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CHNG 7

NH HNG CA TRNG IN T V PHNG TNH IN

7.1. TRNG IN T TN S CAO V NH HNG N CON NGI Hin nay trong nhiu ngnh kinh t, quc phng , trong cc phng nghin cu chng ta s dng nhiu thit b my mc lin quan n in trng tn s cao nh raa trong quc phng v cc sn bay.... nhiu ngnh cng nghip nng lng ca dng in tn s cao c dng t nng kim loi nh khi c, rn nhit luyn, tn ni v cn dng sy, dn thiu kt cc cht phi kim loi. Trng in t tn s cao thng l trng in t ca cc thit b cng nghip c tn s trong khong t 3.104 n 3.106 Hz. Ta nhn thy rng xung quanh dng in xut hin ng thi in trng v t trng. Khi dng in l dng xoay chiu th in trng v t trng lin h vi nhau coi chung thnh mt trng in t thng nht. Trng in t tn s cao c kh nng lan truyn trong khng gian vi vn tc gn bng vn tc nh sng, v khi lan truyn n mang theo nng lng Trng in t c tc dng bt li n c th con ngi v ng ngi l c th con ngi khng c cm gic g khi c tc dng ca trng in t. Tc hi ca trng in t n c th con ngi: Gn ngun cao tn hnh thnh hai vng cm ng v bc x Cch ngun vi khong cch bng 1/6 bc sng l vng cm ng chim u th. Ngoi vng ny l vng bc x. Nu trong vng cm ng con ngi s chu tc dng ca trng t v trng in theo chu k, cn vng bc x th con ngi chu tc dng mt in t trng vi cc thnh phn in, t bng nhau ng thi thay i. Cng in t trng ni lm vic c th thay i ph thuc vo cng sut my pht sng, khong cch ti ngun v s phn x cc b mt bao quanh. Mc tc dng ca in t trng ln c th con ngi ph thuc vo di bc sng, ch lm vic ca ngun (xung hay lin tc), cng bc x, thi gian tc dng, khong cch t ngun n c th v s cm th ring ca tng ngi. Tn s cng cao (ngha l bc sng cng ngn), nng lng in t m c th hp th cng tng: - Tn s cao 20% - Tn s siu cao 25% - Tn s cc cao 50%
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Song tc hi ca sng in t khng ch ph thuc vo nng lng bc x b hp th, m cn ph thuc vo thm su ca sng bc x vo c th. thm su cng cao th tc hi cng nhiu. thm su cho trong bng di y v nng lng hp th nu trn c th lm r cc c tnh sau y ca sng in t: sng cimet gy bin i ln nht i vi c th so vi sng centimet v sng met. Sng milimet gy tc dng bnh l rt t so vi sng centimet v cimet. Bc sng Loi milimet Loi centimet Loi cimet Loi met thm su B mt lp da Da v cc t chc di da Vo su trong cc t chc khong 10-15cm Vo su hn 15cm

Di tc dng ca trng in t tn s cao, cc ion ca cc t chc c th s chuyn ng, trong cc t chc ny s xut hin mt dng in cao tn do mt phn nng lng ca trng b thm ht. Tr s truyn dn ca t chc c th t l vi thnh phn cht lng c trong t chc. truyn dn mnh nht l mu v cc bp tht, cn yu nht l trong cc m m. Chiu dy lp m ni b bc x c nh hng n mc phn x sng bc x ra ngoi c th. i no, tu xng sng c lp m mng, cn mt th hon ton khng c nn cc b phn ny chu tc dng nhiu hn c. Chu tc dng ca trng in t c tn s khc nhau v cng ln hn cng gii hn cho php mt cch c h thng v ko di s dn n s thay i mt s chc nng ca c th, trc ht l h thng thn kinh trung ng, m ch yu l lm ri lon h thn kinh thc vt v ri lon h thng tim mch. S thay i c th lm nhc u, d mt mi, kh ng hoc bun ng nhiu, suy yu ton thn, sinh ra nng ny v hng lot triu chng khc. Ngoi ra n c th lm chm mch, gim p lc mu, au tim, kh th, lm bin i gan v l lch. Tc dng ca nng lng in t trng tn s siu cao c th lm bin i mu, gim s thnh mi, bin i nhn mt. Sng v tuyn cn c th gy ri lon kinh nguyt ca ph n. Ni chung ph n chu tc hi ca sng in t nhiu hn nam gii. Cn c nh gi tc hi ca trng in t c th l cng tc dng ca trng biu th bng vn/met. Tr s gii hn cho php ch lm vic l 5V/m cn i vi cc l cm ng ti, c kim loi cho php n 10V/m do iu kin khng bao che c thit b. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dng mt dng cng sut c xc nh bng nng lng truyn qua din tch 1cm2 vung gc vi phng truyn sng trong mt giy. n v tnh l W/cm2, mW/cm2, W/cm2. Tr s cng bc x gii hn cho php ca trng in t tn s cao ti ch lm vic c xc nh nh sau: Khi chu tc dng c ngy lm vic th cng bc
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x khng ln hn 10W/cm2, khi chu tc dng khng qu 2h trong mt ngy th khng ln hn 100W/cm2, khi chu tc dng khng qu 15-20pht trong mt ngy th khng ln hn 1mW/cm2 v khi nht thit phi eo knh bo v mt. 7.2. Cc bin php phng chng Cc cun cm ng l ngun in t trng cao (cao tn). Trng bn trong ng nguy him hn trng bn ngoi ng dy cm ng. i vi t in to ngun cao tn, nung nng cc cht cch in th trng gia hai tm ca t in ln hn trng pha ngoi. Ngun trng cn c th l cc phn t ring ca my pht cc cun dy, t in cc dy dn.... tu iu kin cng ngh c th t trong gian nh sn xut chung nhng cn che ph kn lung cng ngh ca n; tt nht l t chng trong cc phng ring bit. Trong khi s dng cc thit b cao tn cn ch phng in git, tun th cc quy tc an ton. Phn kim loi ca thit b phi c ni t. Cc dy ni t phi ngn v khng cun trn thnh ngun cm ng. Cc thit b cao tn cn c ro chn, bao bc trnh tip xc phi nhng phn c in th, cn c cc panen v cc bng iu khin, khi cn phi iu khin t xa. Nc lm ngui thit b cng c in p cn phi tm cch ni t. bao vy vng c in t trng, ngi ta dng cc mn chn bng nhng kim loi c dn in cao, v my cng cn ni t. Din tch lm vic cho mi cng nhn lm vic phi rng. Trong phng t cc thit b cao tn khng nn c nhng dng c bng kim loi nu khng cn thit, v s to ra ngun bc x in t th cp. Vn thng gi cn c t ra theo yu cu v thng gi, ch l chp ht t trn ming l khng c lm bng kim loi v s b cm ng. 7.3. nh hng trng in t tn s cng nghip in trng ca ng dy v trm in cao th (tn s 50Hz) c bit l cc ng dy v trm 220kV n 500kV thng c tr s kh cao. Khi lm vic, sng rt gn cc ng dy, thit b ca trm th cng in trng rt ln v gy nguy him cho ngi Khi thit k, xy lp ngi ta tnh n mc an ton cho dn c nhng nu vi phm quy nh v khong cch an ton th s b nh hng nguy him. Tiu chun hin hnh ca ngnh in lc quy nh: - Khu dn c, khu vc c ngi lm vic thng xuyn cng in trng phi di 5kV/m (di 5kV/m l gii hn an ton). - Cm ngi i vo trong vng in trng c cng trn 20kV/m - Khi cng nhn lm vic trong vng c cng in trng ln hn 5kV/m
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th phi c bin php bo v hay phi gim thi gian lm vic trong trng. hn ch tc hi ca in trng ngi ta phi p dng cc bin php: mc qun o chn c bit, dng cc li chn, lng chn ... gim cng in trng tc dng ln ngi. Ngoi ra cc cng trnh khc gn cc ng dy cao th 220kV-500kV th cc b phn kim loi ca cng trnh cn c ni t. 7.4. phng tnh in 7.4.1. Hin tng tnh in Trong qu trnh sn xut, mt s dy chuyn cng ngh chng ta thng gp hin tng tch v phng in tnh in nh: dt vi, len, cun si vi, giy, si PVC, cn cao su, ph sn trn vi hay giy, rt v vn chuyn du... l hin tng tch in mt s loi nguyn vt liu c tnh cch in, mt s cht lng khi chng chuyn ng v c xt. Khi tch in n in th cao, in tch ln th s xy ra hin tng phng in. in th tnh in c tr s thay i ph thuc vo loi vt liu, iu kin mi trng, ma st, vn tc chuyn ng v c th t vi KV n vi chc KV hoc cao hn. Khi ngi cng nhn chm vo si, vo bng cao su, giy, vi ang cun thng b in git, c th nguy him cho ngi hoc gy cm gic kh chu. Trong mt s mi trng n cn gy nn chy n (khi c xng du, kh d chy, vt liu n). 7.4.2. Cc bin php phng trnh nh hng ca tnh in phng trnh nguy him ca phng in do tnh in ngi ta p dng nhiu bin php khc nhau hoc khng xut hin s tch in, hoc trung ho in tch, hoc dn in tch xung t. C th dn ra cc bin php c bn sau: - Lm tng m ca nguyn vt liu v mi trng (thng th nu m nguyn vt liu cao tc l m trn 85% th kh nng tch in s gim c bn) - Lm tng in dn ca nguyn vt liu (phi phun hay bi mt s cht tng dn in ca nguyn vt liu) - Dn in tch xung t: nh dng lc hay bn chi bng kim loi c ni t (rng lc, bn chi chm vo si vi, len, bng cao su)
Ni t Vi Tm

a.

b.
Hnh 7.1: Kh tnh in bng chi (a), lc (b)

- Trung ho in tch dng thit b pht ra cc ion trung ho in tch trn

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nguyn vt liu (dng tia cc tm, tia rghen, phng x, in trng) - Ni t cc rul, trc kim loi trn dy chuyn hay cc thng, b xitc, ng, rt xng du.

Hnh 7.2: S thit b trung ho loi ion ho cao tn 1. Dy dn; 2. Np; 3. Bin p; 4. u phng in. 5. Tm ng; 6. Tm cch in.; 7. Np

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng