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Henry

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102



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1831


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.

103

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.
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107

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.Robert

1775
.
.

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.
1830

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108



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.

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Daguerre W. H. Fax
.
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Samuel F. B. Morse
.
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.1876 Guglielmo
Marconi .

109




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111

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113

.

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.

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.
1879

114

.

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1882
DC
.
Nikola Tesla Charles
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.
Charles Curtis 1903
5000

.
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115

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Tungsten Filament
.

.
1913
150 000 .
33

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1200 .
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.

116

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Edgar 1925
.

1931

100 .
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.

1953 .


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Pitts Burgh
.
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 1959

.
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1961
160
.
1964

.
1967 750000
.
1983

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1935

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1897
.

.
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diode .1904
Thomas Edison Fleming
.
1907 Lee de Forest
) . (Triode
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Russell ohl 1940

BELL

.
1947 Bell

walt H .

B rattain Jom Bardeen

William B .

Shockley .
.1956
1952 .

Texas instruments
transistor radio . 1954

Gordon Teal
1954
.

1959 1958 Jack

Kilby Robert Noyce

Fairchild Semiconductor
. integrated circuit 1958

120

 .
1959

. 1959
1962 steven hofstein ,
Frederic Heiman RCA
New Jersy /princeton
): (MOSFET
The metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor

. 1971

Intel

the

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60000 .
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IBM 1997


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. 1998

BELL

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121

1947

.


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122



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.

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.

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1913 X

.
123

 1900
. Kodak Brownie
150000 .
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Hot cathode X Ray Tube

. 1913
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.
1927 .
Paul Langevin
Constantin Chilowsky
1915

Hydrophone

.

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.

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.

1943

1946
.
Russel Morgan
Edward Chamberlain

John W. Coltman


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125

 Rosalind Franklin
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Max Perutz John

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Hal Anger

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.
Powell Richards Walter Tucker

Brookhaven 1960

Technetium
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. 1968

7
126

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Godfrey Hounsfield

Allan Cormack

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CAN Scan

.
1979 .

MRI 1972

.CAT
MRI
Felix Bloch Edward Purcell
1952 Poul Lauterbur
.Raymord Damadian

Gerd Binning
Heinrich Rohrer IBM
1981 .STM
1986 Cal Quate Christoph
Gerber AFM
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1986

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1987 )Echo- (EPI

Planar Imaging
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EPI Peter

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. 1990

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Albett Einstein
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Charles Townes Jamws Gordon

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1951
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Arthur Schawlow
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.
: Laser

(Light amplification by stimulated emissionof radiation

.
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 ) (William Bennett Donald

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Theodore Maiman
) ( Hughes Research Laboratoeies
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Hicks 1961
.

.
1961
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( ) Harles Koester
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 Herberst Kroemer 1963

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Newfoundland 1901
Cornwall
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john Ambrose Fleming

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1920 KADA .Pittsburg
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 Charles F. Jenkins

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. . 1927 1928
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(1919
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AM

. 1947 John Bardeen
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 Jack S-Kilby
Robert Noyce Fairchild Semiconductor
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1961

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.

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Inductors

George

) Campbell (AT & T

.
) Michael Pupin (

1904
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1904

1907
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1915 2500
130 000
.
1919 . 1920
AT & T
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1947 & AT

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.

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1948 :
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1949 AT & T
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1903 Willem Einthoven

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Charles Hufnagel 1951

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Paul M. Zoll
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John Mauchly
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1943 Colossus
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.
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John

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1974 Enthernet .1974
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Bill Gates Paul Allen
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 William Moggridge Laptop

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1962

Leonard Klein rock M. I.

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UNIX . 1972

Ray Tomlinson BBN

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Transmission Control Protocol .

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1979 DARPA

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1981 NCF
DARPA ARPANET

BBN

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TCP/IP .1983

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Sun .

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1915 Robert Goddard

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Wernher von Branun 1942

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1949

244

.

158

 1957
Sputnik
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184
98 .
1957
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1958

Explore 8 30 .
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Tiros 1960
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42
19 9200

Yuri Gagarin 1961

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1963
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55
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. 1926
43 .
10000
.

1877
Nicholas Joseph Cugnot
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Nicholaus Otto

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Daimler Gottlieb Karl Benz
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Henry Ford
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162

. 1901 C. I. Horock

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425
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William Durant 1908

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Ford Motor Company


163

 .

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Dodge 1914 .

1919
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.1922

power

steering system .1926

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Citroen 1934
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.
.
.
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164

 .1939
Karl Pabst Jeep 1940
360000 .
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.

1966
.
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