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CHNG 5

BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH
5.1. KHI NIM CHUNG: Trong mng in 3 pha 4 dy in p nh hn 1000V c trung tnh trc tip ni t ngi ta khng p dng hnh thc bo v ni t m thay n bng hnh thc bo v ni dy trung tnh. Trong bo v ni dy trung tnh ngi ta ni cc phn kim loi ca thit b in hoc cc kt cu kim loi m nhng b phn c th xut hin in p khi cch in b h hng vi dy trung tnh. 5.2. MC CH V NGHA CA BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH: 5.2.1. Mc ch: Bo v ni dy trung tnh nhm bo m an ton cho ngi khi c s chm v ca 1 pha no bng cch nhanh chng ct phn in c s chm v . 5.2.2. ngha: Bo v ni dy trung tnh dng thay th cho bo v ni t trong cc mng in 3 pha 4 dy in p nh hn 1000 V c trung tnh trc tip ni t nh mng in 380/ 220 V, 220/ 127 V... ngha ca vic thay th ny xut pht t thc t l trong mng in 3 pha 4 dy trung tnh trc tip ni t m vn p dng hnh thc bo v ni t th khng th bo m an ton cho ngi. iu ny c th gii thch bng v d sau: * Gi s ta c mng in 3 pha 4 dy trung tnh trc tip ni t, in p nh hn 1000 V nh hnh 4-1 v gi thit ta vn bo v an ton cho ngi l bo v ni t tc l ni v thit b vi h thng ni t c in tr ni t l R. Khi c s chm v ca 1 pha 3 2 do cch in b h hng (pha 1 trong h 5-1) s c dng in qua v 0 thit b i vo t vi tr s: Uf I = R0 + Rd
Trong : - Uf l in p pha ca mng in. R0 R - R0 ,R l in tr ni t ca trung tnh v ca thit b cn bo v. Tr s dng in I ny lc Hnh 5.1: Thit b b chm v trong mng in c in p nh hn 1000 V khng phi trung tnh ni t c in p di 1000V lc no cng ln lm cho cc thit b bo v (nh cu ch, p t mt ...) tc

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ng 1 cch chc chn v nhanh ct phn b chm v ra, v vy trn v thit b s c mt in p nguy him tn ti lu di l: U = I . R V d: Mng 380/220 V c trung tnh trc tip ni t vi R0 = R = 4 th. I =
220 = 27,5 A 4+ 4

Dng in 27,5 A ch c th lm cho cu ch c dng nh mc ca dy chy c tr s khong 10A tc ng.Thc t dng nh mc ca dy chy c th ln hn tr s 10 A trn nhiu ( tr s ph thuc ch yu vo cng sut v ch lm vic ca cc thit b in). Lc ny cc thit b bo s khng tc ng, v trn v thit s c in p nguy him l: U = I.R = 27,5 . 4 = 110 V in p ny c th tn ti lu di. y R = R0 nn:U = Uf / 2. Nu R > R0 th U s ln hn. * c th gim U: - Gim R so vi R0 nhng nh vy s khng kinh t. - Trong trng hp trn nu chng ta bng cch no c th tng dng chm v I n mt gi tr ln no cc thit b bo v c th ct nhanh ch b s c chm v th mi c th bo v an ton c cho ngi. Bin php n gin nht l dng dy dn ni v thit b vi dy trung tnh . Nh vy ngha ca bo v ni dy trung tnh l bin s chm v ca thit b thnh ngn mch mt pha cc thit b bo v ct nhanh v chc chn phn b chm v bo m an ton cho ngi. Cn lu rng bo v ni dy trung tnh ch tc ng tt khi c s chm v thit b cn khi c s chm t th bo v ni dy trung tnh s khng tc dng bo v v lc dng chm t b nn c th cc thit b bo v khng tc ng v vy s c chm t ny s tn ti lu di nguy him (trong mng trung tnh trc tip ni t in p nh hn 1000 V cn phn bit hai khi nim chm t v chm v. 5.3. PHM VI NG DNG CA BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH : Ni chung, khng ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh trong cc c s sn xut vi cc mng in 3 pha 4 dy in p nh hn 1000 V c trung tnh trc tip ni t phi lun lun thc hin bin php bo v ni dy trung tnh. Tuy vy cn lu mt s im sau: .Vi cc mng in 3 pha 4 dy trung tnh trc tip ni t, in p 220/127 V cho php ch thc hin bo v ni dy trung tnh trong cc trng hp sau: a. Xng c bit nguy him v mt an ton . b. Cc thit b t ngoi tri.
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c. Cc b phn bng kim loi ca cc thit b in m ngi thng tip xc nh tay cm, cn iu khin... . Vi cc phng lm vic, nh c nn cao ro th vi in p 380/220 V v 220/127 V (trong mng c trung tnh ni t) cho php khng cn bo v ni dy trung tnh. . Trn cc ng dy 3 pha 4 dy in p 380/ 220 V c trung tnh trc tip ni t cc ct thp, x thp phi c ni vi dy trung tnh. 5.4. NI T LM VIC V NI T LP LI TRONG BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH: Khi thc hin bo v ni dy trung tnh, dy trung tnh s c ni t u ngun (gi l ni t lm vic) v c th c ni t lp li trong tng on ca mng in gi l ni t lp li dy trung tnh. Nhim v ca ni t lm vic l to ra cc iu kin lm vic bnh thng cho cc thit b in , v d ca ni t lm vic l ni t trung tnh MBA, my pht, cun dp h quang. Quy phm quy nh in tr ni t lm vic u ngun ca mng in c trung tnh trc tip ni t khng c qu 4 v 8 tng ng vi mng 380/220 V v 220/127 V (ch vi cc ngun cng sut b 100 KVA mng 380/220 V th cho php n 10). S d c s quy nh nh trn l hn ch in p ca dy trung tnh i vi t lc c s xm nhp in p cao sang pha in p thp cng nh lc xy ra chm t ca 1 pha no pha h p. Nhim v ca ni t lp li dy trung tnh l gim in p trn v thit b so vi t khi c s chm v, nht l trong trng hp dy trung tnh b t. Ta hy phn tch nhim v khi so snh vi trng hp khi khng c ni t lp li. A. Trng hp khng c ni t lp li : 1. Khi dy trung tnh khng b t (hnh 5.2a): Khi chm v th trn v thit b c in p: U1 = I R . Z K < Uf IN: Dng ngn mch 1 pha (dng chm v). ZK: Tng tr ngn mch ca dy trung tnh tnh t ngun n im ngn mch.
3 2 1 0

Hnh 5.2a

2. Khi t dy trung tnh m li c s chm v sau ch b t (hnh 5.2b):

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1 2 3

3 2 1 0

Hnh 5.2b

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in p trn v thit b trc ch t: U1 = 0 in p trn v thit b sau ch b t: U2 = U 3 = U f B. Trng hp c ni t lp li dy trung tnh: 1. Khi dy trung tnh khng b t (hnh 5.3a): Khi c s chm v th trn thit b s c in p: I N .Z K .R 2 U2 = I . R 2 = R0 + R U2 < U1 U1 : in p trn v thit b khi khng ni t lp li R0 : in tr ni t trung tnh. R2 : in tr ni t lp li.
3 2 1 0

R0

Rl

Hnh 5.3a
3 2 1 0

2. Khi t dy trung tnh m c s chm v sau ch b t (hnh 5.3b): in p trn v thit b trc ch b t: Uf R 0 < Uf U4 = I.R0 = R0 + R2 in p trn v thit b sau ch b t: Uf R 2 < Uf U5 = I.R2 = R0 + R2

R0

Rl

U4 + U5 = Uf ; Uf - in p pha. Ta thy khi c ni t lp li dy trung tnh th s phn b in p trc v sau ch b t c u hn ( nu R0 = R2 th in p s bng Uf / 2). Qua phn tch so snh trn, r rng ta thy ni t lp li dy trung tnh s gim rt nhiu mc nguy him cho ngi nht l khi dy trung tnh b t. Quy phm quy nh in tr ni t lp li dy trung tnh trong mng 380/220 V khng c vt qu 10 Cng cn lu rng ni t lp li dy trung tnh ch c tc dng lm gim mc nguy him cho ngi nht l khi dy trung tnh b t m c s chm v pha sau ch b t (v lc s c c th tn ti lu di) n khng th m bo an ton
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Hnh 5.3b

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tuyt i cho ngi c v vy trong mi trng hp cn trnh xa dy t trung tnh v bt c l do no. Cc quy nh lin quan n vic ni t lp li dy trung tnh : . Khng c ni t lp li: Quy phm cho php khng dng ni t lp li cho cc mng in dng dy cp. Vi cc mng cp ny thng dng mt li ring (cp 4 li) hay dng ngay v kim loi ca cp lm dy trung tnh v vy xc sut t rt nh. . Ni t lp li b tr tp trung: Quy nh dng cho cc mng ng dy trn khng phng trng hp dy trung tnh b t. Quy phm quy nh phi ni t lp li dy trung tnh ti u cui ca ng dy trn khng c chiu di ln hn 200m v c ti im gia ca ca ng dy c chiu di khong 500 m. . Ni t lp li b tr theo chu vi mch vng: Khng ph thuc vo kt cu ca mng in (ng dy trn khng hay dy cp) i vi cc thit b c nh (trong cc phn xng, nh my sn xut c nh...) phi dng ni t lp li dy trung tnh b tr theo chu vi mch vng. 5.5. CCH THC HIN BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH: Khi thc hin bo v ni dy trung tnh th tt c cc phn kim loi ca cc thit b in, ca cc kt cu kim loi (nh v thit b, khung b ca thit b phn phi in, v kim loi ca cp...) m c th xut hin in p khi c s c chm v u phi c ni mt cch chc chn vi dy trung tnh. Trn hnh 4.4 cho ta mt cch thc hin bo v ni dy trung tnh:

1
5 3 1

6 4

Hnh 5-4: V d v ni dy trung tnh cc thit b 1 - im ni v thit b vi dy trung tnh. 2 - Thit b ng ct bo v (cu dao, p t mt...) 3 - n chiu sng. 4 - Thit b 2 pha. 5 - Thit b 3 pha. 6 - Ni t lp li dy trung * Khi thc hin tnh. v ni dy trung tnh cn lu mt s im sau: bo

3 2 1 0

. trnh lm h mch dy trung

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tnh ngi ta quy nh rng dy trung tnh khng c t cu ch, cu dao hoc cc thit b ng ct khc (tr trng hp c bit khi ct ng thi cc dy pha v dy trung tnh). V d nh hnh 5.5 nu t cu dao K mch dy trung tnh, th lc h mch (cu dao K h) m ngi chm vo v thit b c ni dy trung tnh s c dng in nguy him qua ngi ngay c khi cch in tt. . Quy nh rng dy ni trung tnh bo v phi dng mt dy ring, dy ny khng c ng thi dng lm dy dn in, nh hnh 5.6: .Trong mng c trung tnh trc tip ni t, nu v mt nguyn nhn no m b mt trung tnh, ngi ta khng cho php dng t nh mt dy dn (hnh 5.7).
1 0 Ni ng Ni sai 3 2 1

Hnh 5.6
Ch d b t gy nguy him cho ngi

. Khi xy dng ng dy h p phi ch b tr dy trung tnh nm di dy pha, v nu b tr trn dy pha c th gy nguy him. Hnh 5.8: . Cc dy ni bo v (ni t dy trung tnh n v thit b) theo bn c hc v chng n mn phi c kch thc ti thiu Bng 5.1
2

Hnh 5.7
0 3 2 1

Hnh 5.8:

Tit din ti thiu (mm ) ca dy ni bo v bng ng v nhm trong cc thit b c in p nh hn 1000 V. Loi dy ni bo v 1. Dy trn khi t h 2. Dy bc cch in 3. Li cp hoc dy dn nhiu si trong cng mt v chung ng 4 1,5 1 Nhm 6 2,5 1,5

. Trong vic s dng v kim loi ca cp vo mc ch bo v ni t v bo v ni dy trung tnh cn ch :

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Qua tnh ton ngi ta nhn thy rng v nhm ca cp c th s dng lm dy trung tnh v dy ni bo v v n c dn in cn thit cn v ch ca cp thng c dn in km hn nn khng c s dng lm dy trung tnh hoc dy ni bo v. Ngc li v nhm ca cp li khng c s dng nh mt in cc ni t (khi n t trong t) v bn ngoi v nhm ca cp thng c lp ph cch in bn ngoi ( bo v nhm chng s n mn) cn v ch ca cp li c th s dng c nh mt in cc ni t khi c cp t trong t khng nh hn 2. 5.6. TNH TON BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH: Trong bo v ni dy trung tnh, cc thit b bo v (nh cu ch, p t mt..) c th ct nhanh v chc chn phn b chm v nguy him cho ngi th tr s dng ngn mch (dng chm v) phi ln, cng nh dng in nh mc ca cc thit b bo v phi chn thch hp. Nu do dng chm v b hay dng nh mc ca cc thit b bo v chn khng ng (qu ln) th cc thit b bo v c th khng tc ng hoc tc ng chm gy nguy him cho ngi v lc trn v thit b s c in p : U = IN.ZK IN : Dng in chm v (ngn mch) . ZK: Tng tr ca dy trung tnh t ngun n im ngn mch. Mun tng dng in chm v IN ln n mt gi tr ln cc thit b bo v ct nhanh v chc chn th phi tm cch gim hp l tng tr ca mch ngn mch pha- trung tnh. Tng tr ca mch pha trung tnh ny bao gm tng tr ca dy pha, dy trung tnh, v c tng tr ca my bin p ngun. Trong , tng tr ca my bin p i vi dng ngn mch 1 pha ny l gm c tng tr mch t ca n ch khng phi ch l tng tr ca cun dy. Tng tr ca my bin p i vi dng ngn mch 1 pha c nh hng ln n tr s ca dng ngn mch, m tng tr ca my bin p li ph thuc vo t ni dy ca my bin p. Nhn thy rng tng tr ca my bin p 3 pha i vi dng ngn mch 1 pha s ln nht khi cc cun dy ca n ni Y/, cn s nh hn nhiu khi ni /Y v vy mun tng dng IN th nn dng s /Y0. V d my bin p Lin X c cng sut nh mc 400 KVA nn ni Y/Y 0 th tng tr i vi dng ngn mch mt pha l: ZB = 0,065 , cn cng vi my bin p nu ni /Y th ZB ch bng 0,022 Ngoi ra cng c th tng dng ngn mch bng cch tng hp l dn in ca dy trung tnh (tc l gim in tr ca dy trung tnh) v vy ngi ta quy nh rng : trong bo v ni dy trung tnh th dn in ca dy trung tnh khng c nh hn 50% dn in ca dy pha. Xc nh dng in ngn mch 1 pha: Trong mng in 3 pha 4 dy c trung tnh trc tip ni t c in p nh hn 1000 V th dng in ngn mch 1 pha c
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th xc nh gn ng nh sau: IN = Trong : Uf Zd + ZB 3

Uf : L in p pha ( V ). ZB : L tng tr ca my bin p i vi dng ngn mch 1 pha. Zd : L tng tr ca mch pha trung tnh. i vi cc my bin p c cng sut ln hn 630 KVA c th ly ZB = 0.
Zd = R 2d + X 2d

Tng tr Zd ca mng c th xc nh nh sau: Rd: in tr tc dng ca mch pha - trung tnh (gm dy pha v dy trung tnh). Rd = Rf + Rtt Rf : in tr dy pha. Rtt: in tr dy trung tnh. Xd: Cm khng ca mch pha - trung tnh. Trong nhiu s tay v in ngi ta thng cho chung mt tr s Z d ng vi tng loi mng c th. cc thit b bo v ct nhanh v chc chn khi c s chm v bo m an ton cho ngi th dng ngn mch 1 pha phi tha mn bt ng thc sau: IN KBV . Im KBV: H s bo v, l t s yu cu gia dng ngn mch so vi dng nh mc ca thit b bo v . Im: Dng nh mc ca thit b bo v ( cu ch, p t mt ) c th l : a. Dng in nh mc ca dy chy cu ch nu bo v bng cu ch. b. Dng in nh mc ca b phn ct ca bo v bng p t mt c b phn ct hn hp (qu ti v ngn mch) hay p t mt ch c b phn ct qu ti (ct nhit). c. Dng in tc ng tc thi ca p t mt ch c b phn ct in t (ct ngn mch). Quy nh: - KBV 3 nu bo v bng cu ch hoc p t mt c b phn ct qu ti. - KBV = 1,4 nu bo v bng p t mt c b phn ct in t khi dng in nh mc ca ptmt 100A v KBV =1.25 khi dng nh mc ca p t mt >100A. Trong cc xng c nguy c chy n th : - KBV 4 nu bo v bng cu ch . - KBV 6 nu bo v bng p t mt c b phn ct qu ti. Cc trng hp cn li khng thay i.
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V d: Mt ng dy cp nhm 4 rut t trong ng thp nhn in t t phn phi in p 380/220 V, vi my bin p cng sut 1000 KVA c trung tnh trc tip ni t. Hy kim tra li s lm vic ca cc thit b bo v khi c ngn mch mt pha (c chm v) ti im xa nht ca mng im C nu: 1. Mng c bo v bng cu ch vi dng in nh mc ca dy chy bng 100 A : Io = 100 A. 2. Mng in c bo v bng p t mt c b phn ct hn hp vi dng nh mc ca b phn ct bng 80 A. 3. Mng c bo v bng p t mt ch c b phn ct in t ( ngn mch ) vi dng in tc ng tc thi bng 200 A. Cho bit cc loi p t mt trn u c dng nh mc ln hn 100 A. S mng: A 3 x 95 + 1 x 35
0,08 Km

3 x 70 + 1 x 35

0,38 Km

GII: Ta c iu kin kim tra l : IN KBV.Im Trc ht ta xc nh dng ngn mch IN khi c ngn mch ti im xa nht, im C l: Vi cp : 3 x 95 + 1 x 35 c Zo1 = 1,45 /Km. Vi cp : 3 x 70 + 1 x 35 c Zo2 = 1,59 /Km. V y cng sut nh mc ca my bin p Sm = 1000 KVA nn mt cch gn ng ta c th ly ZB = 0. Tng tr ca mch pha - trung tnh tnh t ngun ( my bin p) n im xa nht C l: Zd = 1,45 . 0,08 + 1,59 . 0,38 = 0,72 Vy: IN = Uf 229 = = 306 A. Z d + Z B / 3 0,72

By gi ta tin hnh kim tra s lm vic ca cc thit b bo v trong 3 trng hp cho. * Trng hp 1: Khi dng cu ch bo v ta c : KBV = 3; Im = Io = 100 A. Im . KBV = 3.100 = 300 A < IN = 306 A. Vy nu dng cu ch bo v vi Io = 100 A th bo m ct chc chn khi c
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s ngn mch (chm v) bo v an ton cho ngi . * Trng hp 2: Khi dng p t mt c b phn ct hn hp ( c b phn ct nhit ) ta c : KBV = 3 , Im = I0 = 80 A. Vy: KBV . Im = 3 . 80 = 240 A < IN = 306 A . Do bo v cng s tc ng tt. * Trng hp 3: Khi dng p t mt ch c b phn ct in t, ta c: Im = 200 A , KBV = 1,25 Vy : Im .KBV = 200 . 1,25 = 250 A < IN = 306 A. Do bo v cng s tc ng tt. Tm li: Dng 1 trong 3 phng n trn bo v s bo m tc ng tt khi xy ra ngn mch (chm v) mt pha, v vy bo v an ton cho ngi

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng