2008

Php lut v thng mi in t ti Vit Nam

MC LC
Trang LI M U Phn I : Nhng vn v TMT ................................................... . ..
Chng I : Bi cnh lch s ..............................................................
1) Thng mi in t trn trng quc t ..................................................... 2) c im Thng mi in t ti Vit Nam ................................................ 1 5

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Chng II : Khung php l chung iu chnh hot ng thng mi in t ..................................................................

1) Cc vn kin quc t lin quan n hot ng thng mi in t .......... 1.1) o lut mu v Thng mi in t (UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce) ................................... 1.1.1) Mc ch cu o lut mu 1.1.2) Phm vi iu chnh cu o lut mu 1.1.3) Cu trc cu o lut mu 1.1.4) Mt o lut khung (framework) c b sung bi cc quy nh k thut 1.1.5) Cch tip cn theo tng ng chc nng (functional equivalent approach) 1.1.6) Mi quan h gi thuc tnh chung v bt buc 8 8

1.2) o lut mu v ch k in t (UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signature) ................................... 1.2.1) Mc ch cu o lut mu 1.2.2) Ngun gc php l cu o lut mu 1.2.3) Mi tng quan vi o lut mu v Thng mi in t 18 1.2.4) Mt o lut khung c b sung bi cc quy nh k thut v iu khon hp ng 1.2.5) Mt s iu khon b sung i vi hiu lc php l cu ch l in t 1.2.6) Cc quy nh c bn iu chnh hnh vi cu cc bn c lin quan 1.2.7) Mt khung php l cng bng v k thut (technology nuetral) 1.2.8) Nguyn tc khng phn bit i x i vi ch k in t c ngun gc nc ngoi 1.3) Cng c v vic s dng thng tin in t trong hp ng quc t (United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts) .......................... 1.3.1) Mc ch cu Cng c 1.3.2) Phm vi p dng cu Cng c (iu 1 v 2) 1.3.2) Tr s cu cc bn v yu cu v thng tin (iu 6 v 7) 1.3.3) Nguyn tc i x i vi hp ng (iu 8,11, 12 v 13) 1.3.4) Cc yu cu v hnh thc (iu 9) 1.3.5) Thi im v i im gi, nhn thng tin in t 1.3.6) Mi quan h i vi cc vn kin quc t khc (iu 20) 26 16

2) So snh v phn tch Lut giao dch in t Vit Nam trong mi tng quan vi cc quy nh quc t .............................................. 2.1) Mt s im tng ng ................................................................ 2.1.1) Mc ch cu Lut giao dch in t 2.1.2) Phm vi iu chnh cu Lut giao dch in t 2.1.3) Cc nguyn tc chung cu Lut giao dch in t 2.1.4) S th nhn chung i vi gi tr php l cu thng ip d liu v ch k in t 2.2) Mt s im khc bit .................................................................... 2.3.1) Mt s bt cp v khi nim v tn gi 2.3.2) V ni dung v cu trc cu Lut giao dch in t 2005 v cc vn bn c lin quan 2.3.3) Cc vn khc 34 32 32

Chng III : Vi nt v thng mi in t trong hot ng thanh ton ..............................................................

1) Hot ng thanh ton quc t bng tn dng th ....................................... 2) Hot ng thanh ton in t trong nc ................................................... 2.1) Ngn hng in t .......................................................................... 2.1.1) Khi qut v E Banking Vit Nam 2.1.2) Banking Vit Nam 2007 2.1.3) Nhng vn cn c gii php ton din v su rng 2.2) n thanh ton khng dng tin mt giai on 2006 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 ti Vit Nam ............................ 44 41

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Phn II : Gii php hon thin khung php l v thng mi in t cu Vit Nam ............................................. .
1) Cc iu khon cn b sung vo Lut giao dch in t 2005 ................... 2) Cc mc cn s i ....................................................................................... 3) Cc khuyn ngh khc ....................................................................................

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Li m u
Nu th k XIX, con ngi t ho vi vic pht minh ra nhng to nh khng l vi ng khi chc tri nh mt biu tng cho nn cng nghip hin i, th th k XXI c nhc n di tn gi thi i s ho (digital world), c tng trng bng nhng con s 0 v 1. Vi s pht minh tr tu nhn to, ln u tin trong lch s loi ngi c th bin mi iu khng th thnh c th, khng nhng th vic cho ra i nhng pht minh mi gn km vi sn phm tr tu ngy cng thay i cch mt ngi sinh hot v tn hng cuc sng nh theo cch Bill Gates ni : Trong thi gian mi nm n, con ngi s sng trn mi u ngn tay khi pht minh ra h iu hnh cu ring mnh Tn dng thnh qu cu cuc cch mng xm, cc cng ngh truyn thng hin i v ang c a vo ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc cuc sng, m mt trong s l hot ng thng mi. Vic s dng cc cng ngh ny em li mt c hi cnh tranh mi cho cc doanh nghip, cng nh gp phn lm phng ho th gii, nhng cng t ra nhiu thch thc cho h thng php lut cc nc. Nhn thy tm quan trng, cng nh nhng thch thc m vic p dng cng ngh in t mt cch rng ri s phi i mt, UNCITRAL (y ban Lin Hip Quc v Thng mi quc t) bt tay vo nghin cu mt nhm cc quy nh nhm gii to cc tr ngi php l hin ang tn ti khng nhng trong h thng php lut cc nc m cn trong c cc vn kin quc t. V cho n nay, U ban ny, di s u quyn cu Lin Hip Quc, cho ra i hai o lut mu (nm 1996 v 2001) v mt cng c (nm 2005) vi mong mun a ra phng thc mi gii quyt nhng tr ngi, cng nh m ng cho vic s dng ngy cng nhiu hn n cng ngh truyn thng in t trong hot ng thng mi quc t

V vy, y l thi im thch hp a ra nhng phn tch cng nh so snh gi cc quy nh cu Vit Nam vi h thng php lut quc t v thng mi in t. Trong qu trnh chun b v son tho, nhm ng tc gi nhn thy cho n nay vn cha c bt k mt nghin cu chnh thc no hin i ho v hon chnh cc quy phm php lut trong lnh vc ny. ng thi, xt thy nhu cu pht trin mt nn kinh t d trn vic ng dng cc cng ngh cao, c bit l cng ngh thng tin, ang ngy cng a dng v ln mnh, nhng cng tim n trong nhiu ri ro, bi vit c xy dng vi mong mun khng ch cung cp cc kin thc cn thit m cn a ra gii php tht s ph hp cho vn thng mi in t ti Vit Nam Tuy nhin, bi vit ny khng c nh tip cn trn mi gc cu thng mi in t, m ch gii hn trong vic gii thiu, so snh v phn tch cc khung php l hin ang c p dng ti Vit Nam. Du vy, nu ch xem xt trn gc lut php s d dn n hu qu xa ri thc t v c phn thiu st khi khng cp n nhng s kin hin ang din ra mt cch mnh m trn ton quc. V vy, bi vit ny a ra mt b cc m gm hai phn : Phn I gm ba chng vi ni dung chnh l xem xt vn thng mi in t mt cch chung v bao qut nht, v Phn II l nhng gii php c cho l cn thit ti cu trc cc quy nh cu Vit Nam v vn ny mt cch ph hp vi thc tin p dng, cng nh vi thng l quc t V l do ni dung bi vit c s gii hn nn nhm ng tc gi quyt nh tch ring cc so snh v phn tch cng nh ni dung khuyn ngh c th thnh mt ph bn ring, km theo l ba vn kin quc t c cp v mt n bn tp san cu cc t chc quc t kho st v vn thng mi in t. Do vy, nhm son tho mong iu ny s khng to kh khn trong vic theo di ni dung cu bi vit

Nhm ng tc gi - Sinh vin Khoa lut Kinh t, H Kinh t Tp. HCM Thng 7/2008

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Chng I : Bi cnh lch s

1) Thng mi in t trn trng quc t :
Nhn thy rng s lng giao dch quc t bng phng tin trao i d liu in t cng cc phng tin truyn thng khc (thng c nhc n di tn gi Thng mi in t - TMT) m lin quan n vic s dng cc phng thc thay th cho giao dch v lu tr thng tin bng giy vit ngy cng gia tng
(trch Phn m u Ngh quyt 51/162 ngy 16/12/1996 cu UNCITRAL v TMT)

Pht trin t nhng chic my tnh u tin c kch thc bng c gian phng vi mong mun gim nh gnh nng tnh ton, khoa hc k thut tin thm mt bc trong vic kt ni mng ni b vi nhau ri m dn sang mt mng li rng hn vi mong mun xo b nhng cch tr v mt i l

Vi s ra i u tin cu m hnh OSI (Open System Interconnection Model) 7 lp cu T chc v cc chun mc quc t (International Standard Organization ISO) , v tip theo sau l s ci tin thnh m hnh TCP/IP th kh nng giao thng ngy cng c m rng vi nhng li ch thit thc nh : tit kim thi gian, lu lng thng tin a chiu v gim bt gnh nng chi ph so vi cc m hnh kinh t truyn thng

Theo nghin cu c trch lc t tp san K hoch hnh ng ton cu cho nn kinh t in t A Global Action Plan for Electronic Business (ti bn ln 3, thng 7/2002) do cc t chc quc t nh ICC, BIAC, AGB, pht hnh th rt nhiu lnh vc tn ti chng c r rng rng nn kinh t ang thch ng vi mt mi trng mi bng cch to ra mt s trong sut v cc bin php bo v ngi tiu dng cha tng c t trc n nay. Trong khi mt s kt qu t cc hot ng kinh t c th d dng nh lng th phn ln c th hin di hnh nh cu s bng n TMT trn ton cu

Ngy nay, vic cc nn kinh t hot ng theo chiu hng t iu chnh khng cn l mt hin tng mi. Xuyn sut chiu di lch s, nn kinh t t bn thn hnh thnh cc chun mc v quy tc m biu hin bn ngoi l s ra i cu rt nhiu t chc quc t vi cc vai tr khc nhau nhm gim thiu chi ph giao dch, phng trnh v gii quyt tranh chp, v nhm chim c lng tin t ngi tiu dng

Tuy nhin, ti nhng bc chuyn i v giai on s khai cu TMT th ri ro ngy cng gia tng khi xt n s nng vi v can thip khng cn thit cu Chnh ph cc nc. iu ny lm dy ln thc trch nhim cu tng doanh nghip trong vic m rng, pht trin mt mi trng tin cy thng qua xu hng t iu chnh v i mi cng ngh. Nn kinh t t bn thn c nhng ng lc rt mnh xut pht t cnh tranh trong nn kinh t th trng khuyn khch s trao quyn cho ngi s dng, nhng s ch cung cp nhng ngun u t cn thit nu c th thuyt phc Chnh ph cc nc cng nhn v m rng s lnh o cu nn kinh t trong vic to lp mt mi trng TMT nng ng Cng vi xu hng l s vn ng t Lin Hip Quc (LHQ) nhm loi b nhng ro cn hin c i vi vic s dng ngy cng nhiu hn n cc phng tin in t thay th cho cc phng thc giao dch, lu gi bng giy vit truyn thng. Bng cch u quyn cho U ban LHQ v Lut Thng mi quc t (TMQT) (United Nations Commison on International Trade Law - UNCITRAL) l c quan c nhim v thc y tin trnh ho hp, thng nht Lut TMQT v quan tm n li ch ton x hi, c bit ti cc quc gia ang pht trin, i vi vic pht trin TMQT mt cch ton din th ln u tin o lut mu iu chnh trn phm vi rng cp quc t c ban hnh vo ngy 16/12/1996, sau c b sung thm iu 5 bis vo nm 1998, vi tn gi o lut mu v Thng mi in t

o lut mu c ban hnh vi mc ch ng vai tr nh mt chun mc cc quc gia nh gi v lm mi nhng quy phm v thc tin p dng trong phm vi cc mi quan h thng mi pht sinh t vic s dng cng ngh in t v phng tin truyn thng hin i, cng nh ban hnh cc quy nh tng ng

Mt trong s cc vn c cp trong o lut mu v TMT l vn ch k, m theo vic s dng ch k in t thay cho mt s chc nng c bn cu ch k truyn thng (k tn, ng du, dn tem, c l, v.v) vn cn gp nhiu tr ngi php l. Nhm gip vic cho LHQ (Working Group) m tham gia son tho o lut mu nay c giao nhim v tip tc tm hiu, xem xt tnh kh thi cu vic chun b cc quy nh chung v ch ny. Cc thnh vin trong nhm u thng nht rng nhng quy nh c son tho cn gii quyt cc vn sau y : _ iu kin php l c bn iu chnh vic s dng chng th in t (certificate), bao gm c cc khi cnh k thut pht sinh t qu trnh chng thc (certification progress) v bn thn cc chng th in t c s dng _ Kh nng p dng chng th in t _ Phn chia ri ro v nghi v i vi cc bn tham gia (ngi s dng users, nh cung cp dch v chng thc certification service providers, v bn th ba third parties) trong phm vi s dng cc cng ngh chng th in t _ V cc vn khc c lin quan Bt u t nm 1996 v chnh thc hon thnh vo nm 2001, UNCITRAL ban hnh o lut mu v ch k in t , theo khuyn khch cc quc gia chp thun o lut mu v TMT nay tip tc xy dng v hon thin cc quy nh v ch k in t

Tip tc da trn nhng nn tng c xy dng trong o lut mu v TMT 1996, LHQ cho ra i cng c u tin p dng vic s dng TMT khi giao kt hp ng vo ngy 23/11/2005. i vi mt o lut mu th vic p dng cc quy nh ny ti nc s ti lun m ra mt kh nng linh hot cao hn thng qua vic cho php cc quc gia thay i hoc b qua mt s iu lut theo nguyn tc t nh ot (State autonomy). Trong khi i vi mt cng c th quyn ny c bit b hn ch v trong mt s trng hp c th, cc cng c v thng mi thng hoc khng cho php bt k mt s bo lu no, hoc nu c th rt t v rt c th. Tuy nhin, xt theo mt khi cnh khc th mt cng c tuy gy kh khn nhiu hn cho cc nc mun tham gia nhng mong mun c nhiu la chn hn trong vic thay i cc quy nh ny cho ph hp vi c im kinh t, x hi cu mnh th kh nng p dng mt cch thng nht li cao hn, tc m bo mc tiu ban u cu bt k mt vn kin quc t no l to ra s thng sut tuyt i trong qu trnh p dng

Nh vy, bng cch khi xng vic thnh lp mt o lut mu u tin v TMT v sau ny tr thnh ngun c bn cho cc quy nh khc iu chnh tng lnh vc c th to ra mt khung php l chung cho cc ch th tham gia vo mt phng thc kinh doanh mi tin li, tit kim v an ton trn din rng. Khng nhng th, vi s tham gia cu hu ht cc nc thnh vin LHQ m ra mt c hi cho cc doanh nghip ni i tip cn vi nhng tin b mi t khoa hc k thut, c bit l cc doanh nghip nh v v (Small and Medium Enterprises SMEs) m theo nh gi cu tp san K hoch ton cu cho nn kinh t in t s l khu vc nng ct trong vic pht trin hot ng TMT

2) c im Thng mi in t ti Vit Nam :

i vi Vit Nam (VN) khi nim TMT cn rt mi v ch tht s to thnh mt xu hng vo giai on u nhng nm 1998 2000, khi m bt u c s xut hin cu h thng mng internet, nhng li c chp nhn u tin t khu vc kinh doanh cc tr chi gii tr ch khng phi xut pht t khu vc cc ngnh cng nghip, l ni sn sinh ra h thng trao i d liu in t (Electronic Data Interexchange EDI). Nhc li s xut hin ln u cu tr chi trc tuyn MU (Game Online GO) to ra mt ln sng li cun tng lp thanh thiu nin vi mc ch ban u l gii tr n thun, nhng nhanh chng m ra mt kh khn mi cho gii lm lut v vic xc nh v gii quyt cc vn pht sinh t quyn s hu ti sn o

n u nm 2000, khi m ln net tr thnh mt phn khng th thiu trong sinh hot cu gii tr th cng l lc hng lot cc trung tm dy ngh gii thiu cc kho hc v TMT. T phn nh mt thc t l x hi ang dn ch vo s c mt cu vic kinh doanh trn mng. iu ny cng c phn nh r hn n khi xut hin cc trang web c nhn, m thng dng VN l Blog Yahoo! 360o, to c hi cho cc bn tr vi mong mun tri nghim v th sc mnh tham gia vo mt hot ng s khai nht cu nn kinh t TMT l bn hng qua mng

Tuy nhin, nu xem xt vn mt gc nhn cn cnh th kh c th ni TMT v ang tn ti VN v ba l do sau y : _ Th nht, nh trn cp, khi nim TMT v cc biu hin cu n ti VN khng hnh thnh t hot ng cng nghip, m thay vo li c chp nhn trc nht t gii tr v khu vc kinh doanh cc tr chi gii tr. L gii cho vn ny c th k n hai yu t. Trc nht, cng ngh in t c p dng ban u nhm phc vc cho hot ng hnh chnh hn l to c hi cho mi ngi dn tip cn, v do vy cha c x hi tip nhn mt cch rng ri. C th l s tht bi cu n tin hc ho qun l hnh chnh Nh nc giai on 2001 2005 (hay thng gi l n 112). Nguyn nhn cn li pht sinh t chnh c im x hi VN : mt nn kinh t

nh l nhng nng ng v nhy cm. Xut pht t mong mun to thm thu nhp trong kh nng c th, bng cch s dng cng ngh mng rao bn cc sn phm ban u mang li mt ngun li khng nh v t kch thch mt ln sng lan to n tng ngc ngch trong nn kinh t. C th l s ra i cu cc ch in t bao gm cc trang web t lp, cc din n cng cng v sau cng l s gp mt cu cc doanh nghip kinh doanh trong cc lnh vc truyn thng. Tm li, vic s dng cc yu t k thut in t ch dng mc t pht, quy m nh l v phc v cho mc ch c nhn (personal purpose) l ch yu thay v cc hot ng kinh t trn din rng

_ Th hai, VN nhn chung cn i theo hng pht trin cc ngnh ngh truyn thng v c bn (k c lnh vc cng nghip) v h thng c s mng cha pht trin ln phc v cho nhu cu TMT. Bn cnh , TMT theo cch hiu rng khng ch dng li vic mua bn cc mt hng c gi tr nh hoc dng cho mc ch sinh hot c nhn, m cn bao gm cc lnh vc thng mi khc nh gio dc, t vn, cung cp cc sn phm tr tu, v c bit quan trng l vic thay th cc chc nng c bn trong th gii giy t v ch vit (paper based world). Cui cng l i km vi vic s dng cc cng ngh in t phc v cho hot ng mua bn (theo nghi hp) v thng mi (theo nghi rng) phi c s gp mt cu h thng thanh ton in t m ch yu l s tham gia cu cc Ngn hng thng mi (NHTM) trong vic cung cp cc dch v thanh ton khng s dng tin mt (mt cch gi khc l Ngn hng in t). Tuy nhin, hin VN, vic s dng cc cng c thanh ton hin i thay th cho tin mt cha thc s pht trin mc su do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau _ Cui cng l cc vn lin quan n vic hnh thnh khung php l ph hp to lp mt mi trng kinh doanh mi lnh mnh. Nu nhn ra bn ngoi th khi nim v TMT khng thc s bt ngun t hot ng kinh t ti VN m mang thuc tnh quc t nhiu hn (s ra i cu cc o lut mu v cng c quc t v TMT). Tuy cho n nay VN ban hnh Lut giao dch in t 2005 (trn c s o lut mu v TMT 1996 v o lut mu v ch k in t 2001 cu UNCITRAL, do VN hin l thnh vin cu hai vn kin ny), Lut Cng ngh thng tin (CNTT) 2006

(c hiu lc ngy 1/1/2007) v cc Ngh nh hng dn pht trin hot ng CNTT trong lnh vc Ngn hng, nhng xt v tui th vn cn mi v cha bao qut c thc t pht sinh cng nh c th TMT ti VN. Ngoi ra, hin cc quy nh ny cha thc s phn nh ng v bn cht quc t m vn cn tn ti nhiu b hp v hn ch i vi hot ng TMT. Mt v d in hnh l s thiu st quyn t nh ot cu cc bn tham gia (party autonomy) trong Lut giao dch in t 2005. iu ny s c phn tch r hn trong Chng II : Khung php l chung iu chnh

hot ng TMT
Qua cc nh gi trn c th rt ra mt s kt lun sau v c im cu TMT ti VN _ M hnh hot ng nh l v khng n nh _ Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin cha lu nhng biu hin th v cng a dng v phc tp _ Cha tn ti mt khung php l hon chnh xt theo hai gc : chnh ph doanh nghip (Government to Businnes G2B) v doanh nghip ngi tiu dng (Business to Customer B2C), hoc doanh nghip doanh nghip (Business to Business B2B) _ H thng thanh ton in t theo sau cc tro lu TMT cha pht trin v cn phn mnh, khng thng nht nhng ang dn c xu hng hp nht (thng qua vic lin minh, lin kt gi cc t chc pht hnh th ATM) _ C s h tng mng pht trin cha ng b v chi ph s dng cn cao

Chng II : Khung php l chung iu chnh hot ng thng mi in t

1) Cc vn kin quc t lin quan n hot ng thng mi in t :
1.1) o lut mu v Thng mi in t (UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce) : 1.1.1) Mc ch cu o lut mu : Vic s dng cc phng tin hin i trong truyn thng nh th in t (electronic mail) v trao i thng ip d liu in t (EDI) thc hin giao dch TMQT ang pht trin mt cch v bo v c mong i s pht trin cng vi s h tr t cng ngh cao nh xa l thng tin (information highway) v internet ang ngy cng tr nn ph bin vi mc gi mi lc mt r hn. Tuy nhin, vic trao i thng tin mt cch hp php di dng thng ip phi giy t (paperless messages) c th b cn tr bi cc quy nh bt buc i vi vic s dng cc thng ip d liu in t, hoc do tnh khng n nh i vi hiu lc php l dnh cho cc thng ip d liu ny. Do vy, o lut mu ra i vi mong mun cung cp cho cc quc gia mt nhm cc quy nh hp l loi b cc ro cn v to lp mt mi trng php l an ton hn, c bit n vi tn gi TMT. Cc nguyn tc c bn c trnh by trong o lut ny cng d nh tip cn vi hot ng TMT trong khu vc t nhn v c th thng qua vic phc tho mt s gii php hp ng m c th cn n vt qua nhng tr ngi php l, cng nh m rng vic s dng TMT

p li thc t l php lut hin hnh ti cc quc gia v hot ng truyn thng v lu gi thng tin khng c y hoc lc hu v khng d tnh trc vic s dng TMT trong nn kinh t, UNCITRAL quyt nh xy dng cc nh ch php l i vi vn ny. Trong mt s trng hp c th, cc quy nh ni i ang p buc hoc ngm ngm ch ng cc hn ch i vi vic s dng cc phng thc truyn thng hin i, v d nh quy nh v vic s dng vn bn vit (written

documents), vn bn c k (signed documents), hoc vn bn gc (original documents). Trong khi mt s t cc nc ban hnh cc quy nh i vi mt s lnh vc c th th TMT vn cha c xem xt di gc l mt chnh th thng nht. y c th l ngun gc gy ra s bt n nh i vi thuc tnh php l v gi tr cu thng tin ch ng trong mt hnh thc khc vi h thng giy t truyn thng. Ngoi ra, khi vic s dng h thng EDI v th in t ngy cng rng ri th yu cu cn c tng t i vi h thng in bo v fax cng c nhiu quc gia quan tm o lut mu cng mong mun d b nhng bt li pht sinh t cc quy nh khng ph hp cp quc gia i vi hot ng TMQT m cng iu chnh vic s dng cng ngh truyn thng in t l mt nhn t gp phn b hp phm vi tip cn vi th trng quc t

Hn th n, xt trn gc rng, o lut mu c th hu ch trong mt s tnh hung c th vi vai tr l mt cng c gii thch cc cng c quc t hin hnh m hin ang tn ti cc tr ngi php l i vi hot ng TMT, v d nh vic quy nh mt s vn bn hoc iu khon hp ng phi th hin di dng vit. Trong mi quan h gi cc nc thnh vin vi cc cng c ny th vic thng qua mt o lut mu nh mt quy nh v gii nghi s cung cp phng thc th nhn vic s dng TMT v hn ch vic thng lng li cc hip c c lin quan

o lut mu, vi mc ch m u v to iu kin cho hot ng TMT pht trin cng nh a ra cc chun mc i x bnh ng gi vic s dng d liu in t v giy vit, l cn thit thc y nn kinh t v tnh hiu qu trong TMQT. Bng cch kt hp cc phng thc nu trong o lut mu vi cc quy nh hin hnh, cc nc thnh vin s to ra mt mi trng trung gian bnh ng (media neutral enviroment) khi cc bn tham gia la chn s dng phng tin truyn thng in t trong giao dch

1.1.2) Phm vi iu chnh cu o lut mu : Tiu cu o lut mu c nhc n di tn gi TMT trong khi nh nghi v EDI ti iu 2, o lut mu khng ch r nh th no l mt hot ng TMT. Trong qu trnh chun b, U ban thng nht cn phi xem xt khi nim EDI di gc rng, bao gm c thc tin p dng rt a dng m theo EDI c s dng i din cho hot ng TMT, d cho cc thut ng miu t khc c s dng. Phng tin truyn thng trong khi nim TMT l cc cch thc trao i da trn vic s dng cng ngh in t : truyn thng bng phng thc EDI theo nghi hp (s trao i thng tin gi cc my tnh in t vi nhau theo mt nh dng chun); s trao i d liu in t lin quan n vic s dng cc chun m (cn gi l chun cng nghip industrial standards) hoc cc chun c quyn; s trao i cu cc nh dng d liu t do bng phng tin in t nh thng qua h thng internet. U ban cng lu rng, trong mt s trng hp c th, khi nim TMT cn bao qut vic s dng cc cng ngh khc nh th tn v fax Cn lu rng, trong khi o lut mu c son tho vi vic tham kho nhiu cng ngh truyn thng hin i, nh EDI v th in t, th cc nguyn tc c bn m o lut mu, cng nh ton b cc iu khon, ly lm c s cng d nh p dng cho cc cng ngh c hn, v d nh fax. Cng c nhng trng hp ti mt s thi im trong qu trnh giao tip gi ngi khi to v ngi tip nhn, m d liu c s ho (digitalized information), ban u chuyn i di nh dng theo chun EDI c th c chuyn tip trong nh dng th tn c to bi my tnh (computer generated telex) hoc bn in di dng fax (telecopy of a computer print out). Mt v d khc l mt thng ip d liu c th c khi to bng ging ni v kt thc bng nh dng EDI. Mt c trng cu TMT l s bao hm nhng khc bit c bn gi cc nh dng thng ip d liu v cc phng thc s dng giy vit truyn thng. Cc trng hp ny d nh c bao hm trong o lut mu da trn mi quan h vi nhu cu cu ngi s dng v mt nhm quy nh iu chnh cc cng ngh a dng m c dng trao i vi nhau. Mt cch tng qut, nh mt nguyn

tc c bn, khng mt cng ngh truyn thng no c loi tr khi phm vi iu chnh cu o lut mu do cng cn phi tnh n s pht trin cu cc cng ngh mi trong tng lai

Mc ch cu o lut mu l to ra kh nng p dng trn din rng cc quy nh ny. Do vy, tuy tn ti iu khon cho php s loi tr trong mt s trng hp c th thuc phm vi cc iu 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 15 v 17, cc nc thnh vin nn quyt nh khng a vo cc hn ch i vi phm vi p dng cu o lut mu o lut mu nn c xem xt nh mt nhm cc quy nh cn i v ring bit, m theo c khuyn ngh nn ban hnh thnh mt quy nh c lp v duy nht trong h thng php lut ni i. Nhng tu theo c im cu mi quc gia, o lut mu c th c th hin di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau : hoc l mt quy phm c lp, hoc tn ti trong nhiu vn bn khc nhau 1.1.3) Cu trc cu o lut mu : o lut mu c chia thnh hai phn. Mt gii quyt cc vn chung cu TMT v mt xem xt trong mt s lnh vc c th. Cn lu rng, phn hai cu o lut mu ch cu thnh t chng I cu phn ny v ch p dng i vi hot ng vn chuyn hng ho. o lut mu c xy dng theo cu trc m (open ended instrument) nn cc vn khc cu TMT s c a ra v b sung trong tng lai

UNCITRAL d nh s tip tc quan st s pht trin v cng ngh, hot ng thng mi v qu trnh lp php c iu chnh bi o lut ny v s quyt nh vic a vo cc iu khon mi mang tnh nh khung hoc s i cc iu khon hin ti

1.1.4) Mt o lut khung (framework) c b sung bi cc quy nh k thut : o lut mu d nh s a ra cc chun mc v nguyn tc c bn pht trin vic s dng cng ngh hin i trong qu trnh lu gi v trao i thng tin nhiu tnh hung khc nhau. Tuy nhin, vi vai tr nh khung, o lut mu khng a ra tt c cc quy nh m c th xt thy l cn thit qun l cc loi cng ngh ny ti cc nc thnh vin. Ngoi ra, o lut mu cng khng c nh bao qut mi trng hp s dng TMT. V vy, cc quc gia cn ban hnh cc quy nh ph hp b sung cc yu cu chi tit nhng khng i ngc li tinh thn cu o lut mu, cng nh xem xt tng trng hp c th m khng lm thay i mc ch cu o lut mu. U ban khuyn ngh cc nc thnh vin nn c bit quan tm n mong mun duy tr u im linh hot cu cc iu khon c xy dng o lut mu

Cn lu rng cc cng ngh c a vo xem xt c th lm pht sinh cc vn php l m khng c tm thy trong o lut mu nhng thay vo li tn ti trong cc nh ch khc nh Lut Hnh chnh, Lut Hnh s , cc quy nh v hp ng, v.v Do o lut mu khng c nh gii quyt cc trng hp nu trn 1.1.5) Cch tip cn theo tng ng chc nng (functional equivalent approach) : o lut mu da trn s th nhn t cc yu cu bt buc v vic s dng cc phng thc giy t truyn thng (traditional paper based documentation) m hin ang gy ra tr ngi cho s pht trin cu cc phng tin truyn thng hin i. Trong qu trnh chun b, nhm son tho a ra xem xt kh nng phi i mt vi mt s tr lc t cc quy nh trong lut ni i, nh vic m rng phm vi cu cc khi nim v vn bn vit (writing), ch k (signature) v bn gc (original), v i vi cc khi nim v cng ngh my tnh. Nhng cch tip cn trn (theo hng kt hp cc thng ip d liu in t vo cc quy nh c sn i vi vn bn vit) thng c s dng trong cc hip c quc t, nh iu 7 o lut mu v trng ti

TMQT v iu 13 cu Cng c Viena 1980 CISG 1980. Nhm son tho thng nht rng o lut mu nn cho php cc quc gia iu chnh cc quy nh hin hnh theo hng tip cn vi s pht trin cu cng ngh ph hp vi Lut Thng mi m khng buc phi hu b ton b cc yu cu v giy vit hoc lm xo trn cc khi nim php l v cc cch tip cn i theo cc yu cu ny

ng thi, nhm son tho cho rng vic buc cc d liu in t tho mn cc yu cu v vn bn vit trong mt s trng hp cn phi t c s pht trin nht nh trong qu trnh lp php, v mt trong nhng khc bit c bn gi thng ip d liu in t v vn bn vit l d liu in t khng c kh nng c tr khi c chuyn i sang cc nh dng khc (nh in ra giy) hoc trnh chiu trn mn hnh, trong khi vn bn vit c th c c bng mt thng

o lut mu do vy a ra mt cch tip cn mi, i khi c nhn nhn di hnh thc cch tip cn theo tng ng chc nng, m da trn s phn tch mc ch v chc nng cu giy t truyn thng xc nh bng cch no cng ngh TMT c th tho mn cc mc ch v chc nng ny. Mt trong s cc chc nng thng thy l Kh nng d c m bo ni dung khng b thay i qua thi gian Cho php vic sao chp c thc hin d dng cc bn c th gi mt bn sao i vi cng mt d liu Cho php vic chng thc d liu thng qua ch k V cho php thng tin c lu gi nh dng ph hp vi yu cu cu cc c quan chc nng v To n

Cn lu rng i vi tt c cc chng nng k trn, thng tin in t c th p ng vi cng mt mc an ton nh vn bn vit, v trong a s trng hp c mc tin cy v tc x l cao hn, c bit trong trng hp xc nh ngun gc v ni dung d liu, vi iu kin cc yu t cng ngh v php l tng ng vi nhau. Tuy nhin, vic thng qua cch tip cn theo tng ng chc nng khng c nghi l p buc ngi dng trong hot ng TMT phi s dng cc chun mc bo mt cht ch hn (m i km l vn chi ph) so vi mi trng giy vit thng thng. Ly v d nh quy nh rng d liu c trnh by di dng vit (m cu thnh mt tin bt buc threshold requirement) th khng c hiu nh cho php cc nc quy nh kht khe hn, v d l vn bn vit c ch k (signed writing), vn bn gc c ch k (signed original) hay cc hnh vi php l c cho php (authenticated legal acts)

o lut mu khng c gng nh nghi s tng ng da trn chc nng in ton (computer based equivalent) i vi mi loi hnh vn bn vit. Thay vo , o lut mu ch n thun a ra cc yu cu tng ng vi giy vit v cc chc nng c bn, bng cch a ra cc khi nim mi v tiu chun, m theo mt khi cc yu cu ny c p ng bi thng ip d liu in t th cho php chng c hung cng mt mc th nhn v mt php l cu cng mt loi vn bn c cc chc nng tng t. Cn lu rng, cch tip cn theo tng ng chc nng c a vo t iu 6 n iu 8 cu o lut mu, theo ln lt ng vi cc khi nim v vn bn vit, ch k v vn bn gc, nhng khng cp n cc khi nim khc, v d nh iu 10 khng c nh a ra yu cu v tng ng chc nng i vi cc quy nh hin hnh v lu tr thng tin 1.1.6) Mi quan h gi thuc tnh chung v bt buc : Quyt nh son tho mt o lut mu v TMT c da trn s cng nhn rng hu ht gii php i vi cc tr ngi php l lm cn tr vic s dng cc cng ngh truyn thng hin i u c tm thy trong cc mi quan h pht sinh t hp

ng. Do vy o lut mu a ra mt nguyn tc c bn v quyn t nh ot cu cc bn (party autonomy) m c th hin ti iu 4 v cng c tip tc duy tr trong Phn I, Chng III. Cc quy nh ti y bao gm mt nhm cc iu khon c bn m thng thy trong tho thun gi cc bn nh cc tho thun trao i qua li (interexchange agreements) hoc quy nh h thng (system rules). Cn lu rng khi nim quy nh h thng c th bao gm hai phm tr khc nhau : cc quy nh chung c a ra khi vn hnh h thng mng v cc iu khon ring m c th c ch ng trong cc iu khon chung xt trong mi quan h song phng gi ngi khi pht (originator) v ngi tip nhn (addressee) mt thng ip d liu. iu 4, v khi nim tho thun c nu trong , c hm bao gm c hai h thng quy phm trn

Cc bn c th s dng cc quy nh ti Phn I, Chng III nh mt yu t c bn i n thng nht chung v k kt hp ng. Cc quy nh ny c th c dng b sung vo tho thun khi c thiu st trong hp ng. Ngoi ra, cn c th c xem nh mt chun mc chung trong trng hp m thng ip d liu in t c trao i nhng khng c tho thun trc gi cc bn tham gia, v d khi s dng cc h thng thng tin m (open network communications)

Cc iu khon ti Phn I, Chng II th mang cc c im c phn khc bit. Mt trong s cc mc ch chnh cu o lut mu l khuyn khch vic s dng v m bo tnh n nh i vi cc cng ngh truyn thng hin i m cc tr ngi php l bt ngun t cc quy nh mang tnh bt buc khng th c khc phc bng cch tho thun trong hp ng. V vy cc iu khon trong Chng II nn c xem nh a ra cc quy nh khung ti thiu v mang tnh bt buc v mt php l, tr khi c quy nh khc mt cch r rng trong cc iu khon ny. Tuy nhin, vic xc nhn rng cc yu cu trn c xem nh cc quy nh khung ti thiu khng c nghi l cho php cc quc gia thnh vin a ra cc yu cu kht khe hn so vi cc yu cu c nh sn trong o lut mu

1.2) o lut mu v ch k in t (UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signature) : 1.2.1) Mc ch cu o lut mu : Vic s dng cc cng ngh chng thc in t ngy cng gia tng nh mt la chn thay th cho ch k tay v cc phng thc chng thc truyn thng khc phn nh s cn thit cu mt quy nh chung gim thiu tnh khng n nh i vi hiu lc php l pht sinh t vic s dng cc cng ngh ny (thng c nhc n di tn gi ch k in t electronic signatures). Ri ro xut pht t nhiu cch tip cn php l ti cc quc gia khc nhau i vi ch k in t lm dy ln mong mun tn ti mt nhm cc chun mc php l thng nht m hin ang l mt hin tng ton cu, theo s hi ho gi php lut v cc tnh nng cu khoa hc k thut l mt nhu cu thit thc

c xy dng trn nn tng cu iu 7, o lut mu v TMT (sau y s c nhc n di tn gi y trnh gy nhm ln) lin quan n vic tho mn cc chc nng cu ch k trong mi trng in t, o lut mu c thit k nhm h tr cc quc gia ban hnh mt chun mc cc quy phm hin i, hi ho v cng bng gii quyt cc vn pht sinh mt cch c hiu qu. Tuy ch l mt trong cc b phn cu TMT ni chung, nhng vi vai tr b sung cho o lut mu v TMT, o lut mu a ra cc nguyn tc thc hnh m theo tin cy cu ch k in t, xt theo gc k thut, c th c nh lng. Ngoi ra, o lut mu cn ch ra mi lin kt gi tin cy v hiu lc php l c trao cho ch k in t. b sung vo o lut mu v TMT, o lut mu a ra cch tip cn m hiu lc php l cu mt cng ngh ch k in t c th c nh trc (hoc nh gi trc khi thc s dng n). Do vy, o lut mu c th thc y kh nng nhn thc v s tin cy vo cc cng ngh ch k in t c th c s dng trong cc giao dch quan trng mt cch hp php. Hn th n, bng cch a ra mt nhm cc quy nh c bn mang tnh linh hot iu chnh hnh vi cu cc bn c lin quan n vic s dng ch k in t, nh ngi k (signatories), bn chp nhn ch k (relying parties) v

nh cung cp dch v chng thc ch k in t (third party certification service providers), o lut mu c th h tr cc quc gia trong vic t ra cc chun mc thng mi hp l hn i vi cc vn CNTT

o lut mu, vi mc ch m u v pht trin vic s dng ch k in t cng nh a ra cc chun mc i x bnh ng gi cc bn tham gia l chn vic s dng vn bn vit hoc CNTT, l cn thit thc y nn kinh t v tnh hiu qu trong TMQT. Bng cch kt hp cc phng thc, cng nh cc iu khon trong o lut mu v TMT vo cc iu lut ni i, cc quc gia thnh vin s to ra mt mi trng trung gian bnh ng i vi cc trng hp m cc bn l chn vic s dng cng ngh truyn thng in t. Cch tip cn trung gian bnh ng cng c s dng trong o lut mu v TMT vi mc ch a ra cc nguyn tc c bn c th bao qut mi tnh hung thc t pht sinh khi thng tin c khi to, lu gi v trao i, bt k mi trng m cc thng tin ny gn lin. Cm t mt mi trng trung gian bnh ng (a media neutral enviroment) c s dng trong o lut mu v TMT phn nh nguyn tc khng phn bit i x gi thng tin c to lp t mi trng giy vit v mi trng in t. o lut mu khng nh nguyn tc khng cho php bt k mt s phn bit no gi cc cng ngh khc nhau tham gia vo vic trao i hoc lu gi thng tin in t, mt nguyn tc thng c nhc n di tn gi bnh ng cng ngh (technology neutral) 1.2.2) Ngun gc php l cu o lut mu : o lut mu c son tho trn c s k th iu 7, o lut mu v TMT v c xem xt nh mt phng thc cung cp thng tin chi tit v khi nim mc tin cy trong vic s dng cc bin php nhn dng (method used to identify) mt ngi v xc nh s chp thun cu ngi (to indicate that persons approval) i vi ni dung bn trong mt thng ip d liu

Cc vn v hnh thc v tm quan trng cu mi quan h gi hnh thc vi ni dung cu o lut mu cng c a ra tho lun : l mt quy phm mang tnh php l bt buc, bao gm c cc iu khon trong hp ng; hay l mt hng dn cc quc gia xem xt v iu chnh i vi ch k in t. Tuy nhin, cc thnh vin thng nht rng o lut mu nn c son tho nh mt nhm cc quy nh vi li ch thch v khng ch n thun l mt hng dn. Cui cng, vn kin ny c thng qua di dng mt o lut mu 1.2.3) Mi tng quan vi o lut mu v Thng mi in t : Tnh c lp : trong qu trnh son tho tn ti quan im cc iu khon mi c th c kt hp trong mt phin bn m rng cu o lut mu v TMT, v d nh b sung thm Phn III vo o lut mu v TMT. Tuy nhin, quan im chung cu cc nc thnh vin l o lut mu c th c ban hnh mt cch c lp hoc kt hp vi o lut mu v TMT, v cui cng i n thng nht l o lut mu nn c son tho nh mt phn c lp. Quyt nh ny hnh thnh ch yu do ti thi im o lut mu hon thnh, o lut mu v TMT thc s thnh cng khi c thc thi ti phn ln cc quc gia thnh vin v hin ang c cc quc gia cn li xem xt thng qua. Bng cch s i o lut mu v TMT nh mt s nng cp (tc b sung thm cc iu khon mi), qu trnh chun b cho mt phin bn m rng c th gy hi n thnh qu cu phin bn gc. Ngoi ra, vic nng cp ny c th lm pht sinh nhng sai st, xo trn cc nc thng qua o lut v TMT Tnh nht qun v k th : Trong qu trnh phc tho o lut mu, mi n lc c thc hin nhm m bo tnh nht qun v ni dung v thut ng c s dng trong o lut mu v TMT. Cc iu khon chung cu o lut mu v TMT tip tc c s dng li, v d nh iu 1 (phm vi iu chnh); iu 2a, c, d (cc nh nghi v thng ip d liu in

t, ngi khi pht v ngi tip nhn); iu 3 (iu khon v gii nghi); iu 4 (quyn thay i theo tho thun) v iu 7 (ch k in t) Da trn o lut mu v TMT, o lut mu c nh phn nh mt s vn c th nh : nguyn tc bnh ng cng ngh, cch tip cn theo tng ng chc nng i vi cc khi nim truyn thng c s dng bng vn bn vit cng nh khng phn bit i x trong thc tin p dng, v tnh bao qut da trn quyn t nh ot cu cc bn tham gia. o lut mu cng ch nh p dng cho c cc tiu chun ti thiu trong mi trng m open enviroment (v d khi cc bn giao tip m khng c tho thun trc) v cc iu khon hp ng mu hoc cc quy nh mc nh trong mi trng ng close enviroment (v d khi cc bn b rng buc bi cc hp ng trc , hoc phi tun theo cc iu kin s dng khi giao tip bng phng tin truyn thng in t) Mi tng quan vi iu 7 o lut mu v Thng mi in t : trong qu trnh son tho tn ti quan im : khi tham chiu gi iu 7, o lut mu v TMT v phm vi iu 6, o lut mu, cc quy nh cu o lut mu cn c gii hn trong phm vi cc trng hp m ch k in t ch c dng p ng cc yu cu php l bt buc i vi mt s vn bn c th phi c k nhm m bo gi tr hiu lc. Theo quan im ny, v php lut cu hu ht cc nc ch ng rt t cc yu cu nu trn i vi cc vn bn c s dng trong hot ng thng mi, nn phm vi cu o lut mu cn phi hp hn. p li quan im ny th a s cc thnh vin nhn chung cho rng cch gii thch ny v iu 6, o lut mu (v iu 7, o lut mu v TMT) s mu thun vi cch hiu v t lut (the law) trong on 68 cu Hng dn thi hnh o lut mu v TMT, m c U ban thng qua, theo khi nim lut cn c hiu bao gm khng ch cc quy phm hoc n l m

cn c cc ngun php lut khc. V thc t phm vi cu iu 7, o lut mu v

TMT v iu 6, o lut mu th c bit rng do hu ht cc vn bn s dng trong hot ng thng mi lun phi i mt vi cc yu cu php l v chng c chng minh nh khi dng vn bn vit 1.2.4) Mt o lut khung c b sung bi cc quy nh k thut v iu khon hp ng : L phn b sung vo o lut mu v TMT, o lut mu d nh a ra cc nguyn tc quan trng pht trin vic s dng ch k in t. Tuy nhin, vi vai tr nh khung, bn thn o lut mu khng trnh by tt c cc quy nh m c th xt thy l cn thit (v d nh b sung vo tho thun gi cc bn) qun l cc loi cng ngh ny ti cc nc thnh vin. Ngoi ra, o lut mu khng c nh bao qut mi trng hp s dng ch k in t. V vy, cc quc gia cn ban hnh cc quy nh ph hp b sung cc yu cu chi tit nhng khng i ngc li tinh thn cu o lut mu, cng nh xem xt cc trng hp c th m khng lm thay i mc ch cu o lut mu. U ban khuyn ngh cc nc thnh vin nn c bit quan tm n mong mun duy tr tnh linh hot khi s dng h thng ch k in t

Hot ng thng mi trn thc t c kh nng tn ti lu di l nh vo s pht trin cu cc chun cng ngh m, cc cng ngh ny hnh thnh cc c im k thut c bn, cc tiu chun thit k v lp t, cng nh s thng nht trong hot ng nghin cu v pht trin (Research and Development R&D) i vi cc sn phm trong tng lai. m bo tnh linh hot m thc tin thng mi ly lm c s cn pht trin cc chun m vi quan im y mnh kh nng tng tc gi cc th h v gi cc chng loi sn phm vi nhau, v cn h tr mc tiu thng nht khng bin gii (objective of cross- border regconitions) th cc quc gia phi quan tm ng mc mi quan h gi bt k mt h thng cc nguyn tc k thut c cp php no vi cc chun mc k thut m hin ang tn ti

Cn lu rng cng ngh ch k in t c xem xt trong o lut mu c th lm pht sinh cc vn php l m khng c tm thy trong o lut mu nhng thay vo li tn ti trong cc nh ch khc nh Lut Hnh chnh, Lut Hnh s, cc quy nh v hp ng, v.v Do o lut mu khng c nh gii quyt cc trng hp nu trn 1.2.5) Mt s iu khon b sung i vi hiu lc php l cu ch l in t : Mt trong s cc tnh nng cu o lut mu l b sung vo cc tiu chun c quy nh ti iu 7, o lut mu v TMT th nhn ch k in t cng c th tho mn cc chc nng tng t nh ch k tay iu 7 da trn s cng nhn chc nng cu ch k trong mi trng giy vit nh xc nh mt ngi; m bo tnh xc thc gi ngi k v ch k; rng buc ngi k vo ni dung cu vn bn k. Ngoi ra, ch k c th dng thc hin cc chc nng khc tu thuc vo tnh cht cu vn bn, nh kh nng chng thc ch cu mt bn mong mun c rng buc bi cc iu khon hp ng k

m bo mt thng ip (message) c yu cu chng thc khng b t chi gi tr php l ch bi l do thng ip ny khng c chng thc theo cch ring c cu vn bn vit, iu 7 a ra mt cch tip cn ton din cho vn ny bng cch quy nh cc iu kin chung m khi c tho mn th thng ip d liu in t s c xem nh c chng thc vi mc tin cy tng ng v s c gi tr php l thi hnh nh vn bn vit. Vi cch tip cn ny s gp phn loi b cc ro cn hin c i vi hot ng TMT. iu 7 tp trung vo hai chc nng c bn cu mt ch k l xc nh tc gi cu vn bn v xc nhn ngi ny chp thun ni dung cu vn bn . Khon 1a nu ra cc nguyn tc trong mi trng in t v cc chc nng php l c bn cu mt ch k c thc hin bng cch xc nh ngi khi to mt thng ip d liu in t v xc nhn s ng vi ni dung d liu cu ngi ny

Khon 1b a ra cch tip cn linh hot v mc bo mt m c th tho mn cc tiu chun nu ti khon 1a. Phng thc s dng trong khon 1a cn phi tin cy v ph hp vi mc ch theo d liu in t c khi to hoc trao i, c xem xt n tt c cc tnh hung lin quan, k c bt k tho thun no gi ngi khi pht v ngi tip nhn mt thng ip d liu in t

xc nh liu phng thc c s dng ti khon 1 c ph hp hay khng, hp php v tho mn cc yu t k thut v thng mi hay khng cn xt n cc vn sau : Tnh phc tp cu thit b c cc bn s dng Tnh cht quan h gi cc bn Mc thng xuyn m giao dch c cc bn thc hin Chng loi v khi lng giao dch Cc yu cu php l v quy nh khc lin quan n chc nng cu ch k Kh nng vn hnh cu h thng CNTT Tnh tng thch vi qu trnh chng thc c a ra bi ngi trung gian Tnh tng thch vi tp qun thng mi v thc t p dng Mc phn hng tng ng i vi qu trnh chng thc c cung cp bi ngi trung gian Phng thc hin hnh x l cc thng ip d liu bt hp php Tm quan trng v gi tr cu thng tin c ch ng trong thng ip d liu in t

Kh nng s dng cc phng thc xc nhn thay th (availability of alternative methods of identification) v chi ph thc hin Mc chp nhn hoc khng chp nhn i vi phng thc xc nhn tng thch vi cc chun cng nghip ti thi im tho thun v khi thng ip d liu in t c trao i Bt k mt yu t ph hp no khc Xy dng trn cc tiu chun linh hot quy nh ti iu 7, khon 1b, o lut mu v TMT, iu 6 v 7, o lut mu a ra mt phng thc theo ch k in t m p ng cc tiu chun khch quan v tin cy cu cng ngh s dng c th c hng li t cc quy nh c i vi hiu lc php l cu cc ch k in t ny. o lut mu a ra hai khi nim tch bit tu vo thi gian th nhn chc nng tng t cu ch k in t so vi ch k tay. Khi nim u tin, v c phm vi rng hn, l khi nim c cp ti iu 7, o lut mu v TMT. Khi nim ny th nhn bt k mt phng thc no (method) cng c th c s dng tho mn cc yu cu php l v kh nng chp nhn ph thc vo vic chng minh mc tin cy cu phng thc ny trc c quan c thm quyn. Khi nim th hai, v c phm vi hp hn, c a ra bi o lut mu, theo nh trc cc phng thc m c th c th nhn bi chnh quyn cc nc thnh vin, php nhn hoc gi cc bn vi nhau, nu p ng cc tiu chun v tin cy cu cng ngh trnh by trong o lut mu. u im cu s th nhn ny l kh nng m bo cho ngi dng tnh n nh trc khi h thc s dng n cc cng ngh ny 1.2.6) Cc quy nh c bn iu chnh hnh vi cu cc bn c lin quan : o lut mu khng i vo chi tit gii quyt cc vn v nghi v v trch nhim cu cc bn trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng ch k in t. Cc tnh hung pht sinh s c iu chnh bi cc quy nh khc nm ngoi phm vi cu o lut mu. Tuy nhin, o lut mu vn a ra mt s tiu chun xem xt hnh vi cu

cc bn, bao gm ngi k ch k in t, ngi chp nhn ch k in t v nh cung cp dch v chng thc

i vi ngi k ch k in t, o lut mu b sung mt nguyn tc c bn v nghi v phi thc hin cc bin php cn thit v c s quan tm ng mc n d liu to lp ch k in t (electronic signature creation data) cu mnh, v h c cho rng s thc hin cc hnh ng cn thit ngn chn vic s dng tri php ngun d liu ny. Bn thn ch k s (digital signature) khng c kh nng m bo ngi thc t k cng l ngi k ch k in t (mt cch khc l ngi s hu d liu to lp ch k). Trong iu kin tt nht c th, ch k s ch c kh nng m bo mi lin kt gi thng tin ghi trn chng th in t v ngi k ch k in t. V ngi k ch k in t bit (know) hoc ng l ra phi bit (should have known) rng d liu to lp ch k in t c th b xm hi nn h phi thng bo cho bt k ngi no m mt cch hp l c xem nh chp nhn hoc cung cp dch v lin quan n ch k in t. Trng hp s dng chng th in t, ngi k ch k in t c cho l phi cn trng trong vic m bo s chnh xc v hon chnh cu tt c thng tin ghi trn chng th in t m i din cho mnh

Ngi chp nhn ch k in t c xem l phi thc hin cc bc hp l xc nh tin cy cu ch k in t . Trng hp s dng chng th in t, ngi chp nhn ch k in t cn phi xem xt hiu lc, kh nng b tm nh ch hoc hu b cu chng th in t cng nh xem xt gii hn m chng th in t c quyn s dng

Nghi v chung cu nh cung cp dch v chng thc l s dng h thng, phng thc tin cy v cc ngun lc, cng nh hnh ng ph hp vi chnh sch cu mnh v thc tin p dng. Ngoi ra, h cng c cho l phi quan tm ng mc n s chnh xc v hon chnh cu thng tin c ghi trn chng th in t bng cch cung cp cc thng tin cn thit trn chng th in t cho php ngi chp

nhn ch k xc nhn ngi k v nh cung cp dch v chng thc ch k in t. Bn cnh , chng th in t cng cn c kh nng xc nh : Ngi k ghi trn chng th in t ang kim sot cc d liu to lp ch k ti thi im chng th in t c pht hnh, v D lu to lp ch k c s dng vo hoc trc ngy chng th in t c pht hnh

m bo li ch cu ngi chp nhn ch k, nh cung cp dch v chng thc cn b sung thm cc thng tin v : Phng thc s dng xc nh ngi k ch k in t Bt k gii hn no i vi mc ch hoc gi tr m d liu to lp ch k hoc chng th in t c s dng iu kin s dng d liu to lp ch k Bt k gii hn no v nghi v cu nh cung cp dch v chng thc C phng tin no cho php ngi k ch k in t thng bo d liu to lp ch k b xm hi V c quy nh thi gian hp l hu b vic s dng chng th in t hay khng o lut mu a ra mt danh sch m cc yu t nh gi mc tin cy cu h thng, phng thc v ngun lc c s dng bi nh cung cp dch v chng thc 1.2.7) Mt khung php l cng bng v k thut (technology nuetral) : Xem xt tng giai on i mi cng ngh, o lut mu a ra cc tiu chun v s cng nhn php l i vi ch k in t, bt k loi cng ngh no c s dng. Mt s v d nh ch k s da trn phng php m ho bt i xng; thit b

sinh trc hc; phng php m ho i xng; phng php s dng m s PIN, th bi (token) chng thc thng ip d liu in t bng th thng minh (smart card), hoc cc thit b khc c s dng bi ngi k ch k in t; ch k tay c s ho; v cc phng thc khc nh nhp chut vo nt OK. Cc loi cng ngh k trn c th c s dng phi hp vi nhau gim thiu ri ro h thng (systemic risk) 1.2.8) Nguyn tc khng phn bit i x i vi ch k in t c ngun gc nc ngoi : o lut mu a ra mt nguyn tc c bn theo ngun gc xut x (place of origin) khng c xem xt nh mt yu t quyt nh liu chng th in t nc ngoi c c th nhn gi tr php l nc s ti hay khng. Vic quyt nh mt chng th hoc ch k in t l ph hp v c gi tr php l khng nn da vo ni m chng th hay ch k ny c pht hnh, thay vo l mc tin cy v mt k thut. Nguyn tc ny c quy nh ti iu 12 cu o lut mu

1.3) Cng c v vic s dng thng tin in t trong hp ng quc t (United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts) : 1.3.1) Mc ch cu Cng c : Mc ch cu Cng c ny l cung cp gii php cho cc vn pht sinh t vic s dng thng tin in t trong quan h hp ng quc t Cng c khng c nh a ra mt quy nh thng nht i vi cc vn pht sinh t hp ng m khng trc tip lin quan n hot ng TMT. Tuy nhin, mt s phn bit r rng gi yu t cng ngh v s c lp trong phm vi TMT khng phi lun d dng v nh mong mun. V vy, Cng c c mt s t cc quy nh c lp c phm vi m rng ra bn ngoi mc ch thun tu l ti xc nhn cc

yu t v tng ng chc nng khi cc quy nh ny l cn thit m bo tnh hiu qu cu TMT 1.3.2) Phm vi p dng cu Cng c (iu 1 v 2) : Cng c p dng cho cc hot ng s dng TMT i vi vic giao kt v thc hin hp ng gi cc bn c trc s kinh doanh ti cc nc khc nhau. Thng tin in t (electronic communications) bao gm bt k mt tuyn b, yu cu, thng bo no, bao gm c li mi k kt hp ng (offer) v li chp nhn (acceptance) c thc hin bng phng tin in t, quang hc, t tnh hay cc phng tin tng t trong vic to lp v thc hin hp ng. Thut ng hp ng (contract) s dng trong Cng c cn c hiu theo nghi rng v bao gm c tho thun ti phn v cc tho thun mang tnh rng buc php l khc d cho c c gi bng hp ng hay khng

Cng c p dng cho cc hp ng quc t m cc bn tham gia c tr s hai nc khc nhau, nhng khng nht thit c hai quc gia ny u l thnh vin cu Cng c. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp cc bn khng chn hoc chn sai lut c gi tr p dng th Cng c ch c p dng khi lut cu mt nc thnh vin c s dng iu chnh mi quan h ny, chiu theo cc quy nh cu t php quc t

Cng c ny khng p dng i vi giao dch in t v mc ch sinh hot c nhn hoc gia nh. Tuy nhin, khc vi mt s loi tr quy nh ti iu 2a, CISG 1980, Cng c ny s khng p dng k c i vi cc loi tr nu trn d mc ch ny khng thc s r rng cho bn cn li bit. Ngoi ra, Cng c khng p dng cho cc giao dch trn mt s th trng ti chnh c bit m c cc quy nh ring iu chnh. Cc giao dch ny b loi tr v cc lnh vc dch v ti chnh hin c iu chnh ph hp vi cc quy tc, chun mc chung m ang c nhiu nc p dng, cng nh cc vn TMT c lin quan. Cui cng, Cng c khng p dng i vi cc cng c c kh nng chuyn nhng, chit khu v iu ny c bit kh

khn to ra mt h thng in t tng thch vi cc chc nng k trn trong mi trng vn bn vit. Do vy, cc vn ny s c iu chnh trong tng lai bi cc quy nh c th khc 1.3.2) Tr s cu cc bn v yu cu v thng tin (iu 6 v 7) : Cng c bao gm mt nhm cc quy nh v tr s cu cc bn tham gia nhng khng d tnh nghi v cu cc bn v vic thng bo tr s kinh doanh cu mnh. Tuy nhin, Cng c vn a ra mt s gi nh v quy nh chung nhm mc ch to iu kin thun li quyt nh tr s kinh doanh cu mt bn. y l yu t quan trng hng u cc bn xc nh tr s kinh doanh cu mnh mt cch hp l

Cng c a ra cch tip cn thn trng i vi cc thng tin ngoi vi (peripheral information) cu mt thng ip d liu in t, v d nh i ch giao thc internet (internet protocol addresses), tn min (domain names) hoc v tr i l cu h thng thng tin, m c rt t kh nng xc nh v tr vt l cu cc bn, d cc thng tin ny c th hm ch nhng yu t khch quan nht nh 1.3.3) Nguyn tc i x i vi hp ng (iu 8,11, 12 v 13) : Cng c khng nh ti iu 8 nguyn tc quy nh ti iu 11, o lut mu v TMT l khng nn t chi gi tr php l cu hp ng ch v l do hp ng ny tn ti di hnh thc thng tin in t, nhng Cng c khng mo him i vi vic xc nh khi no li mi k kt hp ng v li chp nhn c hiu lc trong qu trnh giao kt hp ng

iu 12 th nhn hp ng c th c giao kt bi h thng thng tin t ng, k c trng hp khng c s can thip cu con ngi vo h thng ny hoc trong qu tnh to lp hp ng. Tuy nhin, iu 11 quy nh r rng trng hp mt bn cung cp cc ng dng tng tc vi ngi dng (interactive applications) thc hin vic t hng, k c khi h thng thng tin ny c hon ton t ng hay khng,

th khng c nghi l h c nh mong mun b rng buc bi n t hng thng qua h thng ny

trnh kh nng tn ti hai khi nim song song gi giao dch in t v giao dch bng giy t, iu 13 dnh cho cc quc gia quyn quy nh nghi v cng b cc iu khon lin quan n vn nu trn cu cc bn theo mt cch c th. Tuy nhin, Cng c c a ra quy nh gii quyt li pht sinh khi c nhp vo h thng trong qu trnh giao dch in t, do tim n ri ro rt cao khi mt ngi giao tip vi mt h thng thng tin t ng v cc giao dch ny xy ra trong thi gian thc (real time) hoc gn nh tc thi. Do vy iu 14 a ra kh nng mt bn c quyn hu b phn giao dch b li trong trng hp nu trn 1.3.4) Cc yu cu v hnh thc (iu 9) : iu 9 lp li cc quy tc c bn cu iu 6, 7 v 8, o lut mu v TMT m a ra cc tiu chun tng ng chc nng gi thng tin in t v giy vit, cng nh gi phng thc chng thc in t v phng thc chng thc bng ch k tay. Tuy nhin, khc vi o lut mu v TMT, Cng c khng gii quyt cc vn lin quan n vic lu gi d liu, v cc vn ny c quan h gn vi cc quy nh v chng c v cc yu cu hnh chnh hn l vic to lp v thc hin hp ng

Cn lu rng, iu 9 ch a ra cc nguyn tc ti thiu tho mn cc yu cu v hnh thc trong quy nh hin hnh cu cc nc. Nguyn tc quyn t nh ot cu cc bn tham gia quy nh ti iu 3 cu Cng c ny cng nh trong cc vn kin khc c lin quan, nh iu 6, CISG 1980, khng nn c hiu l cho php cc bn lm dng gim nh hoc b qua cc yu cu php l v ch k khi s dng cc phng thc chng thc c mc tin cy thp hn ch k in t. Mt cch tng qut, quyn t nh ot cu cc bn tham gia khng c nghi l Cng c trao cho cc bn quyn loi b cc yu cu php l v hnh thc hoc chng thc trong hp ng v giao dch

1.3.5) Thi im v i im gi, nhn thng tin in t : Nh trng hp nu ti iu 15, o lut mu v TMT, Cng c bao gm mt nhm cc quy nh chung v thi im v i im gi, nhn thng tin in t, theo b sung vo quy nh cu cc nc v vn ny di hnh thc trao i thng tin trong mi trng in t. S khc bit trong cch dng t gi iu 10 cu Cng c v iu 15, o lut mu v TMT khng c nh to ra s khc bit trong thc tin p dng, m nhm mc ch to iu kin cho h thng php l cu cc quc gia vn hnh mt cch c hiu qu hn, bng cch cu trc li cc quy nh tng ng vi nhng yu t tng qut thng c dng xc nh qu trnh gi v nhn theo lut ni i

Theo Cng c, hnh ng gi (dispatch) xy ra khi mt d liu in t ri h thng thng tin di s kim sot cu ngi khi to, v hnh ng nhn (receive) xy ra khi mt d liu in t c kh nng truy xut (retrieve) bi ngi tip nhn, m c suy on xy ra khi d liu ny n c i ch in t (electronic address) cu h. Cng c phn bit gi trng hp gi mt thng tin n i ch in t c ch nh r bi ngi tip nhn v trng hp gi mt thng tin n i ch khng c ch nh bi ngi tip nhn. i vi trng hp u, thng tin c nhn khi thng tin ny n c i ch in t cu ngi tip nhn (hoc xm nhp enter vo h thng thng tin information system theo thut ng c s dng trong o lut mu v TMT). i vi mi trng hp m thng tin khng c gi n i ch c ch nh, hnh ng nhn xy ra khi : thng tin ny c kh nng truy xut bi ngi tip nhn v trn thc t h thc rng thng tin c gi n i ch ny

Thng tin in t c cho l gi v nhn ti tr s kinh doanh cu cc bn

1.3.6) Mi quan h i vi cc vn kin quc t khc (iu 20) : UNCITRAL hy vng rng cc quc gia s nhn thy li ch t Cng c trong vic to iu kin s dng rng ri cc vn kin quc t, c bit l cc quy nh v thng mi. iu 20 d nh a ra nhng gii php kh thi chung loi tr kh nng s i tng vn kin mt i vi cc tr ngi php l trong hot ng TMT

b sung vo cc hip c c lit k ti iu 20, khon 1, cc iu khon cu Cng c c th p dng i vi thng tin in t lin quan n hp ng c iu chnh bi cc cng c v tho thun quc t khc (theo iu 20, khon 2), tr khi cc quy nh ny b cc quc gia thnh vin loi tr. Kh nng loi tr ny cho php cc nc xem xt tnh tng thch cu Cng c i vi cc nghi v quc t khc cu mnh

iu 20, khon 3 v 4 a ra cc quy nh mang tnh linh hot khc m cho php cc quc gia b sung mt s vn kin nht nh vo danh sch cc hip c quc t m h mun p dng theo cc iu khon cu Cng c ny, k c khi quc gia ny a ra mt tuyn b chung theo khon 2, hoc loi tr mt s vn kin tu theo mong mun cu mnh. Cn lu rng, cc tuyn b chiu theo khon 4 iu ny s loi tr kh nng p dng cu Cng c khi s dng thng tin in t trong quan h hp ng i vi phm vi m cc vn kin khc c p dng

2) So snh v phn tch Lut giao dch in t Vit Nam trong mi tng quan vi cc quy nh quc t :
2.1) Mt s im tng ng : 2.1.1) Mc ch cu Lut giao dch in t : (iu 6) u tin u t pht trin h tng cng ngh v o to ngun nhn lc lin quan n giao dch in t

Khuyn khch c quan, t chc, c nhn u t v ng dng giao dch in t theo quy nh cu lut ny y mnh vic trin khai TMT, giao dch bng phng tin in t (v tin hc ho hot ng cu c quan VN) 2.1.2) Phm vi iu chnh cu Lut giao dch in t : (iu 1) Lut ny quy nh v giao dch in t trong hot ng ca cc c quan nh nc; trong lnh vc dn s, kinh doanh, thng mi v cc lnh vc khc do php lut quy nh

Cc quy nh ca Lut ny khng p dng i vi vic cp giy chng nhn quyn s dng t, quyn s hu nh v cc bt ng sn khc, vn bn v tha k, giy ng k kt hn, quyt nh ly hn, giy khai sinh, giy khai t, hi phiu v cc giy t c gi khc 2.1.3) Cc nguyn tc chung cu Lut giao dch in t : (iu 5 v 23) iu 5 : Nguyn tc chung tin hnh giao dch in t 1) T nguyn la chn s dng phng tin in t thc hin giao dch 2) T tha thun v vic la chn loi cng ngh thc hin giao dch in t 3) Khng mt loi cng ngh no c xem l duy nht trong giao dch in t 4) Bo m s bnh ng v an ton trong giao dch in t

iu 23 : Nguyn tc s dng ch k in t 1) Tr trng hp php lut c quy nh khc, cc bn tham gia giao dch in t c quyn tho thun : a) S dng hoc khng s dng ch k in t k thng ip d liu trong qu trnh giao dch b) S dng hoc khng s dng ch k in t c chng thc c) La chn t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k in t trong trng hp tha thun s dng ch k in t c chng thc 2.1.4) S th nhn chung i vi gi tr php l cu thng ip d liu v ch k in t : (iu 11, 24 v 27) iu 11 : Gi tr php l ca thng ip d liu Thng tin trong thng ip d liu khng b ph nhn gi tr php l ch v thng tin c th hin di dng thng ip d liu iu 24 : Gi tr php l ca ch k in t 1) Trong trng hp php lut quy nh vn bn cn c ch k th yu cu i vi mt thng ip d liu c xem l p ng nu ch k in t c s dng k thng ip d liu p ng cc iu kin sau y : iu 27 : Tha nhn ch k in t v chng th in t nc ngoi Nh nc cng nhn gi tr php l ca ch k in t v chng th in t nc ngoi nu ch k in t hoc chng th in t c tin cy tng ng vi tin cy ca ch k in t v chng th in t theo quy nh ca php lut. Vic xc nh mc tin cy ca ch k in t v chng th in t nc ngoi phi cn c vo cc tiu chun quc t c tha nhn, iu c quc t m Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam l thnh vin v cc yu t c lin quan khc

2.2) Mt s im khc bit : xem xt vn mt cch ton din, phn ny s s dng ch yu Lut giao dch in t 2005 v Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP v TMT, v y l hai vn bn bao qut nhiu nht i vi hot ng TMT v gn hn vi cc vn kin quc t c lin quan so vi cc vn bn khc Do gii hn cu bi vit nn phn ny s c trnh by chi tit ti ph lc A.1

2.3) Nhng vn cn tn ng : 2.3.1) Mt s bt cp v khi nim v tn gi : Hin nay nguyn nhn v sao lut c ly tn l giao dch in t (tm dch sang ting Anh l electronic transactions) thay v thng mi in t (electronic commerce) vn cha c l gii chnh thc t cc c quan chc nng. Nhng qua qu trnh tm hiu v nghin cu, bi vit a ra mt s l do sau y gii thch vn ny Mt l tuy cc vn kin quc t v hot ng TMT ra i vi mong mun iu chnh mi hot ng thng mi c lin quan n vic s dng cc cng ngh truyn thng in t nhng cho n nay vn cha tn ti mt quy nh chi tit iu chnh cc quan h khc nh chuyn giao giy chng nhn quyn s hu, d c nhng iu khon mang tnh nh hng trong Phn II, o lut mu v TMT cu UNCITRAL 1996 Hai l tuy cng ngh k thut trn bnh din chung c nhiu bc tin ng kinh ngc nhng vn cha kh nng to ra cc phng tin thay th hon ton cc chc nng cu giy vit truyn thng. V vy, cc hot ng lin quan n TMT ch tn ti di cc hnh thc giao dch c bn cu nn kinh t nh mua bn hng ho, k kt hp ng, qung co in t, gio dc t xa, v.v

Ba l xt v bn cht th TMT ch l mt hnh thc trong s cc biu hin bn ngoi cu hot ng thng mi m mc ch c bn l to iu kin cho hot ng thng mi vn hnh thng sut v gim thiu chi ph kinh doanh. V vy, khng th thay th tt c cc hnh thc thng mi hin nay bng hot ng TMT Cui cng, do hin VN cha c vn bn lut chnh thc no iu chnh hot ng in t trong cc lnh vc khc nh hnh chnh (hay cn gi l chnh ph in t). V vy, trong b cc cu Lut giao dch in t 2005 kt hp gi hai lnh vc p dng cng ngh in t l thng mi v qun l hnh chnh (theo iu 39, quy nh v cc loi hnh giao dch in t cu cc c quan Nh nc) nhm to tin cho vic ban hnh cc vn bn cn thit sau ny

Tuy nhin nu vn gi nguyn cch tip cn ny s dn n nhiu h qu tiu cc nh sau : _ V xt v bn cht, thut ng giao dch (transaction) khng th bao hm ton b khi nim thng mi in t (electronic commerce), m ngc li giao dch in t ch l mt b phn cu TMT, theo thng bt gp trong mi quan h mua bn hng ho, cung ng dch v gi doanh nghip vi doanh nghip v doanh nghip vi khch hng. V sai lm ny c th hin qua tiu cu Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP : v thng mi in t. V l mt vn bn di lut nn d k th nhng u im cu Cng c v vic s dng thng tin in t trong hp ng quc t cu LHQ vn khng th a ra p dng chung cho cc vn khc pht sinh ngoi chng t in t _ Theo nguyn nhn th t c cp trn, vic kt hp nhiu lnh vc c th p dng cng ngh in t trong cng mt vn bn lut s gy khng t kh khn trong vic p dng, v xt v bn cht cu tng khu vc (hnh chnh, thng mi, ti chnh, hi quan, thu, v.v...) tn ti nhng c im ring c m khng th cng b iu chnh

bi mt quy nh chung duy nht. Khng nhng vy, vic lm ny s dn n mt h qu thng thy VN l s ho h thng cc quy phm php lut, hay ni cch khc trong tng lai s phi ban hnh cc vn bn ring l nn vic chng cho v mu thun l khng th trnh khi

Tuy hin VN cha l thnh vin cu Cng c trn nhng nu xem xt k th cc iu khon trong Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP u c chuyn ti t ni dung cu Cng c. Mc d vy, vic Ngh nh s dng thut ng chng t l khng ph hp so vi thut ng thng tin (communication) c dng trong Cng c. Theo T in ting Vit ph thng cu Vin ngn ng hc, th thut ng chng t c hiu l giy t dng lm bng chng. Vi nh nghi ny khng th bao hm ton b khi nim thng tin m c hiu l iu c truyn i cho bit, hoc tin c truyn i. Ngoi ra, nu vn gi nguyn cch dng t ny th s dn n kh nng nhm ln vi khi nim chng th in t (certificate) c nh nghi ti iu 4, khon 1 cu lut ny v trong thc t s dng ting Vit th hai thut ng ny phn ln c xem l ng nht. iu ny c th c hiu l do kh khn trong qu trnh dch thut, v cn c vo nh nghi trong Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, ti bn ln th 7, thut ng communications (s nhiu plural) c hiu l phng thc truyn gi thng tin (means of sending information) v nu gi nguyn cch gii thch ny th s khng ph hp vi nh nghi ti iu 4 cu Cng c 2.3.2) V ni dung v cu trc cu Lut giao dch in t 2005 v cc vn bn c lin quan : Trong qu trnh so snh ti mc II cng c gng a ra v phn tch nhng sai bit gi quy nh cu VN i vi cc vn kin quc t. Ngoi ra, cu trc cc iu khon cn kh ri rm, phc tp v kh theo di. n c l iu 4, quy nh v gii thch t ng, th cc khi nim nh ch k in t, ngi khi pht, ngi tip nhn, v.v li b phn tn cc iu khon phi sau

Tuy c b sung cho ph hp bi Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP nhng iu ny l khng ci thin kh nng p dng cu Lut giao dch in t 2005. Mun thc hin c iu ny th trc nht phi iu chnh li cc iu khon trong lut sao cho ph hp vi thng l quc t cng nh thc t p dng ti VN 2.3.3) Cc vn khc : Thiu st cc iu khon cng nhn quyn t nh ot cu cc bn v quy nh v cch thc gii thch t ng khi c mu thun lm pht sinh tranh chp Bc l cch hiu sai i vi mt s khi nim nh chng th in t, vn lin quan n gi thng bo xc nhn; hoc s dng t, cm t, thut ng cha ph hp vi cc vn kin quc t cng nh thc t p dng

Khng quy nh c th cc ch ti v trch nhim ti cc iu 9; iu 16, khon 3; iu 25 khon 3 v iu 26, khon 3 cu Lut giao dch in t. y l mt thiu st nghim trng v tuy lut xem y l nhng trng hp vi phm nhng do khng c bt k ch ti c th no nn d lut c vn khng th x pht

Tuy trong Ngh nh 26/2007/N-CP, quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut giao dch in t v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s, dnh hn chng X x l cc vi phm hnh chnh nhng iu ny l cha . Th nht, do Ngh nh ch c gi tr p dng i vi cc lnh vc lin quan n ch k s. Th hai, hu ht cc quy nh ch lin quan n hot ng qun l hnh chnh gi Nh nc v cc ch th tham gia, cng mt s x pht khc i vi vic c tnh xm hi ch k s (c du hiu ti phm nhng cha n mc truy cu trch nhim hnh s), m khng c cc ch ti khc xt trong mi quan h gi cc ch th tham gia hot ng TMT. Cc ch ti ny l cn thit v khng phi bt c lc no cc bn cng c th t x pht ln nhau bng cch tho thun trong hp ng

Chng III : Vi nt v thng mi in t trong hot ng thanh ton

1) Hot ng thanh ton quc t bng tn dng th :
Tn dng chng t, cn gi l tn dng th hay bng thut ng L/C (letter of credit), l mt trong cc hnh thc thanh ton ch yu trong giao dch TMQT. Nhiu lut gia ni ting xem L/C nh l ngun sng c bn cu hot ng TMQT. c im chung cu L/C l : theo tho thun gi cc bn c ghi nhn trong hp ng TMQT, Nh xut khu (XK) v Nh nhp khu (NK) l chn vic thanh ton qua h thng cc Ngn hng, theo khi c ngi xut trnh chng t ph hp vi cc quy nh trong L/C th Ngn hng phi c nghi v thanh ton, bng phng thc tr ngay (document against payment D/P) hay phng thc tr chm (document against acceptance D/A)

Pht hnh km vi n bn UCP 600 cu ICC l phin bn eUCP 1.1 m iu chnh vic xut trnh cc chng t in t mt cch c lp hoc km theo cc chng t giy vit khc, nu trong L/C c iu khon dn chiu vic p dng cu vn bn ny (iu e1, khon a v b)

Nu o lut mu v TMT v o lut mu v chng k in t cu UNCITRAL ng vai tr nh khung v to lp mt mi trng php l bnh ng gi hai h thng giy vit v truyn thng in t, th s ra i cu eUCP l mi lin kt trc tip gi cc bn tham gia vo phng thc thanh ton bng L/C. C th l gi Nh XK, Nh NK vi cc Ngn hng, hoc gi cc Ngn hng vi nhau. V vy, khng ring g i vi Nh XK, hay Nh NK, m vi c cc Ngn hng, eUCP v l tin m rng hot ng TMT trong thanh ton quc t, v l s rng buc php l gi cc bn trong vic s dng chng t in t xut trnh thay cho hoc km theo cc loi chng t truyn thng

V vy, trong qu trnh xut trnh chng t in t, cc bn cn lu mt s im sau : _ Chng t in t c th c xut trnh c lp hoc i km vi chng t giy vit khc nhng chng t in t hoc c hai loi chng t trn u phi ghi r i im xut trnh

_ Cc chng t in t c th c xut trnh ring l hoc ng thi nhng ngi hng li phi c nghi v thng bo cho Ngn hng khi no hon tt vic xut trnh v phi xc nh r cc chng t ny lin quan n L/C no. Nu ngi hng li khng thc hin nghi v ny hoc trong thng bo khng nu r cc chng t xut trnh lin quan n L/C no th Ngn hng c quyn xem ngi hng li khng xut trnh chng t

_ Chng t in t phi c kh nng chng thc cc yu t sau : c c s r rng xc nh c ngi gi, ngun gc d liu ch trong chng t in t v liu ni dung cu chng t ny hon chnh v c b thay i hay khng. Chng t in t no khng p ng c yu cu ny s b xem l cha c xut trnh (theo quy nh ti iu e3, khon b, im i v iu e5, khon f)

_ Cc vn v thi gian : + Trng hp v c li trong h thng thng tin cu Ngn hng nn khng nhn c chng t in t v ngy xut trnh chng t ny l ngy ht hn xut trnh theo quy nh v/hoc l ngy cui cng cu khong thi gian xut trnh hp l sau ngy giao hng, th Ngn hng c xem l khng lm vic ngy hm v ngy xut trnh v/hoc ngy ht hn xut trnh c ko di n ht ngy lm vic u tin m h thng thng tin hot ng li bnh thng. Trng hp ch cn phi gi thng bo v vic xut trnh hon tt th thng bo ny c th c gi bng h thng vin thng hoc bng vn bn giy vit v thng bo ny vn c xem l xut trnh hp l nu

c gi trc ngy h thng thng tin cu Ngn hng hot ng li bnh thng (iu e5, khon e)

+ Tr khi trn chng t in t ghi r ngy pht hnh th ngy pht hnh cu mt chng t in t c xem l ngy chng t ny c gi bi ngi pht hnh. V tng t, nu khng c ghi ch ngy nhn c th th ngy nhn chng t in t l ngy chng t ny c gi i (iu e9)

+ Nu mt chng t vn ti khng ch r ngy giao hng th ngy pht hnh chng t in t ny c xem l ngy giao hng. Tuy nhin nu chng t vn ti c km theo ghi ch lin quan n ngy giao hnh th ngy ny c xem l ngy giao hng (quy nh ny ph hp vi cc iu khon cu UCP 600). Mt ghi ch ch ng cc ni dung b sung khng cn c k ring hoc chng thc bng cch khc mt cch c lp _ Cc vn khc khng c nu r trong phin bn eUCP ny s c iu chnh bi cc vn kin quc t khc v TMT, m tiu biu l hai o lut mu cu UNCITRAL

Nh cp trn, cc quy nh ti phin bn eUCP 1.1 ch iu chnh quan h xut trnh chng t in t gi cc bn c lin quan nn khng th c s dng mt cch c lp m cn kt hp vi cc vn kin quc t khc chi phi hot ng thng mi nh INCOTERMS 2000, CISG 1980, UCP 500 v 600, ISBP, v.v Tuy nhin v ni dung bi vit c hn v vn th hin nh th no cc nguyn tc ny, bao gm c cc iu khon trong hp ng, vo mt L/C hon chnh th nm ngoi phm vi cu bi vit

2) Hot ng thanh ton in t trong nc :

2.1) Ngn hng in t : 2.1.1) Khi qut v E Banking Vit Nam : E Banking l thut ng vit tt cu cm t Electronic Banking, tm dch l Ngn hng in t. Nh vy, nh nghi n gin v tng i d hiu cho thut ng ny l : kh nng s ho hot ng tn dng th hin qua cc hot ng cung ng dch v thanh ton trong v ngoi nc, nhm gim thiu chi ph v tng cao tnh thanh khon cu cc khon tn dng

i vi VN, E Banking l mt lnh vc mi m v rt rng ln, khng ch n thun l nghip v Ngn hng, m hn th, l bi ton cng ngh. Ch khi ng dng mnh m CNTT vo hot ng Ngn hng, mi dn nh hnh h thng E Banking

Nu thi gian trc y, khi m cng ngh Ngn hng l nhng b my tnh in t c to bng c to nh c vin tr, mua li t Lin X, ng c, th phi n Bank 98 - mt cuc trin lm vi quy m ton h thng Ngn hng v cc cuc hi tho v Ngn hng, CNTT th VN mi c c hi tip cn vi vn v s ho h thng tn dng. n nm 2000, d n Hin i ho Ngn hng v h thng thanh ton c trin khai (d rng vn ny c a ra t nm 1998), v c bn hon thnh vo nm 2001. Trong khi , nhu cu v mt din n chnh thc v tp trung dnh ring cho cc nh ch ti chnh v cc chuyn gia u ngnh CNTT l mt iu bc thit

Hai l do quan trng nht Banking Vit Nam chnh thc khi ng l nhu cu pht trin cng ngh mi t phi Ngn hng v s gp g vi nh t chc s kin chuyn nghip IDG. T , vo thng 11/2001 c nhiu s chun b ban u cho s ra i cu mt din n chnh thc. Cho n 5/2002 Banking Vit Nam chnh thc gp mt nh mt din n chung cho hai phn ngnh tn dng v CNTT, v hot ng lin tc trong sut 6 nm qua

Thc cht y l mt din n khoa hc v cng ngh, ni quy t cc nh qun l, cc chuyn gia, cc nh ch ti chnh cng nhau bn bc, chia s kinh nghim v ng thun trong pht trin ng dng cng ngh mi. Mt khc, y l ni gii thiu, qung b thng hiu v sn phm CNTT Ngn hng 2.1.2) Banking Vit Nam 2007 : Do 6 k E Banking trc y u t chc H Ni, cc n v xa, c bit l khu vc phi Nam khng c iu kin tham gia y s kin ny. Trong khi , Tp.HCM l mt trung tm kinh t k thut ln nht c nc v c v tr kinh t trng im cu Nam B : y, quy t hng trm doanh nghip hot ng v cng ngh cao cng mt khi lng ln chi nhnh, hi s cu cc NHTM. Bn cnh , ti y vn cn nhiu cch bit v trnh cng ngh gi cc Ngn hng vi nhau : gi NHTM quy m ln vi cc NHTM quy m v v nh. V vy, Banking 2007 c nht tr t chc ti Tp.HCM vi hy vng s t c hiu qu cao nht, c bit khi Vit Nam chnh thc gia nhp WTO vo thng 1/2007

S kin Banking Vit Nam 2007 chnh thc c cng b khi ng vo ngy 1/10/2007. Theo Ban t chc, ni dung ch yu cu din n xoay quanh cc ni dung trng im sau : Nhng thch thc v cng ngh khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO Vn an ninh, bo mt cu tng Ngn hng, cu ton b h thng cc Ngn hng v xy dng h thng chng thm ho trong hot ng thi hi nhp Ni dung cu xu th hi t, mng khng dy, tp trung ho ti khon cu tng Ngn hng Gii php m rng dch v Ngn hng v hn ch than ton s dng tin mt trn a bn Tp.HCM

ATM v xu hng pht trin gn lin vi an ninh, an ton cho ngi s dng dch v th Ngn hng Chia s kinh nghip v qun l v khai thc cc d n CNTT hiu qu, trnh lng ph Vn pht trin ngun nhn lc 2.1.3) Nhng vn cn c gii php ton din v su rng : Trc nht cn phi hiu mt cch ton din v chnh xc v E Banking. y thun tu l mt nghip v cung ng dch v thanh ton c s h tr cu cng ngh. V vy, v c bn ni dung tc nghip nhn chung s khng c nhiu thay i, ch khc l tn t thi gian v chi ph hn so vi khi khng ng dng cng ngh tin hc qun l, lu tr v trao i d liu. T nhng l do trn, nu ch da vo cng ngh th khng th c hiu qu cao hn trc m cn phi t cn i gi nghip v chuyn mn v kh nng ng dng tin hc cu doanh nghip. Ngoi ra, pht trin mt m hnh Ngn hng in t theo chun ISO hin hnh th chi ph b ra l khng nh nn cn phi c mt hoch nh ng n v khng chy theo phong tro

Th hai, hot ng E Banking i hi mt s kt hp cht ch gi tng NHTM vi nhau th mi em li hiu qu cao nht. Trong khi hin nay tnh trng phn tn gi cc Ngn hng l rt ln, th hin qua vic ngi dn gp nhiu kh khn khi thc hin mt giao dch lin Ngn hng. Ngoi ra, vic cc Ngn hng a ra lp lun v l do bo mt nn cha th trin khai nhanh chng vic ng b ho d liu cho ton b cc giao dch gy cn tr ln trong vic kim nh, thng k v hch ton. T , pht sinh nhiu tiu cc, ri ro hon ton c th phng trnh

Th ba, chnh lch v cng ngh gi cc Ngn hng l rt ln. c bit l cc NHTM C phn Nh nc thng c u th v vn so vi cc NHTM khc nn vic a CNTT vo ng dng c phn d dng hn so vi cc n v cn li. V vy, vi cc doanh nghip c tim lc v vn trung bnh ch c la chn duy nht l da vo

cc h thng my ch sn c, v v vy b ri vo th b ng. y cng l mt l do m hin trn a bn c nc, mi Ngn hng c mt h thng thanh ton ring, vi s lng rt khc nhau. C n v th s lng im thanh ton v chp nhn thanh ton rt cao nh th ATM cu Vietcombank (VCB) nhng cht lng cung ng dch v li thp hn rt nhiu so vi h thng my cu Ngn hng ng (EAB). C n v cng a vo h thng thanh ton qua my nhng s lng c v im thanh ton, chp nhn thanh ton v cht lng dch v khng p ng c nhu cu, nh Agribank, Eximbank, Incombank, v.v Cui cng, tc ng cu Chnh ph vo hin i ho h thng thanh ton cha trit v ton din. Cho n by gi, chng ta ch mi kp thng qua n thanh ton khng dng tin mt giai on 2006 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 ti Vit Nam vo cui nm 2006, v i vo hot ng u nm 2007. T , cho thy kh nng hoch nh cu cc cp chnh quyn cha theo kp pht trin tng th cu ton b nn kinh t. Bn cnh , cc vn v lm pht qu nng, vn nn tham nhng trong cc gi thu cung ng thit b, s cnh tranh khng lnh mnh, cng l mt trong s nhng im cn c bit quan tm

2.2) n thanh ton khng dng tin mt giai on 2006 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 ti Vit Nam : Trong l trnh thc hin n thanh ton khng dng tin mt giai on 2006 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 ti Vit Nam c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt theo Quyt nh s 291/2006/Q-TTg ngy 29/12/2006. n 24/8/2007 tip tc ban hnh Ch th s 20/2007/CT-TTg v vic tr lng qua ti khon cho cc i tng hng lng t Ngn sch Nh nc

Ta c th tm tt s lc mt s im chnh yu cu Ch th ny nh sau : _ T ngy 1/1/2008 tp trung ch o cc n v trc thuc v cp di ch ng phi hp vi cc t chc cung ng dch v thanh ton tip tc trin khai v m rng vic tr lng qua ti khon cho cc i tng lm vic trong cc c quan trung ng, cc c quan, n v thuc UBND cc cp ti H Ni, Tp.HCM v mt s tnh, thnh ph, th x, khu ch xut, khu cng nghip tp trung v ang trin khai

_ T ngy ngy 1/1/2009 tip tc m rng thc hin vic tr lng qua ti khon cho cc i tng nhng n v cha trin khai trn phm vi c nc, ni m cc t chc cung ng dch v thanh ton c kh nng p ng vic tr lng qua ti khon

Phn ny s c trnh by chi tit hn ti ph lc A.2

qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasd fghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq PHN II wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui Gii php hon thin opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg khung php l v hot ng thng mi hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc in t ti Vit Nam vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwert yuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas

Trong qu trnh phn tch chng I, m c bit l mc I v II, bi vit a ra mt s thiu st v sai lm cu cc quy nh VN i vi cc vn TMT. Theo , gii quyt nhng khim khuyt ny mt cch ton din th khng th ch d vo vic ban hnh cc vn bn hng dn hoc quy nh chi tit cc khon mc cu Lut giao dch in t 2005, m cn phi s i ngay ti nhng quy nh ny. iu ny l cn thit v cc vn bn di lut ch c th iu chnh trong mt phm vi nht nh no m khng th bao qut ton b mi quan h pht sinh t vic s dng cc cng ngh truyn thng hin i phc v cho mc ch thng mi

V vy, bi vit a ra cc khuyn ngh i vi vic hon thin khung php l trong lnh vc TMT ti VN nh sau :

1) Cc iu khon cn b sung vo Lut giao dch in t 2005 :

1.1) iu khon cng nhn quyn t nh ot cu cc bn tham gia hot ng TMT : Tr trng hp c quy nh khc, trong qu trnh khi to, gi nhn, lu tr

hoc cc x l khc i vi cc thng ip d liu, cc bn c quyn tho thun khc vi cc iu khon c quy nh t chng II n chng IV, tr quy nh ti mc 2 v 3 cu chng III
lu cn phi quy nh c th phm vi quyn ny. Vn ny s khng c a ra trong bi vit m hy vng s sm c ban hnh bi cc vn bn hng dn trong tng lai, v cc vn ny nm ngoi phm vi cu bi vit

1.2) iu khon quy nh v cch thc gii nghi : _ i vi cc quy nh trong lut ny : tr trng hp c quy nh khc, khi gii

thch lut ny cn xem xt n thuc tnh quc t v mong mun m rng vic p dng, cng nh tinh thn thin ch gi cc bn tham gia trong hot ng TMT. Cc vn khc c lin quan n hot ng TMT nhng cha c iu chnh c th bi

lut ny s c gii quyt d trn cc nguyn tc chung m lut ny ly lm c s, bao gm c tinh thn cu cc hip c quc t m VN l thnh vin
_ i vi khi nim c tho thun gi cc bn, hnh vi cu mt bn v tp qun p dng : xx. Theo tinh thn cu lut ny, tuyn b v cc hnh vi khc cu mt bn c

gii thch d trn ch cu bn m bn cn li bit hoc khng th khng bit ni dung cu ch l g

xx. Trng hp quy nh trn khng ph hp th tuyn b v cc hnh vi khc cu

mt bn c gii thch d trn hiu bit cu mt ngi bnh thng, c nng lc

hnh vi m khi t mnh vo v th cu bn cn li cng s hiu nh vy xx. xc nh ch cu mt bn hoc hiu bit cu mt ngi bnh thng, c nng lc hnh vi nu trn cn phi xem xt tt c cc tnh hung c lin quan gi cc

bn, bao gm cc tho thun, hnh vi thc t, tp qun v bt c hnh vi h qu no cu cc bn. To n, trng ti v cc c quan c thm quyn khc cn c vo cc yu t trn quyt nh cch gii thch no l ph hp nht

1.3) iu khon quy nh cc ch ti c th i vi vi phm quy nh ti iu 9; iu 16, khon 3; iu 25, khon 3 v iu 26, khon 3 m theo bao gm c cc ch ti hnh chnh v hnh s

2) Cc mc cn s i :
2.1) i vi Lut giao dch in t 2005 : _ Tch ring cc quy nh v thng mi in t (t chng I n chng IV v chng VI) thnh mt b phn c lp, t tn l Lut Thng mi in t v vn bn ny c xem l lut chuyn ngnh cu Lut Thng mi. y cn lu rng, cc vn v TMT khng nn b nhm ln vi cc quy nh lin quan trong lnh vc CNTT ni ring, v cng ngh in t ni chung. V cc iu khon trong Lut TMT chu nh hng trc tip t cc quan h kinh t pht sinh m khng phi t chnh vic s dng cng ngh in t. Thay vo , cc quy nh ny cn c hiu l c xy dng trn c s vn dng cc yu t thun tu v mt k thut c iu chnh bi cc quy phm khc c lin quan, m c th hin nay l Lut CNTT 2006 _ B cc iu khon 10, 19, 21 v 30 _ S i, b sung cc iu khon khc : xem ti Ph lc A.2

2.2) i vi Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP : _ Sa tn thnh quy nh v vic s dng thng tin in t trong hp ng thng mi _ S thut ng chng t bng thut ng thng tin (communication) _ S i, b sung cc iu khon khc : xem ti Ph lc A.3

3) Cc khuyn ngh khc :

Vit Nam cn xem xt vic gia nhp lm thnh vin cu Cng c v vic s dng thng tin in t trong hp ng quc t cu LHQ, v trn thc t cc iu khon trong Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP u mang m hng t cng c ny. Ngoi ra, vic chnh thc cng nhn gi tr cu cng c cng mang li nhiu li ch nht nh, mt trong s l kh nng p dng ng nht trn din rng trong nhm cc quc gia l thnh vin

Vit Nam cn xem xt v p dng cch thc lp php cu cc t chc quc t m theo khi ban hnh mt vn kin php l thng km theo ph lc hng dn cch thc hin v hiu nh th no cho ng cc iu khon c nu trong cc vn kin ny. Cch gii quyt vn c nu trong ph lc ny cn c xem nh c gi tr php l ngang hng vi cc quy phm di lut khc. iu ny l v cng quan trng v trc nht lut s c kh nng p dng ngay m khng cn hoc hn ch tnh trng ch b sung bng cc vn bn hng dn sau ny. Th hai l i vi mt s vn nht nh khng th gii quyt trc tip ngay bng cc iu khon trong lut m cn c cp c th hn qua mt ph bn, iu ny s gp phn thng nht cch p dng cc vn bn ban hnh. V cui cng l nh c bn ph lc ny m hot ng truyn b v nghin cu s d dng hn

Nh cp trong cc phn trc, do s pht trin v cng a dng v phong ph cu hot ng TMT nn cn cu trc Lut giao dch in t theo hng l mt cng c php l dng m khng b lo ho qu nhanh. Vn y khng phi l a ra cc quy nh mt cch cng nhc, thiu tnh linh ng m thay vo cn v ra mt ng ranh gii r rng cc hot ng TMT din ra mt cch lnh mnh v an ton. Do vy, cn phi cao hn n tnh t ch, hay quyn t nh ot cu cc bn khi l chn cc phng tin truyn thng hin i phc v cho hot ng thng mi

Cui cng, phc v cho vic vch ra gii hn i vi quyn t nh ot, cc c quan, ban ngnh nn tham kho xut trong tp san K hoch hnh ng ton cu cho nn kinh t in t, theo c b tr phn cng thnh hai khu vc l : Chnh ph v khu vc kinh t. iu ny mang nhiu nghi thit thc, th nht v tp san ny c c kt t nhng hot ng, xu hng thc tin ang din ra trn th gii v khp cc chu lc. Th hai, ngay trong tp san ny cng nu ra mt s minh ho v s thnh cng cu vic c cu li vai tr cu cc ch th trong nn kinh t trong ph lc km theo, m theo khng ch Chnh ph hiu c cn phi thay i h thng cc quy phm php lut nh th no cho ph hp, m c bn thn cc doanh nghip cng hc c cch thc kinh doanh c hiu qu

Bng cch a ra cc khuyn ngh nu trn, nhm ng tc gi cng kt thc bi nghin cu ti y. Tuy nhin, mun chung th vn cha dng li nhng vn ch xt trn khi cnh cc quy phm php lut iu chnh hot ng TMT. iu ny c th hin qua Phn I, Chng III : Vi nt v thng mi in t trong hot ng thanh ton, khi ch a ra cc vn nhng cha c gii quyt mt cch trit . L do th nht v dung lng bi vit c hn nn khng th gii quyt tt c vn c lin quan. L do th hai v cc ni dung ny nm ngoi phm vi bi vit mun cp, l : Khung php l v TMT. V cui cng, mong rng vi cu trc c ch ch trn s gi m kh nng tip tc pht trin v m rng hn n vic pht trin ti ny thnh mt tp hp cc nghin cu v vn TMT mt cch ton din, t cc quy nh khung cu php lut (hay cn gi l mi quan h gi Chnh ph v doanh nghip G2B), n vic ci thin n khng s dng tin mt cu Chnh ph v i su hn n v khi cnh k thut lm sao khuyn khch khng ch cc Ngn hng, doanh nghip m cn l ngi tiu dng tham gia ngy cng nhiu hn n vo hot ng TMT (hay cn gi l mi quan h ba chn three legs BBC : Businesses, Banks, Consumers). Mt trong nhng vn m nhm ng tc gi mong mun c a ra trong cc phn sau l vic p dng L thuyt tr chi trong kinh doanh vo hot ng s dng th thanh ton ti VN, ng thi s gii quyt cc vn pht sinh khi m rng hot ng TMT ra trng quc t

Danh mc ti liu tham kho

1) 3rd Edition A Global Action Plan for Electronic Business
Prepared by Business with Recommendations for Governments July 2002

2) C hi v thnh thc cho cc Ngn hng

3) E.Banking v Hi nhp

4) Cc vn kin quc t
_ UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce with Guide to Enactment 1996 (with additional acticle 5 bis as adopted in 1998)

_ UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signature with Guide to Enactment 2001

_ United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communication in International Contracts

_ eUCP 1.1

5) Cc vn bn s dng
_ Lut giao dch in t 2005 _ Lut Cng ngh thng tin 2006

_ Ngh nh 57/2006/N CP v Thng mi in t _ Ngh nh 26/2007/N CP quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut giao dch in t v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s _ Ngh nh 35/2007/N CP v giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn hng

_ Quyt nh 291/2006/Q TTg ph duyt n khng dng tin mt giai on 2006 2010 v nh hng n nn 2020 ti Vit Nam _ Ch th 20/2007/CT TTg v vic tr lng qua ti khon cho cc i tng hng lng t ngn sch Nh nc

6) Website :
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