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BAI 1 : GII THIEU MOT SO LOAI CAM BIEN

THIET B S DUNG : 1. Thiet b chnh cho thc tap dien t ve cam bien va o lng MTS 41. 2. Dao dong ky 3. ong ho o 4. Khoi th nghiem SME-401 cho cac loai cam bien (gan len thiet b chnh MTS 41). 5. Phu tung day cam Nhiem vu: Tm hieu nnguyen tac hoat dong cua mot so loai cam bien. I. R le t (Reed Relay). R le t la cong tac vi dieu khien ong ngat bang t trng (hnh 1-1).

Hnh 1-1. R-le t

T trng co the toa bang nam cham hoac cuon cam c cap dong ien. Cac bc thc hien: 1. S dung ong ho o ien tr ( )noi vi cac chot cong tac 3 -4 cua s o Hnh 1-1. 2. Dung mot nam cham nho a en gan sat va lui sa r le t. Theo gia tr ien tr o, xac nh trang thai ong va ngat cua r le t theo khoang cach nam cham. 3. Cap nguon 5V cho cuon day cua r le t qua chot 1-2. theo gia tr ien tr o, xac nh trang thai ong va ngat cua r le t khi cap ien va ngat ien nuoi cuon day cua r le t. II. Cong tac gii han hanh trnh (Limit Switch). Cong tac gii han hanh trnh cho phep gii han ong ngattiep iem khi vat the chuyen ong cham vao on bay cua cong tac(hnh M1-2). Cac bc thc hien
Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 1

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1. S dung ong ho o ien tr ( )noi vi cac cong tac 1-2 cua s o hnh M12.tiep iem 1-2 cua cong tac thng ngat(thng ky hieu tren cong tac:NoNormal Opened). Nhan nhe on bay kiem tra s chuyen trang thai cua cong tac t ngat sang noi.

Hnh 1-2. Cong tac gii han hanh trnh 2. S dung ong ho o ien tr ( ohm ) noi vi cac cong tac 1-3 cua s o Hnh 1-2. tiep iem 1-2 cua cong tac thng ngat(thng ky hieu tren cong tac:NCNormal Closed). Nhan nhe on bay kiem tra s chuyen trang thai cua cong tac t noi sang ngat. III. Cong tac nhiet ( Thermo Switch ) Cong tac nhiet hnh 1-3 cho phep tao tn hieu ong ngat tiep iem khi nhiet o moi trng tac ongqua mat tiep xuc cua cong tactang en gia tr nh trc . Cong tac nhiet co cau truc gom mot thanh e va mot thanh lng kim loai. Thanh long kim ghep t hai kim loaico o gian n nhiet khac nhau khi nhiet o tang, mot trong hai thanh se b gian n nhanh hn, lam uon cong thanh lng kimva do o lam ngat tiep iem.

Hnh 1-3. Cong tac nhiet Cac bc thc hien: 1. S dung ong ho o ien tr ( )noi vi cac cong tac 1-2 cua s o Hnh 1-3. 2. at au mo han ang nong tiep xuc vi be mat cong tac. Theo gia tr ien tr o, xac nh trang thai ong ngat cua cong tac theo nhiet o. IV. Condenser Microphone. Condenser Microphone ( Hnh1-4 ) la cam bien cho phep bien oi an thanh thanh tn hieu ien. Loai s dung lamicro kieu ap ien vi transistor thng mac khuech ai loi ra.
Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 2

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Hnh 1-4. S o vi Condenser Microphone

Condenser Microphone co cau truc gom mot mang kim loai mongva mot phien oi tao thanh tu ien. Khi tn hieu am lam tac ong vao mang kim loai, lam rung mang, dan en thay oi ien dung cua tu , cho phep s dung e hnh thanh tn hieu ra. Cac bc thc hien: 1. Noi chan 1 cua micro vi at. Mac chan 2 (loi ra) vi chot TP1 (goc phai khoi SME-401) e noi tr tai cho loi ra micro. S dung dao ong ky thang loi vao ~10 -20 mV e quan sat tn hieu ngo ra (chan 2) cua micro. Phat am vao micro, theo doi tn hieu ra. 2. Noi loi ra cua micro vi loi vao bo khuech ai o (Instrumentation Amplifier). Noi 3 chot bien tr VR1,VR2,VR3 cua bo khuech ai vi cac chot V1,V2,V3cua bien tr POT tren MTS1.quan sat tn hieu vao va ra bo khuech ai khi phat am vao micro. Chnh bien tr POT e tn hieu ra ln va khong b meo V. Dynamic Microphone. Dynamic Microphone (Hnh 1-5) la cam bien cho phep bien oi am thanh thanh tn hieu ien. Loai s dung micro kieu ien ong,trong o co cuon day gan vi mot mang mong co the dao ong t do trong t trng cua mot nam cham vnh cu. Khi co am thanh tac ong vao mang lam chuyen ong cuon dayt trng. Ket qua la trong cuon dayxuat hien the ien ong cam ng ty le vi cng o am thanh tac ong.

Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien.

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Hnh 1-5. Dynamic Microphone

Cac bc thc hien: 1. S dung dao ong ky thang loi vao ~10 -20 mV e quan sat tn hieu gia hai ngo 1-2 cua micro. Phat am vao micro, theo doi tn hieu ra. 2. Noi loi ra cua micro vi loi vao bo khuech ai o(Instrumentation Amplifier)nh hnh 1-5. Noi 3 chot bien tr VR1,VR2,VR3 cua bo khuech ai vi cac chot V1,V2,V3cua bien tr POT tren MTS1.quan sat tn hieu vao va ra bo khuech ai khi phat am vao micro. Chnh bien tr POT e tn hieu ra ln va khong b meo. VI. ien tr nhiet (therlstor). ien tr nhiet la dung cu co gia tr ien tr thay oi theo nhiet o.

Hnh 1-6 . ien tr nhiet.

Cac bc thc hien: 1. S dung ong ho o ien tr ( ohm ) noi vi cac cong tac 1-2 cua s o Hnh 1-6. 2. at au mo han ang nong canh thermistor ( khong e tiep xuc nhiet trc tiep ). Theo doi s thay oi gia tr ien tr theo nhiet o khi a mo han vao gan thermistor va khi a mo han ra xa. 3. Noi chan 1 cua therimstor noi at va chan 2(loi ra)vi chot TP1 e noi tai cho thermistor. Noi loi vao "-" cua bo o STATUS DISPLAY &DCV vi at cua khoi SME-401. Noi chot vao "+" cua bo o STATUS DISPLAY &DCV vi chot TP1. at au mo han ang nong canh thermistor (khong e tiep xuc nhiet trc tiep). Theo doi s thay oi gia tr o tren bo o hien so theo nhiet o khi a mo han vao gan thermistor va sau o a mo han ra xa. VII. Cam bien nhiet dan (Temperaure Semiconuductor Sensor). Nguyen tac hoat ong cua cam bien da tren s phu thuoc cua dong qua lp tiep xuc ban dan PNvao nhiet o. oi vi lp tiep xuc PN dan dong khong oi I: I(U) = Io(eqU/KT-1). Trong cong thc tren, nhiet o T la tha so mu.
Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 4

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Tuy nhien dong Io bao hoa cua diode mac phan cc ngc (Zener) cung ton tai moi quan he theo ham mu theo nhiet o v vay, tong hp ca hai moi quan he ham mu tren,ta co moi quan he tuyen tnh gia sut the tren diodeva nhiet o: U = Eg/q-4.6kT/q(lnM-lnI) Trong o: Io: dong bao hoa cua diode phan cc ngc(dong qua Zener on ap). q: ien tch cua electron = 1.60.10-19 As k: hang so Boltzman =1.38.10-23 J/K Eg: la o rong vung cam= 1.12eVoi vi silicon. Cam bien nhiet ban dan la dung cu co o tuyen tnh cao,khoang lam viec gii han (40-+400)0K tng ng (-2330-+127) 0C Cac bc thc hien: 1. Noi cac cc cua cam bien nhiet ban dan vi at va chot TP1 nh Hnh 1-7. 2. Noi loi vao "-" cua bo o STATUS DISPLAY &DCV vi at cua he thong. Noi chot vao "+" cua bo o STATUS DISPLAY &DCV vi chot TP1. 3. at au mo han ang nong canh cam bien (chu y khong tiep xuc vi vo cam bien e trnh1 lam h cam bien ). Theo doi s thay oi gia tr o tren bo o hien so theo nhiet o khi a mo han vao gan thermistor va sau o a mo han ra xa.

Hnh 1-7. Cam bien nhiet ban dan VIII. bo ong ngat quang Bo ong ngat quang cho phep tao tn hieu ong ngat khi co vat che chan gia en phat va en thu. Bo ong ngat quang thc hien lien ke quangxay dng tren yeu to phat quang va yeu to thu . khi khong ca vat chan sang gia chung , anh sang gi yeu to tac ong lam dan yeu to thu. Yeu to thu khi co ien tr thap. Ngc lai,khi co vat chan sang gia chung , anh sang t yeu to phat khong tac ong vao yeu to thu , yeu to thu khi co ien tr cao.

Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien.

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Hnh 1-8. Bo ong ngat quang.

Cac bc thc hien: 1. Noi cac cc cua bo ong ngat quangvi nguon, at va chot TP1 nh Hnh 1-8 Noi loi vao "-" cua bo o STATUS DISPLAY &DCV vi at cua he thong. Noi chot vao "+" cua bo o STATUS DISPLAY &DCV vi chot TP1. 2. che chan khe h gia en phat va en thu va ghi gia tr the loi ra tren bo ch th so khi che va khong che khe h nay. IX. Quang tr (Photo Resistor) Quang tr la dung cu co gia tr ien tr thay oi theo cng o anh sang chieu vao. Cac vat lieu quang dan, v du ien tr CdS, c che tao t tap hp cac tinh the rieng re co kha nang thay oi ien tr tng ng vi pho ton anh sang chuyen vao. ac trng pho cua quang trbao chum vung pho anh sang thay c(anh sang bieu kien). Cac bc thc hien: 1. Noi cac cc cua quang tr vi at va chot TP1 nh Hnh 1-9. Noi loi vao "-" cua bo o STATUS DISPLAY &DCV vi at cua he thong. Noi chot vao "+" cua bo o STATUS DISPLAY &DCV vi chot TP1.
PHOTO-RESISTOR +12V STAUS DISPLAY DVC

10K 1 2 + TP1 -

Hnh 1-9. Quang tr.

2. Che chan quang tr bang cac tam giay trong mong. Theo doi gia tr the o tren bo ch so khi tang hay giam dan so lng cac tam giay. X. Cam bien hieu ng Hall (Hall-Effect Sensor) Cam bien t kieu hieu ng Halls dung hien tng phan ien t chay trong vat dan hoac ban dan b uon cong quy ao khi co t trng tac ong (hieu ng Hall). Bien o uon cong tuy thuoc vao loai vat chat lam cam bien , c quy nh bi hang so Hall-RH.
Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 6

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Vi ieu kien t trng B vuong goc vi mat phang cua cam bien ien the VH c o cc 1 va 2 c o bang : VH = (RH / d).I.B vi I dong chay qua cam bien Nh vay ty le thuan vi t trng

Hnh M1-10. Cam bien t hieu ng HALL

T trng co the tao bang nam cham hoac cuon day. Cac bc thc hien: Noi cac cc cua cam bien vi nguon , at va chot TP1 nh hnh M1-10. Noi loi vao "-" cua bo o STATUS DISPLAY &DCV vi at cua he thong Noi chot vao "+" cua bo o STATUS DISPLAY &DCV vi chot TP1. 2. Dung mot nam cham nho a en gan sat va lui ra xa cam bien. Ghi nhan s thay oi gia tr o theo s thay oi khoang cach cua nam cham. XI. Photo Transistor Transistor quang la yeu to co cc base c ieu khien bang cng o anh sang chieu vao. Dong collector se ty le vi cng o anh sang chieu vao.

Hnh M1-11. Transistor quang.

Cac bc thc hien: 1. Noi cac cc cua cam bien vi nguon , at va chot TP1 nh hnh M1-11. Noi loi vao "-" cua bo o STATUS DISPLAY &DCV vi at cua he thong Noi chot vao "+" cua bo o STATUS DISPLAY &DCV vi chot TP1.

Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien.

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2. Che chan transistor quang bang cac tam giay trang mong. Theo doi s thay oi gia tr o khi tang hoac giam dan so lng cac tam giay.

Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien.

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BAI 2 : S O CANH BAO T TRNG

THIET B S DUNG : 1. Thiet b chnh cho thc tap dien t ve cam bien va o lng MTS 41. 2. Nam cham vnh cu cam bien khoi . 3. Khoi th nghiem SME-402 cho bai thc tap ve canh bao t trng va bao khoi (gan len thiet b chnh MTS-41). 4. Dao ong ky 5. Day cam. Nhiem vu: Tm hieu viec canh bai t trng bang cam bien Hall va s o ien t i kem. Co 2 loai cam bien t trng c s dung rong rai da tren hieu ng tr t va hieu ng Hall. Cam bien t kieu hieu ng Halls dung hien tng phan ien t chay trong vat dan hoac vat ban dan b uon cong quy ao di s tac ong cua t trng (hieu ng Hall). Bien o uon cong tuy thuoc vao vat chat lam cam bien c quy nh bi hang so Hall-RH.. Cam bien tr t thng dung tinh the InSb vi cac kim NiSb at ben trong. Khi khong co t trng, dong ien i qua vi tr khang nho. Khi co t trng vat lieu b uon cong bi cac kim NiSb chu tac ong cua t trng , lam ien tr cua cam bien tang. Vi ieu kien t trng B vuong goc vi mat phang cua cam bien (Hnh 2-1), ien the VH c o 2 cc bang: VH = (RH / d) VH nh vay ty le ty le thuan vi t trng. Cac vat lieu thng dung e vhe tao cam bien t hieu ng Hall la InSB, TnSb,GaAs.

Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien.

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Hnh 2-1. Nguyen tac cau truc cam bien HALL

Hnh 2-2. Khoi canh bao t trng vi cam bien Hall Cac bc thc hien : 1. S dung day co chot cam e noi mat theo s o hnh M2-2/SME-402: - noi cac chot nguon va at cua khoi SME-402 (POWER INPUT)vi nguon 12Vva at (GND) cua thiet b chnh MTS-41. Chu y cam ung phan cc cua nguon. 2. Khao sat tac ong cua t trng. 2.1. Noi loi ra OUT cua bo khuech ai IC3 vi loi vao cong cua bo o hien so DCV cua thiet b chnh MTS-41. loi vao - noi at. 2.2. Chnh bien tr P1 (OFFSET)e khi khong co t trng , ien the cua s o bang zero.
Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 10

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2.3. at thanh nam cham sat cam bien chnh bien tr P1 (GAIN)e the ra ch th tren DCV la 5V. Khoang cach l 10 8 6 4 2 1 (cm) U(OUT) Ul 2.4. at thanh nam cham khoang cach l(cm) xacam bien t trng. Sau o dch nam cham vao gan cam bien. Tai moi v tr ghi gia tr ien the ra ch th tren bo o DVC. Ghi ket qua vao bang M2-1. 2.5. Nhan xet ket qua. 3. la chon ngng canh bao. ng vi moi v tr nam chamtrong bang M2-1, van bien tr P3 (LEVEL)e nh gia tr ngng cho en bao D1 sang. o gia tr the ngng Ul tai TP6 (chan 2/IC4) va ghi vao cot tng ng cua bang M2-1.

Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien.

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BAI 3 :O NHIET O BANG CAM BIEN NHIET BAN DAN CAP NHIET IEN VA CAM BIEN NHIET PT-100
THIET B S DUNG 1. Thiet b chnh cho thc tap dien t ve cam bien va o lng MTS 41. 2. bo cam bien nhiet ban dan, cap nhiet ien PT-100 3. Card th nghiem SME-403 cho bai thc tap ve o nhiet o bang cam bien ban dan (gan len thiet b chnh MTS-41). 4. phu tung: day cam nc a, nc soi, nhiet ke. 5. may tnh PC co gan card giao dien PCBUS-2. M AU Trong he thong o nhiet o co 3 dai n v o c s dung : - Nhiet o Celsius: ky hieu la oC la n v pho bien nhat . - Nhiet o tuyet oi Kelvin: ky hieu la K. trong o 0K= -273.19 oC. - Nhiet o Fahrenheit :ky hieu la oF. moi lien he gia o F va o c c mo ta bang bieu thc : T oC = (5/9).( T oF 32) V du : 0 oC = 273.19K = 32 oF 100 oC = 273.19K = 212 oF. cam bien nhiet la dung cu thc hien bien oi gia tr nhiet o thanh ai lng khac nh chuyen ong c hoc, thay oi ap suat, ai lng ien (dong hoac the ), cho phep s dung e ch th va ieu khien hoat ong cua cac thiet b khac. Trong th nghiem c khao sat 3 loai cam bien, cho loi ra la cac tn hieu ien ty le vi nhiet o tng ng. Ve nguyen tac gia tr nhiet o ch th phai trung vi nhiet o thc. Trong thc te gia tr ch th cua may o cha chuan hoa co khac vi gia tr thc. ng bieu dien gia tr o khong trung vi ng chuan (hnh M1-3), do o can phai lay chuan thang o cho may o. Phep lay chuan thang o da vao viec thay oi goc toa o va o doc cua ng thang o nham dch ng bieu dien o chung vi ng chuan. oi vi cac thiet b ieu nhiet, chuan thang thng c chon vi nhiet o nc a (~0 oC) va nc soi (~+100 oC). vi oi tng o co khoang nhiet o lam viec rong, can s dung nc a va lo ien on nhet nhiet o cao (~300-1000). Trong s o th nghiem, cac mach ien t eu co cha cac bien tr OFFSETcho phep chnh zero cho thang o va bien tr GAIN cho phep chnh thang o (o doc bieu dien ng gia tr o ). PHAN I : O NHIET O VI CAM BIEN NHIET BAN DAN
Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 12

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(Semiconductor Temperature Sensor). Nhiem vu : Nghien cu cac nguyen tac lam viec va ac iem s dung cam bien nhiet ban dan trong cac thiet b ieu khien nhiet o. Nguyen tac hoat ong cua cam bien da tren s phu thuoc cua dong qua lp tiep xuc ban dan PN vao nhiet o . oi vi lp tiep xuc PN dan dong khong oi I: Trong cong thc tren nhiet o T la tha so mu. Tuy nhien, do dong bao hoa cua diode mac phan cc ngc (Zener) cung ton tai moi quan he theo ham mu theo nhiet o, v vay, tong hp ca hai moi quan he ham mu tren, ta co moi quan he tuyen tnh gia sut the tren diode va nhiet o: U = Eg/q-4.6kT/q(lnM-lnN) Trong o : I0 : la dong bao hoa cua diode phan cc ngc (dong qua Zener on ap) . q: ien tch cua ekectron = 1.60.10-19As k: hang so Boltzman = 1.38.10-23J/K Eg: la o rong vung cam = 1.12eV oi vi Silicon. Cam bien nhiet ban dan la la dung cu co o tuyen tnh cao, khoang nhiet o lam viec gii han (40-+400) oK tng ng (-233 oC-+127) oC LM355 la linh kien tao dong chuan ieu chnh c. S o noi cam bien (hnh M3-2)co ac iem cho the ra ty ke tuyen tnh vi nhiet o ~10mV/ oK( 0 oKthe ra =0). V vay co the s dung LM355 nh mot cam bien nhiet o . S o o vi cam bien nhiet ban dan gom tr tai cap dong cho cam bien bo khuech ai t cam bien IC1a (hnh M3-2) va bo khuech ai loi ra IC1b.
12V R1 9K S2 S2 R4 49K 12V C1 10uF R R2 3 U1A R5 49K9 R 39K +12V 2 R6 7k15 7K15 8

GAIN

TP1

S3

78L05

5V
R3 1K5 R30 +12V

P1

TL082

C2 01 R8

OFFSET

C6

100uF

C7

R31 +12V

+12V

-12V

Hnh M 3-2 : S o o vi cam bien nhiet ban dan

Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 13

IC2

IC1b
6 -12V

IC1a

TP2

TP6

U1A 7

OUT
TL082

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Cac bc thc hien: 1. S dung cac day cam e noi mach theo s o hnh M 3-2 cho mang M1-3 khoi SME-403: * Noi cac chot nguon va at cua khoi SME-403vi nguon 12V va at (GND) cua may chu MTS-41. chu y cam ung phan cc cua nguon. Noi cac chot cua cam bien vi cac chot vao S1-S2-M3 cua mang M3-1 khoi SME-403: - Day mau o -noi vi S1 - Day mau nau -noi vi S2 - Day mau en -noi viS3 2. Xac nh s phu thuoc the ra vao nhiet o (xac nh ng o cha chuan ). 2.1. Cam ien cho bep ien, tien hanh o nc soi. Cho a (nc ong bang ) vao coc. 2.2. Noi chot TP5cua s o M1-3(loi vao khuech ai cam bien IC1a) vi loi vao INPUT(+) cua bo o DCV. Noi at loi vao INPUT(-)cua bo o DCV. 2.3. at cam bien nhiet ban dan trong khong kh, ghi gia tr the ra cam bien ch th tren bo o DCV, ien ket qua vao bang M1-3 2.4. at cam bien nhiet ban dan trong nc a ang tan (~0oC),ghi gia tr the cua cam bien ch th tren bo o DCV, ien ket qua vao bang M1-3 2.5. at cam bien nhiet ban dan trong nc ang soi(~+100 oC), ghi gia tr the cua cam bien ch th tren bo o DCV, ien ket qua vao bang M1-3 Thang thai cam bien Nhiet o The ra TP5 o Trong nc a ang tan T1 = ~0 C U1= Trong khong kh T2 = nhiet o phong U2= o Trong nuc soi T3 = +100 C U3= 2.6. Bieu dien s phu thuoc the ra cam bien vao nhiet o. 2.7. Ket luan ve s biem oi nhiet othanh ien the. Tnh gia tr bien oi nhiet ien the cua cam bien ban dan loai LM334: =( U3 U1 )/ K* ( T3 T1 ) trong o K la he so khuech ai cua IC1a. e xac nh K, s dung bo o DCVe o the vaoUv(ta chot TP1)va the ra (TP5) 3. Chuan thang o. Muc ch chuan thang o nham chnh zero va khuech ai, sao cho nhiet o ch th trung vi nhiet o thc can o
Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 14

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3.1. Noi loi ra cua bo khuech ai (IC1b)-OUT1vi loi vao INPUT(+) cua bo o DCV. Noi at loi vao INPUT(-)cua bo o DCV. 3.2. at cam bien trong nc a ang tan. Chnh bien tr P1-OFFSET e bo ch th DVC ch gia tr nhiet o nc a ang tan (theo gia tr nhiet ke ). 3.3. at cam bien trong nc soi. Chu y e cam bien cham ay. Chnh bien tr P2 GAIN e bo ch th DCV ch gia tr nhiet o nc soi (theo gia tr nhiet ke ). Tng ng OUT1 = 1V. 3.4. at cam bien tr lai nc a ang tan. Chnh lai bien tr P1-OFFSET e bo ch th DCV ch gia tr nhiet o nc a. 3.5. at cam bien tr lai nc soi. Chnh lai bien tr P2 GAIN e bo ch th DCV ch gia tr nhiet o nc soi (theo gia tr nhiet ke ). 3.6. lap lai cac bc 3.2. va 3.3. vai lan cho en khi nhiet o ch tren bo th DCV trung vi nhiet o thc can o. Chu y chnh gia tr ch th 1V = 1000C. 3.7. a cam bien ra khong kh, ch cho nhiet o on nh, kiem tra nhiet o ch th tren DVC co trung vi nhiet o phong hay khong. 4. Thay bnh nc va o lai t au. at nhiet ke va cam bien cung o cao , khong cham ay hoac thanh coc. Thc hien un nc va theo doi, ghi lai gia tr nhiet o ch th tren nhiet ke va tren may o. Bieu dien o th mo ta ac trng loi ra cua thiet b, trong o truc X at cac gia tr ghi tren nhiet ke , con truc Y gia tr ghi tren may o DCV. Neu ng sai lech ln so vi ng chuan, can chuan lai thang o theo muc 3. PHAN 2 :O NHIET O BANG CAM BIEN CAP NHIET IEN (Thermocoupler) Nhiem vu: Nghien cu cac nguyen tac lam viec va ac iem s dung cam bien cap nhiet ien trong cac thiet b o va ieu khien nhiet o . Nguyen tac hoat ong cua cap nhiet ien da tren hieu ng khuech tan cac ien t khi cho tiep xuc hai kim loai khac nhau. S khuech tan nay tao thanh hieu ien the tiep xuc , phu rhuoc vao ban chat cua hai kim loai va nhiet o cho tiep xuc Khi thay oi nhiet o cua moi tiep xuc, gia tr Et trong khoang nhiet o gii han, c mo ta bang bieu thc tuyen tnh : Et = C(t2 -t1) , vi t1 , t2 la nhiet o au va cuoi , C la hang so cap nhiet , co y ngha vat ly la suat ien ong, phu thuoc vao ban chat cua hai kim loai , c tnh bang tr ien the Et , khi nhiet o thay oi 1oC. Gia tr C la hang so, khong oi cho loai cap nhiet ien xac nh

Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien.

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Nh vay bang cach o gia tr Et, co the o c nhiet o tai moi tiep xuc khi at trong moi trng o . Cac cap nhiet ien s dung c pho bien gii thieu trong bang M3-2. NHIET SUAT NHIET LOAI HP KIM O CC ONG 0 0 0 TYPE ALLOY DAI [V/0C] 200C 100 C 400 C 1000 C [0C] IronJ 760 51.45 5.268 21.846 Constantan ChromelK 1370 40.28 4.095 16.395 41.269 Alumel CopperT 400 40.28 4.227 20.869 Constantan ChromelE 1000 60.48 6.317 28.943 76.358 Constantan PlatinumS 1750 5.88 0.645 3.260 9.585 90%Pt10%Rh PlatinumR 1750 5.80 0.647 3.407 10.503 87%Pt13%Rh 94%Pt6%RhB 1800 0.00 0.033 0.768 4.833 70%Pt30%Rh S o khoi SME-403 bao gom tang khuech ai tn hieu IC3a (hnh M3-3), tang khuech ai loi ra IC3b. Cap nhiet ien s dung trong th nghiem la loai K. Trong s o khoi M3-2(hnh M3-3)co at hai bien tr bien tr P3/OFFSETcho phep chnh Zero cho thang o va bien tr P4/GAIN cho phep chnh thang o (o doc ng bieu dien gia tr o).
TP7
TC+ C1 100uF +12V TC1K5 R12 1K5 R11 R15 30K +12V U1A 1 TL082 C4 01 R18 75K15 R R16 4K22 7K15 R19 75K4

P4
GAIN

TP9

2 3

IC3b
8 + 6

P1 TP8

R10

SENSOR
OFFSET 10K -12V -12V TP10 R13 10

-12V R14 500

Hnh M 3-3: S o o vi cam bien cap nhiet ien

Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 16

IC3a
+

TP12

U1A 5 7

OUT
TL082

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i H c Cng Nghi p Tp.HCM

Cac bc thc hien: 1. S dung cac day cam e noi mach theo s o hnh M 3-3cho mang M3-2 khoi SME-403: * Noi cac chot nguon va at cua khoi SME-403vi nguon 12V va at (GND) cua may chu MTS-41. chu y cam ung phan cc cua nguon. Noi cac chot cua cam bien vi cac chot vao TC+,TC- cua mang M3-2 khoi SME-403: - Day co chot mau o noi vi TC+ - Day co chot mau xanh noi vi TC2. Xac nh s phu thuoc the ra vao nhiet o (xac nh ng o cha chuan ). 2.1. Cam ien cho bep ien, tien hanh o nc soi. Cho a (nc ong bang ) vao coc. 2.2. Noi chot TP5cua s o M3-2(loi vao khuech ai cam bien IC3a) vi loi vao INPUT(+) cua bo o DCV. Noi at loi vao INPUT(-)cua bo o DCV. 2.3. at cam bien nhiet ban dan trong khong kh, ghi gia tr the ra cam bien ch th tren bo o DVC, ien ket qua vao bang 3-3 2.4. at cam bien nhiet ban dan trong nc ang soi(~+100 oC), ghi gia tr the cua cam bien ch th tren bo o DCV, ien ket qua vao bang M3-3 Thang thai cam bien Trong nc a ang tan Trong khong kh Trong nuc soi Nhiet o T1 = ~0oC T2 = nhiet o phong T3 = +100 oC The ra TP5 U1= U2= U3=

2.5. Bieu dien s phu thuoc the ra cam bien vao nhiet o. 2.6. Ket luan ve s biem oi nhiet othanh ien the. Tnh gia tr bien oi nhiet ien the cua cam bien cap nhiet ien loai K: = (U3-U1)/K.(T3-T1) : [V/0C]. Trong o K la he so khuech ai cua IC3a. e xac nh K, s dung bo o DVCe o the vao Uv(tai chot TP7)va the ra (TP11). K = U(TP11)/U(TP7) 3. Chuan thang o. Muc ch chuan thang o nham chnh zero va khuech ai, sao cho nhiet o ch th trung vi nhiet o thc can o 3.1. Noi loi ra cua bo khuech ai (IC3a)-OUT2vi loi vao INPUT(+) cua bo o DCV. Noi at loi vao INPUT(-)cua bo o DCV. 3.2. at cam bien trong nc a ang tan. Chnh bien tr P3-OFFSET e bo ch th DCV ch gia tr nhiet o nc a ang tan (theo gia tr nhiet ke ).
Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 17

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3.3. at cam bien trong nc soi. Chu y e cam bien cham ay. Chnh bien tr P2 GAIN e bo ch th DCV ch gia tr nhiet o nc soi (theo gia tr nhiet ke ). Tng ng OUT2 = 1V. 3.4. at cam bien tr lai nc a ang tan. Chnh lai bien tr P3-OFFSET e bo ch th DCV ch gia tr nhiet o nc a. 3.5. at cam bien tr lai nc soi. Chnh lai bien tr P4 GAIN e bo ch th DCV ch gia tr nhiet o nc soi (theo gia tr nhiet ke ). 3.6. Lap lai cac bc 3.2. va 3.3. vai lan cho en khi nhiet o ch tren bo th DCV trung vi nhiet o thc can o. Chu y chnh gia tr ch th 1V = 1000C. 3.7. a cam bien ra khong kh, ch cho nhiet o on nh, kiem tra nhiet o ch th tren DVC co trung vi nhiet o phong hay khong. 4. Thay bnh nc va o lai t au. at nhiet ke va cam bien cung o cao , khong cham ay hoac thanh coc. Thc hien un nc va theo doi, ghi lai gia tr nhiet o ch th tren nhiet ke va tren may o. Bieu dien o th mo ta ac trng loi ra cua thiet b, trong o truc X at cac gia tr ghi tren nhiet ke , con truc Y gia tr ghi tren may o DVC. Neu ng sai lech ln so vi ng chuan, can chuan lai thang o theo muc 3. PHAN 3: O NHIET O BANG CAM BIEN NHIET PT-100 Nhiem vu : Nghien cu cac nguyen tac lam viec va ac iem s dung cam bien nhiet PT100 trong cac thiet b o va ieu khien nhiet o . Cam bien nhiet ien tr RTD (Resistan Temperature Decector) hoat ong da tren nguyen tac ien tr R cua a so kim loai thay oi theo nhiet o T. khi nhiet o tang, gia tr ien tr tang. Cam bien PT-100 la loai RTD,trong o s dung ien tr thuan cua cuon day plain cuon theo dang cuon dang lo xoat v tr au cua cam bien. Trong bang 3-4 gii thieu s thay oi gia tr ien tr cua cam bien platin. Bang 3-4 IEN TR ( ) NHIET (0C) 0 100.0 25 109.9 50 119.8 75 129.6 100 139.3

S phu thuoc cua gia tr ien tr Rvao nhiet o T c mo ta bi bieu thc :

Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 18

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R = RO(1+a1T+ a2T2), trong o : RO la gia tr ien tr R 0C a1 : hang so = 0.00399 a2 : hang so = -6.10-7 T : nhiet o Vi gia tr a2 nho,co the bo qua thanh phan phu thuoc bac 2 cua Tva co the xem nh ien tr Rphu thuoc tuyen tnh vao nhiet o T. u iem cua cac cam bien RTD la khoang nhiet o o rong(-240 en 0 649 C)co o chnh xac cao, o phi tuyen nho va tnh ong nhat cua cac cam bien theo cung loai cao. Khi cap dong Icho cam bien,nhan c the ra cam bien U = I.R. vi gia tr ien tr Rthay oi tuyen tnh theo nhiet o, ien the loi ra cam bien cung la ai lng phu thuoc tuyen tnh theo nhiet o. S o vi RTD oi hoi dong I cung cap phai rat on nh. S o cua mang M3-3/khoi SME-403 bao gom dong cap cho cam bien t IC6, tang khuech ai do IC4a(hnh M3-4), tang khuyech ai do IC4b. Cap nhiet ien s dung trong th nghiem la loai PT100. Trong s o hnh M3-4thiet b co at 2 bien tr bien tr P5 OFFSETcho phep chnh zero cho thang o va bien tr P6 GAINcho phep chnh thang o( o doc ng bieu dien gia tr o )
SENSOR
R23

TS1 IC6 78L05

TP14
R20 1K5

3 + 2 -

TL082 R22 10K

IC4A

TP15

R29 58K R27 3K6 C5 0.1 5 R26 7K15 +12 8

3K6

GIAN

R24

1K

TS2
R25

TP16
OFFSET VCC

R28 3K6

TP100

Hnh M3-4 : S o o nhiet o vi cam bien PT-100 Cac bc thc hien: 1. S dung cac day cam e noi mach theo s o hnh M 3-4cho mang M3-3 khoi SME-403:

Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien.

R21

IC5 78L055V

TP17

IC4B
6

TL082

-12

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* Noi cac chot nguon va at cua khoi SME-403vi nguon 12V va at (GND) cua may chu MTS-41. chu y cam ung phan cc cua nguon. Noi cac chot cua cam bien vi cac chot vao TC+,TC- cua mang M3-3 khoi SME-403: - Day co chot mau cam noi vi TS1 - Day co chot mau xanh noi vi TS2 2. Xac nh s phu thuoc the ra vao nhiet o (xac nh ng o cha chuan ). 2.1. Cam ien cho bep ien, tien hanh o nc soi. Cho a (nc ong bang ) vao coc. 2.2. Noi chot TP15cua s o M3-3(loi vao khuech ai cam bien IC4a) vi loi vao INPUT(+) cua bo o DCV. Noi at loi vao INPUT(-)cua bo o DCV. 2.3. at cam bien PT100 trong khong kh, ghi gia tr the ra cam bien ch th tren bo o DCV, ien ket qua vao bang M3-5 2.4. at cam bien PT100 trong nc a ang tan (~+100oC),ghi gia tr the cua cam bien ch th tren bo o DCV, ien ket qua vao bang M3-5 Thang thai cam bien Nhiet o The ra TP5 o Trong nc a ang tan T1 = ~0 C U1= Trong khong kh T2 = nhiet o phong U2= o Trong nuc soi T3 = +100 C U3= 2.5. Bieu dien s phu thuoc the ra cam bien vao nhiet o. 2.6. Ket luan ve s biem oi nhiet othanh ien the. Tnh gia tr bien oi nhiet ien the cua cam bien PT100 = (U3-U1)/K.(T3-T1) : [mV/0C]. Trong o K la he so khuech ai cua IC4a. KR22/R21 = 10. 3. Chuan thang o. Muc ch chuan thang o nham chnh zero va khuech ai, sao cho nhiet o ch th trung vi nhiet o thc can o 3.1. Noi loi ra cua bo khuech ai (IC4b)-OUT3vi loi vao INPUT(+) cua bo o DVC. Noi at loi vao INPUT(-)cua bo o DCV. 3.2. at cam bien trong nc a ang tan. Chnh bien tr P5-OFFSET e bo ch th DVC ch gia tr nhiet o nc a ang tan (theo gia tr nhiet ke ). 3.3. at cam bien trong nc soi. Chu y e cam bien cham ay. Chnh bien tr P6 GAIN e bo ch th DCV ch gia tr nhiet o nc soi (theo gia tr nhiet ke ). Tng ng OUT1 = 1V. 3.4. at cam bien tr lai nc a ang tan. Chnh lai bien tr P5-OFFSET e bo ch th DCV ch gia tr nhiet o nc a.
Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 20

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3.5. at cam bien tr lai nc soi. Chnh lai bien tr P6 GAIN e bo ch th DCV ch gia tr nhiet o nc soi (theo gia tr nhiet ke ). 3.6. lap lai cac bc 3.2. va 3.3. vai lan cho en khi nhiet o ch tren bo th DCV trung vi nhiet o thc can o. Chu y chnh gia tr ch th 1V = 1000C. 3.7. a cam bien ra khong kh, ch cho nhiet o on nh, kiem tra nhiet o ch th tren DVC co trung vi nhiet o phong hay khong. 4. Thay bnh nc va o lai t au. at nhiet ke va cam bien cung o cao , khong cham ay hoac thanh coc. Thc hien un nc va theo doi, ghi lai gia tr nhiet o ch th tren nhiet ke va tren may o. Bieu dien o th mo ta ac trng loi ra cua thiet b, trong o truc X at cac gia tr ghi tren nhiet ke , con truc Y gia tr ghi tren may o DCV. Neu ng sai lech ln so vi ng chuan, can chuan lai thang o theo muc 3.

Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien.

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BAI 4 : CAM BIEN QUANG

PHAN I : S O O QUANG IEN VA CANH BAO THIET B S DUNG : 1. Thiet b chnh cho thc tap dien t ve cam bien va o lng MTS 41. 2. Khoi th nghiem SME-104cho bai thc tap ve quang ien (gan len thiet b chnh MTS-41). Bo cam bien quang ien co nguon sang gan kem. 3. Dao ong ky hai tia. 4. Phu tung day cam. Nhiem vu : Tm hieu nguyen tac lam viec cua s o quang ien Cac vat lieu quang dan v du ien tr CdS, c che tao t tap hp cac tinh the rieng re co kha nang thay oi ien tr tng ng vi so photonanh sang chuyen vao . ac trng pho bien cua quang tr bao chum vung pho cua anh sang thay c ( anh sang bieu kien ). Photodiode la yeu to loai quang dan khi co the phan cc ngc tren diode . cac photon anh sang va cham vi lp tiep xuc (phan chuyen ) cua diode se tao racac phan t tai ien t do , lam giam ien tr phan cc ngc cua diode tng ng vi so eclectron c giai phong. Trong th nghiem x dung LED (Light Emitting Diode) lam yeu to phat quangva bo thu la mot quang tr (Photoresistor).

Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien.

22

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i H c Cng Nghi p Tp.HCM

VCC R1 1K R2 2K2 R3 5K6 R4 10K C2 100uF +12V R17 C1 100uF R16 +12V

VCC VCC VCC VCC J1 J2 J3 J4 VCC VCC VCC VCC

-12V

S1
VCC VCC -12V +12V

P3 LEVER +12V -12V VCC VCC R8 10K R10 10K U2A R7 R5 1K 18K TL082 P1 OFFSET R6 1K 3 2 TP2 1 10K R9 6 5 TP3 1 R9 10K 3 +12V D1 R15 1K

SENSOR

S2
12V

IC3 78L05 IC1a

+ -

GAIN
R14 4K7 2

IC1C
-

IC1b
R11 10K TL082 +

T1 A1015

TL082

Hnh 4 : S o o quang ien va canh bao Cac bc thc hien : 1. S dung day co chot cam e noi mach theo s o hnh SME-404: - Noi cac chot nguon va at cua khoi SME-404 (POWER PORT) vi nguon 12Vva at (GND) cua thiet b chnh MTS-41. Chu y cam ung phan cc nguon . 2. Khao sat hieu ng quang ien . 2.1 Noi chan 7 (loi ra OUT)cua bo khuech ai IC1b vi loi vao (+) cua bo o DCV cua thiet b chnh MTS-41. loi vao (-) cua DCV noi at. 2.2 Noi J1, chnh bien tr P2 GAINcc ai va P1 OFFSETe nhan tre ra = 8V cho trng hp phat sang cc ai. 2.3 Noi lan lt cac chot J1 en J4 e thay oi dong qua LED chieu sang,va do o lam thay oi cng o anh sang. ng vi moi g tr ghi gia tr the ra ch th o tren DCV. Ghi ket qua vao bang M4-1 Bang M4-1 Noi chot J1 J2 J3 J4 L (phat) 12V/1K= 12V/2k2 12V/5K6 12V/10K U0 (OUT) U1(LEVER)
Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 23

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2.4 nhan xet ket qua . 3. La chon ngng canh bao ng vi moi v tr chot noi J1-J4 trong bang M4-1, van bien tr P3LEVER e nh gia tr ngng cho en D1 sang. o gia tr the ngng U1 tai TP2 va ghi vao cot tng ng cua bang M4-1 PHAN II :S O O VI CAM BIEN HONG NGOAI THIET B S DUNG 1. Thiet b chnh cho thc tap ien t ve cam bien va o lng MTS-41 2. Bo cam bien hong ngoai . 3. Dao ong ky 2 tia . 4. Khoi th nghiem SME:405 cho bai thc tap ve cam bien hong ngoai (Gan len thiet b chnh MTS-41). 5. Phu tung : day cam. Nhiem vu : Tm hieu nguyen tac lam viec cua s o vi cam bien hong ngoai Cam bien hong ngoai cho phep o nhng vat the co nhiet o khac nhau moi trng xung quanh khoang cach vai met ma khong can tiep xuc nhiet trc tiep nh cam bien nhiet o Moi vat the co nhiet o cao hn moi trng xung quanh eu phat ra tia hong ngoai . v du , con ngi ong vat khi ng yen hoac di chuyen phat ra tia hong ngoai . Khac vi cac bo phan thu quang ien cam bien thu hong ngoai s dung trong trng hp nay ch can au thu makhong can au phat . oi tng thu nh ngi , ong vat , vat the nong , se ong vai tro nguon phat hong ngoai. Hien nay , cac bo thu hong ngoai c che tao t vat lieu poroelectric, cho phep bien oi cac bc xa hong ngoai thanh cac xung lng cc , gay ra cac ien tch tren be mat ngoai cua vat lieu . Be mat cua ien cc va chat ien moi cau tao cam bien thanh mot tu ien . Tn hieu tao thanh t cam bien ty le vi cng o bc xa hong ngoai tac ong . Cac vat lieu pyroelectric loai n the nh LiTaO3, LiNbO3, TGS thng c s dung e che tao cam bien thu hong ngoai . Vat the khac nh polymer(plastic)-PVDE(polyvinilidendifluorid) cung wc s dung rong rai do gia thanh re va n gian s dung . Tuy nhien loai vat lieu khong chu c nhiet o cao hn 80c. Trong cam bien thu , thng co bo phat xa dang gng cau , cho phep tap trung tia hong ngoai vao bo thu at tieu c gng cau .
Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 24

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Cam bien hong ngoai co cac ac trng ien nh sau : -The lam viec Ub=4.5V. -Tn hieu ra Ua(Ub=4.5V)=1.1V. -Cong suat tieu tan :0.18mW. ien tr ra (Ub=4.5V)=2.2k Khoang cach thu nhan cc ai :7m. ac trng thi gian:500ms. Trong thc nghiem , c s dung en phat e tao cac bc xa hong ngoai . Tren s o hnh M5-1/ khoi SME-405 , IC1 la s o phat xung e kch thch en phat hong ngoai D1. S o thu hong ngoai D2 c noi vi bo khuyech ai IC2 , khuyech ai loi ra IC3 va tang ngng canh bao IC4. Cac cam bien hong ngoai c at tren thanh trt , choi phep thay oi khgoang cach gia au thu va au phat .
R8 5V T1 D468 +12VR5 R1 1K C3 0.22 47p 2 R35 R 3 R E1 TP1 D1 E2 C1 0.1 DE1 D2 R6 R R9 1 R10 2 C4 R14

IC1
R2 10K

LM555
6 5
C2 0.1

R7 R

C5 100p

R11 R R12 +12V 1K R13

DE2

BASE LINE 1K

5V 5V R16 10K D3 2 1N4148 R15 10K C8 P2 10K 3 TP5 1 GND D4 7 TL082 OUT R17 470

IC4
+

LEVER

Hnh 5 : S o thu phat hong ngoai Cac bc thc hien : 1. S dung day co chot cam e noi mach theo s o hnhM5-1/khoi SME405: Noi cac chot cam nguon va at cua khoi SNE-405(POWER PORT)vi nguon +12V, +5Vva at (GND)cua thiet b chnh MTS-41. Chu y cam ung phan cc cua nguon .
Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 25

IC3
TL082 VCC

TP3

TL082

R3 5K6

IC2

TP4 1

-12V

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i H c Cng Nghi p Tp.HCM

Noi bo cam bien hong ngoai vao cac chot E1, DE1 ,E2-DE2 (GND). -Noi day cam vi chot E1 cua SME-405. -Noi day en vi chot E2 cua SME-405. -Noi day vang vi chot DE1 cua SME-405. -Noi day xanh vi chot DE2 cua SME-405. 2. Hieu chnh che o ban au cho s o 2.1 Kiem tra s o phat hong ngoai S dung dao ong ky kiem tra s o ieu khien en phat tren IC1. -at thang o the loi vao cua dao ong ky 5V/cm. at thi gian quet cua dao ong ky 0.1ms/cm. Chnh cho ca hai tia nam gia khoang phan tren va phan di cua nam dao ong ky S dung cac nut chnh v tr e dch tia theo chieu X va Y ve v tr de quan sat . -Noi loi vao kenh 1 cua dao ong ky vi chot th PT1/ s o SNE-405. -Chnh bien tr P1 e chu ky (1ms) tan so phat c 1kHz.Ve lai dang tn hieu 2.2 ieu chnh s o thu -at au thu va au phat gan nhau , mot pha cua thanh trt. -Cho cach ly gia au phat D1 va au thu D2 . ieu chnh bien tr P1 BASE LINE e dch ng c ban sao cho tn hieu ra TP4 gia khoang (khong vao vung bao hoa). -at au thu sat vi au phat , s dung dao ong ky e quan sat xung -Thay oi khoang cach gia au thu va au phat , dung thc o khoang cach va o bien o tn hieu theo khoang cach . ghi ket qua vao bang M51. STT KHOANG CACH(CM) BIEN O XUNG 1 5 2 10 3 15 4 20 5 25 6 30 2.3 Nhan xet va giai thch ket qua ve s phu thuoc the ra vao khoang cach gia au thu va au phat. 3. Xac nh ngng cach bao 3.1 . at au thu va au phat gan nhau . Van bien tr P2-LEVEL, xac nh ngng cho s o canh bao , cho en bao D1 sang.
Giao trnh thc hanh o lng cam bien. 26

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3.2. Tang khoang cach gia au thu va au phat , en baso tat , chnh ngng P2-LEVEL cho en bao sang. 3.3. Nhan xet ve vai tro ngng canh bao e thu tn hieu hong ngoai . PHAN III :S O VI CAP QUANG THIET B S DUNG: 1. Thiet b chnh cho thc tap ien t ve cam bien va o lng MTS-41. 2. Khoi th nghiem SME-406cho bai thc tap ve cap quang (Gan len thiet b chnh MTS-41). 3. Cap quang . 4. Dao ong ky 2 tia. 5. Phu tung :day cam. Nhiem vu : Tm hieu nguyen tac lam viec cua s o chuyen tn hieu TTL vi cap quang . Viec ttruyen so lieu TTL ray pho bien trong ky thuat truyen thong , So lieu trc tiep (dang TTL)t cac thiet b so (may tnh , tong ai so ,)hoac t ac bo ma hoa khi truyen de dang c khoi phuc lai vi sai lech t nhat so vi viec truyen xa tn hieu tng t. Truyen tn hieu so bang cap quang la mot ky thuat hien ai , am bao so kenh truyen ln, toc o va o tin cay cao . S o tong quat e truyen tn hieu so dung cxap quang gom bo bien oi tn hieu so thanh anh sang . Tn hieu anh sang se truyen theo cap quang en au thu . Bo au thu anh sang se bien oi anh sang thanh tn hieu ien va bo khuech ai dai rong se hnh thanh tun hieu so loi ra . Tren hnh M6-1 gii thieu bo truyen so lieu gom bo phat (Transmiter) , bo thu (Receiver) va cap quang noi gia chung e thong truyen bang anh sang .

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Hnh 6-1 S o truyen tn hieu TTL vi cap quang Bo phat n gian co the xay dng tren diode phat quang (Hnh M6-2). Tn hieu t loi ra TTL(IC2/12) qua tr han dong R3 lam cam dan diode phat quang . Neu mc ra TTL la mc thap (0), co dong chay qua diode , tng ng lam diode phat anh sang . Neu mc raTTL la mc cao (1), khong co dong chay qua diode , diode khong phat anh sang . Ket qua , khi tiep xuc mat dan sang cua cap quang vi mat phat sang cua diode , cac xung anh sang se truyen qua cap ti au cuoi cua cap quang . Cng o phat sang ty le vi dong qua diode phat quang (tren s o M6-2 quy nh bi R3) . Diode phat quang thng chon loai co kha nang tac ong nhanh c nano giay e am bao kha nang truyen tn hieu vi tan so cao. Cap quang thng c gan vao bo thu-phat bang cac o cam ac biet , cho phep tao tiep xuc tot ve mat quang hoc . Trong thc te , cac tiep xuc quang hoc nay thng gay mat mat tn hieu . Ngoai ra , khi truyen tren cap dai , tn hieu cung b suy giam . thu tn hieu quang thng c xay dng tren photodiode(hoac phototransistor) la cac linh kien co kha nang bien oi anh sang tac ong vao thanh dong ien . e truyen tn hieu co tan so ti hang chuc MHz , thng s dung photodiode co kha nang tac ong nhanh cao. Tuy nhien oi hoi s dung s o khuyech ai cao tan chat lng cao (thng la linh kien ECL). oi vi cac tn hieu co tan so thap hn, co the s dung phototransistor va tang ngng hnh thanh tn hieu loi ra . Cac phototransistor vi u iem co s khuyech ai noi tn hieu , tao tn hieu loi ra ln hn photodiode, song lai can co thi gian tieu tan cac phan t tai ien khong c ban tch luy base trong qua trnh t dan sang cam lam keo dai mat tang tn hieu loi ra. Ket la khi tang tan so tn hieu truyen , tn

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hieu ra ngay cang khong co kha nang at ti cc ai , b giam dan bien o va tien ti co xung rang ca . Chnh nguyen nhan nay han che tan tan so truyen tn hieu cap quang khi s dung phototransistor. Neu goi cong suat phat quang la P(T) la o suy giam cua cap (dB/km) l la chieu dai cua cap quang va P(L)la s mat mat anh sang do cac tiep xuc quang kha d cac au noi , ta co cong suat quang nhan c au thu P(R) : P(R) =PT-P(L)- .l Tren c s o nhay cua s o ien t thu , cac s o truyen tn hieu cap quang thong thng cho phep truyen tn hieu vi khoang cach cc ai t 6 en 10km. Chu y :khi thc hanh vi cap quang can tranh lam gay cap . Khi cam cap vao o noi , can ay nhe cho mat cap vao mat thu-phate giam mat mat anh sang.

Cac bc thc hien : I. Khao sat bo phat tn hieu cho cap quang : 1. Noi mach th nghiem : - Noi chot F cua may phat ti chot 6 e may phat tren IC1 phat tn hieu vuong goc vi tan so nho nhat. Noi loi ra GEN cua may phat IC1vi chot IN/IC2. - Noi chot nguon +5V va at cua khoi SME-406 (POWER PORT) vi nguon +5Vva at (GND) cua thiet b chnh MTS-41. Chu y cam ung phan cc cua nguon . - Cam nhe au cap quang vao o phat (transmiter)cho ti v tr tan cung . 2. at thang o the loi vao cua dao ong ky 5V/cm.
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- Chnh cho ca hai tia nam khoang phan tren va phan di cua nam dao ong ky . - S dung cac nut chnh v tr e dch5 tia theo chieu X va Y ve v tr de quan sat . - S dung dao ong ky e quan sat tn hieu tai chan 3/IC1 ,chan 12/IC2 va chan K cua diode phat quang . o bien o tn hieu va ve gian o xung tai cac iem tren 3. Quan sat mat tn hieu nhay sang au cuoi cua cap . Thay oi bien tr P1(chnh tan so may phat IC1), quan sat va ghi nhan hieu ng chay sang tren au ra cap quang. II. Quan sat s truyen tn hieu theo tan so 1. Noi au cuoi cap quang vao bo thu (Receiver). Chu y cam nhe au cap quang vao o thu cho ti v tr tan cung . 2. Quan sat bang dao ong ky tn hieu tai chan 4/IC3. o mat tang tn hieu . 3. Lan lt noi chot F vi cac chot 5, 4 , 3, 2, 1 e thay oi tan so may phat . ng vi moi v tr noi , ve dang tn hieu va o bien o tai chan 4IC3. Ghi ket qua vao bang M6-1. 4. Tan so Tn hieu Tn hieu Tn hieu Tn hieu may phat tai tai tai tai IC2/l2 IC3/4 IC3/5 IC3/2 Fx6 Fx5 Fx4 Fx3 Fx2 Fx1 5. ng vi v tr tan so cao nhat (F noi 1), chnnh bien tr F1 e xac nh tan so cc ai ma s o cho phep truyen ung tn hieu

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BAI 5 : S O THU PHAT SIEU AM

THIET B S DUNG : 1.thiet b chnh cho thc tap ien t ve cam bien va o lng MTS-41 2.Bo cam bien sieu am 3.khoi th nghiem SME-407 cho bai thc tap ve sieu am-(gan len thiet b chinh1 MTS-41) 4.dao ong ky 2 tia 5.phu tung :day cam nhiem vu: tm hieu nguyen tac lam viec cua thiet b sieu am song sieu am la song ap suat doc truyen qua moi trng chat kh,long,ran vi tan so cao hn tang so am thanh.Song sieu am vi tang so tren vai tramKHz b hap thu manh trong khong kh. Trong chat ran va chat long song sieu am cao hn 100MHz c s dung cho nhieu muc ch khac nhau. Cam bien thu phat sieu am chu yeu xay dung tren tinh the ap ien(Piezoelectric). Vi cac nguon thu phat sieu am song suat thng s dung kim loai t giao (magnetotrictive) hoac gom ap t. Thach anh la tinh the ap ien thong dung nhat.trong qua trnh gia cong vat lieu , tinh the ap ien c hnh thanh vi cac lng cc ien phan t co nh hng trc

a)

b)

c)

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Hinh 7-1 a Ban ap ien thu nho kch thc Hnh 7-1 b Ban ap ien khi cha kch thch Hnh 7-1 c Ban ap ien m rong kch thc Bo cam bien ien co the mac trong mach kieu cong hng hoac co the kch thch phat sieu am bang tn ieu sin tan so thch hp .viec kch thch bang sung vuong goc cung tan so cung co tac dung tng t nh song sin. Xung kch thch tac dung vao cam bien ap ien se xap xep thang hang cac lng cc ien phan t ,dan en lam dao ong o rong cua tinh the . tren hnh M7-1 mo ta phan ng cua cam bien vi cac sung kch thch :cam bien b thu hep (hnh M7-1a) khi cac lng cc phan t sap xep theo chieu doc con tren hnh M7-1e cam bien m rong khi cac lng cc phan t sap xep theo chieu ngang .S thay oi kch thc hnh hoc nay cua cam bien tao thanh dao ong c hoc ,c truyen ra moi trng xung quanh nh song ap suat sieu am. Khi tan so kch thch bang tan so dao ong rieng ,hieu suat phat song sieu am la cc ai. Ngc lai ,khi co ap suat at vao gia hai mat cua cam bien va hnh thanh the ra,cam bien ap ien hoat ong nh bo thu sieu am (giong nh mot loa nho co the dung lam loa hoac micro). Tren s o th nghiem hinh M7-2, cam bien sieu am s dung la loai ap ien.Cam bien thu phat c at tren thanh trt e co the thay oi khoang cach cua chung.Xung Kch thch c phat tren ICI ,c khuech ai cong suat tren transistor T1 va cap cho bo phat sieu am GEN, HEAD. Tn hieu t au thu c khech ai va hnh thanh nh T2 ,T3 . S o IC@ la bo hnh thanh tn hieu thi gian T gia tn hieu khi3 sang (START) va tn hieu thu (STOP).o rong tn hieu T se tuy thuoc vao khoang cach tn hieu STARTva STOP, ngha la vao khoang cach L gia au phat va au thu: L = v. T Vi v la van toc truyen sieu am trong khong kh(~33lm/s) Khi biet van toc truyen am, o thi gian T, co the xac nh khoang cach . tren khoi SME-407 s dung do bien oi gia tr T thanh ien the e de dang obang bo o DCV cua thiet b chnh MTS-41. Xung o rong T se cam T4 trong khoang thi gian T va cho phep tu C7 nap bang dong 1 khong oi cua may phat dong T5 . thay oi bien tr P2, co the chnh dong nap cho C7. loi ra Uout se hnh thanh ien the U= kT/C.

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Hnh 7-2 S o thu phat SONG SIEU AM Cac bc thc hien : 1 s dung day co chot cam e noi mach theo s o hnh SMB-14 Noi cac chot nguon va at cua khoi SME-407(POWER PORT) vi nguon +_ 12V va at(GND) cua thiet b chnh MTS-41. Chu y cam d0ung phan cc cua nguon . *noi cam bien sieu am vi khoi SME-407: - day mau cam vi chot TP2 cua khoi SME-407 -Day mau en vi chot GND cua khoi SME-407 -Day mau vang vi chotb TP3 cua khoi SME-407 - Day mau xanh vi chot GND cua khoi SME-407 2. Kiem tra s o phat sieu am 2.1. Bat cong tac S1 len vi tr phat (GEN,ON). 2.2. S dung dao ong ky kiem tra s o ieu khien en phat tren ICI. -at thang do the loi vao cua dao ong ky SV/cm. - at thi gian quet cua dao ong ky 0,1 ms/cm. chnh sao ca hai tia nam gia khoang phan tren va phan di cua man dao ong ky. S dung cac nut chnh v tr e dch tia theo chieu X vaY ve v tr de quan sat. -Noi loi vao kenh 1 dao dong ky vi chot t TP/ s do SME-407 2.3. Chnh P1 e may phat xung vi chu ky T=4 ms tan so phat c 250hz. Ve lai dang tn hieu.
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3. Kiem tra s o thu tn hieu 3.1. Bo tr hai au thu phat sieu am chuan truc va cach nhau 5 cm. 3.2. Bat cong tac S1 len v tr phat (GEN.ON) 3.3. Quan sat tn hieu tai TP3 va loi ra SOUT.ke lai dang tn hieu. 4. Xac nh s phu thuoc thi iem xuat hien tn hieu thu theo khoang cach . 4.1. Noi vao(+) cua bo o hieu so DCV cua thiet b chnhvi loi ra uout cua SME-407. Loi vao at. 4.2 quan sat tn hieu khi ong START ,dng STOP tac ong vao trigger IC2.Ve lai dang va thi gian keo dai tn hieu tai TOUT. 4.3. Thay oi khoang cach gia 2 au phat thu sieu am( chu y at chuan truc),o o rong T tren dao ong ky. Ghi ket qua vao bang M74.4. Chnh bien tr P2 (o doc rang ca-RAMP PESPONE) e khi au thu va au phat cach nhau 10cm, ien the uout=1V 4.5 Nhan xet ve s thay oi gia tr T theo khoang cach 1.

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BAI 6 : CAN IEN T

THIET B S DUNG: 1. Thiet b chnh cho thc tap ien t ve cam bien va o lng MTS-41 2. Bo cam bien o trong lng (load _ cell) 3. May tnh PC co gan khoi giao dien PCBUS-2ben trong. 4. Mao ong ky 2 tia 5. Mhoi th nghiem SME-408 cho bai thc tap ve can ien t-(ggan len thiet b chnh MTS-41) 6. Phu tung : day cam. Bo qua can. Nhiem vu: Tm hieu nguyen tac hoay ong cua can ien t loai sc cang(Strain gage) Sc cang e c xac nh bang s thay oi chieu dai L cua thanh an hoi L so vi mot n v chieu dai: E= L/L Do tac ong cua lc vao thanh L, lam xuat hien sc cang, tng ng cung lam thay oi gia tr ien tr ien cua thanh. Cam bien sc cang hoat ong da tren nguyen tac nay, cho phep bien oi gia tr e nho thanh s thay oi tng ng gia tr ien tr ien cua thanh. Co 2 loai cam bien sc cang: -Loai gan trc tiep tren can anhoi cua bo do lc, v tr can o sc cang. Khi lc tac ong lam cang hoac cong can an hoi , cung trc tiep lam cang cam bien. Cam bien gan trc tiep thng s dung e o sc cang tai nhng v tr danh nh tren be mat cua yeu to an hoi . -laoi gian tiep c lien ket c hoc vi leu to an hoi, thng s dung e o nhng o lenh tong cong cua yeu to an hoi. Tha so cam bien sc cang G c quy nh la t so cua s bien oi n v cua ien tr so vi sc cang: G=( R/R) / ( L/L) Trong o: R =s thay oi cua ien tr( ) R=ien tr cua cam bien sc tang( ) L= s thay oi chieu dai(m) L= chieu dai cua cam bien(m) Vi cac cam bien thong dung , cac ai lng tren co gia tr nh sau: G=(2-4), Chieu dai hieu dung L=(0,5 4)cm R=(50-5000)

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Khi tac dung mot lc f len tiet dien A, ng suat S=f/A (N/m ) Modul an hoi E= S/e oi vi thanh an hoi co chieu dai la h va be rong la b , co cam bien sc cang gan trc tiep tren be mat v tr cach iem lc tac ong la L, ng suat c xac nh theo bieu thc : S= 6f.L/ b.h2 T cac bieu thc tren suy ra : R/R=(6.G.L/b.h2 E).f T bieu thc ro rang co moi quan he luyen tnh gia lc tac ong do trong lng cua vat dung trong cac bai taon can. Trong cam bien can (Lout Cell) thng s dung cam bien sc cang mac theo s o nh (hnhM8-1). Trong o s dung hai cam bien sc cang R1 va R3 gan mat tren.hai cam bien sc cang khac nhau R2,R4 gan mat di(hnhM81a).s o noi ien cho hnh M8-1e ,trong o cac cam bien sc cang c mac teo s o cau Wheatstone. Khi khong co lc tac ong vao cam bien (hnh M8-1a), cac cam bien sc cang R1-4 trang thai vi sc cang can bang va ien the ra bang 0.khi co lc tac ong , lam uon cong thanh an hoi, dan en viectang sc cang cac cam bien R1R3 va giam sc cang cac cam bienR2-R4. ket qua , ien tr R1-R3 tang vaR2R4 giam,dan en lech cau va loi ra xuat hien dien the ty le vi lc tac ong . ien the nay se c khech ai ti gia tr can thiet. Tren hnhM8-2 gii thieu s o cho bo cam bien can loai Load cell.Bo 4khech ai vi sai c xay dng tren IC2,IC3,IC4.Bien tr P1 cho phep chnh khech ai ,bien tr P2 cho phep chnh can bang gia hai kenh khi cha co trong lc tac ong .S o IC5 vaT1 la bo tao the chuan cap cho cam bien.IC4 tao the nen cho loi ra. Trong th nghiem co tien hanh ghep noi bo o vi may tnh . Khi thc hien can oc lai bai m au gi thieu thiet b chnh MTS-41.

Hnh 8 . S o Can ien T

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Cac bc thc hien : 1. S dung day co chot cam e noi mach theo s o hnh SME-408: Noi cac chot nguon va at cua khoiSME_408(POWER PORT) vi nguon 12V va at (GND) cua thiet b chnh MTS-41, Chu y cam ung phan cc cua nguon. 2. e kiem tra the chuan noi cam bien: Noi chot (+) bo o DCV cau thiet b chnhMTS-41 vi chot ra OUT. Chot(-) cua DCV vi lai gia tr o . Gia tr TP5~3,9-4V 3. Chnh can bang : 3.1 Noi cam bien LOAD CELL vi khoi SME-408: Day mau en noi1 vi chot+ Day mau trang vi chot Day mau o vi chot +V Day mau xanh va vo boc vi chotat-GND 3.2. Noi chot (+) bo o DCV cua thiet b chnhMTS-41 vi TP4 ,chot(-) cua DCV vi at 3.3 Chnh bien trP2-BALANCE e gia tr the tao ra-OUT=0 4. Chnh thang o 4.1. Noi chot (+) do bo DCV cua thiet b chnh MTS-41 vi OUT.Chot(-) cuaDCVviat 4.2. Kiem tra the ra OUT =0.neu khac 0, chnh chnh bien tr P2-BALANCE e nhan gia tri OUT =0 tren DCV. 4.3. at qua can ln nhat vao mam can,chnh bien tr P1-GAIN e nhan gia tr o tren DCV trung vi trong lng qua can.( chu y:1KG-1v). 4.4. Lap lai cac bc 4.2-4.4.vai lan e hieu chnh chnh xac thang o. 5. Xac nh s phu thuoc cua the ra vao trong lng 5.1 at lan lt cac gia tr qua can t nho ti ln , ghi tng ng gia tr o trenDCV vao bang M8-1. Trong lng m[g] U(out) 5.2 Bieu dien o th ket qua the o tren DCV (truc Y) theo trong a6n (truc X) 5.3 Xac nh sai so phep o.

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