Lecture #2

A Tale of Two Technologies: WiMAX vs. LTE Dr. Kun Yang University of Essex, UK y
17th March 2009 @ NII
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Agenda

Wireless LAN (Local Area Networks) Wireless MAN: WiMAX Mobile Cellular Systems 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) Femto Cell and Mobility Q&A
Some slides here pay courtesy to J. He, & D. Hunter.
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IEEE 802 (LAN) vs OSI

IEEE 802 reference model Lower layers of OSI model Physical Media access control (MAC) Logical link control (LLC)

IEEE 802 11 IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.15 IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.21
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IEEE 802.11 Version Summary

Comparison: infrastructure vs. ad-hoc networks

infrastructure network AP AP wired network AP: Access Point

AP

ad-hoc ad hoc network

802.11 - Architecture of an infrastructure network

802.11 LAN STA1 BSS1 Access Point Portal 802.x LAN

Station (STA)
terminal with access mechanisms to the wireless medium and radio contact to the access point

Basic Service Set (BSS)

group of stations using the same radio frequency

Distribution System ESS BSS2 Access Point

Access Point
station integrated into the wireless LAN and the distribution system

Portal
bridge to other (wired) networks

Distribution System
STA2 802.11 LAN STA3

interconnection network to form one logical network (EES: Extended Service Set) based 6 on several BSS

802.11 - Architecture of an ad-hoc network

802.11 LAN

STA1 BSS1 STA3

Direct communication within a limited range g

Station (STA): terminal with access mechanisms to the wireless medium Basic Service Set (BSS): group of stations using the same radio frequency

STA2

BSS2 STA5 STA4 802.11 LAN

ETSI - HIPERLAN
ETSI standard
European standard, cf. GSM, DECT, ... Enhancement of local Networks and interworking with fixed networks integration of time-sensitive services from the early beginning

HIPERLAN family
one standard cannot satisfy all requirements
range, bandwidth, QoS support commercial constraints

HIPERLAN 1 standardized since 1996 higher layers medium access control layer channel access control layer physical layer HIPERLAN layers network layer data link layer physical layer OSI layers g logical link control layer medium access control layer physical layer IEEE 802.x layers
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802.11 - MAC layer I - DFWMAC

Traffic services
Asynchronous Data Service (mandatory)

exchange of data packets based on best-effort support of broadcast and multicast fb d d li

Time-Bounded Service (optional)

implemented using PCF (Point Coordination Function) Access methods

DFWMAC-DCF CSMA/CA (mandatory)

collision avoidance via randomized back-off mechanism minimum distance between consecutive packets ACK packet for acknowledgements (not for broadcasts)
DFWMAC-DCF w/ RTS/CTS (optional)

Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC avoids hidden terminal problem

DFWMAC- PCF (optional)

access point polls terminals according to a list

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802.11 - MAC layer II

Priorities
defined through different inter frame spaces (IFS) no guaranteed, hard priorities SIFS (Short Inter Frame Spacing) (Sh t I t F S i )

highest priority, for ACK, CTS, polling response

PIFS (PCF IFS)

medium priority, for time-bounded service using PCF

DIFS (DCF, Distributed Coordination Function IFS)

lowest priority, for asynchronous data service

DIFS DIFS PIFS SIFS

medium busy

contention

next frame t

direct access if medium is free DIFS

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802.11 - CSMA/CA access method I

DIFS DIFS contention window (randomized back-off mechanism) next frame t slot time

medium busy direct access if medium is free DIFS

station ready to send starts sensing the medium (Carrier Sense based on CCA, Clear Channel Assessment) if the medium is free for the duration of an Inter-Frame p (IFS), g( p Space ( ) the station can start sending (IFS depends on service type) if the medium is busy, the station has to wait for a free IFS, then the station must additionally wait a random back-off time (collision avoidance, multiple of slot-time) if another station occupies the medium during the back-off time of the station, the back-off timer stops (fairness)

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802.11 - competing stations - simple version

DIFS station1 station2 busy station3 station4 station5 t ti busy boe bor boe busy boe busy boe bor boe bor t medium not idle (frame, ack etc.) packet arrival at MAC boe elapsed backoff time bor residual backoff time
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DIFS boe boe bor busy

DIFS boe bor

DIFS boe busy

802.11 - CSMA/CA access method II

Sending unicast packets
station has to wait for DIFS before sending data receivers acknowledge at once ( g (after waiting for SIFS) if the g ) packet was received correctly (CRC) automatic retransmission of data packets in case of transmission errors
DIFS sender receiver other stations waiting time contention
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data SIFS ACK C DIFS data t

802.11 - DFWMAC
Sending unicast packets
station can send RTS with reservation parameter after waiting for DIFS (reservation determines amount of time the data packet needs the medium) acknowledgement via CTS after SIFS by receiver (if ready to receive) sender can now send data at once, acknowledgement via ACK other stations store medium reservations distributed via RTS and CTS
DIFS sender receiver RTS SIFS CTS SIFS data SIFS ACK

other stations

NAV (RTS) NAV (CTS) defer access

DIFS

data t

contention
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Fragmentation

DIFS sender receiver

RTS SIFS CTS SIFS

frag f 1 SIFS ACK1 SIFS

frag f 2 SIFS ACK2

NAV (RTS) NAV (CTS) other stations NAV (frag1) NAV (ACK1) DIFS contention data t

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DFWMAC-PCF I
t0 t1 medium b di busy PIFS point coordinator wireless stations stations NAV SuperFrame SIFS SIFS U1 NAV SIFS SIFS U2

D1

D2

At the beginning of the contention-free period, the AP transmits a beacon frame (not shown above see later)
This announces the maximum duration of the contention-free period All stations use this duration to set their NAVs

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DFWMAC-PCF II

t2 D3 PIFS D4 SIFS U4 NAV contention free period SIFS CFend

t3

t4

point coordinator wireless stations stations NAV

contention period

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802.11 - Frame format

Types
control frames, management frames, data frames

Sequence numbers q
important against duplicated frames due to lost ACKs

Addresses
receiver, transmitter (physical), BSS identifier, sender (logical)

Miscellaneous
sending time, checksum, frame control, data
bytes 2 Frame Control 2 6 6 6 2 6 Duration Address Address Address Sequence Address ID 1 2 3 Control 4 version, type, fragmentation, security, ... 0-2312 Data 4 CRC

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MAC address format

scenario ad-hoc network infrastructure i f t t network, from AP infrastructure network, to AP infrastructure network, within DS to DS from DS 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 address 1 address 2 address 3 address 4 DA DA BSSID RA SA BSSID SA TA BSSID SA DA DA SA

DS: Distribution System AP: Access Point DA: Destination Address SA: Source Address BSSID: Basic Service Set Identifier RA: Receiver Address TA: Transmitter Address

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802.11 - MAC management

Synchronization
try to find a LAN, try to stay within a LAN timer etc. i

Power management
sleep-mode without missing a message periodic sleep, frame buffering, traffic measurements

Association/Reassociation
integration into a LAN roaming, i.e. change networks by changing access points scanning, i.e. active search for a network

MIB - Management Information Base

managing, read, write
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A bit info on MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Networks) .

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MANET Introduction
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are basically peer-to-peer multihop mobile wireless networks that
have neither fixed communication infrastructure nor any base stations (BSs). (BSs)

Control is more complex due to its ad hoc nature and mobility.

Unlike the typical Internet, which has dedicated nodes for basic network operations such as authorization, routing, packet forwarding, and network management, all these functions should be performed by all MNs themselves in MANETs.

Efficient routing of packets is a primary MANET challenge. M N s MANETs use multihop rather t a s g e op routing to de ve u t op at e than single-hop out g deliver packets to their destination.

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Routing
Conventional networks typically rely on distance-vector or linkstate algorithms, which depend on periodic broadcast advertisements of all routers to keep routing tables up-to-date. In I some cases, MANETs also use th MANET l these algorithms, which ensure l ith hi h that the route to every host is always known. However, this approach presents several problems:
periodically updating the network topology increases bandwidth overhead; repeatedly awakening hosts to receive and send information quickly exhausts batteries; the propagation of routing information, which depends on the information number of existing hosts, causes overloading, thereby reducing scalability; redundant routes accumulate needlessly; communication systems often cannot respond to dynamic changes in the network topology quickly enough.
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On-demand Routing Algorithms

Rather than relying on periodical broadcasts of p g available routes, called proactive, a re-active algorithm discovers routes is needed. Because the route to every mobile node is not known at any given time, these algorithms must build and maintain routes. Two representative MANET re-active algorithms:
DSR: data source routing g AODV: ad-hoc distance vector

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Bluetooth
Why Bluetooth
1994 Ericsson study on a wireless technology to link mobile phones and accessories Lets replace all those ugly wires with a short range low data rate wireless system. Basically to standardise wireless keyboards and mice
And add a few more on the way

Main references:
IEEE Std 802.15.1, Information Technology Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Specific Requirements Part 15.1: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), 2002.
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Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a standard for wireless communications. Bluetooth is an infrastructure less short-range wireless system intended to replace the cable between electronic d d l h bl b l user terminals with RF links. The devices can also be used for communications between portable computers, act as bridges between other networks, or serve as nodes of ad hoc networks. This range of applications is known as wireless personal area network (WPAN). Bluetooth devices use the 2.4 GHz band, which is unlicensed in most countries.
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Piconet
The Bluetooth topology is a star network where a master node can have up to seven slave nodes wirelessly connected to it to form a piconet. Piconet i the simplest configuration of a Bluetooth network. Pi t is th i l t fi ti f Bl t th t k Each piconet uses a centrally assigned time-division multiple access (TDMA) schedule and frequency hopping pattern. Transmission power is typically around 20 dBm and the transmission range is on the order of tens of meters.

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Scatternet
Piconets may be connected together, thus forming a scatternet. A scatternet supports multihop.
i.e., two nodes can communicate with each other even if there is no direct connection between them by using other nodes as relays relays.

Two piconets can communicate by means of a common node belonging to both of them. A node can be a master in one piconet at most and a slave in several others.

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14

Bluetooth vs. IEEE 802.11 (1)

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Bluetooth vs. IEEE 802.11 (2)

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Agenda

Wireless LAN (Local Area Networks) Wireless MAN: WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)
WiMAX PHY/MAC/QoS Features Comparison with IEEE 802.11

Mobile Cellular Systems 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) Femto Cell and Mobility Q&A
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IEEE 802.16
WiMAX is the commercialization of the IEEE 802.16 standard,
Started at the National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST) in 1998 and then transferred to the IEEE to form Working Group 802.16. In June 2004, the working group won approval for the l h k lf h latest 802.16 standard for fixed wireless access, known as IEEE 802.16-2004. In December 2005, an extension that addresses mobility also won approval as IEEE 802.16e-2005.

Specifies the air interface, including the medium access control layer (MAC) and physical layer (PHY), of fixed point-to-multipoint (PMP) and Mesh broadband wireless access systems providing multiple services. services The standard includes a particular physical layer specification broadly applicable to systems operating between 10 and 66 GHz, and below 10GHz.

WiMAX: Worldwide Inter-operability for Microwave Access

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The WiMAX Forum

Comprises a group of industry leaders (Intel, AT&T, Samsung, Motorola, Cisco, and others), has closely supported and promoted the technology. The groups workforce is divided along multiple working groups that focus on technical, regulatory, and marketing aspects. Loads of live discussion about technical details of WiMAX and its simulation and implementation. High Performance Radio Metropolitan Area Network ( p (HiperMAN), the European Telecommunications Standards ) p Institutes MAN standard, share the same physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layer specifications.

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Standard History
FirststandardbasedonproprietaryimplementationsofDOCSIS/HFC architectureinwirelessdomain
802.16 (Dec 2001) 802.16c (2002)

OriginalfixedwirelessbroadbandairInterfacefor10 66 GHz:Line of sightonly,Point to Multi Pointapplications GHz: Lineofsight only, PointtoMultiPoint applications 802.16AmendmentWiMAX SystemProfiles10 66GHz, lineofsight Extensionfor211GHz:Targetedfornonlineofsight, PointtoMultiPointapplicationslikelastmile broadbandaccess

802.16a (Jan 2003)

802.16d (802.16-2004) (Oct 2004) 802.16e (802.16-2005) (Dec 2005)

AddsWiMAX SystemProfilesandErratafor211GHz

MAC/PHYEnhancementstosupportsubscribers movingatvehicularspeeds
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Other versions
802.16f-2005 Management Information Base (MIB) 802.16g-2007 Management Plane Procedures and Services 802.16k-2007 802 16k 2007 Bridging of 802.16 (an amendment to 802.1D) 802 16 802 1D) 802.16h Improved Coexistence Mechanisms for License-Exempt Operation 802.16i Mobile Management Information Base 802.16j Multihop Relay Specification 802.16Rev2 Consolidate 802.16-2004, 802.16e, 802.16f, 802.16g and possibly 802.16i into a new document. 802.16m Advanced Air Interface. Data rates of 100 Mbit/s for mobile applications and 1 Gbit/s for fixed applications.

Source: wikipedia
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Services
Deliver both fixed and mobile wireless broadband services Two forms of wireless service:
Desirable Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) service
Small antenna 2 11 GHz Up to 8 km radius (cell phone zone)

Line-of-sight (LOS)
Fixed antenna; strong and stable connection 10 66 GHz Up to 50 km radius

Applications
Broadband B db d on-demand d d
Fast deployment of WLAN hotspots

Residential broadband
Hard competition with DSL, cable and fiber

Cellular Backhaul Underserved areas Emergency communication systems

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Reference Model

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Protocol Stack
Upper Layers

Service specific convergence sublayer MAC sublayer common part Security sublayer Transmission convergence sublayer Physical medium dependent sublayer
(QPSK | QAM-16 | QAM-64) Physical Layer Data Link Layer

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PHY Considerations
Broadband channels
Wide channels (20, 25, or 28 MHz) ( ) High capacity Downlink AND Uplink

Multiple access
TDM/TDMA High rate burst modems

Adaptive burst profiles on uplink and downlink Duplex scheme

Time-Division Duplex (TDD) Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD) [including Burst FDD]

Support for half-duplex terminals (cheaper)

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Adaptive PHY

Channel Width (MHz) 20 25 28

Symbol Rate (Msym/s) (M /) 16 20 22.4

Bitrate (Mbit/s) QPSK 32 40 44.8 16QAM 64 80 89.6 64-QAM 96 120 134.4

Num. of PSs (Phy. slots) (1ms frame) 4000 5000 5600

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Adaptive Burst Profiles

Burst profile
Set of parameters that describe the uplink or downlink transmission properties associated with an interval usage code (IUC) Each profile contains parameters such as modulation type, forward error correction (FEC) type, preamble length, guard time, etc.

Dynamically assigned according to link conditions

Burst by burst, per subscriber station Trade-off between capacity vs. robustness in real time p y

Burst profile for downlink broadcast channel is well known

All other burst profiles could be configured on the fly

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TDD Frame

Frameduration:1msPhysicalSlot(PS)=4symbols
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TDD Downlink Subframe

DIUC: Downlink Interval Usage Code TTG: Transmit Transition Gap

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Burst FDD Frame

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FDD Downlink Subframe

TDMA portion: transmits data to some half-duplex SSs (the ones scheduled to transmit earlier in the frame than they receive). Need preamble to resync (carrier phase)

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Typical Uplink Subframe (TDD or FDD)

SSTG : Subscriber Station Transition Gap UIUC: Uplink Interval Usage Code

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Air Interfaces Specifications

Designation
WirelessMAN-SC WirelessMAN-SCa

Applicability
10-66 GHz Licensed 2-11 GHz Licensed 2-11 GHz Licensed

MAC
Basic Basic, (ARQ), (STC), (AAS) Basic, (ARQ), (STC), (AAS)

Duplexing
TDD, FDD, HFDD TDD, FDD TDD, FDD

WirelessMANOFDM

2-11 GHz License- Basic, (ARQ), TDD exempt (STC), (DFS), (MSH), (AAS) 2-11 GHz Licensed Basic, (ARQ), (STC), (AAS) TDD, FDD

WirelessMANOFDMA

2-11 GHz License- Basic, (ARQ), TDD exempt (STC), (DFS), (MSH), (AAS)
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MAC Requirements
Provide Network Access Address the Wireless environment
e.g., very efficient use of spectrum

Broadband services
Very high bit rates, downlink and uplink A range of QoS requirements Convergence layers to ATM, IP, Ethernet, ...

Likelihood of terminal being shared

Base Station may be heavily loaded

Security Support PHY alternatives

Adaptive mod, TDD/FDD; single-carrier, OFDM/OFDMA, etc.
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MAC layer architecture

IP/Ethernet/VLAN ATM ATMconvergencesublayer (classify,connection,QoS, bandwidthallocation) Packetconvergencesublayer (classify,connection,QoS, bandwidthallocation)

MAC Layer

Basic Primary Secondary Otherconnects Traffic connection connection connection (Initialaccess connection (RLCandshort,(authentication, (DHCP,TFTP, Broadcast (data) Timecritical Connection SNMP..) Multicast) MACmsg) setup) Fragmentation Packing Grantmanagementsubheader Meshsubheader Management connections subheader subheader

Basic connection: TransmissionConvergencesublayer short, time-urgent msg Primary connection: Long, delay-tolerant msg 1066GHz PHY PHY 211GHz Secondary connection: Delay-tolerant standard-based msg

MAC(Genericorbandwidthrequest)Header(6bytes=48bits) MAC (G i b d idth t) H d (6 b t 48 bit )

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QoS Support
QoS support is critical for the support of commercial applications Defines 4+1 class of services, associated with connections f l f d h ref. next slide Scheduling Services Parameters
Maximum sustained traffic rate Minimum reserved traffic rate Maximum latency Tolerated jitter Traffic priority Request/transmission policy

Bandwidth request and grant mechanisms

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Classes of Service
Unsolicited Grant Services (UGS)
for constant bit-rate (CBR) or CBR-like service flows (SFs), e.g. T1/E1

Real-time Polling Services (rtPS)

for rt-VBR-like SFs such as MPEG video

Non-real-time Polling Services (nrtPS)

for nrt SFs with better than best effort service such as bandwidthintensive file transfer

Best Eff t B t Effort (BE)

for best-effort traffic

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Mandatory QoS service flow parameters

Maximum sustained traffic rate (MSTR) Minimum reserved traffic rate (MRTR) Maximum latency (ML) Tolerated jitter (TJ) Traffic priority (TP) Request/transmission policy (RTP)
Service MSTR UGS rtPS nrtPs BE Yes Yes Yes No MRTR Optional Yes Yes No ML Yes Yes No No TJ Yes No No No TP No No Yes Yes RTP Yes Yes Yes Yes
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Bandwidth Request and Allocation

SSs make bandwidth requests to the BS in many ways:
Implicit requests (UGS): No actual messages, negotiated at p connection setup Send a standalone MAC message called BW request in an allready granted slot (allocated via polling service). Use the contention request opportunities interval, e.g., upon being polled by the BS (multicast or broadcast poll). Piggyback a BW request message on a data packet.

BS grants/allocates bandwidth in one of two modes:

Grant Per Subscriber Station (GPSS) Grant Per Connection (GPC)

Decision based on requested bandwidth and QoS requirements vs the available resources at BS. Grants are realized through the UL-MAP.
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Unicast Polling
BS allocates space for the SS in the uplink subframe (using ULPoll MAP) Request 2. SS uses the allocated space to send a bw request. Allocate Data 3. BS allocates the requested space for the SS if available (using UL( g MAP 4. SS uses allocated space to send scheduling data.
BS SS

1.

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Agenda

Wireless LAN (Local Area Networks) Wireless MAN: WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)
WiMAX PHY/MAC Features Comparison with IEEE 802.11

Mobile Cellular Systems 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) Femto cell and Mobility Q&A
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802.11 vs. 802.16: Spectrum

UNII

International Licensed

ISM

US Licensed

International Japan Licensed Licensed

ISM

802.16 802 16 802.11

GHz

802.16a has both licensed and license-exempt options

ISM: Industrial, Scientific & Medical Band Unlicensed band U-NII: Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure Unlicensed band, by FCC, mainly for 802.11a. J. Orr of Proxim
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Channel Performance
Channel Bandwidth 802.11a 802.16a 20 MHz Maximum Data Rate 54 Mbps Maximum bps/Hz ~2.7 bps/Hz ~5.0 bps/Hz

10, 20 MHz; 1.75, 3.5, 7, 14 MHz; 63 Mbps 3, 6 MHz

Scalability: 802.11a 802 11 MAC d i designed to support 10s of users whereas dt t 10 f h 802.16 to support thousands of users

802.16 is designed for metropolitan performance

J. Orr of Proxim
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QoS
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.16a

Contention-based MAC Grant-request MAC q (CSMA/CA) => poor QoS mechanism is part of the performance under heavy load. standard No guaranteed QoS Designed to support Voice No differentiated service and Video on a per-user basis Supports 5 QoS differentiated service TDD only asymmetric levels 802.11e: QoS is i iti ti 802 11 Q S i prioritization TDD/FDD asymmetric only or symmetric AMC: Adaptive Modulation and Coding
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Range
802.11
Optimized for ~100 meters No near-far compensation

802.16a
Optimized for up to 50 Km Designed to handle many users spread out over kilometers Designed to tolerate greater multi-path delay spread up to 10.0 seconds, optimized for outdoor NLOS performance

Designed to handle indoor multi-path (delay spread of 0.8 seconds), optimized for indoor

Optimization centers around PHY and MAC layer for 100m range Range can be extended by increasing trans. Power - may be non-standard

PHY and MAC designed with multi-mile range d d i d ith lti il in mind

Standard MAC

802.16a is designed for distance

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IEEE 802.11 vs 802.16: Summary

802.11 and 802.16 both gain broader industry acceptance through conformance and interoperability by multiple vendors 802.16 complements 802.11 by creating a complete MAN-LAN solution
802.11 is mainly optimized for license-exempt LAN operation 802 16 i mainly optimized f 802.16 is i l ti i d for li licensed MAN d operation.

J. Orr of Proxim

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Agenda

Wireless LAN (Local Area Networks) Wireless MAN: WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)
Mobile Cellular Systems

3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) Femto cell and Mobility Q&A

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Motivation
Radio spectrum is very limited,
we have only 10-25MHz dedicated to wireless communication.

Such narrow b d d h allows 100-400 channels of h bandwidth ll h l f reasonable quality,

which is not rational and commercially not profitable to develop network for such small number of mobile subscribers.

Then the cellular idea: division of the whole geographical area to relatively small cells, and each cell may by ma reuse the same frequencies b reducing power of transmission. Each cell has its own antenna (base station), and all base stations are interconnected using microwave or cable communication.
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A bit of history
Once upon a time there was analog cellular communication
didnt support encryption, compression, and ISDN pp yp p compatibility; in addition each country (company) developed its own system, which was incompatible with everyone elses in equipment and operation.

So, in early 80s Europeans realized that pan-European public mobile system should be developed. The new system had to meet certain criteria:
Good subjective speech quality Low terminal and service cost International roaming ISDN compatibility Digital

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Cellular Network Organization

Areas divided into cells
Each cell served by its own base station consisting of transmitter, receiver, and control unit, Cells set up such that antennas of all neighbors are equidistant (hexagonal pattern)

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Frequency Reuse
Adjacent cells are assigned different frequencies to avoid interference or crosstalk Objective is to reuse f b frequency in nearby cells b ll
10 to 50 frequencies assigned to each cell Transmission power controlled to limit power at that frequency escaping to adjacent cells. The issue is to determine how many cells must intervene between two cells using the same frequency.

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Examples

N=4

N=7
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Frequency reuse
Reuse Distance (D): minimum distance between centres of cells that use the same band of frequencies (co-channels)

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Increasing Capacity
Adding new channels Frequency borrowing frequencies are taken from adjacent cells by congested cells d ll b d ll Cell splitting cells in areas of high usage can be split into smaller cells Cell sectoring cells are divided into a number of wedge-shaped sectors, each with their own set of channels. Directional Antennas must be used in this case. Microcells a decrease in cell size results in a reduction of the radiated power levels.

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Example: Microcells
Area: 213 km2 , Bandwidth: 336 channels per cluster, cells per cluster: N=7 If cell radius R=1.6 km, then 32 total cells , If cell radius R=0.6 km, then 128 cells
Total channel capacity is 48 x 32 = 1536 Total channel capacity is 48 x128 =6144 channels Number of channels per cell is 336/7=48

Total cells: 32

Total cells: 128

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Architecture of the GSM system

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country components
MS (mobile station) BS (base station) MSC (mobile switching center) LR (location register)

subsystems
RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover, switching OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network

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GSM: overview
OMC, EIR, AUC HLR NSS with OSS VLR MSC GMSC fixed network

VLR

MSC

BSC BSC RSS

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GSM: system architecture

radio subsystem MS MS ISDN PSTN Um BTS BTS Abis BSC EIR SS7 MSC network and switching subsystem fixed partner networks

HLR

BTS BTS BSS BSC A MSC IWF

VLR ISDN PSTN PSPDN CSPDN 72

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Agenda

Wireless LAN (Local Area Networks) Wireless MAN: WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) Mobile Cellular Systems
3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution)

Comparison and Mobility Q&A

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Cellular Networks: Generations

Once upon a time there was analog cellular communication 1st G 2nd Generation (2G): digital, early 80s, GSM 2.5G or GPRS: 140.8 kb/s in theory, 56 kb/s in practice 2.75G or E-GPRS or EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution): 180 kbps effective 3G:
UMTS using WCDMA supports 14Mbps in theory. 384 kbps, or 3.6 Mbps for HSDPA handsets;
O2, 3, Orange, AT&T, HK, Taiwan, etc. Different countries use diff. frequencies, thus diff. handsets

CDMA-2000: (2.5G+3G), e.g., China Unicom TD-SCDMA at China; to avoid patent fees

3.5G: UMTS is being upgraded to High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA): up to 7.2 Mb/s. 3.99G/4G: the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) project plans to move UMTS to 4G: 100 Mb/s downlink and 50 Mb/s uplink, using OFDM.
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3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project

Established in Dec. 1998, 3GPP is a collaboration between groups of telco associations from across the g p world, such as ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC (Japan), China, North America, South Korea, etc. Its aim it to make a globally applicable 3G mobile phone system specification within the scope of the ITUs International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)2000 project. It evolves current GSM systems. Note: different from 3GPP2, which is another 3G technology based on IS-95 (CDMA), commonly known as CDMA2000.
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Standard Releases
Version Release 98 Release 99 Release 4 Release 5 Release 6 Release 7 Release 8 Release 9 Release 10 Released at 1998 2000 Q1 2001 Q2 2002 Q1 2004 Q4 2007 Q4 Mar. 2009 Dec. 2009 In progress Description This and earlier releases specify p p y pre-3G GSM networks Specified the first UMTS 3G networks, incorporating a CDMA air interface Added features including an all-IP Core Network Introduced IMS and HSDPA Integrated operation with Wireless LAN networks Performance improvement LTE, All-IP Network (SAE). SAES Enhancements, Wimax and LTE/UMTS Interoperability LTE Advanced
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From wikipedia

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LTE-advanced Proposals
Various concepts for Relay Nodes UE Dual TX antenna solutions for SU-MIMO and diversity MIMO Scalable system bandwidth exceeding 20 MHz, Potentially up to MHz 100MHz Local area optimization of air interface Nomadic / Local Area network and mobility solutions Flexible Spectrum Usage Cognitive Radio Automatic and autonomous network configuration and operation g p Enhanced precoding and forward error correction Interference management and suppression Asymmetric bandwidth assignment for FDD Hybrid OFDMA and SC-FDMA in uplink UL/DL inter eNB coordinated MIMO
From wikipedia

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LTE vs WiMAX: Air interface

LTE Duplexing method MIMO mode System Bandwidth Modulation FFT Downlink Access Uplink Access Frame Length FDD and TDD but b FDD focus f Diversity/SM/CSM Scalable: 1.25 ~ 20 MHz 64QAM/16QAM/QPSK 128 ~ 2048 points OFDMA SC-FDMA 0.5ms WiMAX TDD primary profile but FDD specified too ifi d Diversity/SM/CSM Scalable: 3.5 ~ 10 (20) MHz 64QAM/16QAM/QPSK 128 ~ 1024 (2048) points OFDMA OFDMA 5 ms

Source: D. Pulley of Picochip

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Less obvious at first glance

Mobile WiMAX 20MHz is coming! LTE has two TDD modes with different frame structures:
pressure is on to reduce on a single one TDSCDMA successor mode TDSCDMA mode this may pre-empt natural selection and resultant could go head to head with WiMAX TDD profile

SC-FDMA in the Uplink?

WiMAX OFDMA has a peak-mean ratio of approx 10dB LTE SC-FDMA has lower peak-mean ratio: approx 5dB LTE terminal battery life should be better

High speed packet data rate claims:

regardless of air interface, divide the theory or marketing by 3 for deployable peak base station throughputs for wide area coverage

Source: D. Pulley of Picochip

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Over the next 5 years

HSPA builds on existing 2G/3G deployments, licenses and roaming, and will account for majority of mobile wireless networks Mobile WiMAX can capture niche market dependent on spectrum availability, proof of performance (Sprint-Nextel) Initial coverage limited deployments give HSPA advantage in CAPEX and OPEX and therefore capital required for launch and NPV Lower cost of equipment will not be significant factor Important to consider other areas such as mobility, latency, services to be offered, revenue streams, and overall eco offered streams ecosystem

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Longer Term Perspective

Improvements in technology performance and resulting link budget (e.g. 802.16m) can give advantage to WiMAX particularly for Greenfield operators but LTE will have advantage of 3GPP heritage h i Later capacity limited scenarios are more favourable to mobile WiMAX and LTE mainly in urban areas but greater competition from e.g. WiFi hotspots 3GPP and 3GPP2 networks migrate towards OFDMA technology (e.g. LTE, CDMA Rev. C) This may lead to further market consolidation, depending on speed of LTE/Rev. C and success of current mobile WiMAX d f LTE/R d f bil deployments

Who will eventually win? Who knows!

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Comparison

WiMAX
Large Coverage Network Net o k Simplicity

WiFi
Broad Band

Full Mobility

Security

QoS

3G/HSDPA
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Wireless Technology Positioning

Mobility/Range
HighSpeed

Vehicle

Vehicular Rural Vehicular Urban

FlashOFDM GSM GPRS WiMAXwith UMTS EDGE DECT

Bluetooth

limitedmobility HSDPA
IEEE 802.16e

W Walk

Pedestrian Nomadic Fixedurban

Fixed

Indoor PersonalArea

WLAN (IEEE802.11x)

IEEE 802.16d

Datarates Mbps 100 Capacity

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0.1

10

Agenda

Wireless LAN (Local Area Networks) Wireless MAN: WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) Mobile Cellular Systems 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Femto cell and Mobility

Q&A

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Smartphones
Windows Mobile Based: 12% of the market, supports UMTS, WiFi. Symbian Based: 65% of the market, Nokia, Sony Ericsson, support 3G. RIM OS Based: 11% of the market, Blackberry (not currently 3G capable to save battery, with the small exception) Mac OS-like iPhone-OS Based: 7% of the market OS like iPhone OS market. Apple's iPhone (using EDGE)

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Femto Cell
Also called Access Point Base Station No dual-mode handset needed, existing handset is fine. A femto cell is a small cellular base station, typically for indoors, especially where access would otherwise be limited or unavailable. The femtocell incorporates the functionality of a typical base station but extends it to allow a simpler, self contained deployment Although much attention is focussed on UMTS, the concept is applicable to other network technologies, such as GSM, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX. Attractions to mobile operators: to improve both coverage and p p g capacity, especially indoors.
There may also be opportunity for new services and reduced cost.

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Femto Cell Network Arch.

FemtoCellBS

MacroCellBS

BroadbandRouter

MacroNetwork

Internet

Tunnel MobileOperator CoreNetwork

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Example Scenario

Nation Wide Network (Cellular) Home Network (WiFi)

City Wide Network (WiMAX)

Office Network (Multiple WiFis) WiFis)

Switch automatically and seamlessly from one network to another

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Contact, Q&A
Dr Kun Yang School of Comp. Science & Electronic Engineering (CSEE), University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK Email: kunyang@essex.ac.uk http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~kunyang/

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