc nh cho cc Lp Mng:

V Default Gateway: - Khi 1 trm trong TCP/IP cn truyn thng tin vi 1 Trm trn Mng khc th n phi thng qua 1 Router. Router c gn nhiu Interface (vd Card Mng) kt ni n cc Mng ring bit, Routing l qu trnh nhn nhng gi IP ti 1 Interface v gi nhng gi ny ra 1 Interface khc hng v 1 ch cui cng. Vi 1 host c cp trn Mng TCP/IP th Default Gateway l a ch ca Router, nm trong 1 phm vi Broadcast, n c cu hnh a nhng lung IP n Mng khc. - Khi 1 my tnh c gng truyn t thng tin n 1 trm khc trn Mng IP, my tnh s dng SUBNET MASK xc nh Trm ch l Cc B (Local) hay Xa (Remote). Nu ch l 1 trm trn 1 phn on Mng Cc B, my tnh s n gin gi 1 gi tin n Mng Cc B bng cch truyn cho tt c (Broadcast). Nu ch l 1 Trm Xa, my tnh s a gi tin n Default Gateway c xc nh trong TCP/IP Properties. Router c ghi r ti a ch Default Gateway sau s chu trch nhim a gi tin n Mng 1 cch chnh xc.

VI Chia Subnet: - Nhng Subnet Mask c s dng bi nhiu host xc nh u l phn chia ca 1 a ch IP c xem nh l Net ID ca a ch .Lp A, B v C s dng Subnet Mask mc nh c che ln lt l 8, 16, 24bit tng ng vi nhng a ch 32bit. 1 Mng cc b c nh r bi 1 Subnet Mask hay cn gi l 1 Subnet - Chia subnet l phng php logic chia 1 a ch mng bng cch tng bit 1 s dng trong Subnet Mask ca 1 Mng. Phn m rng ny cho php bn chia nhiu Subnet bn trong Mng ban u + 255.255.0.0 l Subnet Mask mc nh c s dng cho nhng host bn trong lp B , v d nh 131.107.0.0, th 2 a ch 131.107.1.11 v 131.107.2.11 l ging Subnet. V nhng host trong Net ny lin lc vi nhau bng cch gi gi tin Broadcast. Nhng khi Subnet Mask c tng thm thnh 255.255.255.0 th r rng 2 a ch 131.107.1.11 v 131.107.2.11 l khc Net. Th nhng host ny mun lin lc vi nhau th phi gi 1 gi tin IP n Default Gateway, ci m n chu trch nhim routing nhng gi d liu n Subnet ch + Trong khi ban u a ch lp B khi cha chia Subnet c 65.534 host th Subnet Mask mi c cu hnh nh hnh bn di cho php bn chia thnh 256 Subnet vi 254 host trn 1 subnet.

+ u im ca vic chia Subnet l khi chia xong nhng phn on con c th tri rng trn nhiu phn on vt l (vd mng c th gm 2 phn on l Ethernet v Token Ring). Tuy nhin u im chnh l gim lu lng mng v khi chia Subnet th lu lng cc gi tin Broadcast khng lm nh hng n ton mng do Router gia cc mng s chn cc gi tin Broadcast. - Xc nh Tng s Host trn 1 Mng bng cch ta ly 2 ly tha s bit lm Host ID sau tr cho 2. Vd: 192.168.1.0 thuc lp C nn mc nh s c 24bit lm Net ID (192.168.1.0/24) v 8bit lm Host ID. Vy Tng s Host : 2 ly tha 8 2 = 254 Host - Xc nh Tng s Subnet bng cch ta ly 2 ly tha s bit m rng thm vo Net ID Vd : 172.16.0.0 . Thuc lp B nn c 16bit lm Net ID(172.16.0.0/16) v 16bit lm Host ID. Do Net ID cha m rng bit no nn s bit m rng = 0 , vy Tng s Subnet = 2 ly tha 0 = 1 Subnet Vy nu 172.16.0.0 vit di dng 172.16.0.0/20. Vy c ngha s bit lm Host ID l 12 v s bit m rng thm vo Net ID l 4. => Tng S Host : 2 ly tha 12 2 = 4094 Hosts => Tng S Subnet : 2 ly tha 4 = 16 Subnets - Xc nh s Host trn mi Subnet: Tnh tng s Host trn 1 Subnet ging nh tnh tng s Host trn 1 Mng. Khi 1 a ch Mng c chia Subnet. Th tng s Host trn mi Subnet s l 2 ly tha x -2 vi x l s bit lm Host ID. - c lng phm vi a ch Subnet: Bng cch s dng K Hiu Thp Phn Du Chm , ta c th c lng c phm vi ca nhng a ch IP trn mi Subnet n gin bng cch ta ly 256 tr cho gi tr b 8 thch hp trong Subnet Mask. Vd1: 1 Net thuc lp C c a ch 192.168.5.0 vi Subnet Mask l 255.255.255.192. Ta ly 256-192 = 64, Vy kt qu mi phm v a ch Subnet ca Mng c nhm trong khong 64: 192.168.5.0 192.168.5.63, 192.168.5.64 192.167.5.127 , .v.v Vd2: 1 Net thuc lp B c a ch 172.16.0.0 vi Subnet Mask l 255.255.255.240. Ta ly 256-240 = 16. Bi vy, mi phm vi a ch Subnet c nhm 16 v tr th 3 v thch hp b 8. Nhng tri li v tr th 4 ca b 8 c phm vi t 0-255: 172.16.0.0 172.16.15.255, 172.16.16.0 172.16.31.255, - Lu rng c 2 a ch khng c dng cp cho Host l a ch mng (tt c cc bit trong phn Host ID u l 0) v a ch Broadcast (tt c cc bit trong phn Host ID u

l 1) VII Supernetting: - ngn s cn dn cc Net ID ca lp A,B. Cc nh iu hnh Internet sp t 1 s gi l Supernetting. Supernetting s cho php nhiu Net gom thnh 1 Net. Supernetting a ra nhiu thun li hiu qu cho vic t a ch cho cc Net. - V d , gi s 1 t chc cn cung cp khong 2000 Trm. Con s ny l qu ln i vi 1 lp C (ch c th cp cho 254 trm). Tuy nhin 1 Net thuc lp B c th cp ti 16384 Net vi 65534 Trm trn mi Net v con s ny cng s nhanh chng gim bt. Bi vy n ko thit thc 1 ISP (Internet Service Provider) cp 1 Net lp B v nhu cu t chc kia ch chim 3% trong tng s IP ca 1 Net trong lp B , c ngha l lng ph mt 63534 a ch. Bng cch s dng Supernetting, 1 ISP c th cp 1 khi nhng a ch lp C (1 Net c 254 Hosts) m n c xem nh 1 Mng c lp u gia lp B v lp C. Trong v d ny, 1 khi gm 8 Net thuc lp C c th p ng nhu cu t chc kia bng cch cp 2032 host. - Supernetting khc vi Chia Subnet ch l Supernetting mn nhng Bit Net ID em qua lm Host ID. V d, gi s 1 ISP cp cho bn 1 khi gm 8 Net lp C t 207.46.168.0 dn 207.46.175.0. Gn 1 Subnet Mask l /21 (mc nh l /24) n cc Router ti ISP v n tt c cc host nm trong t chc ca bn, kt qu l tt c cc my u thy nhau nh l 1 Net bi v nh vo Net ID b rt ngn pht sinh t subnet mask l /24, phn Net ID ca ton b 8 a ch ny by gi c nhn thy nh l duy nht. ***Hnh bn di s minh ha cho phn ny:

VIII CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing nh Tuyn Lin Vng Khng Phn Lp):

- CIDR l 1 phng php hiu qu tnh ton cc supernet bn trong nhng bng nh Tuyn. Nu khng dng CIDR, nhng bng nh Tuyn s ghi vo 1 mc ring x l mng nguyn bn trong supernet. CIDR cho php ton b supernet c x l ch bng 1 mc duy nht. Hnh bn di s cho ta thy r iu ny:

- Tri vi phng php phn lp. CIDR s dng K Hiu Nh Phn ngha l tt c a ch IP v Subnet Mask c chuyn i thnh 0 v 1 to nn 32 gi tr thay v 4 gi tr nh ban u (vd 172.16.2.2->10101100 00010000 00000100 00000010). Cu trc ny cho kch thc mng linh hot hn v ti u vic gn a ch IP VD: 10.217.123.7 chuyn sang nh phn ta c 00001010 11011001 01111011 00000111. Lm tng t vi Subnet Mask chng hn l 255.255.240.0 ta c 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000. Sau ta s AND 2 gi tr thp phn va chuyn tnh phn Net ID. Vy ta c 00001010 11011001 01110000 00000000. Sau chuyn sang h Thp Phn ta c 10.217.112.0. Ta cng tt c cc bit1 li , cui cng ta c 10.217.112.0/20 - Phng php CIDR lun cn c a ch IP v Subnet Mask xc nh c 1 a ch

bt k cng Net hay khc Net. IX Variable-Length Subnet Masks (Subnet Mask c chiu di thay i): - Theo cch truyn thng th 1 Subnet Mask n c chia s qua mi host v router trong 1 t chc. Khi 1 Subnet Mask n c s dng khp ton b mng, mng c th b hng bn trong nhng subnet, v nhng subnet ny c cng s host bi v n dng Subnet Mask ging nhau. iu ny l ko hiu qu. - Tuy nhin, vi Variable-Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs) th cc router trong 1 t chc c th qun l nhng Subnet Mask khc nhau. Thng thng nht, VLSMs c dng cho php t cc subnets chia thnh subnet nh hn, hay ni cch khc, VLSMs cn c gi l Chia subnet trong 1 subnet ln hn tn dng ti a a ch . *** hiu r vn ny, ta s lm 1 v d: Gi s 1 cng ty c 3 vn phng A(50 host), B(27 host), C(12 host) v D(12 host) nh hnh bn di. Lm th no tn dng ti a khng gian a ch

Theo bi th 1 a ch mng lp C 192.168.100.0/24 ph hp c cp. Ta s tin hnh m rng Net ID bng cch ly s bit Host ID a qua Net ID. Cc bc lm nh sau: B1: Xc nh bao nhiu bit Host ID s cn p ng Net ln nht B2: Ly 1 subnet cp cho Net ln nht B3: Chn Net ln k tip lm vic B4: Chn Net ln th 3 lm vic

Ta bt u tin hnh lm B1 : + Ta nhn thy vn phng A l Net ln nht vi 50 host. Do , bn cn bit bao nhiu bit Host ID s cn: Nu 2 ly tha H 2 = S host hp l trn mi subnet Sau , 2 ly tha H 2 >= 50 Do H = 6 (6 l gi tr nh nht hp l) + Bn cn 6 bit lm Host p ng yu cu ca vn phng A + Nu bn cn 6 bit Host v bn bt u vi 8 bit Net, th 8-6 = 2 bit Net to ra cc subnet: Bt u vi: NNNNNNNN (y l 8 bit trong b 8 th 4) V by gi : NNHHHHHH Ta tin hnh B2: + Ta c 2 bit Net lm vic vy ta c 2 ly tha 2 = 4 Subnets : NN = 00HHHHHH (6 bit H bn cn cho vn phng A) 01HHHHHH 10HHHHHH 11HHHHHH + Nu bn cng tt c cc s 0 vo bit H bn s c s Mng cho 4 subnet: 00000000 = .0 01000000 = .64 10000000 = .128 11000000 = .192 + y l tt c cc subnet m bn c ging Subnet Mask + 2 bit ly t Host ID sang Net ID. Vy Subnet Mask l: 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 hay 255.255.255.192 hay /26 + Ly 1 subnet cho vn phng A . Ta cn li 3 Subnet:

Ta tin hnh B3: Chn Net ln k tip lm vic + Ta thy vn phng B ph hp yu cu vi 27 host

+ Xc nh s bit Host ID cn cho Net ny: 2 ly tha H 2 >= 27 H=5 + Bn cn 5 bit Host p ng yu cu vn phng B + Bn bt u vi m hnh 2 bit Net v 6 bit Host cho Vn Phng A. + Bn ly 1 trong cc Net /26 cn li chia cho Vn Phng B + Vi mc ch ca bi, ta chn mng .128/26: 10000000 + Nhng bn cn 5 bit , khng phi 6 bit. Do bn cn thm 1 bit N bn tri: 10N00000 Khi * 10 i din m ta cho phn nguyn thy ca chia Subnet * N i din cho bit m rng * 00000 i din cho 5 bit Host bn cn cho vn phng B + Bi v bn c bit m rng ny, bn phi to ra 2 subnet nh hn t subnet nguyn thy: 10000000 10100000 + Chuyn qua h thp phn, nhng subnet ny l: 10000000 = .128 10100000 = .160 Bn c subnet c chia trong subnet. y l dng c bn ca VLSMs Mi subnet c chia trong subnet s c 1 Subnet Mask mi. Nguyn thy ban u Subnet Mask l /24 c thay i thnh /24 bn trong Net A. Sau bn ly 1 trong nhng mng Subnet /26 v tch n ra thnh 2 mng subnet /27: 10000000 v 10000000 vi 3 bit Net v 5 bit Host V Mask by gi s bng: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 Hay 255.255.255.224 Hay /27 Ly 1 trong nhng subnet c chia trong subnet cho vn phng B: 10000000/27 = Network B S dng 1 subnet c chia trong subnet cn li s dng v sau hay bn c th chia nh ra tip nu bn cn.

Bn mun bo m nhng a ch s khng b trng lp. Bn tr li vi Bng nguyn thy trn:

By gi bn c th chia mng .128/26 thnh 2 mng /27 nh hn v cp cho vn phng B

Nhng mng cn li th vn c sn cp cho nhng mng hay subnet thm na kt qu tt hn.

Ta tin hnh B4: Chn Net ln th 3 lm vic + Vn phng C v D mi vn phng 12 host + Xc nh bit Host cn cho cc mng ny: 2 ly tha H 2 >= 12 H=4 + Bn cn 4 bit p ng yu cu ca Vn Phng C v D + Bn bt u vi m hnh 2 bit Net v 6 bit Host cho Vn Phng A + By gi bn phi la chn ly Mng no. Bn c th ly 1 mng /26 khc hoc cng c th ly 1 mng /27 v th xem n c va vi yu cu ko. + Vi mc ch ca Bi, ta chn 1 mng /27 .160/27: 10100000 (bit 1 v tr th 3 khng cn c t m nh trn v by gi n l phn

ca bit Net) + Nhng bn ch cn 4 bit Host, khng phi 5. Do bn cn thm 1 bit N bn tri: 101N0000 Khi * 101 i din m ta cho phn nguyn thy ca Subnet * N i din cho bit m rng * 0000 i din cho 4 bit Host bn cn cho vn phng C, D + Bi v bn c bit m rng ny, bn phi to ra 2 subnet nh hn t subnet nguyn thy: 10100000 10110000 + Chuyn qua h thp phn, nhng subnet ny l: 10100000 = .160 10110000 = .176 Mi subnet c chia trong subnet s c 1 Subnet Mask mi. Mi subnet c chia trong subnet by gi c 4 bit Net v 4 bit Host v Mask mi ca chng l: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 hay 255.255.255.240 hay /28 Ly 1 trong nhng subnet c chia trong subnet mi to ra cho vn phng C v D

Nh vy ta hon thnh xong yu cu bi. Bn thy sc mnh ca VLSMs ri ch

TCP/IP
Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia Bc ti: menu, tm kim

B giao thc TCP/IP

Tng ng dng_Applications BGP DHCP DNS FTP GTP HTTP IMAP IRC Megaco MGCP NNTP NTP POP RIP RPC RTP RTSP SDP SIP SMTP SNMP SOAP SSH Telnet TLS/SSL XMPP Tng giao vn_Transport TCP UDP DCCP SCTP RSVP ECN Tng mng_Internet IP (IPv4, IPv6) ICMP ICMPv6 IGMP IPsec Tng truy nhp mng_Network Access ARP RARP NDP OSPF Tunnels (L2TP) PPP Media Access Control (Ethernet, MPLS, DSL, ISDN, FDDI) Device Drivers
Hp ny: xem tho lun sa

B giao thc TCP/IP, ngn gn l TCP/IP (ting Anh: Internet protocol suite hoc IP suite hoc TCP/IP protocol suite - b giao thc lin mng), l mt b cc giao thc truyn thng ci t chng giao thc m Internet v hu ht cc mng my tnh thng mi ang chy trn . B giao thc ny c t tn theo hai giao thc chnh ca n l TCP (Giao thc iu khin Giao vn) v IP (Giao thc Lin mng). Chng cng l hai giao thc u tin c nh ngha. Nh nhiu b giao thc khc, b giao thc TCP/IP c th c coi l mt tp hp cc tng, mi tng gii quyt mt tp cc vn c lin quan n vic truyn d liu, v cung cp cho cc giao thc tng cp trn mt dch v c nh ngha r rng da trn vic s dng cc dch v ca cc tng thp hn. V mt lgic, cc tng trn gn vi ngi dng hn v lm vic vi d liu tru tng hn, chng da vo cc giao thc tng cp di bin i d liu thnh cc dng m cui cng c th c truyn i mt cch vt l. M hnh OSI miu t mt tp c nh gm 7 tng m mt s nh sn xut la chn v n c th c so snh tng i vi b giao thc TCP/IP. S so snh ny c th gy nhm ln hoc mang li s hiu bit su hn v b giao thc TCP/IP.

Mc lc

1 Lch s 2 Cc tng trong chng giao thc ca b giao thc TCP/IP o 2.1 So snh vi m hnh OSI 3 Cc tng o 3.1 Tng ng dng o 3.2 Tng giao vn o 3.3 Tng mng o 3.4 Tng lin kt 4 Cc ci t 5 Xem thm 6 Sch v TCP/IP 7 Lin kt ngoi

Lch s
B giao thc lin mng xut pht t cng trnh DARPA, t nhng nm u thp nin k 1970. Sau khi hon thnh vic xy dng ARPANET tin phong, DARPA bt u cng vic trn mt s nhng k thut truyn thng d liu khc. Vo nm 1972, Robert E. Kahn c thu vo lm vic ti Vn phng k thut iu hnh tin tc (Information Processing Technology Office) ca DARPA, phng c chc nng lin quan n mng li truyn thng d liu thng qua v tinh v mng li truyn thng bng sng radio trn mt t. Trong qu trnh lm vic ti y Kahn pht hin ra gi tr ca vic lin thng gia chng. Vo ma xun nm 1973, Vinton Cerf, k s thit k bn giao thc NCP hin dng (chng trnh ng dng x l mng li truyn thng - nguyn ting Anh l "Network Control Program"), c phn cng cng lm vic vi Kahn trn cc m hnh lin kt ni kin trc m (open-architecture interconnection models) vi mc ch thit k giao thc sp ti ca ARPANET. Vo ma h nm 1973, Kahn v Cerf nhanh chng tm ra mt phng php ti hi nhp cn bn, m trong nhng khc bit ca cc giao thc lin kt mng c che lp i bng mt giao thc lin kt mng chung, v thay v mng li truyn thng phi chu trch nhim v tnh ng tin cy, nh trong ARPANET, th cc my ch (hosts) phi chu trnh nhim (Cerf ghi cng ca Hubert Zimmerman v Louis Pouzin (thit k vin ca mng li truyn thng CYCLADES) l nhng ngi c nh hng ln trong bn thit k ny.) Vi nhim v l mt mng li truyn thng b h cp ti mc c bn ti thiu, khin vic hi nhp vi cc mng li truyn thng khc tr nn hu nh bt kh thi, mc du c tnh ca chng l g, v v th, gii p nan u tin ca Kahn. Mt cu ni ca ming v th m TCP/IP, sn phm cui cng do nhng cng hin ca Cerf v Kahn, s chy trn "ng dy ni gia hai ng b r", v qu nhin n c thc thi dng cc con chim b cu a th (homing pigeons). Mt my vi tnh c dng l cng ni (gateway) (sau ny i thnh b nh tuyn (router) trnh nhm vi nhng loi cng ni khc) c thit b mt giao din vi tng mng li truyn thng, truyn ti gi d liu qua li gia chng.

 tng ny c nhm nghin cu mng li truyn thng ca Cerf, ti Stanford, din gii ra t m, c th vo khong thi gian trong nm 1973-1974. (Nhng cng trnh v mng li truyn thng trc ti Xerox PARC, ni sn sinh ra b giao thc PARC Universal Packet, phn ln c dng vo thi k , cng gy nh hng v k thut khng t; nhiu ngi nhy qua nhy li gia hai ci.) Sau DARPA k hp ng vi BBN, Stanford, v Trng i hc chuyn nghip Lun n (The University College London - vit tt l UCL) kin to mt s phin bn ca giao thc lm vic c, trn cc nn tng phn cng khc nhau. C bn phin bn c xy dng -- TCP v1, TCP v2. Phin bn 3 c tch ra thnh hai phn TCP v3 v IP v3, vo ma xun nm 1978, v sau n nh ha vi phin bn TCP/IP v4 -- giao thc tiu chun hin dng ca Internet ngy nay. Vo nm 1975, cuc th nghim thng ni hai mng li TCP/IP, gia Stanford v UCL c tin hnh. Vo thng 11 nm 1977, mt cuc th nghim thng ni ba mng li TCP/IP, gia M, Anh v Na-uy c ch o. Gia nm 1978 v 1983, mt s nhng bn mu ca TCP/IP c thit k ti nhiu trung tm nghin cu. Ngy 1 thng 1 nm 1983, ARPANET hon ton c chuyn ha sang dng TCP/IP. [1] Vo thng Ba nm 1982, [2] B Quc Phng M chp thun TCP/IP thnh mt tiu chun cho ton b mng li vi tnh truyn thng quc phng. Vo nm 1985, U ban kin trc Internet (Internet Architecture Board) dnh 3 ngy hi tho v TCP/IP cho cng nghip in ton, vi s tham d ca 250 i biu t cc cng ty thng mi. Cuc hi tho ny lm tng thm uy tn v s ni ting ca giao thc, khin n ngy cng ph bin trn th gii. Ngy 9 thng 11 nm 2005 Kahn v Cerf c tng thng Huy chng T do Tng thng (Presidential Medal of Freedom) cho nhng thnh tch cng hin ca h i vi nn vn ha ca M. [3]

Cc tng trong chng giao thc ca b giao thc TCP/IP

IP suite stack showing the physical network connection of two hosts via two routers and the corresponding layers used at each hop B giao thc IP dng s ng gi d liu hng tru tng ha (thu nh li quan nim cho d hiu) cc giao thc v cc dch v. Ni mt cch chung chung, giao thc tng cao hn dng giao thc tng thp hn t c mc ch ca mnh. Chng giao thc Internet gn ging nh cc tng cp trong m hnh ca B quc phng M: Tng 4 ng dng DNS, TFTP, TLS/SSL, FTP, HTTP, IMAP, IRC, NNTP, POP3, SIP, SMTP, SNMP, SSH, TELNET, ECHO, BitTorrent, RTP, PNRP, rlogin, ENRP, Cc giao thc nh tuyn nh BGP v RIP, v mt s l do, chy trn TCP v UDP - theo th t tng cp: BGP dng TCP, RIP dng UDP - cn c th c coi l mt phn ca tng ng dng hoc tng mng. Tng 3 giao vn TCP, UDP, DCCP, SCTP, IL, RUDP, Cc giao thc nh tuyn nh OSPF (tuyn ngn nht c chn u tin), chy trn IP, cng c th c coi l mt phn ca tng giao vn, hoc tng mng. ICMP (Internet control message protocol| - tm dch l Giao thc iu khin thng ip Internet) v IGMP (Internet group management protocol - tm dch l Giao thc qun l nhm Internet) chy trn IP, c th c coi l mt phn ca tng mng.

Tng mng

IP (IPv4, IPv6) ARP (Address Resolution Protocol| - tm dch l Giao thc tm a ch) v RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol - tm dch l Giao thc tm a ch ngc li) hot ng bn di IP nhng trn tng lin kt (link layer), vy c th ni l n nm khong trung gian gia hai tng.

Tng lin kt

Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Token ring, PPP, SLIP, FDDI, ATM, Frame Relay, SMDS,

Nhng tng gn trn nc gn vi ngi s dng hn, cn nhng tng gn y gn vi thit b truyn thng d liu. Mi tng c mt giao thc phc v tng trn n, v mt giao thc s dng dch v ca tng di n (ngoi tr giao thc ca tng nh v tng y). Cch nhn cc tng cp theo quan nim: hoc l cung cp dch v, hoc l s dng dch v, l mt phng php tru tng ha c lp cc giao thc ca tng trn, trnh quan tm n thc cht ca vn , nh vic truyn ti tng bit qua Ethernet chng hn, v pht hin xung t (collision detection), trong khi nhng tng di khng cn phi bit n chi tit ca mi mt chng trnh ng dng v giao thc ca n. S tru tng ha ny cho php nhng tng trn cung cp nhng dch v m cc tng di khng th lm c, hoc c khng lm. Chng hn IP c thit k vi ng tin cy thp, v c gi l giao thc phn pht vi kh nng tt nht (thay v vi " tin cy cao" hoc "m bo nht"). iu c ngha l tt c cc tng giao vn u phi la chn, hoc l cung cp dch v ng tin cy, hoc l khng, v mc no. UDP m bo s ton vn ca d liu (bng cch dng kim tra tng (checksum)), song khng m bo s phn pht d liu ti ch; TCP cung cp c hai, s ton vn ca d liu, v m bo s phn pht d liu ti ch (bng cch truyn ti li gi d liu, cho n khi ni nhn nhn c gi d liu).

Sample encapsulation of data within a UDP datagram within an IP packet M hnh ny cn thiu st mt ci g .

1. Trong lin kt a im, vi h thng in a ch ring ca mnh (v d nh Ethernet),

mt giao thc i chiu a ch (address mapping protocol) l mt ci cn phi c. Nhng giao thc nh vy c coi l di tng IP, song li trn h thng lin kt hin c. 2. ICMP v IGMP hot ng bn trn IP song khng truyn ti d liu nh UDP hoc TCP. 3. Th vin SSL/TLS hot ng trn tng giao vn (s dng TCP) song di cc giao thc trnh ng dng. 4. y, tuyn lin kt c coi nh l mt ci hp kn. Nu chng ta ch bn v IP th vic ny hon ton c th chp nhn c (v bn cht ca IP l n c th truyn ti trn bt c ci g), song n chng gip c g my, khi chng ta cn nhc n mng truyn thng nh mt tng th. V d th ba v th t c th c gii thch r hn dng m hnh OSI, trong khi hai v d u tin cn nhiu vn phi cp n.

So snh vi m hnh OSI

B giao thc IP (v chng giao thc tng ng) c s dng, trc khi m hnh OSI c thnh lp, v t , rt nhiu ln trong sch in cng nh trong lp hc, chng giao thc IP c so snh vi m hnh OSI rt nhiu ln. Cc tng cp ca OSI cng thng c dng din t chc nng ca cc thit b mng. Hai ci c lin quan t nhiu, song khng phi l hon ton ging nhau. im khc bit u tin d thy nht l s lng ca cc tng cp. M hnh ca B Quc Phng M (DoD model), vi chng giao thc IP, ch c bn hoc nm tng (tng lin kt c th c coi nh l mt tng ring bit, song cng c th c phn tch ra thnh hai tng, tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu, trong khi m hnh OSI li dng by tng. So snh tn ca chng mt cch cht ch cho chng ta thy rng, hai tng "mi" c tn l tng trnh din v tng phin. Nhiu s so snh gp hai tng ny li vi tng ng dng ca OSI, v coi n tng t nh tng ng dng ca giao thc IP. Tng t nh chng giao thc IP, cc tng di ca m hnh OSI khng c nhiu chc nng, nm bt c thc trng cng vic ca b giao thc IP. Chng hn, chng ta cn phi c mt "tng lin kt mng" gn vo khong trng gia tng mng v tng giao vn, ch ra ni tn ti ca ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol - Giao thc iu khin thng ip Internet) v IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol - Giao thc qun l nhm Internet). Thm vo , chng ta cng cn phi c mt tng gia tng mng v tng lin kt d liu dnh cho ARP (Address Resolution Protocol - Giao thc tm a ch) v RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol - Giao thc tm a ch ngc li). Khng nhng th, n cn chu nh hng ca vic thit k ch nhm vo mt ci t n gin ca mng li, vi mt tng lin kt d liu m thi (chng hn ngi dng ADSL dng giao thc ng hm (tunnelling protocol) "o hm" thng vo mng li ca cng ty lin hip, dng IP trn PPTP, hn l dng IP trn PPPoA, thng qua lin kt ADSL). Mt v d cho thy m hnh OSI c tc dng l vic ch ra ni thch hp nht ca SSL/TLS. Thng thng SSL/TLS c dng nh mt giao thc phin (session protocol), tc l mt giao thc tng cp trn (upper layer protocol) dnh cho TCP hoc UDP, song li l mt giao thc

tng cp di (lower layer protocol) i vi rt nhiu cc giao thc khc (HTTP, SFTP v.v..), hoc bt c mt chng trnh ng dng no hot ng trn mt stunnel hoc trn mt mng ring o bo an (secure virtual private network). 7 Tng ng dng HTTP, SMTP, SNMP, FTP, Telnet, ECHO, SIP, SSH, NFS, RTSP, XMPP, Whois, ENRP

6 Tng trnh din XDR, ASN.1, SMB, AFP, NCP 5 Tng phin 4 Tng giao vn 3 Tng mng 2 Tng lin kt d liu ASAP, TLS, SSH, ISO 8327 / CCITT X.225, RPC, NetBIOS, ASP TCP, UDP, RTP, SCTP, SPX, ATP, IL IP, ICMP, IGMP, IPX, BGP, OSPF, RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, ARP, RARP, X.25 Ethernet, Token ring, HDLC, Frame relay, ISDN, ATM, 802.11 WiFi, FDDI, PPP 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T, SONET/SDH, T-carrier/E-carrier, cc tng vt l khc thuc 802.11

1 Tng vt l

Chim b cu a th (Carrier pigeon) cng c th c nhm vo tng vt l, song y l cch dng khng c chp nhn (ngoi tiu chun). C mt vi nhng cu d nh gip cc bn nh c tn v trt t ca nhng tng cp trong m hnh OSI.

Cc tng
Sau y l miu t tng tng trong b giao thc TCP/IP.

Tng ng dng
Tng ng dng l ni cc chng trnh mng thng dng nht lm vic nhm lin lc gia cc nt trong mt mng. Giao tip xy ra trong tng ny l ty theo cc ng dng c th v d liu c truyn t chng trnh, trong nh dng c s dng ni b bi ng dng ny, v c ng gi theo mt giao thc tng giao vn. Do chng TCP/IP khng c tng no nm gia ng dng v cc tng giao vn, tng ng dng trong b TCP/IP phi bao gm cc giao thc hot ng nh cc giao thc ti tng trnh din v tng phin ca m hnh OSI. Vic ny thng c thc hin qua cc th vin lp trnh.

D liu thc gi qua mng c truyn cho tng ng dng, ni n c ng gi theo giao thc tng ng dng. T , d liu c truyn xung giao thc tng thp ti tng giao vn. Hai giao thc tng thp thng dng nht l TCP v UDP. Mi ng dng s dng dch v ca mt trong hai giao thc trn u cn c cng. Hu ht cc ng dng thng dng c cc cng c bit c cp sn cho cc chng trnh phc v (server)(HTTP - Giao thc truyn siu vn bn dng cng 80; FTP - Giao thc truyn tp dng cng 21, v.v..) trong khi cc trnh khch (client) s dng cc cng tm thi (ephemeral port). Cc thit b nh tuyn v thit b chuyn mch khng s dng tng ny nhng cc ng dng iu chnh thng lng (bandwidth throttling) th c dng.

Tng giao vn
Trch nhim ca tng giao vn l kt hp cc kh nng truyn thng ip trc tip (end-to-end) khng ph thuc vo mng bn di, km theo kim sot li (error control), phn mnh (fragmentation) v iu khin lu lng. Vic truyn thng ip trc tip hay kt ni cc ng dng ti tng giao vn c th c phn loi nh sau:

1. nh hng kt ni (connection-oriented), v d TCP 2. phi kt ni (connectionless), v d UDP

Tng giao vn c th c xem nh mt c ch vn chuyn thng thng, ngha l trch nhim ca mt phng tin vn ti l m bo rng hng ha/hnh khch ca n n ch an ton v y . Tng giao vn cung cp dch v kt ni cc ng dng vi nhau thng qua vic s dng cc cng TCP v UDP. Do IP ch cung cp dch v pht chuyn n lc ti a (best effort delivery), tng giao vn l tng u tin gii quyt vn tin cy. V d, TCP l mt giao thc nh hng kt ni. N gii quyt nhiu vn tin cy cung cp mt dng byte ng tin cy (reliable byte stream):

d liu n ch ng th t sa li d liu mc ti thiu d liu trng lp b loi b cc gi tin b tht li/loi b c gi li c kim sot tc nghn giao thng d liu

Tuy cc giao thc nh tuyn ng (dynamic routing protocol) khp v k thut vi tng giao vn trong b giao thc TCP/IP (do chng chy trn IP), nhng chng thng c xem l mt phn ca tng mng. Mt v d l giao thc OSPF (s hiu giao thc IP l 89). Giao thc mi hn, SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol|), cng l mt c ch giao vn nh hng kt ni "ng tin cy". Giao thc ny nh hng dng (stream-oriented), ch khng nh hng byte nh TCP, v cung cp nhiu dng a cng (multiplexed) trn mt kt ni. N

cn h tr multi-homed, trong mt u ca kt ni c th c i din bi nhiu a ch IP (i din cho nhiu giao din vt l), sao cho, nu mt giao din vt l tht bi th kt ni vn khng b gin on. Giao thc ny ban u c pht trin dnh cho cc ng dng in thoi ( vn chuyn SS7 trn giao thc IP), nhng n cng c th c s dng cho cc ng dng khc. UDP l mt giao thc datagram phi kt ni. Cng nh IP, n l mt giao thc n lc ti a hay "khng ng tin cy". Vn duy nht v tin cy m n gii quyt l sa li d liu (d ch bng mt thut ton tng kim yu). UDP thng c dng cho cc ng dng nh cc phng tin truyn thng theo dng (streaming media) cha m thanh v hnh nh, v.v.., trong , vn gi n ng gi c vai tr quan trng hn tin cy, hoc cho cc ng dng truy vn/p ng n gin nh tra cu tn min, trong , ph ph ca vic thit lp mt kt ni ng tin cy ln mt cch khng cn xng. Giao thc DCCP hin ang c pht trin bi IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). N cung cp ni dung iu khin lu lng ca TCP, trong khi i vi ngi dng, n gi b ngoi nh m hnh dch v datagram ca UDP. C TCP v UDP c dng cho mt s ng dng bc cao (high-level). Cc ng dng ti cc a ch mng cho trc c phn bit bi cng TCP hay UDP ca n. Theo quy c, cc cng "ni ting" c lin kt vi mt s ng dng c th. (Xem Danh sch cng TCP v UDP.) RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol - giao thc giao vn thi gian thc) l mt giao thc datagram c thit k cho d liu thi gian thc (real-time), chng hn hnh v ting c truyn theo dng ('streaming audio and video'). RTP l mt giao thc tng phin s dng nh dng gi tin UDP lm cn bn. Tuy nhin, n c t vo tng giao vn ca chng giao thc TCP/IP.

Tng mng
Theo nh ngha ban u, tng mng gii quyt cc vn dn cc gi tin qua mt mng n. Mt s v d v cc giao thc nh vy l X.25, v giao thc Host/IMP ca mng ARPANET. Vi s xut hin ca khi nim lin mng, cc chc nng mi c b sung cho tng ny, l chc nng dn ng cho d liu t mng ngun n mng ch. Nhim v ny thng i hi vic nh tuyn cho gi tin quan mt mng li ca cc mng my tnh, l lin mng. Trong b giao thc lin mng, giao thc IP thc hin nhim v c bn dn ng d liu t ngun ti ch. IP c th chuyn d liu theo yu cu ca nhiu giao thc tng trn khc nhau; mi giao thc trong c nh danh bi mt s hiu giao thc duy nht: giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) l giao thc 1 v giao thc IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) l giao thc 2. Mt s giao thc truyn bi IP, chng hn ICMP (dng gi thng tin chn on v truyn d liu bng IP) v IGMP (dng qun l d liu a truyn (multicast)), c t ln trn IP nhng thc hin cc chc nng ca tng lin mng, iu ny minh ha mt s bt tng thch gia lin mng v chng TCP/IP v m hnh OSI. Tt c cc giao thc nh tuyn, chng hn

giao thc BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), giao thc OSPF, v giao thc RIP (Routing information protocol|), u thc s l mt phn ca tng mng, mc d chng c th c v thuc v phn trn ca chng giao thc.

Tng lin kt
Tng lin kt - phng php c s dng chuyn cc gi tin t tng mng ti cc my ch (host) khc nhau - khng hn l mt phn ca b giao thc TCP/IP, v giao thc IP c th chy trn nhiu tng lin kt khc nhau. Cc qu trnh truyn cc gi tin trn mt lin kt cho trc v nhn cc gi tin t mt lin kt cho trc c th c iu khin c trong phn mm iu vn thit b (device driver) dnh cho cc mng, cng nh trong phn sn (firmware) hay cc chipset chuyn dng. Nhng th s thc hin cc chc nng lin kt d liu chng hn nh b sung mt tn u (packet header) chun b cho vic truyn gi tin , ri thc s truyn frame d liu qua mt mi trng vt l. i vi truy nhp Internet qua modem quay s, cc gi IP thng c truyn bng cch s dng giao thc PPP. i vi truy nhp Internet bng thng rng (broadband) nh ADSL hay modem cp, giao thc PPPoE thng c s dng. Mng dy cc b (local wired network') thng s dng Ethernet, cn mng khng dy cc b thng dng chun IEEE 802.11. i vi cc mng din rng (wide-area network), cc giao thc thng c s dng l PPP i vi cc ng T-carrier hoc E-carrier, Frame relay, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), hoc giao thc packet over SONET/SDH (POS). Tng lin kt cn c th l tng ni cc gi tin c chn (intercepted) gi qua mt mng ring o (virtual private network). Khi xong vic, d liu tng lin kt c coi l d liu ca ng dng v tip tc i xung theo chng giao thc TCP/IP c thc s truyn i. Ti u nhn, d liu i ln theo chng TCP/IP hai ln (mt ln cho mng ring o v ln th hai cho vic nh tuyn). Tng lin kt cn c th c xem l bao gm c tng vt l - tng l kt hp ca cc thnh phn mng vt l thc s (hub, cc b lp (repeater), cp mng, cp quang, cp ng trc (coaxial cable), cc mng, cc HBA (Host Bus Adapter) v cc thit b ni mng c lin quan: RJ-45, BNC, etc), v cc c t mc thp v cc tn hiu (mc hiu in th, tn s, v.v..).