MT S CNG NGH MI TRONG CHN TO V NHN GING GP PHN

THC Y SN XUT
LC V U TNG VIT NAM
(Trong khun kh h thng ging Quc gia 2000 - 2002)
TS. VS. Trn nh Long
Vin Khoa hc K
thut Nng nghip Vit Nam

Lc v u tng l cy cng nghip , cy thc phm ngn ngy c gi tr dinh dng

cao c dng lm thc phm cho ngi v thc n cho chn nui, ng thi cn l cy
ci to t tt v l mt hng nng sn sut khu quan trng em li li nhun cao. Chnh
v vy cy lc v u tng ang l mt trong 10 chng trnh u tin pht trin ca
nc ta.
T nm 1990 tr li y din tch, nng sut, sn lng lc v u tng khng
ngng tng ln. i vi cy lc din tch tng t 201.400 ha nm 1990 ln 243.900 nm
2000 (21,1%), nng sut tng 37,1% v sn lng tng 65,6%; i vi cy u tng
din tch tng 11,2%, nng sut tng 46,8% v sn lng tng 63,9%.
C c s tng trng nhy vt v nng sut l nh vo nhng ng gp tch cc ca
cng tc ging v cc ch trng chnh sch h tr sn xut ca Trung ng v a
phng, thc tip thu tin b k thut ca ng o b con nng dn.
V cy lc:
1. Cng ngh mi trong chn to ging:
- Nhp cng ngh t nc ngoi (nhp ni ging)
Nhp cng ngh tin tin t nc ngoi ci tin, p dng phc v pht trin sn xut,
i sng x hi ang l mt trong nhng vn m c ng v Nh nc quan tm
khuyn khch. Xut pht t quan im trn, trong thi gian qua trong khun kh chng
trnh u Quc gia nhp ni hng nghn mu ging vi cc c tnh qu, trong c
nhng ging c bit xut sc nh: Nng sut cao (L14, L15, L02, LVT); Ging c thi
gian sinh trng ngn (Chico, JL24, L05,); Ging c cht lng xut khu cao (L08),
Ging khng bnh ho xanh vi khun (MD7,); ging khng bnh l cao (ICGV87157,
ICGV 87314).
Mt s ging nhp ni gp phn quan trng trong cng tc ci tin ging trong nc.
Mt s ging khc c tuyn chn trc tip v hin nay ang pht trin rng ngoi
sn xut trn qui m hng vn ha nh: L.02, L14, LVT, L05, MD7 Hin ti cc ging
nhp t Trung Quc t ra c nhiu u im ni bt nh nng sut cao, kh nng chu
thm canh cao v chng chu su bnh kh.
Bng 1. Mt s ging lc nhp ni ang c sn xut pht trin
Tn
ging
L02
LVT
L05
MD7
L14
L08
L18

Mc cho php

TGST (ngy)

Ging Quc Gia 1998

Ging Quc Gia 1997
Khu vc ha 2000
Khu vc ha 2000
Khu vc ha 2001
Kho nghim Quc Gia
Kho nghim Quc Gia

125 - 135
120 - 125
105 - 110
120 - 125
120 - 125
120 - 135
125 - 130

Nng sut
(t/ha)
30 - 50
30 - 35
25 - 30
30 - 35
40 - 50
25 - 30
55 - 70

T l nhn
(%)
68 - 72
70 - 72
76 - 78
70 - 73
70 - 73
73 - 75
69 - 71

KL. 100 ht
(g)
60 - 65
50 - 55
50 - 55
55 - 60
60 - 65
65 - 70
65 - 70

- Lai to v t bin:
T nhng ngun vt liu nhp ni, nhiu ging mi c ci tin thng qua vic lai to
v t bin nh:
+ Lai hu tnh:
Ging lc L.03 l sn phm c chn to t t hp lai gia Sen Ngh An/ICGV 87157
cho nng sut cao t 30 - 35 t/ha, Khi lng ht 50 - 55 g/100 ht, cht lng xut
khu tt, khng bnh l cao hn hn ging a phng Sen ngh An. Ging c khu
vc ha nm 2000 v hin nay pht trin tt Thi Nguyn, Thanh Ha, H Ty
Ging lc L12: c chn to t t hp lai gia V79/ ICGV87157. Ging L12 c nhiu
u im c ci tin nh qu to, v mng, nng sut cao t 35 - 45 t/ha. Ging c
kh nng chu hn kh, thch hp cho vng nc tri. Hin nay ging v ang c
pht trin trn qui m hng 100 ha cc tnh H Tnh, Ngh An, Thanh Ha, Ninh Bnh,
Ph Th, H Ty
Ging lc L19: L sn phm ca t hp lai gia L15/ V79 c nhiu trin vng nh: nng
sut cao t 45 - 50 t/ha, v mng nh V79, khi lng ht 60-65 g/100ht, mu v la
p, t l nhn cao, khng bnh l kh. Ging c kh nng m rng cho vng nc tri.
Ging Lc VD5: Sn phm cng ngh ca t hp lai ICGV88396/USA54 cho nng sut
cao t 30 - 35 t/ha, thch hp cho cc tnh pha Nam.
+ t bin:
Ging V79 t bin t Bch Sa. Ging cho nng sut kh 20 - 25 t/ha, t l ht/qu cao
73 - 76%, chu hn tt, thch hp cho cc vng t kh khn. Hin nay, ging pht trin tt
cc tnh thuc Duyn Hi Min Trung (Thanh Ha, Ngh An, H Tnh, Tha Thin Hu).
Ging 4329: t bin t Hoa-17. Ging pht trin tt cc tnh Thanh Ha, H Ty,
nng sut kh 25 - 30 t/ha.
Ging 332: t bin t Sen Lai. Ging c u im v mng, thch hp cho vng ng
Bng Sng Hng, nng sut t t 25 - 30 t/ha.
2. Qui trnh k thut trng lc v Thu - ng lm ging
* Ging: Hin nay, cc ging L14, MD7, L05, LVT, L02, L08 c nng sut cao cn c
nhn ging trong v Thu - ng p ng nhu cu sn xut i tr. Ging phi c
thun cao.
* Chn t: Lc Thu - ng trng c trn cc chn t c thnh phn c gii nh d
ti tiu nc, trong cc cng thc lun canh cy trng nh:
Lc Xun - La ma cc sm - Lc Thu ng hoc La Xun - u tng H - Lc Thu
ng/Ng i vi t 2 mu + 1 la;
La Xun - La ma sm - Lc Thu ng/Ng, i vi t 2 la + 1 mu.
Lc Xun - Vng/u xanh - Lc Thu ng/ khoai lang i vi t ct ven bin.
Ng/lc Xun - Ngp nc - Ng/lc Thu ng.
* Lm t:
Cy su, ba nh ti xp v nht sch c di trc khi rch hng.
* Thi v gieo: T 25/8- 15/9.
* Phn bn: m urea 50 - 60 kg/ha + Ln super 400 - 450 kg/ha + Kali 100 - 120 kg/ha
+ Vi bt 400 - 500 kg/ha + Phn chung 5 - 10 tn/ha.
* Lng ging cn cho 1 ha:
Trc khi gieo nn kim tra li sc ny mm. Nu ht c t l ny mm t trn 85% th
lng ging cn 220 kg lc v/ha. Mun m bo mt cy, sau khi bc v chn ht c
kch c ng u, sch bnh gieo.
* Kch thc lung v mt trng:
Kch thc lung v mt gieo phi tun th theo qui trnh hng dn nu khng s
khng ph hp vi kch c ni lng sn xut. Hin nay chng ti thng khuyn co
nn s dng loi ni lng c ng knh ng rng 60 cm cho mt lung rng 1m v ng
knh ng 35 cm cho mt lung rng 50 - 55 cm. dy ni lng t 0,007 - 0,01mm (m
bo 1kg ni lng c th ph c 100 m2. t rung d b ngp ng hoc c th ch ng
ti khi hn cn ln lung rng 80 - 85 cm c rnh), rnh cao 20 - 25 cm, m bo mt
lung rng 50 - 55 cm c chia thnh 2 hng dc theo chiu di lung. t bi ven sng
c th ln lung rng 1,3 m (c rnh), rnh cao 15 - 20 cm, m bo mt lung rng 1,0 m
c chia thnh 4 hng dc theo chiu di lung.
Bc 1. Sau khi ln lung rch hng su 10 - 15 cm.
Bc 2. Bn lt ton b lng phn chung, m, ln, kali vo hng rch sn, sau
lp phn v san phng mt lung.
Bc 3. Dng thuc tr c Achetochlor hoc Ronsta 50% (0,75 - 1,0 kg/ha) phun u
ln mt lung.

Bc 4. Dng cuc gt nh t hai bn mp lung ln sn v pha rnh ri ph

nilon cng phng trn mt lung sau dng cuc vt t rnh p nh vo hai bn
mp lung c nh nilon ng thi lm sch gn t rnh.
Bc 5. Sau khi ph nilon xong, mt lung 1m c chia thnh 4 hng dc theo chiu
di lung. i vi lung rng 50 - 55 cm chia thnh 2 hng cng dc theo chiu di
lung sau tin hnh c l nilon theo kch thc hc cch hc 20 cm, gieo 2
ht/hc su 3 - 4 cm v ph kn t.
Lc trng bng k thut che ph nilon khng cn xi xo, lm c nhng cng phi ch
chm sc t nng sut cao hn.
- - Nu thi tit kh hn cn ti nc vo rnh nc ngm u ri tho cn.
Ngoi m cn thit khi gieo ht, hai thi k cn ti l trc khi lc ra hoa (thi k
6 - 7 l) v thi k lm qu.
- - Phng tr su bng sumidicin 0,2% nu c.V thu - ng lc d nhim bnh n
en, g st nn ch phun phng bnh l bng dng thuc Daconil, Anvil, Bayleton
0,1 - 0,3% hoc c th dng Zinhep 0,2%, booc, Bavistin 0,2 - 0,3% phun ln mt
sau gieo 45 - 50 ngy v ln hai cch ln mt 15 ngy ngn nga bnh hi l lm
rng l sm gim nng chn ca lc.
- - Phng tr su bng sumidicin 0,2% khi cn thit.
* Thu hoch ch bin v bo qun ht ging:
m bo cht lng ht ging, cn thu hoch lc ng chn (khi qu gi t khong
80% tng s qu trn cy), trong iu kin m ng rung cao cn thu hoch vo giai
on lc chn sinh l (trc thu hoch 5 - 7 ngy so vi lc thng phm).
Sau khi nh, vt qu, ra sch, lc cn c phi hoc sy kh ngay, m bo m 10
- 12%. Ging cn c lm sch v bo qun ni kh ro.
V cy u tng:
1. Cng ngh mi trong chn to ging:
Trong 10 nm tr li y, c hng lot ging u tng c nhp t nc ngoi, thch nghi
tt trong iu kin Vit Nam. Mt s c chn to t cc t hp lai hu tnh v s l t
bin. C th phn chia thnh cc nhm ging chnh nh sau:
- Cc ging thch hp cho v Xun:
+ VX92 (m s K.6871) Thi gian sinh trng 90 - 95 ngy. Ging c hoa mu trng, ht
mu vng sng, khi lng 100 ht t 14-16 gam, nng sut trung bnh 18 - 22 t/ha.
Trong iu kin thm canh c th t 30 t/ha.
+ TL57 (T95/VX93): TGST 100 - 110 ngy, hoa trng, ht vng, khi lng 100 ht 15 16 gam, nng sut t 15 - 20 t/ha.
+ N-42 (H4/VX93): TGST 90 - 95 ngy, hoa tm, ht trn, vng sng, khi lng 100
ht 13 - 14 gam, nng sut t 14 - 16t/ha.
+ AK06 (chn t dng 55) TGST 93 - 95 ngy, hoa tm, ht c mu vng sng, khi lng
100 ht 16 - 18 gam, nng sut t 25 - 30 t/ha.
+ T2000 (nghp t i Loan). TGST 100 - 110 ngy, l ging thm canh, hoa tm, cy to
cung, t , nhiu t (18 - 22 t/cy), s qu 3 ht chim ti 30%, khi lng 100 ht
14 - 15 gam, nng sut t 30 - 35 t/ha Trong iu kin thm canh c th t 40 t/ha.
- B ging thch hp cho v h:
+ M103 (t bin t V70): TGST 85 ngy, hoa tm, ht sng vng, khi lng 100 ht 18
- 20 gam, nng sut t 17 - 20 t/ha. Trong iu kin thm canh c th t 30 t/ha. Ch
: nu giai on 5 l, tin hnh ngt ngn s cho nng sut cao.
+ DT84 (t bin t dng lai 8-33): TGST 80 - 85 ngy, hoa tm, ht sng vng, khi
2
lng 100 ht 18 - 22 gam. Vi mt 25 - 30 cy/m tim nng nng sut t 15 - 30
t/ha.
+ T93 ( dng 821/ 134 Nht bn). TGST 80 - 82 ngy, hoa tm, qu khi chn c mu
vng, c t 9 - 10 t, khi lng 100 ht 13 - 14 gam. C th trng trong v h gia hai
v la, nng nng sut t 15 - 18 t/ha.
+ T12 (Nhp ni t Trung Quc): L ging cc ngn: V H t 71 - 71 ngy, rt thch
hp trong v H gia 2 v la. C hoa mu trng, l hnh tim nhn, ht vng, rn nu, qu
chn c mu nu xm. V ht mu vng sng, t l qu 3 ht cao t 20 - 40%. Khi lng
100 ht 17 - 19 gam, nng sut t 17 - 20 t/ha. Trong iu kin thm canh c th t 23
t/ha. c bit tt nht trong v H, c th trng Xun mun v v Thu ng.
- B ging cho v Thu ng:
+ VX93: M s K.7002): C hoa mu trng, TGST 85 - 90 ngy, phn cnh kho, qu khi
chn c mu nu. Ht vng sng, khi lng 100 ht 15 - 16 gam, nng sut t t 16 20 t/ha. Trong iu kin thm canh t 25 t/ha. y l ging c kh nng chu rt, thch

hp cho v Thu ng ng Bng Bc B, thch hop v H cc tnh min ni nh:

Trng Khnh, Cao Bng.
+ AK05 (Chn t dng G-2261) C hoa mu trng, TGST 90 - 95 ngy, cy cao 40 - 45
2
cm, vi mt 40 - 45 cy/m , khi lng 100 ht t t 13 - 15 gam, nng sut t t 16
- 23 t/ha.
+ DT95 (t bin t AK04): TGST 90-97 ngy, cy cao 55 - 65 cm, Ht c mu vng sng
rn nu en, khi lng 100 ht t t 15 - 16 gam, chng trung bnh c kh nng chu
lnh, nng sut bin ng t 15 - 30 t/ha.
+ D96-02 (T74/T92): TGST 95 - 110 ngy, cy cao 65 cm, c hoa mu tm, l mu
xanh m, ht c mu vng nht, khi lng 100 ht t t 15 - 18 gam, chng trung
bnh c kh nng chu lnh, nng sut bin ng t 15 - 18 t/ha.
+ T21 (nhp ni t Australia): TGST 95 - 100 ngy, c hoa mu tm, l mu xanh m,
nhiu qu/cy, 18 - 45 qu, t l qu 3 ht cao, ht mu vng, khi lng 100 ht t t
20 - 22 gam, chu hn v chng su bnh hi tt. Nng sut t 20 - 28 t/ha. Thch hp
cho v Xun v Thu ng ng Bng, v H cc tnh min ni. trung bnh c kh
nng chu lnh, nng sut bin ng t 15 - 18 t/ha.
- B ging cho cc tnh pha Nam:
+ Ging MTD-176: TGST 80 - 85 ngy, nng sut bin ng t 12 - 15 t/ha.
+ Ging HL25: TGST t 80 ngy, khi lng ht t t 12 - 14 g, nng sut t t 11 - 15
t/ha.
+ Ging VDN-1. TGST 80 - 85 ngy (c th trng v ng Xun v v ma), khi lng
ht t t 15 - 16 g nng sut c th t t 18 - 20 t/ha.
+ Ging HL-2 c cng nhn ging Quc Gia nm 2002, c TGST trong v ng Xun
78-80 ngy, nng sut t t 18-20 t/ha, khi lng ht t t 12 - 14g. Ging ny c
th trng v H Thu TGST 82 ngy, nng sut c th t t 12 - 15 t/ha.
2. Qui trnh k thut trng ging u tng T12
- Ngun gc: Nhp ni t min Nam, Trung Quc nm 1996.
- C quan chn lc: Trung tm Nghin Cu Thc nghim u - Vin KHKTNN
Vit Nam.
- c im ca ging: Sinh trng hu hn, hoa mu trng, lng trn thn trng, l
xanh nht hnh tim. Cy cao 35 - 50 cm, 8 - 13 t, phn cnh va phi. Qa chn mu
xm, t l qu 3 ht cao, v ht vng, rn ht nu nht, khi lng 100 ht 17 - 19 g,
chng chu su bnh tt. Thi gian sinh trng rt ngn: 74 - 78 ngy (v xun); 71 - 75
ngy (v h); 74 - 78 ngy(v ng). Nng sut t 17 - 20 t/ha.
- K thut gieo trng
+ Thi v pha Bc: v xun gieo t 25/2 - 15/3; v h t 25/5 - 10/6; v ng t
25/9 - 10/10.
2
2
2
+ Mt : v h 35 - 40 cy/m , v xun 40 - 50 cy/m ; v ng 55 - 60 cy/m .
Tuy nhin cn ty iu kin t ai v trnh canh tc m iu chnh mt cho ph
hp.
- Phn bn
+ V xun, ng: 30N + 60P2 O5 + 40K2O + 10 tn phn chung/1ha (3 kg m ur +
10 kg super ln + 4 kg kali/1so bc b).
+ V h 20N + 30P2 O5 + 20K2O + 6 Tn phn chung/1ha (2 kg m ur + 5 kg super
ln + 2 kg kali + 250 kg phn chung/1so bc b).
- Cch bn: Bn lt ton b phn chung, phn ln, 1/2 phn Kali, 1/2 phn m.
Bn thc khi cy c 4 - 5 l tht lng phn kali, m cn li.
- Chm sc: Xi, lm c t 1 khi cy c 2 - 3 l. Xi c kt hp vi bn phn thc v
vun gc lc cy c 4 - 5 l tht.
- Phng tr su bnh: Theo di su bnh pht trin trn ng rung, phun thuc phng
tr kp thi bng cc loi thuc su thng dng nh Selecron, sumicidin, theo hng
dn ca nh sn xut.
- Thu hoch: khi 90% s qu chn, l rng ht, cy kh vng th ct v phi kh, tch v
lm sch ht. Ht ging khng c phi trc tip trn sn gch hoc sn xi mng.
Ht phi ti khi cn khng dnh rng, ngui mi cho vo bao bo qun.
3. K thut trng u tng ng trn nn t t bng bin php lm t ti thiu
Trng u tng ng trn nn t t sau khi thu hoch la ma sm bng bin php lm
t ti thiu l mt tin b k thut gip cho nng dn vng t thp hai v la c thm mt
v mu ngn ngy bng cy c gi tr hng ho, gp phn tn v, tng thu nhp ci thin i
sng cho ngi trng mt cch ng k.
Qui trnh k thut trng u tng ng trn nn t t bng bin php lm t ti thiu:

Thi v trng: tt nht l t 25 /9 n 5/10. Nu trng mun hn, gp rt lc u ra

hoa thi gian sinh trng s ko di v nng sut thp.
Ging: S dng cc ging u tng nh AK- 03, T - 93, VX - 93, AK -06, T -12
l nhng ging ngn ngy rt thch hp cho v ng ng bng Sng Hng. Lng ht
ging cho 1 ha l 60 kg, c t l ny mm trn 90% v thun khit khng b ln tp.
Lm t: Trc khi gt la 4 - 5 ngy rt ht nc. Gt la xong t cn ang m
lm t gieo u ngay. Trng hp rung no gt la xong t b kh cng th tt nc
vo cho bo ho, ngm qua m cho t m u hm sau lm t gieo u. Ch khi
ct la phi ct st mt t , khng c gc r qu cao. Dng cuc chia rung thnh
tng lung rng 1,0 - 1,2 m ( khong 5 - 6 hng la) sau ly thanh st 16 rch hng
ngang trn mt lung su 1 - 2 cm, cc rch cch nhau 30 - 35 cm.
- Gieo ht: Rc ht u trn rch cch nhau 3 - 4 cm, hoc gieo thnh hc cch
nhau 10 cm, mi hc 2 - 3 ht.
- Lp ht : c th dng mt trong cc loi vt liu: phn chung hoai, t bt kh, tro
bp, tru bi,..... lp kn ht ngay sau khi gieo.
- Chm sc:
- - Bn phn: Do t t khng bn lt c nn phi bn thc kp thi. Lng phn
bn cho 1 ha t 80 - 90 kg m ur, 200 - 250 kg supe ln, v 80 - 90 kg clorua Kali.
Bn bng cch ho vo nc ri ti cho cy lm 3 ln.
Ln 1: Cy c 2 l n, bn 1/3 phn m v 1/2 phn ln.
Ln 2: Cy c 2 - 3 l kp, bn 1/3 phn m, 1/2 phn ln v 1/2 phn Kali.
Ln 3: Sau khi gieo 28 - 30 ngy, bn 1/3 phn m, 1/2 phn kali.
- - Phng tr su bnh: Sau mi lm bn phn thc, kt hp phun thuc tr su bng
cc loi thuc thng dng nh Sumicidin, Celecron, ofatox, dng theo hng dn ca
nh sn xut thuc bo v thc vt.
- - Ti nc: Khong 10 ngy u sau gieo t vn m. Sau phi ti nc vo
rung lm cho lung u lun lun m, cy u mi sinh trng tt. Ti 3 - 4 lm
trong c v. Khi qu my n thu hoch khng cn ti na.
- Thu hoch: u tng ng chn l rng ht xung mt rung, cy kh th chn
ngy nng m thu v (ct st mt t) phi v tch ly ht. Nu lm ging th ht cn phi
c phi kh rn bo qun cho v sau.
Trng u tng ng trn t t bng bin php lm t ti thiu l tin b k thut d
p dng, tn t cng, chi ph vt t t m hiu qu kinh t li cao, ch trong vng 3 thng
gi tr thu c tng ng mt v la ma, i sng nng dn c ci thin v t
ai thm mu m.
Cc tin b k thut v lc v u tng xin lin h theo a ch:
Trung tm NCTN u - Vin KHKT Nng nghip Vit Nam
Vnh Qunh - Thanh Tr - H Ni
Tel: 04.8613919 - 0903.288088
Fax: 04.8618095