Cng ngh Frame Relay

I. Tng quan Frame Relay

Bc sang thp k 80 v u thp k 90, cng ngh truyn thng c nhng bc tin nhy vt c bit l ch to v s dng cp quang vo mng truyn dn to nn cht lng thng tin rt cao. Vic s dng th tc hi p X25 thc hin truyn s liu trn mng cp quang lun t c cht lng rt cao, v v th khung truyn t 128 byte cho X25 c m rng vi khung ln hn, th l cng ngh Frame Relay ra i. Frame relay c th chuyn nhn cc khung ln ti 4096 byte, v khng cn thi gian cho vic hi p, pht hin li v sa li lp 3 (No protocol at Network layer) nn Frame Relay c kh nng chuyn ti nhanh hn hng chc ln so vi X25 cng tc . Frame Relay rt thch hp cho truyn s liu tc cao v cho kt ni LAN to LAN v c cho m thanh, nhng iu kin tin quyt s dng cng ngh Frame relay l cht lng mng truyn dn phi cao. Frame Relay l mt k thut c tng datalink hng kt ni vi hiu qu cao. bo v li, n da vo cc giao thc tng trn v ph thuc vo mng s v quang. Frame Relay nh ngha tin trnh kt ni gia router v thit b chuyn mch cc b (local access switching) ca nh cung cp dch v. n khng nh ngha cch d liu c truyn nh th no trong m my Frame Relay ca nh cung cp dch v. Nhng thit b kt ni vo mng Frame Relay c chia lm 2 loi :

DTE: thng c xem nh l thit b cui cng ca mt mng ch nh. Thit b DTE c t pha khch hng v thuc quyn s hu ca khch hng. V d: nhng thit b DTE l (Frame Relay Access Devices-FRADs) router, v bridge. DCE: nhng thit b kt ni lin mng ca nh cung cp. Mc ch ca DCE l cung cp tn hiu ng h v nhng dch v chuyn trong mt mng v truyn d liu ngang qua mng WAN. Trong hu ht trng hp, nhng switch trong mt mng WAN l Frame Relay Switch.

Hnh 1 Frame Relay cung cp mt phng tin cho php ghp nhiu knh d liu logic, c cp n nh l Vtual Circuits (VCs), trn mt ng truyn vt l bng cch gn s nhn din kt ni cho mi cp thit b DTE. Nhng thit b Frame Relay Switch xy dng mt bng switching m n nh x mt s nhn din kt ni vi mt port i ra. Khi nhn mt Frame, thit b Frame relay Switch phn tch s nhn din kt ni v phn pht frame n giao din i ra tng ng. S v ng i y n ch c thit lp trc khi truyn frame u tin. II. Thut ng ca Frame Relay

Cc thut ng sau y c s dng thng xuyn trong nhng miu t Frame Relay:

Local access rate: tc ng h (tc port) ca kt ni (local loop) n m my Frame Relay. Local access rate l tc gi d liu ra hoc vo mng, khng ph thuc vo nhng cu hnh khc. VC: mch logic, c nh ngha duy nht bi DLCI, c to ra chc chn mi quan h hai chiu t mt DTE ny mt DTE khc. Mt s VC c th

c ghp thnh mt mch vt l n truyn ngang qua mng.tnh nng ny lm gim phc tp ca thit b v mng m c yu cu kt ni nhiu thit b DTE. Mt VC c th c nhiu DCE trung gian. Mt VC c th l mch o c nh (PVC) hoc mch o chuyn (SVC). PVC: cung cp kt ni c nh c s dng thng xuyn v truyn d liu c nh gia cc DTE ngang qua mng Frame Relay. Cuc giao tip ngang qua PVC khng yu cu thit lp cuc gi v ngt cuc gi nh SVC. SVC: cung cp nhng kt ni tm thi c s dng trong cc trng hp ch yu cu thnh thong mi truyn d liu gia cc DTE. SVC c thit lp ng theo yu cu v ngt khi truyn xong.. DLCI(Data link connection identifier): l mt s 10 bit nm trong ct a ch ca Frame Relay header, dng nhn din VC. DLCI ch c ngha cc b v n ch tham chiu gia router cc b v Frame relay switch cc b m DLCI kt ni n. Do , nhng thit b ti hai u mt kt ni c th s dng gi tr DLCI khc nhau cp n cng mt kt ni o. Commited information rate (CIR): ch ra tc d liu trung bnh ti a m mng bo m phn pht d liu trong iu kin bnh thng. Khi thu dch v Frame Relay, bn ch ra local access rate 56kbps hoc T1, in hnh, bn cng c yu cu ch ra CIR cho mi DLCI. Nu bn gi thng tin nhanh hn CIR ca DLCI, c mng ca 1 vi frame co 1 bit discard eligible (DE). Mng s c gng lm tt nht phn pht gi tin, nhng s hy cc gi tin c bit DE u tin nu nh mng b tt ngn. Nhiu dch v Frame Relay r da trn CIR bng 0. CIR bng 0 ngha l mi frame l mt DE frame, mng s b bt k frame no khi n cn. Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): mt phng php kt hp ng gia a ch tng network ca router xa vi mt DLCI cc b. Inverse ARP cho php mt router t ng pht hin a ch tng mng ca thit b DTE xa m c cp vi mt VC. Local Management Interface (LMI): mt chun tn hiu gia router v Frame Relay Switch cc b c nhim v qun l kt ni v duy tr trng thi gia router v Frame Relay Switch. Forward explicit congestion notification (FECN): mt bit trong ct a ch ca Frame Relay header. C ch FECN c khi to khi thit b DTE gi nhng frame vo mng. Nu mng b tt ngn, thit b DCE s cu hnh bit FECN c gi tr 1 khi nhng frame ny i n thit b DTE ch, s da vo bit ny nhn bit con ng t ngun n ch b ngn. Thit b DTE c th chuyn thng tin ny n nhng giao thc tng cao hn x l. Ph thuc vo s trin khai, flow control c th c khi to hoc du hiu c th b b qua. Backward explicit congestion notifiction (BECN): mt bit trong ct a ch ca Frame Relayheader. Thit b DCE s xt gi tr ca bit BECN bng 1 trong nhng frame i hng ngc li ca nhng frame c bit FECN l 1. Xt bit BECN bng 1 thng bo thit b DTE nhn rng mt ng i ngang qua mng b tt ngn. Thit b DTE c th chuyn thng tin ny n giao thc tng

trn x l. Ph thuc vo s trin khai, flow control c th c khi to hoc du hiu x th b b qua. V d:

Hnh 2 Nh ch ra trong hnh, router A c 2 VC c cu hnh trn mt interface vt l. DLCI 100 nh ngha VC kt ni router B, DLCI 400 nh ngha VC kt ni router C. Ti u bn kia, mt s DLCI khc c th c s dng nh ngha VC.

III.

Topology Frame Relay

Frame Relay cho php kt ni nhng site xa theo mt trong nhng m hnh sau:

Star topology: nhng site xa c kt ni n 1 site trung tm thng l cung cp 1 dch v hay ng dng. M hnh star cng bit nh l mt cu hnh hub-and-spoke, l m hnh mng Frame Relay c s dng ph bin nht. y l m hnh r nht bi v n yu cu t PVC.

Hnh 3 Full-mesh topology: tt c router c VC n tt c cc router khc. S full-mesh, cung cp kt ni trc tip t 1 site n tt c cc site khc v cho php ng d phng. Khi mt ng b t, router c th nh tuyn li ngang qua site khc. Khi s site trong s tng ln, mt s full-mesh tr nn rt t. Dng cng thc n(n-1)/2 tnh tng s lin kt trin khai mt s full-mesh, n la s site.

Hnh 4 Partial-mesh topology:khng phi tt c cc site c kt ni trc tip n tt c cc site khc. Ph thuc vo nhng vng traffic trong mng, bn c th to thm nhng kt ni n site xa m c nhu cu trao i d liu ln.

Hnh 5 IV. Cu hnh chung ca mt mng Frame Relay

C s to c mng Frame relay l cc thit b truy nhp mng FRAD (Frame Relay Access Device), cc thit b mng FRND (Frame Relay Network Device), ng ni gia cc thit b v mng trc Frame Relay.

Hnh 6 Mng Frame relay Thit b FRAD c th l cc LAN bridge, LAN Router v.v... Thit b FRND c th l cc Tng i chuyn mch khung (Frame) hay tng i chuyn mch t bo (Cell Relay - chuyn ti tng hp cc t bo ca cc dch v khc nhau nh m thanh, truyn s liu, video v.v..., mi t bo di 53 byte, y l phng thc ca cng ngh ATM). ng kt ni gia cc thit b l giao din chung cho FRAD v FRND, giao thc ngi dng v mng hay gi F.R UNI (Frame Relay User

Network Interface). Mng trc Frame Relay cng tng t nh cc mng vin thng khc c nhiu tng i kt ni vi nhau trn mng truyn dn, theo th tc ring ca mnh. Trong OSI 7 lp, lp 3 - lp network, Frame Relaykhng dng th tc g c (Transparent).
V.

Hot ng chung ca mng Frame Relay

Ngi s dng gi mt Frame (khung) i vi giao thc LAP-D hay LAP-F (Link Access Protocol D hay F), cha thng tin v ni n v thng tin ngi s dng, h thng s dng thng tin ny nh tuyn trn mng. Cng ngh Frame Relay c mt u im c trng rt ln l cho php ngi s dng dng tc cao hn mc h ng k trong mt khong thi gian nht nh , c ngha l Frame Relay khng c nh rng bng (Bandwith) cho tng cuc gi mt m phn phi bandwith mt cch linh hot iu m X25 v thu knh ring khng c. V d ngi s dng k hp ng s dng vi tc 64 kb, khi h chuyn i mt lng thng tin qu ln, Frame Relay cho php truyn chng tc cao hn 64 kb. Hin tng ny c gi l "bng n" - Bursting. Thc t trn mng li rng ln c rt nhiu ngi s dng vi v s frame chuyn qua chuyn li, hn na Frame Relay khng s dng th tc sa li v iu hnh thng lng (Flow control) lp 3 (Network layer), nn cc Frame c li u b loi b th vn cc frame c chuyn i ng a ch, nguyn vn, nhanh chng v khng b tha b thiu l khng n gin. m bo c iu ny Frame relay s dng mt s nghi thc sau.

DLCI (Data link connection identifier) - Nhn dng ng ni data.

Cng nh X25, trn mt ng ni vt l frame relay c th c rt nhiu cc ng ni o, mi mt i tc lin lc c phn mt ng ni o ring trnh b ln, c gi tt l DLCI.

CIR ( committed information rate ) - Tc cam kt.

y l tc khch hng t mua v mng li phi cam kt thng xuyn t c tc ny.

CBIR ( Committed burst information rate ) - Tc cam kt khi bng n thng tin.

Khi c lng tin truyn qu ln, mng li vn cho php khch hng truyn qu tc cam kt CIR ti tc CBIR trong mt khong thi gian (Tc) rt ngn vi ba giy mt t, iu ny tu thuc vo "nghn" ca mng cng nh CIR.

DE bit ( Discard Eligibility bit ) - Bit nh du Frame c kh nng b loi b.

V l m ni nu chuyn cc Frame vt qu tc cam kt, th nhng Frame s b loi b v bit DE c s dng. Tuy nhin c th chuyn cc frame i vi tc ln hn CIR hay thm ch hn c CBIR tu thuc vo trng thi ca mng Frame relay lc c nghn t hay nhiu (Thc cht ca kh nng ny l mn rng bng "Bandwith" ca nhng ngi s dng khc khi h cha dng n). Nu nghn ca mng cng nhiu (khi nhiu ngi cng lm vic) th kh nng ri ro b loi b ca cc Frame cng ln. Khi Frame b loi b, thit b u cui phi pht li. Do mng Frame relay khng c th tc iu hnh thng lng (Flow control) nn nghn mng s khng kim sot c, v vy cng ngh Frame relay s dng hai phng php sau gim nghn v s frame b loi b :

S dng FECN (Forward explicit congestion notification):

Thng bo nghn cho pha thu v BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification) Thng bo nghn v pha pht . Thc cht ca phng php ny gim tc pht khi mng li c qu nhiu ngi s dng cng lc. Hnh v bn di

Hnh 7 Nguyn l s dng FECN v BECN

S dng LMI (Local Manegment Interface): thng bo trng thi nghn mng cho cc thit b u cui bit. LMI l chng trnh iu khin gim st on kt ni gia FRAD v FRND.

1. Tn hiu LMI

Hnh 8 LMI l mt chun tn hiu gia router v Frame Relay Switch. LMI c nhim v qun l kt ni v duy tr trng thi gia cc thit b. Router gi mt hay nhiu yu cu v trng thi LMI y n Frame Relay Switch. Frame Relay Switch tr li vi mt hay nhiu loi LMI, v router s cu hnh vi loi LMI cui cng nhn c. Khi router nhn thng tin LMI, n cp nht trng thi VC ca n vi mt trong 3 trng thi sau:

Active : ch ra rng kt ni VC hot ng v cc router c th trao i d liu trn mng Frame Relay. Inactive : ch ra rng kt ni cc b n Frame Relay Switch ang lm vic, nhng kt ni router xa n Frame Relay Switch xa khng lm vic. Delete : ch ra rng khng c LMI no c nhn t Frame Relay Switch hoc khng c dch v gia router v Frame Relay Switch cc b.

2. nh x a ch Frame Relay bng Inverse ARP

LMI nhn DLCI c gi tr a phng t Frame Relay Switch Inverse ARP nh x local DLCI ti a ch mng u xa Hnh 9

Mt kt ni Frame Relay yu cu, trn mt VC, DLCI cc b c nh x n mt a ch tng mng ch, nh a ch IP. Nhng router c th t ng pht hin DLCI cc b t Frame Relay Switch cc b bng giao thc LMI. Trn router Cisco, DLCI cc b c th c nh x n a ch tng mng ca router xa mt cch t ng bng Inverse ARP. Inverse ARP gn mt DLCI cho mt kt ni ch nh. V d : nh x a ch Frame Relay Nh ch ra trong hnh, s dng Inverse ARP, router bn tri c th t ng pht hin a ch IP ca router xa, v sau nh x n DLCI cc b. Trong trng hp ny, DLCI cc b l 500 c nh x n a ch IP 10.1.1.1. Do , khi router gi d liu n 10.1.1.1, n dng DLCI 500.

3. Cc giai on hot ng ca Inverse ARP v LMI

Sau y l tm tt v cch tn hiu Inverse ARP v LMI lm vic nh th no vi kt ni Frame Relay:

Hnh 10
1. Mi router kt ni n Frame Relay Switch bng CSU/DSU 2. Khi Frame Relay c cu hnh trn mt interface, router gi mt yu cu v

trng thi LMI n Frame Relay Switch. Message ny thng bo vi switch v trng thi ca router v yu cu switch gi trng thi kt ni ca VC. 3. Khi Frame Relay Switch nhn c yu cu, n tr li vi mt message trng thi LMI gm DLCI cc b ca PVC n nhng router xa m router cc b c th gi d liu.

4. Vi mi DLCI ang hot ng, mi router gi mt Inverse ARP gii thiu v

n. 5. Khi mt router nhn c mt message Inverse ARP, n to mt dng nh x trong bng nh x Frame Relay gm DLCI cc b v a ch tng mng router xa. Ch ,DLCI l DLCI cc b, khng phi DLCI ca router xa. Mt trong 3 trng thi kt ni c th xut hin trong bng nh x Frame Relay. 6. Mi ln 60 giy, cc router gi Inverse ARP n tt c DLCI ang hot ng. Mi ln 10 giy, router trao i thng tin LMI vi switch (keepalive) 7. Router thay i trng thi ca mi DLCI l active, inactive, hoc deleted da trn LMI tr li r Frame Relay Switch. VI. Cu trc khung ca Frame relay

1. Cu trc chung.

Hnh 11 : Cu trc khung ca Frame relay. Cu trc khung ca Frame Relay (Hnh v 11) hon ton tng t nh X25 ch khc l khung ny c trng a ch A di hn (2byte) v khng c trng lnh C v Frame relay khng c th tc hi p. Tuy nhin trn thc t khng c mt cuc ni no hon ho ti mc tuyt i, thu pht khng c mt li nh, v vy vn phi cn ti trng FCS phn tch c cc Frame c li cng nh theo di c s th t ca chng.

Cu trc ca mt khung c cc phn sau: 1 byte dnh cho c F (flag) dn u. 2 byte a ch A (adress) bit khung chuyn ti u . Trng I (Information)dnh cho d liu thng tin c nhiu byte . 2 byte cho vic kim tra khung - FCS (Frame Check Sequence) phn tch v bit c cc gi thiu, , ng, sai trn c s tr li cho pha pht bit. V cui cng l 1 byte c F kt thc.

Nh vy cu trc khung ca Frame Relay v gi X25 c bn ging nhau u c c i trc m ng v kt thc bo v cho d liu thng tin i gia. 2. Chi tit ca mt khung (Hnh v 12)

Hnh v 12. Chi tit cu trc khung Frame relay

1) Byte th nht v byte cui cng: Flag - c lun c gi tr 01111110. Th hin theo m Hexal l 7E. 2) 2 byte tip dnh cho a ch ( Header ca Frame Relay) Trong .

Hnh 13 Cu trc header ca Frame Relay a/ Byte th 2 bao gm: * Bit 0 - EA: Extended Address. Khi khch hng dng nhiu cn m rng thm a ch c ngha l tng s DLCI th dng bit m rng a ch EA. Bnh thng nh hnh v 4 gii thiu y th gi tr EA ca byte 2 l 0 v EA ca byte 3 l 1. Nu m rng nh hnh v 13 th EA s l 0, 0, 1 theo th t trn xung. * Bit 1 - C/R - Command/ respond. Bit ny dng hi v p, nhng mng Frame Relay khng dng m ch dnh cho cc thit b u cui (FRAD) s dng mi khi cn trao i thng tin cho nhau, Bit C/R do FRAD t gi tr v c gi nguyn khi truyn qua mng. * T bit 2 n bit 7 - DLCI byte th 2 c 6 bit v byte th 3 c 4 bit tng cng 10 bit nhn dng ng ni data ni cch khc l a ch ni nhn, 10 bit c th nhn dng ti 1024 a ch. Khi cc ng kt ni o DLCI pht trin thm chng ta c th dng 3 byte a ch nh hnh v 14, lc ny s c 16 bit a ch tng ng 65536 a ch. Tng t chng ta c th dng 4 byte a ch.

Hnh v 14. Trng hp m rng 3 byte a ch. b/Byte th 3. * Bit 1 - bit EA ( trnh by trong phn trn) * Bit 2 - bit DE. Bt nh du cc Frame m mng li, thit b c quyn loi b n nu nh nghn ca mng cao. Mng li hoc FRAD s t bit DE = 1 cho cc Frame pht i vi tc cao hn tc khch hng ng k (CIR) m mng phi cam kt m bo. Tuy nhin cc khung Frame ny vn c chuyn i bnh thng ti ngi nhn nu nghn mng thp, nhng nu nghn mng cao th nhng Frame c DE = 1 ny s b loi b trc tin. Bnh thng bit DE = 0. (Hnh v 6).

Hnh v 15 : Minh ho cho bit DE Bc: (Committed Burst Size): L s lng d liu data ti a mng li chp nhn truyn i trong cc khong thi gian Tc . Tc: (Committed Rate Measurement Interval): Tc = Bc/CIR l khong thi gian m FRAD cho php gi Bc v thm ch c Be. Be: (Exess Burst Size): L s lng d liu data ti a m mng khng m bo truyn tt nhng vn truyn th xem. * Bit 3 - Bit BECN v Bit 4 - Bit FECN. Hai bit ny do mng li t cho tng cuc ni mt (Tng DLCI) bo cho cc FRAD bit iu hnh thng lng. Khi b nghn cc bit ny c t = 1 theo 4 trng hp sau y trn c s ca hnh v 7.

* Bit 5 n bit 8 - Dnh cho DLCI. 3) Trng thng tin I Trng thng tin ca mt Frame c th thay i di nhng u cha hai loi thng tin chnh l thng tin d liu ca ngi dng (Application Data hay User Data ) v thng tin v giao thc tng lp s dng PCI (Protocol Control Information) thng bo cho lp tng ng ca bn nhn bit. Hnh v 16

Hnh v 16 : Trng thng tin I trong cu trc khung . 4) Hai Byte kim tra khung - FCS (Frame Check Sequence). Hai byte 16 bit kim tra khung (FCS) i st vi trng thng tin phn user data thc cht l kt qu ca kim tra d theo chu k - CRC (Cyclic Redundacy Check). CRC ni chung l mt gi tr c tnh ton theo mt phng php ring ph thuc vo tng s byte ca mt khi d liu (Block of data), gi tr ny s c bn pht gi sang bn pha thu, bn thu cng m li v so snh vi gi tr bn pht gi sang, nu hai gi tr nh nhau c ngha l d liu truyn i tt, nu khc nhau l c li. i vi Frame relay CRC kim tra t bit th nht ca trng a ch cho ti bit cui cng trng thng tin. FCS c FRAD pht m v FRAD u thu m li (Cc FRND cng m) nh hnh v 17. Pht hin FCS sai u th Frame b hu ti .

Hnh v 17: Kim tra li cc khung gi i bng FCS.

VII.

nh gi khi dng k ni Frame Relay

Hin nay nhu cu kt ni WAN c t ra v bin i theo tng ngy, c rt nhiu cng ngh c a ra tho lun v th nghim xy dng nn tng mng li cung cp cc dch v truyn s liu cho quc gia. Theo xu th chung, tt c cc dch v thoi v phi thoi dn dn s tin ti c s dng trn nn ca mng thng tin bng rng tch hp IBCN (Integrated Broadband Communacation Network). Trn c s mng IBCN, ngoi cc dch v truyn thng v thoi v truyn s liu cn c th cung cp rt nhiu dch v lin quan ti hnh nh ng v dch v t xa nh: truyn hnh cht lng cao, hi tho truyn hnh, th vin in t, o to t xa, knh video theo yu cu (video on demand),...Qu trnh tin ti mng IBCN hin ti c th xem nh c hai con ng: Hng th nht l t cc mng in thoi tin ti xy dng mng s a dch v tch hp ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) ri tin ti BISDN hay IBCN. Hng th hai l t cc mng phi thoi tc l cc mng truyn s liu tin ti xy dng cc mng chuyn khung (Frame-Relay) ri mng truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) lm nn tng cho IBCN. Cng ngh Frame-Relay vi nhng u im ca n nh l mt cng ngh s c ng dng trn mng truyn s liu ca Vit nam trong thi gian ti. Theo s liu ca din n Frame-Relay th nguyn nhn ngi dng chn Frame-Relay l: Kt ni LAN to LAN: 31% To mng truyn nh: 31% Tc cao: 29% Gi thnh hp l: 24% D dng, tin cy cao: 16% X l giao dch phn tn: 16% Hi tho video: 5%

R rng l cc ng dng trn Frame-Relay u s dng kh nng truyn s liu tc cao v cn n dch v bng tn rng c tnh n kh nng bng n lu lng (trafic bursty) m cc cng ngh c hn nh chuyn mch knh hay chuyn mch gi khng th to ra.