Tn hiu s I.

Tng quang
K thut truyn tin tng t c nhng nh cao v i nh to ra truyn hnh mu hay iu khin a ngi ln mt trng v hin nay trong mt s k thut iu khin tc cc nhanh vn dng n k thut tng t. Tuy nhin,n vn tn ti nhiu nhc im kh khc phc nh nhiu tn hiu,suy hao,tn nhiu ti nguyn knh truyn. V th m tn hiu tng t mun truyn i xa th cn c cc b khuch i v b lp trn ng truyn. V tn hiu s ra i khc phc c rt nhiu nhc im trn. y l mt bc t ph ln trong cng ngh truyn tin v hiu qu do n mang li l v cng ln cho n hin ti V mt nh ngha,tn hiu s l nhng tn hiu c ri rc v m ha t mt tn hiu tng t ban u. c im ca tn hiu s : L sn phm ca qu trnh ly mu v m ha tn hiu tng t : ly mu l chuyn i mt tn hiu lin tc thnh mt tn hiu ri rc,tc chui cc mu ri rc. C s mc (hay trng thi) c th c l mt s hu hn, th d k hiu l M. Nu M = 2, ta c tn hiu s nh phn hay hai mc/trng thi (binary); nu M = 3, ta c tn hiu s tam phn hay ba trng thi/mc (ternary); nu M = 4, ta c tn hiu t phn hay bn mc/trng thi (quarternary).

Vic chuyn i t tn hiu tng t qua tn hiu s c th lm nh mt i mt phn ca bn tin tuy nhin iu khng nh hng nhiu ti cht lng bn tin nu vi tn s ly mu tha mn nh l ly mu Nyquist: Mt hm s tn hiu x(t) khng cha bt k thnh phn tn s no ln hn hoc bng mt gi tr fm c th biu din chnh xc bng tp cc gi tr ca n vi chu k ly mu T = 1/(2fm) Qu trnh ly chuyn i t tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s c th lm mt i mt phn bn tin(khng ng k) nhng nhng hiu qu ca vic truyn tn hiu s thay v tn hiu tng t l v cng ln trong cc h thng thng tin.chng hn, ch s dng mt s hu hn dng sng (k hiu truyn tch bit nhau) truyn tin. Mi dng sng truyn trong mt khong thi gian xc nh gi l chu k k hiu v l i din truyn ca mt

d liu tin (hay mt t hp bit) cn gi l bo hiu (Signalings). K thut ny c u im ni bt l: chng nhiu trn ng truyn tt (v nu nhiu khng mnh s khng th lm mo dng sng ny thnh dng sng kia, gy nn nhm ln ni thu), song i hi bn tin ngun cng phi c s ha (biu din ch bng mt s hu hn k hiu) Vic s ha mt bn tin tng t phi tr gi bng mt sai s no ( Gi l sai s lng t, tuy nhin sai s ny li c th iu khin c). So snh vi k thut truyn tin tng t, bn tin khng mc sai s khi s ha, song do dng v s dng sng (tn hiu lin tc) trn ng truyn nn can nhiu s lm thay i dng sng, gy nn sai s khi quyt nh ti ni thu m gc no kh iu khin c. Ngoi ra vic s ha k thut truyn tin cn to nn nhng tiu chun c th thay i linh hot bng chng trnh phn mm v to ra nhng dch v cha tng c trong truyn tin tng t. K thut truyn tin s thng c nhng vn sau y t ra: - Bn tin phi c biu din (m ngun) vi mt s it k hiu nht, theo m nh phn th tc l cn t bit nht. L thuyt thng tin cho mt gii hn di v s bt ti thiu cn biu din. Tc l nu t hn s bt ti thiu khng th biu din y bn tin (lm mo bn tin) - Khi truyn tin m ngun cn c b sung thm cc bit (d tha), m iu ny lm tng tc bit, c th gim c li truyn bn tin (gi l k thut m knh iu khin li), song c mt gii hn trn v tc truyn m vt qua n khng th iu khin li c, l dung nng knh qui nh bi rng bng tn knh truyn v t s tn hiu /n. C=Blog2(1+SNR) b/s B l rng bng tn knh truyn, SNR l t s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut n v C chnh l gii hn trn i vi tc truyn tin cy tnh bng bit/ giy. Cng thc ny cho thy c s chuyn i gia B v SNR

II. Tn hiu bng c s (baseband)

Thut ng bng c s ch min tn s ca tn hiu bn tin v thng l tin hiu bng thng thp. Tn hiu bng c s c th dng s hay tng t. i vi tn hiu tng t: c thi gian v bin l lin tc i vi tn hiu s: Thi gian v bin (dng sng) u ri rc

Thng tin truyn nh k t bn phm thng c m ha thnh cc chui bit nh phn ch gm 2 gi tr 0 v 1. S kt hp cc bit ny thnh chui bit (t nh phn) th hin cho thng tin thc. V d: trong m telex, gi tr 11000 mang ni dung thng tin l ch A

Hnh 1: cc dng tn hiu s i vi cc thng tin l tn hiu tng t nh tn hiu thoi, video th c th c chuyn thnh tn hiu s thng qua mt b chuyn s tng t A/D. Qu trnh chuyn i s tng t ny c gi l iu ch xung m (pulse-code modulation). Trong thut ng k thut s, H nh phn (hay h m c s 2) l mt h m dng hai k t biu t mt gi tr s, bng tng s cc ly tha ca 2. Thng tin c th hin bng binit nhng trn thc t, n v ca thng tin thng c ni n nh l mt bit. V vy, n tr thnh thc t ph bin ch cc k hiu nh phn nh bit hn l binits Truyn tin s c th thc hin trn bng tn c s (baseband) hay trn bng thng di (passband) ty theo tnh cht ca knh truyn . Thng tin c truyn i di dng sng gi l c gi l k thut s dng sng, mc d ni ng ra n chnh l dng tng t ca cc thng tin k thut s ang truyn. Thi gian truyn mt bit c gi l chu k bit. Tc bit cho bi cng thc : Rb =

Vi Tb l thi gian truyn 1 bit Xung biu din d liu s (tn hiu bn tin) tuy c ph rng song thnh phn tn thp ln (th hin tc m ngun) nn truyn tin s bng c s i hi knh thng-thp vi rng cho qua cc tn s cn bn ca dng d liu (cp ng trc hay si quang p ng yu cu ny). Do knh l khng l tng (bng tn gii hn) nn mi xung sau khi qua knh s ko di ui nh hng n xung bn canh (ISI) gy nn li bit. khc phc iu ny cn phi to dng xung mt cch thch hp. Dng mt dng sng thch hp bng tn c s biu din bn tin s l vn u tin ca vic truyn d liu t ngun n ch: To dng ph ca tn hiu s sao cho ph hp vi knh truyn hn. Loi b thnh phn 1 chiu (DC). To kh nng tch tn hiu ng b b thu. Tng tc truyn dn thng tin. Tng tc truyn dn thng tin.

Hnh 2: cc dng sng dng m ha 1. UniPolar Khi d liu l 1 s biu din l mt xung dng, d liu l 0 s khng c xung. Nu xung chim di k hiu ta gi l NRZ (non return zero), cn nu chim ch mt phn di k hiu (thng l mt na) th gi l RZ (return zero). Cch biu din ny thc hin n gin song tn hiu cha thnh phn mt chiu

S dng 2 mc in p biu th cho 2 gi tr nh phn 0 v 1. Bit 0 = Mc 0 Bit 1 = Mc cao

c s dng trong my tnh lu tr, x l v truyn dn gia cc thnh phn trong my tnh l rt tt. Nhng nu truyn i xa th ny sinh cc vn : Lm xut hin thnh phn DC Khng ng b tt

u im: n gin,tit kim bng thng Nhc im: khng trit tiu c thnh phn DC,kh x l,khng ng b. khng thch hp s dng trn ng dy in thoi v cc mng v tuyn, bao gm c cc kt ni v tinh

2. Polar Xung dng din t 1, xung m din t 0, tng t loi ny cng c th phn thnh NRZ v RZ. Khc vi biu din n cc, loi ny tnh trung bnh khng cha dc (cho rng phn b 1 v 0 nh nhau), song mt ph cng sut vn c thnh phn mt chiu ln 2.1. NRZ

Nonreturn - to - zero - Level (NRZ - L) 0 = mc cao, 1 = mc thp y l dng m n gin nht, hai tr in th cng du (n cc) biu din hai trng thi logic.

Loi m ny thng c dng trong vic ghi d liu ln bng t, a t Nonreturn - to - zero inverted (NRZ - I) 0 = chuyn mc in th u bit 1 = khng chuyn mc in th u bit NRZI l mt th d ca m vi phn: s m ha ty vo s thay i trng thi ca cc bit lin tip ch khng ty thuc vo bn thn bit . Loi m ny c li im l khi gii m my thu ch cn d s thay i trng thi ca tn hiu th c th phc hi d liu thay v phi so snh tn hiu vi mt tr ngng xc nh trng thi logic ca tn hiu . Kt qu l cc loi m vi phn cho tin cy cao hn. - u im: D dng nm bt, bng thng dng hiu qu, hn ch thnh phn DC - Nhc im: Thiu kh nng ng b, t c s dng trong viv truyn tn hiu - ng dng: S dng truyn qua cng COM trn my tnh

2.2.

RZ

Bit 1 : biu din mc + Bit 0 : biu din mc - gia khong bt quay v zero u im:Thnh phn DC = 0, c kh nng pht hin li Nhc im:Mt ng b khi gp bt 0 , bit 1 ko di, tng bng thng ca tn hiu

2.3.

Biphase

xung dng v m dng lun phin truyn 1. Trong khi d liu 0 th khng c xung no truyn i c. c tnh hp dn ca loi ny l khng c dc cho d d liu c nhiu 0 hay 1 lin nhau (tnh cht ny khng c vi 2 loi trn, v cho php cc b lp dng bin th). Ngoi ra loi ny cho php theo di li cc b. Do loi lng cc c chp nhn dng cho ng truyn T1 in thoi s 2.3.1. Manchester

Bit 1 = Chuyn t cao xung thp gia bit; Bit 0 = Chuyn t thp ln cao gia bit u im: Thnh phn DC = 0, d khi phc tn hiu ng b . ng b tt cho c bt 0 v bit 1 Nhc im: Tng bng thng tn hiu ng dng: Mng LAN (Ethernet) , internet.. 2.3.2. Deffrence Manchester Lun c chuyn mc gia khong bt Bit 0 = chuyn mc u bit Bit 1 = khng chuyn mc u bit u im: Thnh phn DC = 0, d khi phc tn hiu ng b . ng b tt cho c bt 0 v bit 1 Nhc im: Tng bng thng tn hiu ng dng: S dng trong mng Token ring

3. BiPolar

3.1.

AMI Bit 0 = zero , khng tn hiu (hiu th = 0), Bit 1 = hiu th m hoc dng, lun phin thay i vi chui bit 1 lin tip 3.2. B8ZS L m AMI c thm tnh cht: chui 8 bit 0 lin tc c thay bi mt chui 8 bit c c bit 0 v 1 vi 2 m vi phm lut o bit 1 Nu trc chui 8 bit 0 l xung dng, cc bit 0 ny c thay th bi 000 + - 0 + Nu trc chui 8 bit 0 l xung m, cc bit 0 ny c thay th bi 000 - + 0 + 3.3. HDB3

L m AMI c thm tnh cht: chui 4 bit 0 lin tc c thay bi mt chui 4 bit c c bit 0 v 1 vi 1 m vi phm lut o bit 1. S thay th chui 4 bt ca m HDB3 cn theo qui tc sau: Nu cc tnh xung trc l m (-) v s bt 1 t ln thay th cui cng l l th: chui 0000 c thay th bng 000- Nu cc tnh xung trc l m (-) v s bt 1 t ln thay th cui cng l chn th: chui 0000 c thay th bng +00+ - Nu cc tnh xung trc l m (+) v s bt 1 t ln thay th cui cng l l th: chui 0000 c thay th bng 000+ - Nu cc tnh xung trc l m (+) v s bt 1 t ln thay th cui cng l chn th: chui 0000 c thay th bng -004. Nhn xt - M n cc khng trit tiu c thnh phn DC v khng ng b nn khng thch hp s dng trn ng dy in thoi v cc mng v tuyn, bao gm c cc kt ni v tinh - Dng sng cc, trong s dng phn cc tch cc v tiu cc. Loi m ny ch thc s hiu qu khi cc bit 0 v bit 1 xen k nhau. Nu c 1 chui di bit 0 hay 1 th s b mt ng b - Kiu NRZ ca n cc, cc v lng cc u chim t bng, tuy nhin chng khng cho kh nng ng b tt. Ngc li Manchester lun c kh nng ng b ni ti (v c s chuyn trang thi trong mi khong bit). Song gi phi tr l chim rng bng tn cao hn 2 ln. - rng bng c th tit kim khi biu din kiu tn hiu hng M. v d nh vi on m 11010010 bng cch sp xp cc nhm 2 bit, bn cp c th c s dng. -

11 10 01 00

3A A -A -3A

iu ny c gi l m ha bc bn, v dng sng c hin th

Hnh 3 : Encoding of 11010010 in (a) binary polar NRZ and (b) quaternary polar NRZ. i vi m ha bc 4,thi gian truyn k t c xem l bng 2 ln thi gian truyn bit. V tc k t :

Tc k t o bng n v Bauds, 1Bd tng ng vi 1 k t trn 1 giy mt dng sng c th c mc M (i khi c gi l mt dng sng M-ary), ni m mi biu tng i din cho m bit v m= thi gian truyn k t do :

Tc k t :

i vi truyn dn thng tin v tinh,m ha bn tin phi c iu ch ln sng mang l cc sng ngn v cc ngn. Qu trnh iu ch xung m l bc u tin trong ton b qu trnh iu ch tn hiu v tinh.