I.

TNG QUAN V NG C THC PHM DO HA CHT:

1. Ng c thc phm l g?

L mt loi bnh thng gp cng ng, c th mc hng lot hoc l t. Ng c thc phm do hai nguyn nhn chnh : ng c thc phm do thc phm c hoc nhim cht c hi, ng c thc phm do nhim vi sinh vt hoc c t vi sinh vt

Cc nguyn nhn chnh trong ng c thc phm do ha cht: Ng c do cc cht c c trong t nhin Ng c do cc kim loi nng nhim vo thc phm trng trt v chn nui Cc nhm ha cht ph gia, ha cht dng trong thc phm

II. CC NHM HO CHT, PH GIA DNG TRONG THC

PHM NH HNG XU N SC KHO NGI TIU DNG.

1. Ho cht khng c php s dng: 1.1: Formol: Formol (formaldehyd-HCHO) l hp cht hu c d bay hi hay cn gi l VOC (dng ch nhng cht hu c d dng lan to vo khng kh), khng mu,tan nhiu trong nc Formaldehyde c kh nng khng khun, khng nm, c ch dit khun ging nh cc tc nhn dit khun khc ngha l "git" cc m t bo

Nguyn nhn gy nhim vo thc phm: Formol l sn phm c sinh ra trong qu trnh chuyn ha sinh vt, do trong t nhin nhiu loi thc phm c cha formol: rau c, tri cy, nm kh, tht c. Formol cn hnh thnh khi nng, xng khi thc phm Trong nc ung cng c formol nht l nc c st khun bng ozon hoc chlorin, vi nng formol ln ti 30mg/l

Ngun gc ca formol c trong thy sn c th do s phn gii ca cht trimethylamin oxid (TMAO) hin din kh nhiu trong thy sn. Bn cnh s c mt 1 cch t nhin th formol cn c b sung vo trong thy sn v thc phm nhm mc ch bo qun.

Tc hi ca formol: y l mt cht c nguy him, lm cho thc phm kh i thiu nhng li rt kh tiu ha khi vo c th, gy hin tng y bng, no gi to. C th con ngi nu tip xc vi formol trong thi gian di th d hm lng cao hay thp cng gy ra nhiu tc hi cho da v h thng h hp gy ung th ng h hp nh: mi, hng, phi, Ph n c thai b nhim formol c th b nh hng n s pht trin ca bo thai

Tnh hnh nhim formol trong thc phm nc

ta: Theo kho st ca B Y t trong nhng thng u nm 2012, ti TP.HCM c 45% mu bnh ph, ti H Ni c 20% mu bnh ph - m cha cht ny Ngoi ra, trong mt s nng sn xut x t Trung Quc sng nc ta trng hnh dng bn ngoi rt ti ngon, bao bc k, ln tri, c th lu, gi r nh c ci , bng ci c pht hin c s dng Formol trong bo qun.

Cch pht hin v phng trnh: i vi c: nu khi n nh vo c m thy mm mi th c kh nng c khng cha formol, nn chn nhng con vn cn mi c trng ca c, tt nht l mua c cn ti. i vi u ph: chn u ph b mt trn v cng t nhin. . i vi m si: khng nn chn nhng loi c mu "bt mt" Trc khi n nn ra thc phm cn thn di vi nc, v formaldehyde tan trong nc.

1.2 Hn the: Gii thiu: Hn the c tn ha hc l Natri borate, cng thc ho hc Na3B4O7.10H2O, khng mu, d tan trong nc, c tnh st khun nhng rt c. y l mt cht st khun v nm yu, c dng trong y t lm sn, dng ngoi dit khun v nm nh.

Nguyn nhn nhim vo thc phm: Cc c s sn xut thng cho hn the vo thc phm vi mc ch lm tng gin, dai ca sn phm. Trong bo qun thc phm, hn the c cho vo tht, tm, c gip nhng thc n ny lu n. Khi cho vo tht, lp xung, hn the c tc dng gi c sc , to s p mt.

Tc hi ca hn the: Hn the hp thu nhanh vo c th con ngi qua ng n ung (sau 24 gi ch o thi 60 - 80%). Khi vo mu, cht ny s i n khp cc c quan, tp trung nhiu nht h thng tiu ha, no, gan, thn. Hn the tn d tch t dn trong c th, lu ngy gy chn n, mt mi, suy thn mn tnh, gim tr nh, thoi ha c quan sinh dc...

Tnh hnh nhim hng the nc ta: Nm 2009 - 2010, ngnh y t TP Cn Th pht hin, x l 12 trng hp s dng hn the trong thc phm. V tnh trng s dng thng xy ra c s nh l, lm "chui". Mt khc, y t cc tuyn qun, huyn, x, phng thiu iu kin kim nghim, ly mu, nn thc t s mu thc phm c kim tra, pht hin hn the cha nhiu.

Cch pht hin v phng trnh: Kh c th xc nh hn the c trong thc phm bng mt thng m ch c th xc nh c chnh xc trong phng xt nghim. Tuy nhin ngnh chc nng hoc cc siu th c th kim tra ti ch bng test nhanh - c lm t giy lc tm dung dch curcumin bo ha; nu sn phm c hn the, cht curcumin phn ng vi hn the, chuyn t mu vng sang mu cam m. Ngi tiu dng nn chn mua nhng thc phm c mu sc v tnh cht t nhin, nn chn mua nhng c s quen, ng tin cy, c thng hiu v ngun gc xut x r rng

1.3 Sudan
Sudan thuc nhm cc azo (cht c lin kt N=N trong cu to phn t). Cc cht thng c nhc n bao gm: Sudan I c cng thc phn t C16H12N2O , khi lng phn t 248,3 (gram/mol), m ng k (CAS numbe) 842-07-09, dng bt, mu vng Sudan II: C18H16N2O, 276,3 g/mol, s ng k 3118-97-6, mu da cam. Sudan III: C22H16N4O, 352,4 g/mol, m s 85-86-9, mu Sudan IV: C24H20N4O, 380,4 g/mol, m s 85-83-6 Ch ring Sudan I c hng trm tn gi khc nhau Cht sudan c th gii xp vo nhm cht nhum mu gy c v chng c kh nng gy ung th do lm tn thng ADN ca t bo

Nguyn nhn nhim vo thc phm Ging nh trong cng nghip ngi ta dng sudan lm cho thc phm c mu ti hp dn hn v n s gi mu cho thc phm lu di hn. Trong thc phm th sudan hay c cho vo trong bt t v bt c ri to cho mu sc sc s hp dn

Tc hi ca sudan: Theo cc ti liu khoa hc th sudan (t 1 n 4) u l nhng cht sinh ung th Trong th sudan 1 gy nn t bin gen mnh do tn thng cht liu di truyn ca t bo, iu ny dn n to thnh cc khi u c tnh. Da trn c ch tc ng ca sudan trn t bo, cc nh khoa hc cho rng khng c gii hn an ton cho sudan v c lng nguy c nn mt s nc cm dng hn cht ny trong thc phm.

Tnh hnh nhim sudan nc ta: Vit Nam, sudan ch yu c s dng trong sn xut tng t nhm to mu sc hp dn cho tng t, bt t v c cung cp ch yu cho cc qun n nh l, qun ph,Nhng sn phm ny ch yu l hng khng c ngun gc, sn xut nh l v c bn tri ni trn th trng, khng c kim nh v cht lng.

Cch pht hin v phng trnh: Do khng th pht hin sudan trong thc phm bng mt thng nn ngi tiu dng nn thn trng khi s dng cc sn phm c ho cht to mu, nht l nhng sn phm mu bt mt. Chnh v vy, trnh s dng nhm cc sn phm c sudan ngi tiu dng nn s dng cc sn phm c ngun gc, c kim nh cht lng.

1.4 D lng thuc tr su, dit nm trong thc phm Cc con ng xm nhim vo thc phm: Tn d trong nng sn: ho cht c phun ln cy trng kh su, nm, vi khun ph hi ma mng. Khi thu hoch nng sn vn cn tn d mt lng ho cht trong thc phm. Bo qun nng sn thc phm: ho cht dng dit nm vn cn tn ng khi s dng sn phm. Tch lu trong mi trng: thuc tr su kh b phn hu s tch lu trong t, cy trng tip tc hp thu vo sn phm.

Tc hi ca thuc tr su, dit nm i vi ngi tiu dng: Tn d lng ha cht trn cc loi c qu tuy khng gy ra ng c cp nhng khi i vo c th con ngi, tch ly v n mt ngng no mi pht bnh mt s c quan ni tng gy ln bnh cnh mn tnh: m yu, gy, suy nhc, t chn tay, lit, ... nhn chung l kh chn on v d nhm vi suy nhc c th hay suy nhc thn kinh. C nhng loi ha cht bo v nhim c mn tnh c th gy t bin gen dn n ung th.

Tnh hnh ngc c: Theo Chi cc BVTV thnh ph H Ch Minh (2011), kim tra trn 3.050 mu rau t cc ch u mi, siu th, ca hng, c s ch bin c 141 mu d lng thuc BVTV vt qu mc cho php nhiu ln. Nhng mu rau b nhim c ngun gc t nhiu ni trn c nc tp trung Lm ng (52 mu), thnh ph H Ch Minh (22 mu), Tin Giang (15 mu) v Long An (11 mu). Qua cho thy tnh hnh d lng thuc BVTV trn rau ti thnh ph H Ch Minh kh kim sot c ngun gc xut x ca tng loi rau

III.NG C THC PHM DO CC ION KIM LOI NNG C HI NHIM VO THC N CHN NUI V THC PHM
Cng ngy ng c thc phm do cc kim loi nng cng c quan tm nhiu hn bi nhng tc hi khn lng ca n i vi sc khe ngi tiu dng v bi s gia tng ca loi nguy c nhim ny trong cuc sng. Hin ti c nhiu nguyn t kim loi nng c th l ngun gy nhim thc phm

Nguyn nhn nhim kim loi nng vo thc phm . Cc loi rau qu s b nhim nu c trng trn ngun t nhim kim loi nng hoc c ti nc b nhim. Nhng loi c, tm, thy sn c nui trong ngun nc b nhim cng tr thnh nhng loi thc phm c cha kim loi nng. Gia sc, gia cm c nui bng thc n b nhim hoc c ung ngun nc nhim th tht thnh phm cng kh trnh khi nhim cc kim loi nng.

 thc

phm c th b nhim cc kim loi nng mt cch trc tip do thc phm b tip xc vi cc vt liu d thi nhim kim loi nng trong qu trnh sn xut v bao gi cha ng thc phm, thc phm cng c th b nhim do vic s dng cc nguyn liu ch bin khng tinh khit, k c cc ph gia thc phm, c hm lng kim loi nng vt mc cho php

1.Cadimi Cadimi l nguyn t kim loi tng i mi vi con ngi Ngun gc: T nhin: qung km Dng trong cng nghip: pin, sn, acqui, nha, Dng trong nng nghip: phn bn, thuc dit nm, D dng hp thu v tch ly trong thc vt. Thc phm b nhim Cadmium gy ra phi nhim thng nht

Tc ng ca Cadimi i vi c th Cd Lin kt vi albumin trong huyt tng v nhng t bo hng cu. Cd c vn chuyn n gan, ty, tuyn tin lit v thn, sau cng l n thn. 50-75% lng Cd trong c th c tm thy trong gan v thn (trong thn c Metallothionein - mt loi protein giu cysteine l by bt gi Cd trong thn)

Cd gy bnh
Ng c mn tnh: Gy vng men rng, ri lon chc nng gan, lm tn thng n chc nng hot ng ca thn, to si thn, calcium v phosphore b bi tit theo nc tiu ra ngoi , ko theo cc bnh l v xng nh lm yu xng , bin dng xng , hy m xng, gy ra chng long xng v ko theo nhng cn au nhc xng rt d di, gy thiu mu, tng huyt p, nu c thai th b d dng thai Ng c cp: Trong vng 4 -24 gi (ty theo lng, ng nhim) s gy au tht ngc, kh th, tm ti, st cao, nhp tim chm, bun nn, nn, au bng tiu chy Tnh trng nhim c lu ngy s Ung th tin lit tuyn, ung th phi.

Arsenic

Ngun nhim

L kim loi c th tn ti dng tng hp cht v c v hu c. Trong t nhin tn ti trong cc khong cht. Nng thp th kch thch sinh trng, nng cao gy c cho ng thc vt. Asen thng c mt trong thuc tr su, dit nm, dit c di.

Asen c ba tc dng ha sinh l lm ng t protein, to phc vi coenzim v ph hy qu trnh sinh ha photpho Triu chng ng c cp tnh: Ng c cp tnh xut hin triu chng t ngt ging nh b dch t, xut hin rt nhanh ngay sau khi n phi asen. Nn nhn nn ma, au bng tiu chy, kht nc gi di, mch p yu, mt nht nht ri thm tm, b tiu, cht sau 24 gi.
.

Ng c mn tnh (ng c trng din): C th tch ly nhng liu lng nh asen trong thi gian ko di mi xut hin nhng triu chng nh: mt xm, tc rng, vim d dy v rut, au mt, au tai, cm gic v s di ng b ri lon, xut hin asen trong nc tiu. C th yu dn, gy cm, kit sc, cht sau nhiu thng hoc nhiu nm.

Pb Ch

S hp thu ch ch vo c th

5 n 15% lng ch n vo c hp thu rut. Ch c 5% lng ch hp thu c gi li trong mu, trong xng hoc trong t chc khc. S tn ti ca ch trong t chc xng rt lu. Trong 20 nm c th thi ch ra ch c 1/2 lng ch trong xng. Theo la tui ln ln th lng ch tch ly trong xng ngy cng cao. Chnh v vy nu nhim c ch mi ngy mt t th n mt lc no s xut hin triu chng ng c ch.

Tc dng ha sinh ch yu ca Pb l tc ng ca n ti qu trnh tng hp mu dn n ph v hng cu. Ch c ch mt s enzim quan trng ca qu trnh tng hp mu do s tch ly cc hp cht trung gian ca qu trnh trao i cht. Mt hp cht trung gian kiu ny l axit delta amino levulinic. Mt pha quan trng ca tng hp mu l s chuyn ha axit delta amino levulinic thnh porphobilinogen.

Ng c ch Ng c cp tnh: Sau khi n cm thy c v ngt, sau l v cht, tip theo c cm gic nghn c, bng rt mm, thc qun, d dy. Tip theo l nhng cn au bng d di, nn cht cha trong d dy c mu trng. i tiu chy, phn mu en, Sau mch yu, t chn tay, k n l co git, ng kinh v cht ngay sau 36 gi.

Ng c trng din: Ch cn mi ngy c th hp thu >1 mg ch, sau mt vi nm s c nhng triu chng nh sau: Hi th thi, sng li rng, c vin en li, da vng, thng au bng, to bn, au khp xng, bi lit chi. Thiu mu do ch c ch s tng hp hem trong hemoglobin. Mch yu, nc tiu t, trong nc tiu c porphyrin. Ph n d b sy thai

IV. CC CHT C T NHIN

1. C ngun gc t ng vt. c t c nc c tn l Tetrodotoxin, l loi c t c nh gi l mnh nht trong t nhin. c t ny tc dng vo h thn kinh, gy t lit nhanh chng ngi b nhim. c t c nc khng phi do chnh n to ta m do cc loi vi khun, c kh nng sn sinh c t ny, cng sinh trong gan c nc to ra

C ch gy c: Do cu trc c bit ca TTX m trong knh dn ion Na gi vai tr chnh. Do kch thch ln nn phn t TTX chn khng cho ion Na+ c c hi i vo knh, do s vn ng ca knh Na+ chm dt v ko theo in th hot ng dc theo mng thn kinh cng ngng. Nh vy, TTX kha ng dn xung thn kinh dc theo si trc thn kinh gy t lit h hp v lm nn nhn ng c dn n t vong.

Cc triu chng khi nhim c t: Thi gian bt u xut hin triu chng ng c t 20 pht n 3 gii v nn nhn co th cht trong vng 1 n 8 gi sau . Ngi ng c c riu hng ban u l li v mi b t, sau lan dn n tay chn v u u, u bng, nht mi ton than, nn ma d di, kh th tm ti, dn n hn m, suy tim. Hin nay vn cha c thuc iu tr. Thng thng dng than hot tnh hp th c tnh v truyn dch vo tnh mch

2.c t vi nm. nh hng hoc c ch qa trnh hnh thnh t bo. nh hng n qu trnh phosphoryl ho, c ch chui h hp. To cu kim loi, thiu ht cc kim loi cn thit cho sinh vt v nh hng n h thng enzyme ca c th. nh hng ti mc sao chp thng tin di truyn hoc tng hp DNA, enzyme.

3.Nm c Khi nim: Nm c l nm cha c t khng n c. Hin nay tnh trng b ng c nm c din ra cc dn tc thiu s, cc tnh bin gii pha bc nc ta.

AMANITA PANTHERINA C IM: MU SC HI NU VI

NHNG M TRNG KHNG TH RA SCH.

M: RNG T 5-10 CM. THN : TO, DY, MU TRNG. KHA : TRNG. THT : TRNG.

Amanita muscaria Mu sc: m mu c nhng m trng, nhng m ny khng b ra tri di cc cn ma. M : rng t 7- 25 cm. Vnh: mu trng, r xung. Thn mu trng, c nhng mtuj mu vng di gc Khi : mu trng Nm i khi c mu vng khi mc di gc cy thng.

C khong 8 nhm cht c nm: 1/ Nhm Amanitoxin: Thng gp cc loi thuc chi Amanita nh: Amanita phalloides, A. verna, A. virosa vi cc triu chng khi trng c nh: au bng, nn ma d di, tiu chy sau 12 gi n phi. Suy thn v gan, hn m v thng t vong. 2/ Nhm Gyromitin: Gp cc loi nm Gyromitra esculenta, Gyrometra infula sau 6 - 8 gi n nm c cm gic sng ph, bun nn, tiu chy, chut rt, u oi, thiu kim sot c, bn chn v trong mt s trng hp c th cht.

3/ Nhm Orellaine: Gp mt s loi nm thuc chi Cortinarius nh: Cortinarius orellanus, C.speciosissimus. C triu chng: Rt kht nc, km nng v kh mi, nhc u, n lnh. au lng hoc au bng, nn ma. Tn thng thn sau 3 n 5 ngy. 4/ Nhm Muscarine: Thng gp cc loi nm thuc chi Clitocybe v Inocybe, l nhng loi nm nh, trng hoc nu, thng gp trn nhng bi c, gy ra triu chng 3 chy: Chy m hi, chy nc mt, chy nc bt. Co tht ng t, b o gic, co bp tht, tiu chy, tim p chm v tt huyt p. 5/ Nhm Muscimol: gp cc loi thuc chi Amanita nh Amanita muscaria, A. cokeri, A.gemmata, gy triu chng co bp tht, hoa mt, nn ma, hn m vi nhng o gic ch sau 2 gi n phi.

6/ Nhm Coprine: Ch gp Coprinus atramentarius vi triu chng mt v c nng st, tay chn c cm gic nh kin b. Tay t cng, tim p mnh, hi hp, nn ma nhng khng gy cht. Triu chng xy ra ch sau 30 - 60 pht n nm c km ung ru. Nng cn trong mu cng cao cng lm nng thm. 7/ Nhm Psilocybin v Psilocin: Gp mt s loi nm thuc 4 chi: Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Conocybe v Gymnopilus. C triu chng: nh hng n thc. Gy o gic, ci v thc, cm thy khoan khoi v i khi cm thy nh xut hn ra khi xc. o gic nh LSD ca cn sa.

8/ Nhm Gy kch thch bao t v ng rut: Mt s loi nm thuc cc chi Agaricus, Amanita, Chlorophyllum, Tricholoma gy tiu ha kh chu ch sau 30 n 90 pht n nm. Ph bin nht l nn ma v tiu chy, bng b co tht. Bnh phc trong ngy hoc sau vi ngy. Kh iu tr do khng th xc nh cht c no gy ra triu chng trn v ch bnh phc khi bao t c sc ra sch.

V. TNH HNH NG C THC PHM TRN TH GII V VIT NAM

Thc trng vi phm v sinh an ton thc phm nc ta rt ng bo ng. Ng c thc phm cp tnh trong nhng nm qua vn c chiu hng gia tng c v s v v quy m mc. T l mc/100.000 dn trung bnh t nm 2001 2005 l 5,48. C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra cc v ng c thc phm trong ton quc nh thc phm nhim, mi trng nhim; thc phm c c; iu kin sn xut, ch bin thc phm khng bo m an ton, nhn thc hnh vi ng v phng chng ng c thc phm ca cng ng cn nhiu hn ch

Trung bnh mi nm c 202.2 v ng c thc phm xy ra vi 5.525,1 ngi mc v 55.2 ngi cht. S v ng c xy ra nhiu nht l t thng 4 7 v thng 9 11. T l mc ng c trung bnh l 7.14/100.000 dn, t l cht l 0,06/100.000 dn/nm. S v ng c ln ( 30 ngi) chim 26,8% vi s mc chim 83,2%. V ng c nh v va (<30 ngi) chim 73,2% vi s mc chim 16,8%. T l mc ng c chim 18.7% tng s i tng cng n chung ba n; t l cht l 0,8% tng s i tng b mc ng c thc phm. Mi la tui u c th b ng c, tui nh (0 - 4 tui) v tui cao 50 c nguy c mc v cht cao do ng c Biu hin chung trong cc v ng c l bun nn (81,0%), nn (83,9%), au bng chim 79.0%, a chy 72.2 %, au u chim 53.2%, chngmt 43,4%, st 26,3%.

C s nguyn nhn ng c ch yu l gia nh (54,6%), bp n tp th (15,6%), m ci/gi (16,6%), thc n ng ph (5,4%), bp n trng hc (4,0%). Thc n nguyn nhn ch yu l thc phm hn hp (40,0%); thu sn 14,1%; nm 13,2%; ng cc v cc sn phm l 7,8% Nguyn nhn ng c ch yu l nguyn nhn vi sinh vt (34,0%), c t t nhin (24,0%), ho cht (10,0%). Cn 32,0% s v khng xc nh c nguyn nhn. Vi sinh vt gy ng c l Salmonella, Streptoccocus, E.coli, Staphylococcus aurerus v Vibrio parahaemolyticus; c t t nhin ch yu l c t ca nm c (13,2%).

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