3.6.1.

1 M hnh tham chiu giao thc ca mng B-ISDN mt phng qun l, mt phng iu khin (hay bo hiu) v mt phng ca ngi s dng.

Hnh 3.19: M hnh tham chiu giao thc B-ISDN (BISDN-PRM) phng qun l: Bao gm hai chc nng chnh l chc nng chnh qun l mt phng (Plane Management) v chc nng qun l lp (Layer Management), nhim v ca n l to s phi hp lm vic gia nhng mt phng khc nhau.
Mt

Mt phng ngi s dng: Nhim v ca mt phng ny l truyn thng tin ca ngi s dng t im A ti im B trn mng. Tt c cc c ch c lin quan nh iu khin lung, iu khin tc nghn, chng li u c thc hin mt phng ny. Mt phng iu khin (hoc bo hiu): Mt phng ny c nhim v thc hin cc chc nng iu khin ng ni (Connection control) v cuc gi (Call control). Chng thc hin cc chc nng bo hiu c lin quan ti vic thit lp, gim st v gii phng ng ni hoc cuc gi.

3.6.1.2. Cu trc chc nng ca ATM Cu trc tham chiu chc nng ca ATM ch ra cc chc nng ca mi lp c th trn m hnh BISDN-PRM. Bng 3.4 trnh by cc chc nng .

Bng 3.4: Chc nng cc lp ca B-ISDN Qun l lp Cc lp cao hn Nhn/gi cc PDU t/ti cc lp cao hn v to dng CS-PDU (Convergence Sublayer - Protocol Data Unit). Kim tra s khi phc chnh xc Lp con hi t cc CS-PDU. truyn Pht hin s mt cc t bo ca (CS CS-PDU. Convergence Cung cp mt vi chc nng ALL Sublayer) trong phn tiu CS-PDU.

Lp thch ng ATM (AAL)

Lp con to v tho t bo (SAR Segmentation And Reassembly)

iu khin lung, gi cc thng ip tr li hoc yu cu truyn li cc t bo li. To cc t bo t CS-PDU, khi phc cc CS-PDU t t bo. To ra trng kiu on nh BOM, COM, EOM, SSM. Kim tra m d vng CRC trong trng d liu ca t bo. To ra hai byte tiu v hai byte cui ca SAR-PDU. iu khin lung chnh. To ra hoc phn tch phn tiu ca t bo. c v thay i phn tiu t bo. Thc hin phn knh/hp knh cc t bo. Thm vo hoc ly ra cc t bo trng (idle cell). To v kim tra m HEC. Nhn dng gii hn ca t bo.

Lp ATM

Lp Lp con hi t vt l truyn dn (TC - Transmission Convergence)

Bin i dng t bo thnh cc khung ph hp vi h thng truyn dn. Pht/khi phc cc khung truyn dn. ng b bit. Thu, pht s liu.

Lp con ng truyn vt l (PM - Physical Medium) 3.6.2.3 Chc nng lp vt l

S khc nhau ca lp vt l ATM vi lp vt l trong m hnh OSI l trong m hnh OSI ti lp ny cng vic ca n lin quan n vic truyn ti cc phn t b nht l cc bits t im ny n im khc. Cn trong ATM phn t b nht li l cc t bo. V vy chc nng chnh ca lp vt l trong ATM l ti cc t bo v chc nng ny c thc hin bi lp con hi t truyn dn. Lp con ny ng trn lp con ng truyn vt l. Do vy trong ATM lp vt l c chia thnh hai lp con l: Lp ng truyn vt l (PM) lin quan n cc chc nng thng thng ca lp vt l nh kh nng truyn dn cc bits, m ho, gii m, bin i quang in..... Lp con hi t truyn (TC) thc hin cc chc nng nh chn hoc tch cc t bo trng, to v x l m iu khin li tiu , nhn bit gii hn t bo, khun dng t bo, phi hp tc ti trng ca cc khun dng vn chuyn khc nhau c s dng ti lp vt l. Theo hng t lp vt l ti lp ATM, lung s liu chuyn ti qua danh gii gia hai lp l lung cc t bo hp l. T bo hp l l t bo m mo u t bo khng c li. Vic kim tra li mo u t bo c thc hin lp con TC. Theo hng ngc li, t lp ATM ti lp vt l, lung t bo ATM c ghp thm thng tin phn tch t bo v thng tin v khai thc v bo dng (OAM) lin quan n lung t bo ny.

3.6.2.4 Chc nng ca lp ATM

iu khin lung chnh (GFC): Nh trnh by, chc nng iu khin lung chnh GFC ch c giao din gia mng v ngi s dng UNI, n cung cp giao thc iu khin lung thng tin ti t mng ca ngi s dng CN hoc t cc thu bao. GFC cn c th c s dng gim bt tnh trng qu ti ca mng. To v tch trng tiu ca t bo: Chc nng ny c thc hin im kt thc hoc bt u ca dng thng tin lp ATM. Ti u pht sau khi nhn c phn d liu 48 byte t lp AAL, phn tiu s c ghp vo vi trng d liu ny, tr byte HEC (vic to v kim tra m HEC c thc hin lp con TC). Cc gi tr VPI v VCI s c to ra da trn s hiu nhn dng ca im truy nhp dch v SAP. Ti u thu, trng tiu c tch ra khi t bo ATM, ch c trng thng tin 48 byte c gi ti lp AAL. Ti y, gi tr VPI v VCI c dng nhn dng im truy nhp dch v. c v thay i gi tr VPI, VCI: Thay i gi tr VPI v VCI l chc nng c bn ca chuyn mch ATM. N c thc hin cc nt chuyn mch hoc nt ni xuyn trong mng. Trong nt ni xuyn, mi gi tr VP ca t bo n u vo s nhn c mt gi tr mi u ra, gi tr VCI c gi nguyn. Mt khc ti nt chuyn mch ATM, c VPI v VCI u c thay i. Phn knh v hp knh cc t bo: Ti u pht, cc t bo thuc v cc knh o VC v ng o VP khc nhau s c hp knh thnh cc dng t bo duy nht. Ti u thu, dng t bo ATM c phn thnh cc ng o v knh o c lp i ti thit b thu.

3.6.2.4.1 Nguyn l chuyn mch Trong mi trng ATM, vic chuyn mch cc t bo c thc hin trn c s cc gi tr VCI/VPI. Nh ni, cc gi VPI, VCI ni chung ch c hiu lc trn mt chng. Khi t bo ti nt chuyn mch, gi tr ca VPI hoc c VPI v VCI c thay i cho ph hp vi chng tip theo. Thit b chuyn mch c thc hin ch da trn gi tr VPI c gi l chuyn mch VP (VP Swich), nt ni xuyn (ATM Cross Connect) hoc b tp trung (Concentrator). Nu thit b chuyn mch thay i c hai gi tr VPI v VCI (cc gi tr VPI/VCI thay i u ra) th n c gi l chuyn mch VC (VC Switch) hoc chuyn mch ATM (ATM Switch).

D1, D2: B ni xuyn. T: Chuyn mch ATM. A, B: Thit b cui. Hnh 3.8: Cuc ni knh o thng qua nt chuyn mch v b ni xuyn. Hnh 3.8 minh ha mt cuc ni knh o VCC thng thng, T l nt chuyn mch ni m gi tr VPI v VCI b thay i. A v B l hai thit b u cui; D1, D2 l cc b ni xuyn ni ch thay i cc gi tr VPI; ai, xi ln lt l cc gi tr VPI, VCI tng ng.

Hnh 3.9: Nguyn tc chuyn mch VP Hnh 3.9 l s gii thch nguyn l chuyn mch VP. Chuyn mch VP l ni bt u v kt thc cc lin kt ng o, do n cn phi chuyn cc gi tr VPI u vo thnh cc gi tr VPI tng ng u ra sao cho cc lin kt ng o ny thuc v cng mt cuc ni o cho trc. Lc ny cc gi tr VCI c gi nguyn.

Khc vi chuyn mch VP, chuyn mch VC l im cui ca cc lin kt knh o v lin kt ng o. V vy trong chuyn mch VC, gi tr ca c VPI v VCI u b thay i. Bi v trong chuyn mch VC cn bao gm c chuyn mch VP do v mt nguyn tc, chuyn mch VC c th thc hin cc chc nng nh mt chuyn mch VP. Hnh 3.10 gii thch nguyn tc chuyn mch VC.
Chuy mch VC n

VCI1 VCI2 VCI3

VCI4

VPI2

VCI1 VCI2

VPI1

VPI3

VCI1 VCI2

VPI4

VPI5

VCI1 VCI2

Chuy mch VP n

Hinh 3.10 Chuyn mch VC

3.6.3 Lp cao trong B-ISDN 3.6.3.1 Chc nng v phn loi AAL AAL c chia nh thnh hai lp con l: Lp con thit lp v tho t bo (SAR - Segmentation And Reassembly) v Lp con hi t (CS Convergence Sublayer). Chc nng chnh ca SAR l chia cc PDU ca lp cao hn thnh cc phn tng ng vi 48 byte ca trng d liu trong t bo ATM ti u pht. Ti u thu, SAR ly thng tin trong trng d liu ca t bo ATM khi phc li cc PDU hon chnh.

Lp con CS ph thuc vo loi dch v. N cung cp cc dch v ca lp AAL cho cc lp cao hn thng qua: im truy nhp dch v (SAP). Bng 3.6: Bng phn loi cc nhm ALL Nhm A Mi quan h thi gian gia ngun v ch Tc truyn Kiu lin kt

Nhm B

Nhm C

Nhm D

Yu cu thi gian thc Khng i

Khng yu cu thi gian thc Thay i

Hng lin kt

Khng lin kt

Nhm A (m phng chuyn mch knh): Phc v cc dch v yu cu thi gian thc, tc truyn khng i, kiu truyn hng lin kt. Cc dch v thuc v loi ny thng l ting ni v tn hiu Video c tc khng i. Nhm B: L cc dch v thi gian thc, tc truyn thay i, kiu truyn hng lin kt. Cc dch v ca n thng l tn hiu Audio v Video c tc thay i. Nhm C: L cc dch v khng yu cu thi gian thc, tc truyn thay i, phng php truyn hng lin kt. N phc v cho cc dch v truyn s liu hng lin kt v bo hiu. Nhm D: Bao gm cc dch v khng yu cu thi gian thc, tc thay i, kiu truyn khng lin kt. c s dng cho cc dch v truyn s liu khng lin kt.

Da vo phn loi trn, ITU-T a ra mt vi kiu AAL. Sau y ta s ln lt xem xt tng loi: 3.6.3.2 Cc loi AAL 3.6.3.2.1 AAL kiu 1 AAL phc v cho cc loi dch v thuc nhm A, n thu hoc pht cc n v s liu dch v (SDU - Service Data Unit) ca lp trn theo thi gian thc vi tc truyn khng i. Cc chc nng c bn ca AAL 1 bao gm: phn tch v to li (Segmentation and Reassembly) thng tin ca

ngi s dng, khi phc ng b u thu, pht hin li trong trng thng tin iu khin t bo v khi phc li thng tin ti bn nhn. Lp con SAR: n v s liu giao thc SAR-PDU gm c 48 byte. Octet u tin l trng thng tin iu khin giao thc PCI. PCI bao gm 4 bit ch th t (SN - Sequence Number) v 4 bit m chng li (SNP - Sequence Number Protection) cho SN. Trng SN li c chia nh ra thnh bit ch th lp con hi t (CSI - Convergence Sublayer Indication) v 3 bit m th t (SC Sequence Count). Hnh 3.23 th hin dng SAR-PDU ca AAL 1.

Hnh 3.23: Dng SAR-PDU ca AAL kiu 1

Gi tr SC cho php pht hin cc t bo b mt hoc b truyn nhm. Bit CSI c s dng truyn thng tin ng b hoc cc thng tin v cu trc d liu. Trng SNP cha m CRC vi a thc sinh G(x)=x3+x+1 pht hin v sa li cho SN, bit cui cng l bit P (Parity) kim tra chn l c by bit u ca PCI.

Lp con CS: Cc chc nng ca lp con CS hon ton ph thuc vo loi dch v bao gm mt s chc nng c bn nh:

X l cc gi tr tr t bo: cc gi tr tr khc nhau c x l thng qua mt b m. Nu b m rng th h thng t ng chn thm mt s bit, nu b m trn th mt s bit s b hu. X l cc t bo b mt hoc chn nhm. Khi phc tn hiu ng b: s dng phng php nh du thi gian d ng b (SRTS - Synchronous Residual Time Stamp). Mc thi gian d (RTS - Residual Time Stamp) c s dng o c v mang thng tin v khc nhau gia ng h ng b chung ly trong mng v ng b ca thit b cung cp dch v. Bn bit RTS c truyn i trong trng CSI ca cc t bo l.

Truyn i cc thng tin v cu trc d liu gia ngun v ch: c s dng trong trng hp d liu c truyn c dng cu trc. Sa li trc (FEC - Forward Error Correction): m bo cht lng dch v cao cho mt s ng dng Video v Audio.

3.6.3.2.2 AAL kiu 2 AAL 2 s dng cho cc dch v c tc thay i c truyn theo thi gian thc (thuc nhm B). Cc chc nng ca AAL 2 vn cha c nh ngha r rng tuy nhin c th cho rng AAL 2 c pht trin t AAL 1, n c cc chc nng sau: trao i s liu c tc thay i gia lp cao hn vi lp ATM, x l tr t bo, phn tch v khi phc li thng tin cho ngi s dng, x l cc loi li t bo cng nh cc tn hiu ng b u thu. 3.6.3.2.3 AAL kiu 3/4 AAL 3/4 c pht trin t AAL 3 (phc v cho cc dch v loi C) v AAL 4 (phc v cho cc dch v loi D). Ngy nay hai kiu AAL trn hp li thnh AAL 3/4, lp AAL ny tho mn cc dch v thuc loi C v D. Hnh 3.24 l cu trc ca AAL 3/4 trong lp con CS c chia thnh hai phn l phn chung (CPCS - Common Part CS) v phn ph thuc dch v (SSCS - Service Specific CS). AAL 3/4 cung cp hai kiu dch v c bn l dch v kiu thng ip (Message Mode Service) truyn cc s liu c ng thnh khung (nh cc khung HDLC) v dch v kiu dng bit (Streaming Mode Service) truyn s liu tc thp vi yu cu tr nh. Hnh 3.24: AAL kiu 3/4 hoc 5. Trong dch v kiu thng ip, mt n v s liu dch v AAL-SDU c truyn trong mt hoc vi CS-PDU. Vi SAR-PDU li c to ra t cc CS-PDU ny. Hnh 3.25 minh ha phng php ny.

Trong dch v kiu dng bit, mt vi AAL-SDU c kch thc c nh c truyn trong mt CS-PDU (hnh 3.26)

Hnh 3.25: Dch v kiu thng ip

Hnh 3.26: Dch v kiu dng bit Hai th tc hot ng ng cp (Peer-to-Peer) c s dng cho c hai kiu dch v trn, l hot ng c m bo (Assured Operation) v hot ng khng m bo (Non-Assured Operation). Trong hot ng c m bo, cc AAL-SDU b mt hoc c li s c truyn li. hot ng khng m bo khng c vic truyn li cc gi. Lp con SAR Ni chung cc CS-PDU c di thay i, v vy SAR-PDU gm 44 octet l s liu ca CS-PDU. Bn octet cn li c dnh cho cc thng tin iu khin. Trng kiu on (ST - Segment Type) c di 2 bit, n ch ra loi ca CS-PDU c cha trong SAR-PDU nh phn u ca CS-PDU (BOM - Beginning of Message), phn gia (COM - Continuation of Message), phn cui (EOM - End of Message) v cc CS-PDU n (SSM - Single Segment Message). Trng ch th di trng thng tin (LI Length Indicator) ch ra s octet ca CS-PDU c cha trong trng d liu

ca SAR-PDU. LI c di 6 bit. Ngoi ra trong SAR-PDU cn c trng s th t gi (SN - Sequence Number) di 4 bit. Mi khi nhn c SARPDU thuc v mt cuc ni, gi tr ca SN li tng ln mt n v. Pht hin li l chc nng th hai ca lp con SAR. Trng chng li CRC di 10 bit thc hin vic kim tra li bit trong SAR-PDU, cc thng ip bo hiu c gi cho CS nu c li xy ra. Gi tr CRC c tnh cho trng tiu , trng d liu v trng LI vi a thc sinh G(x)=x10+x9+x5+x4+x+1. Lp con SAR cn c kh nng pht hin cc gi SAR-PDU b mt hoc chn nhm. Chc nng th ba ca SAR l ng thi phn knh hoc hp knh cc CS-PDU ca cc cuc ni mc AAL khc nhau thnh mt ng ni n mc ATM. Chc nng ny s dng trng s hiu nhn dng hp knh (MID - Multiplexing Identifier) di 10 bit. Cc SAR-PDU vi s hiu nhn dng MID khc nhau s thuc v cc CS-PDU ring bit. Vic phn/hp knh phi c thc hin trn c s t u cui ti u cui, nhng ng ni lp ATM bao gm cc cuc ni lp AAL khc nhau s c x l nh mt thc th n. Hnh 3.27 trnh by cu trc khung SAR-PDU ca AAL 3/4.

Hnh 3.27: Dng SAR-PDU ca AAL 3/4 Lp con CS Nh bit lp con CS c chia thnh hai phn l phn chung CPCS v phn ph thuc dch v SSCS. Chc nng cng nh cu trc ca SSCS hin ti vn cha r rng v i hi phi nghin cu thm. phn CPCS truyn cc khung s liu ca ngi s dng vi di bt k trong khong t mt octet ti 65535 octet. Cc chc nng ca CPCS nm trong 4 octet phn tiu v 4 octet phn ui. Trng ch th phn chung (CPI Common Part Indicator) c s dng qun l phn cn li ca tiu v phn ui. Trng nhn hiu u (Btag - Beginning Tag) v nhn hiu kt thc (Etag - Ending Tag) cho php to nn s lin kt mt cch chnh xc gia phn tiu v phn ui ca khung. Trng kch thc b m ti ch (BASize - Buffer Allocation Size) thng bo cho u thu kch thc b m ti a cn thit nhn CPCS-SDU. Trng m (PAD -

Padding) m bo sao cho trng d liu ca CPCS-PDU l mt s nguyn ln ca 4 octet, do n c di t 0 octet ti 3 octet. Trng sp xp (AL - Alignment) c s dng sp xp phn ui 32 bit cu CPCS-PDU. Trng di (Length) ch ra di ca trng d liu. Hnh 3.28 minh ho cu trc CPCS-PDU ca AAL kiu 3/4.

Hnh 3.28: Cu trc ca CPCS-PDU ca AAL 3/4 3.6.3.2.4 AAL kiu 5 AAL kiu 5 phc v cho cc dch v c tc thay i, khng theo thi gian thc. Cng ging nh AAL 3/4, AAL 5 c s dng ch yu cho cc yu cu v truyn s liu. Tuy vy, ITU-T a ra AAL kiu 5 nhm mc ch gim di phn thng tin iu khin giao thc (PCI- bao gm phn tiu v phn ui). AAL 5 c cc chc nng v giao thc hot ng nh AAL 3/4. im khc nhau chnh ca hai loi ny l AAL 5 khng a ra kh nng phn/hp knh, do n khng c trng MID. AAL 5 ch yu c s dng cho bo hiu trong mng ATM.

Hnh 3.29: Cu trc CPCS-PDU ca AAL kiu 5 Lp con SAR Lp con SAR chp nhn cc SDU c di l mt s nguyn ln ca 48 octet c gi xung t CPCS, n khng b sung thm cc trng thng tin iu khin (nh phn tiu v phn ui) vo cc SDU va nhn c. SAR ch thc hin chc nng phn tch (Segmentation) u pht v to ra gi u thu. nhn bit c im bt u v kt thc ca SARPDU, AAL 5 s dng trng AUU nm trong trng PT (Payload Type) tiu ca t bo ATM. Gi tr AUU=1 ch ra im kt thc, trong khi AUU=0 ch ra im bt u hoc tip tc ca SAR-PDU.

Lp con CS Phn CPCS cung cp cc chc nng truyn cc khung s liu ca ngi s dng vi di bt k t mt octet ti 65535 octet. Thm vo , trong CPCS-PDU cn c trng UU (CPCS User-to-User indication) di mt octet mang thng tin CPCS ca ngi s dng. Trng di Length ch ra di ca phn d liu trong CPCS-PDU. M CRC di 32 bit c s dng chng li. Hnh 3.29 th hin cu trc ca CPCS-PDU ca AAL 5.