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System Matrix

Preferred Method

Storage
Requirement

Total
Arithmetic

Nonsparse

Direct elimination

O(N 2)

O(N 3)

Sparse

Iteration, e.g., SOR

O(N)

O(N 1.5)

O(N)

O(N)

Sparse, compactly
banded

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k
n
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m-1

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