Phương Pháp giải toán tham số

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vn
Trng THPT L Hng Phong Bin Ha ng Nai - 1 -
CHNG VII
BI TON LIN QUAN N THAM S

Khi gii cc bi ton v phng trnh, bt phng trnh, h phng trnh ta thng
hay gp cc bi ton lin quan n tham s. C l y l dng ton m nhiu hc
sinh lng tng nht. Trong chng ny chng ta s i nghin cu mt s dng ton
m chng ta thng hay gp (nh xc nh tham s phng trnh c nghim, c
k nghim, nghim ng vi mi x thuc tp D no ) v phng php gii cc
dng ton .

1. Phng php hm s

Bi ton 1: Tm iu kin ca tham s phng trnh f(x)=g(m) c nghim
trn D
Phng php: Da vo tnh cht phng trnh c nghim hai th ca
hai hm s ( ) y f x = v ( ) y g m = ct nhau. Do gii bi ton ny ta tin
hnh theo cc bc sau:
1) Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) y f x = .
2) Da vo bng bin thin ta xc nh m ng thng ( ) y g m = ct
th hm s ( ) y f x = .
Ch : Nu hm s ( ) y f x = lin tc trn D v
x D
m minf (x)
= ,
x D
M Maxf (x)
= th
phng trnh : ( ) f x k = c nghim khi v ch khi m k M.

V d 1: Tm m cc phng trnh sau c nghim
2 2
4 2
1) x x 1 x x 1 m
2) x 1 x m
+ + + =
+ =
.
Gii:
1)Xt hm s
2 2
f (x) x x 1 x x 1 = + + + c tp xc nh l D=R.
Ta c:
2 2
2x 1 2x 1
f '(x)
2 x x 1 2 x x 1
+
=
+ + +

( ) ( )
2 2
f ' x 0 (2x 1) x x 1 2x 1 x x 1 (1) = + + = + +
2 2
2 2
1 1 3 1 1 3
x [(x ) ] x [(x ) ] x 0
2 2 4 2 2 4
| | | |
+ + = + + =
| |
\ \
thay vo (1) ta thy
khng tha mn. Vy phng trnh f '(x) 0 = v nghim f '(x) khng i du
trn R, m f '(0) 1 0 f (x) 0 x R f (x) = > > ng bin.
Mt khc:
2 2 x
x
2x
limf (x) lim 1
x x 1 x x 1
+
+
= =
+ + + +
v
x
limf (x) 1
= .
Bng bin thin:
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x
+
f(x) +

f(x)
1
-1
Da vo bng bin thin ta thy phng trnh cho c nghim 1 m 1 < < .

2) K: x 0
Xt hm s
4 2
f (x) x 1 x = + vi x D [0; ) = +
Ta c:
2 3
4
x 1
f '(x)
2 x
2 (x 1)
=
+
.
2 3 6 2 3 2 2
4
f '(x) 0 x x (x 1) x (x 1) x x 1 = = + = + = + v nghim
f '(x) khng i du trn D, m
4
1 1
f '(1) 0 f '(x) 0 x D
2
2 8
= < <
Mt khc:
4 2 3 2 2 2 4 2 6 x x 4 4 4
1
lim f (x) lim 0
(x 1) x (x 1) x (x 1) x
+ +
= =
+ + + + + +

0 f (x) f (0) 1 x D < = phng trnh c nghim 0 m 1 < .

Ch : Nu phng trnh cha c dng trn th ta tm cch c lp m a v dng
trn.

V d 2: Tm m cc phng trnh sau c nghim:
1)
4 4
x 13x m x 1 0 + + = .
2) x x x 12 m( 5 x 4 x) + + = + .
Gii:
1) Phng trnh
4 4
4 2
x 1
x 13x m 1 x
x 13x m (1 x)
+ =

+ =

3 2
x 1
4x 6x 9x 1 m
. Xt hm s
3 2
f (x) 4x 6x 9x = vi x 1
Ta c:
2
3
x
2
f '(x) 12x 12x 9 f '(x) 0
1
x
2
= =

.
Bng bin thin:
x 1/ 2 1
f(x) + 0

f(x)

5
2

11
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra phng trnh c nghim
5 3
1 m m
2 2
.

2) iu kin: 0 x 4 .
Khi phng trnh f (x) (x x x 12)( 5 x 4 x) m = + + =
(V 5 4 0 x x )
Xt hm s f (x) (x x x 12)( 5 x 4 x) = + + vi 0 x 4 .
Ta c:
3 1 1 1
f '(x) ( x )( )
2
2 x 12 2 4 x 2 5 x
= +
+
.
Do
1 1
0 4 x 5 x 0 f '(x) 0 x [0;4)
2 4 x 2 5 x
< < > >

.
Vy f(x) l hm ng bin trn [0;4] 2 3( 5 2) f (0) f (x) f (4) 12 = =
Suy ra phng trnh c nghim 2 3( 5 2) m 12.

Ch : Khi gp h phng trnh trong mt phng trnh ca h khng cha
tham s th ta s i gii quyt phng trnh ny trc. T phng trnh ny ta s
tm c tp nghim x D (i vi h mt n) hoc s rt c n ny qua n kia.
Khi nghim ca h ph thuc vo nghim ca phng trnh th hai vi kt qu
ta tm c trn.
V d 3: Tm m h sau c nghim:
2
4 5x
x
2
1
2 (1)
2
3x mx x 16 0 (2)
| |
+ =
.
Gii:
Ta thy (1) l bt phng trnh mt n nn ta s i gii bt phng trnh ny
Ta c:
2
x 5x 4 2 2
2 2 x 5x 4 x 5x 4 0 1 x 4
+ .
H c nghim (2) c nghim x [1;4] .
2
3x 16
(2) m
x x
+
= . Xt hm s
2
3x 16
f (x)
x x
+
= vi x [1;4]
c
2 2
2
3 3
3
6x x x(3x 16)
3 x(x 16)
2
f '(x) 0 x [1;4]
x 2x
+
= = .
8 f (4) f (x) f (1) 19 x [1; 4] = = .
Vy h c nghim 8 m 19 .

V d 4: Tm m h sau c nghim:
2x x 1 2 x 1
2
7 7 2007x 2007 (1)
x (m 2)x 2m 3 0 (2)
+ + + +
+ + + =
.
Gii:
Ta c:
2 x 1 2(x 1)
(1) 7 (7 1) 2007(1 x) (3)
+ +
.
Nu x 1 VT(3) 0 VP(3) (3) > > > v nghim.
Nu x 1 VT(3) 0 VP(3) (3) ng
(3) c nghim x 1 .
Suy ra h c nghim (2) c nghim x 1 .
Ta c:
2
x 2x 3
(2) m f (x)
x 2
+
= =
. Xt hm s f(x) vi x 1 , c:
2
2
x 4x 1
f '(x) f '(x) 0 x 2 3
(x 2)
+
= = =
.
Bng bin thin
x
2 3 1
f(x) + 0

f(x)
2 2 3

2
Da vo bng bin thin h c nghim m 2 2 3 .

V d 5: Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim:
2x y m 0 (1)
y xy 2 (2)
+ =
+ =
.
Gii:
Ta thy (2) l phng trnh khng cha tham s nn ta s gii quyt (2) trc
Ta c:
2
y 2
(2) xy 2 y
y 4y 4
x
y
=
+
=
. Thay vo (1) ta c:
2
y 4y 4 4y 4
y m 0 m f (y)
y y
+
+ = = = (3).
H c nghim (3) c nghim y 2 . Xt hm s f(y) vi y 2
2
4
f '(y) 0 f (y)
y
= > ng bin trn cc khong ( ;0) (0;2]
y
y 0 y 0
lim f (y) 4; lim f (y) ; lim f (y)
+

= = = +. Ta c bng bin thin:
y 0 2
f(y) + +

f(y)

+ 2

4
h c nghim m ( ; 2] (4; ) + .
Ch : Khi bi ton yu cu xc nh s nghim ca phng trnh th ta phi lu
S nghim ca phng trnh f (x) g(m) = chnh l s giao im ca th hai hm
s y f (x) = v y g(m) = . Do phng trnh c k nghim hai th trn ct
nhau ti k giao im.

V d 6: Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c ng hai nghim phn
bit:
4 4 3 4 3
x 4x 16x m x 4x 16x m 6 + + + + + = .
Gii:
t
4 4 3
t x 4x 16x m, t 0 = + + . Ta c phng trnh :
4 2 4 3
t t 6 0 t 2 x 4x 16x m 2 + = = + + =
4 3
m x 4x 16x 16 = + . Xt hm s
4 3
f (x) x 4x 16x 16 = +
3 2 2
x 1
f '(x) 4(x 3x 4) 4(x 2) (x 1) f '(x) 0
x 2
=
= + = + =

=
.
Bng bin thin
x -1 2 +
f(x) 0 + 0 +

f(x)
+ +

-27
Da vo bng bin thin phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit
m 27 m 27 > < .
V d 7: Tm m phng trnh :
2
m x 2 x m + = + c ba nghim phn bit.
Gii:
Phng trnh
2
2
x
m( x 2 1) x m
x 2 1
+ = =
+
(do
2
x 2 1 0 x + > )
Xt hm s
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
x 2 1
x
x 2
f (x) f '(x)
x 2 1
x 2 1
+
+
= =
+
+

( )
2
2
2 2
2 x 2
f '(x) f '(x) 0 x 2
x 2 x 2 1
+
= = =
+ +
.
Bng bin thin:
x
2 2 +
f(x) 0 + 0

f(x)

+ 2

2
Da vo bng bin thin 2 m 2 < < .

V d 8: Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m phng trnh :
2
mx 1 cos x + = c ng
mt nghim x 0;
2
| |
|
\
.
Gii:
Ta thy pt c nghim th m 0 . Khi :
Phng trnh
2
2 2
x
sin
cos x 1
2
m 2m
x
x
2
= =
| |
|
\
.
Xt hm s :
sin t
f (t)
t
= vi t 0;
4
| |
|
\

Ta c:
( )
2 2
cos t t tgt
t.cos t sin t
f '(t) 0
t t
= = < vi t 0;
4
| |

|
\
f(t) nghch bin.
M:
2 2
f ( )
4
v
2
2 2
t 0
x
sin
2 2 8
2
limf (t) 1 f (t) 1 1 x (0; )
2
x
2
= < < < <

| |
|
\
.
Vy phng trnh c ng mt nghim x (0; )
2

2
8
2m 1 < <

2
1 4
m
2
< <
.
V d 9: Tm m h phng trnh :
2
3(x 1) y m 0
x xy 1
+ + =
+ =
c ba cp nghim
phn bit .
Gii:
Ta c :
2
x 1
x xy 1 xy 1 x
x 2x 1
y
x
+ = =

+
=
(do x 0 = khng l nghim

phng trnh ).
Thay vo phng trnh th nht ta c:
2
2
x 2x 1
3x 6x m 3
x
+
+ + = (a) .
H c ba cp nghim (a) c ba nghim phn bit tha mn x 1 .
Xt hm s
2
2 2
x 2x 1 1
f (x) 3x 6x 3x 7x 2
x x
+
= + + = + + vi x 1 .
3 2
2 2
1 6x 7x 1 1 1
f '(x) 6x 7 f '(x) 0 x 1; x ; x
2 3
x x
+
= + = = = = = .
Bng bin thin:
x
1
1
2
0
1
3
1
f(x) 0 + 0 0 +

f(x)

+
27
4
9

7
11
3

Da vo bng bin thin ta thy (a) c ba nghim phn bit
11
m 3 9
3
27
7 m 3
4

20
m 12
3
15
4 m
4
.
Vy
20 15
m 12 4 m
3 4
l nhng gi tr cn tm.

V d 10: Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh sau:
2
m x 1 x 2 m + = + .
Gii:
PT
2
2
x 2
m( x 1 1) x 2 m f (x)
x 1 1
+
+ + = + = =
+ +
(do
2
x 1 1 0 + + > )
S nghim ca phng trnh chnh l s giao im ca th hai hm s y m = v
y f (x) = .
Xt hm s y f (x) = , ta c:
2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
x(x 2)
x 1 1
x 1 2x 1
x 1
f '(x)
( x 1 1) x 1( x 1 1)
+
+ +
+ +
+
= =
+ + + + +

2
2 2
1
x
4
2 f '(x) 0 x 1 2x 1 x
3
x 1 4x 4x 1
= + = =
+ = +
.
x x
2
2
x(1 )
x
lim f (x) lim 1
1 1
x 1
x
x

+
= =
| |
+
|
\
v
x
lim f (x) 1
+
= .
Bng bin thin

x

4
3
+
f(x) + 0

f(x)

5
4

1 1
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra:
Nu
5
m
4
m 1
>
phng trnh v nghim.

Nu
5
m
4
1 m 1
<
phng trnh c mt nghim.

Nu
5
1 m
4
< < phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit.

Ch : Khi t n ph ta phi tm min xc nh ca n ph v gii quyt bi ton
n ph trn min xc nh va tm. C th:
* Khi t t u(x), x D = , ta tm c t Y v phng trnh f (x, m) 0 = (1) tr
thnh g(t, m) 0 = (2). Khi (1) c nghim x D (2) c nghim t Y .
* tm min xc nh ca t ta c th s dng cc phng trnh tm min gi tr
(v min xc nh ca t chnh l min gi tr ca hm u(x) ).
* Nu bi ton yu cu xc nh s nghim th ta phi tm s tng ng gia x v t,
tc l mi gi tr t Y th phng trnh u(x) t = c bao nhiu nghim x D ?.

V d 11: Tm m cc phng trnh sau c nghim.
1)
2
x 9 x x 9x m + = + + .
2) 3 x 6 x (3 x)(6 x) m + + + = .
3)
4 4 2 2
m( x 2 2 x 4) x 2 2 x 4 + + = .
Gii:
1) iu kin: 0 x 9 .
Phng trnh
2
9 2 x(9 x) x 9x m 2 m x(9 x) 2 x(9 x) + = + + =
t
x 9 x 9
t x(9 x) 0 t .
2 2
+
= =
Ta c phng trnh :
2
2 m t 2t f (t) = = (1).
Phng trnh cho c nghim (1) c nghim
9
t [0; ]
2

Xt hm s f(t) vi
9
t [0; ]
2
, c f '(t) 2t 2 0 f '(t) 0 t 1 = > = = .
Bng bin thin:
t
0 1
9
2

f(t) 0 +

f(t)

0
45
4

1
Vy phng trnh c nghim
45 37
1 2 m m 3
4 4
.

2) iu kin: 3 x 6 .
t
2
2
t 9
t 3 x 6 x t 9 2 (3 x)(6 x) (3 x)(6 x)
2
= + + = + + + =
Phng trnh cho tr thnh:
2
2
t 9
t m t 2t 9 2m
2
= = (2).
Xt hm s
1 1
t(x) 3 x 6 x t '(x)
2 x 3 2 6 x
= + + =
+

3
t '(x) 0 6 x x 3 x
2
= = + = . Ta c bng bin thin ca t(x)
x
3
3
2
6
t(x) + 0

t(x)

3 2

3 3
Da vo bng bin thin t [3;3 2] .
(1) c nghim (2) c nghim t [3;3 2] .
Xt hm s
2
f (t) t 2t = vi 3 t 3 2 , c f '(t) 2t 2 0 t [3;3 2] = >
f(t) l hm ng bin trn [3;3 2]
3 f (3) f (t) f (3 2) 18 6 2 t [3;3 2]. = =
6 2 9
3 9 2m 18 6 2 m 3
2
.

3) iu kin : x 2 .
Ta thy x 2 = khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn ta chia hai v phng trnh
cho
4 2
x 4 , ta c:
4 4
x 2 x 2
m 2 2
x 2 x 2
| |
+
+ =
|
+
\
(*).
t
4
4
4
4
x 2 2(t 1)
t 0 t (x 2) x 2 x 2
x 2
t 1
+ +
= > = + = >

4
4
0 t 1
t 1
> >

Khi (*) tr thnh:
2
1 t 2t
m 2 t 2 m f (t)
t 2t 1
+
| |
+ = = =
|
+
\
(3).
Phng trnh cho c nghim (3) c nghim t 1 > .
Xt hm s f(t) vi t 1 > , c:
( )
2
2
2t 2t 2
f '(t) 0 t 1
2t 1
+ +
= > >
+
.
f (t) f (1) 1 t 1 > = > .
Vy phng trnh c nghim m 1 > .

Ch : Trong cc bi ton trn sau khi t n ph ta thng gp kh khn khi xc
nh min xc nh ca t . trn chng ta lm quen vi ba cch tm min xc
nh ca t. Tuy nhin ngoi nhng cch trn ta cn c nhng cch khc tm
min xc nh ca t. Chng hn:
cu 2) ta c th p dng BT Csi tm xc nh ca t :
2
2 (3 x)(6 x) 9 9 t 18 3 t 3 2 + .
cu 3 tm min xc nh ta c th lm nh sau:
4
1
t 1
x 2
= +
v
1
0 x 2 t 1
x 2
> > >
.

V d 12: Tm m cc phng trnh
1)
2 2
tan x cot x m(tan x cot x) 3 0 + + + + = c nghim .
2 2
3 3
2) log x log x 1 2m 1 0 + + = c nghim trn
3
[1;3 ] .
3)
2 2 2
2x x 2x x 2x x
m.9 (2m 1)6 m.4 0

+ + = c nghim x tha mn
1
x
2
.

Gii:
1) t
2 2 2
t tan x cot x tan x cot x t 2 = + + = v | t | 2 .
2
2
t 1
t mt 1 0 m
t
+
+ + = = (3) ( v t 0 ).
Phng trnh cho c nghim (3) c nghim t tha mn | t | 2 .
Xt hm s
2
t 1
f (t)
t
+
= vi | t | 2 , ta c:
2
2
t 1
f '(t) 0 t : | t | 2
t
= >
Bng bin thin
t -2 2 +
f(t) + +

f(t)

-5/2 +

5/2
Da vo bng bin thin, ta thy phng trnh c nghim
5
| m|
2
.
2) t
2 2 2
3 3
t log x 1 log x t 1 = + = . Vi
3
1 x 3 1 t 2 .
2
t t 2m 2 (2) + = +
Phng trnh cho c nghim trn
3
[1;3 ] (2) c nghim 1 t 2 .
Xt hm s
2
f (t) t t = + vi 1 t 2 , ta thy f(t) l hm ng bin trn [1;2]
Suy ra 2 f (1) f (t) f (2) 5 t [1;2] = = .
3
2 2m 2 5 0 m .
2
+
3) t
2
u 2x x u'(x) 4x 1 = = .
Lp bng bin thin ca u(x) ta
1
u 0 x : x
2
.
Bt phng trnh tr thnh:
u u u
m9 (2m 1)6 m4 0 + + =
2u u
2
3 3
m (2m 1) m 0 mt (2m 1)t m 0
2 2
| | | |
+ + = + + =
| |
\ \

(trong ta t
u
3
t t 1 u 0
2
| |
=
|
\
)
2
2
t
m(t 2t 1) t m f (t)
t 2t 1
+ = = =
+
(3) (do t=1 khng l nghim PT)
Yu cu bi ton (3) c nghim t 1 > .
Xt hm s f (t) vi t 1 > , c
2
2 2
1 t
f '(t) 0 t 1
(t 2t 1)
= < >
+
v
x
lim f (t) 0
+
=
Bng bin thin
t 1 +
f(t) +

f(t)

+

0
Vy m 0 > l nhng gi tr cn tm.

V d 13: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim
(4m 3) x 3 (3m 4) 1 x m 1 0 + + + = (1).
Gii: iu kin : 3 x 1 .
Phng trnh m(4 x 3 3 1 x 1) 3 x 3 4 x 1 1 + + + = + + +
3 x 3 4 1 x 1
m
4 x 3 3 1 x 1
+ + +
=
+ + +
(2).
V
( ) ( )
2 2
x 3 1 x 4 + + = nn ta c th t:
2
2
2
2t
x 3 2
1 t
1 t
1 x 2
1 t
+ =
+
vi 0 t 1 .
Khi (2) tr thnh:
2 2 2
2 2 2
12t 8(1 t ) 1 t 7t 12t 9
m f (t)
16t 6(1 t ) t 1 5t 16t 7
+ + +
= = =
+ + +
(3).
(1) c nghim (3) c nghim t [ 1;1] .
Xt hm s f(t) vi t [0;1] , c
2
2 2
52t 8t 60
f '(t) 0 t [0;1]
(5t 16t 7)
+ +
= <

7 9
f (1) f (t) f (0) t [0;1]
9 7
= =
7 9
m
9 7
.
Ch : Chc c l cc bn s thc mc v sao li ngh ra cc t nh vy ? Mi
nhn vo c v thy cc t t trn thiu t nhin. Thc cht ra cc t trn ta
b qua mt bc t trung gian. C th:
T ng thc
( ) ( )
2 2
x 3 1 x 4 + + = ta t
x 3 2sin
1 x 2cos
+ =
vi [0; ]
2
,
sau ta li tip tc t t tan
2
= nn ta mi c:
2
2
2
2t
x 3 2
1 t
1 t
1 x 2
1 t
+ =
+
. n y chc
cc bn thy cch t trn hon ton rt t nhin phi khng?!.

V d 14: Xc nh mi gi tr ca tham s m h sau c 2 nghim phn bit

2
3
3 3
2
2
x 2x 5
log (x 1) log (x 1) log 4 (1)
log (x 2x 5) mlog 2 5 (2)
+
+ >
+ =
.
Gii: iu kin : x 1 > .
3 3
1 1
(1) log log 2 2 1 3
1 1
x x
x
x x
+ +
> > < <

(Do x 1 > ).
Vy h cho c hai nghim phn bit (2) c hai nghim phn bit 1 3 x < < .
t
2
2
t log (x 2x 5) 2 t 3 x (1;3) = + < < v (2) tr thnh
2
m
t 5 t 5t m (3)
t
+ = =
T cch t t ta c:
2
( 1) 2 4
t
x = Vi mi gi tr t (2;3) th cho ta ng
mt gi tr x (1;3) . Suy ra (2) c 2 nghim phn bit x (1;3) (3) c 2 nghim
phn bit t (2;3) .
Xt hm s
2
f (t) t 5t = vi t (2;3)
5
f '(t) 2t 5 f '(t) 0 t
2
= = =
Bng bin thin
t
2
5
2
3
f(t) 0 +

f(t)
6 6

25
4

(3) c 2 nghim phn bit
25 25
t (2;3) m 6 6 m
4 4
< < < < .
V d 14: Cho phng trnh
6 5 4 3 2
x 3x 6x ax 6x 3x 1 0 + + + = (1). Tm tt
c cc gi tr ca tham s a, phng trnh c ng 2 nghim phn bit.

Gii: V 0 x = khng phi l nghim phng trnh . Chia hai v pt cho x
3
ta c
3 2
3 2
1 1 1
(x ) 3(x ) 6(x ) a 0
x
x x
+ + + + = .t
1
t x
x
= + ta c c phng trnh:
2 2 3 2
t(t 3) 3(t 2) 6t a t 3t 9t a 6 (2) + = + = +
T cch t t, ta c:
2
x tx 1 0 (3) + =
2
t 4 0 t 2 = . T y ta c:
* Nu t 2 = th phng trnh (3) c mt nghim.
*Nu t 2 > th vi mi gi tr ca t cho tng ng hai gi tr ca x.
Nn (1) c ng hai nghim phn bit (2) hoc c ng hai nghim t=2 v t=-2
hoc (2) c ng mt nghim tha mn |t|>2.
TH 1: Nu (2) c ng hai ngim
2 a 6
t 2
22 a 6
= +
=

= +
h v nghim.
TH 2: (2) c ng mt nghim tha mn |t|>2.
Xt hm s
3 2
f (t) t 3t 9t = + vi t 2 > , c:
2
f '(t) 3t 6t 9 3(t 1)(t 3) = + = + .
Ta c bng bin thin:

t -3 -2 2 +
f(t) + 0 - +

f(t)

27 +

22 2
Da vo bng bin thin ta thy phng trnh (2) c ng mt nghim > t 2
a 6 2 a 4
a 6 27 a 21
+ < <

+ > >

.

V d 15: Tm m phng trnh sau c bn nghim phn bit.
2 2 4 2 2
m( 1 x 1 x 2) 2 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 + + = + + (1).
Gii: iu kin : x 1 .
t
2 2 2 4
4 2
0 t 1
t 1 x 1 x 0 t 2 2 1 x
2 1 x 2 t

= + =

=
.
(1) tr thnh:
2
2
t t 1
m(t 2) 1 t t m f (t)
t 2
+ +
+ = + = =
+
(2).
T cch t t
2 2
2 2
4
4
2 t 2 t
1 x x 1 t [0;1]
2 2
| | | |

= =
| |
| |
\ \

vi mi gi tr t (0;1] ta c hai gi tr x, cn t 0 x 0 = = .
Mt khc:
2 2
2 2
2 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
2 t 2 t
1 1 t t t t
2 2
| | | |

= = =
| |
| |
\ \

(1) c bn nghim phn bit (2) c ng hai nghim t (0;1]
Xt hm s f(t) vi t [0;1] , c:
2
2
t 4t 1
f '(t) f '(t) 0 t 5 2.
(t 2)
+
= = =
+

Bng bin thin
t
0 5 2 1
f(t) + 0

f(t)

1
2

1
3

2 5
(2) c hai nghim phn bit
1
t (0;1] 2 5 m
3
< .
Vy
1
2 5 m
3
< l nhng gi tr cn tm.

V d 16: Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh :
3 3 3 2 2 2
x 1 x x
m.2 (2m 1)(3 5) (3 5) 0
+
+ + + + = (1).
Gii:
(1)
3 3
2 2
x x
3 5 3 5
2m (2m 1) 0
2 2
| | | |
+
+ + =
| |
\ \
(2).
t
3
2
x
3 5
t t 1
2
| |
+
=
|
\
. Khi (2) tr thnh:
2
2
1 t 1
2m (2m 1) t 0 2m(t 2) t 1 2m f (t)
t t 2
+ + = + = = =
+
(3).
Vi
3
2
x
3
3 5
2
3 5
t 1 t x log t (*)
2
+
| |
+
= =
|
\
.
Nu t 1 (*) = c mt gi tr x 0 =
Nu t 1 (*) > c hai gi tr x.
S nghim ca (1) ph thuc vo s nghim t 1 ca (3)
Xt hm s f(t) vi t 1 , c:
2
2
t 4t 1
f '(t) 0 t 1
(t 2)
+ +
= >
+
.
Bng bin thin:
t 1 +
f(t) +

f(t)

+

0
Da vo bng bin thin, ta c:
* Nu 2m 0 m 0 (3) < > v nghim (1) v nghim.
* Nu m 0 (3) = c mt nghim t 1 (1) = c mt nghim x 0 =
* Nu m 0 (3) < c mt nghim t 1 (1) > c hai nghim phn bit.

V d 17: Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m phng trnh :

2
1 1
2 2
(m 1)log (x 2) (m 5)log (x 2) m 1 0 + = (1)
c hai nghim tho mn iu kin :
1 2
2 x x 4 < < .
Gii:
t
1
2
t log (x 2) t ( 2;0) x (2;4) = v mi t ( 2;0) cho mt gi tr
x (2;4) . Khi (1) tr thnh:
2
2
2
t 5t 1
(m 1)t (m 5)t m 1 0 m f (t)
t t 1
+
+ = = =
+
(2).
Yu cu bi ton (2) c hai nghim
1 2
2 t t 0 < < .
Xt hm s f(t) vi t ( 2;0) , c
2
2 2
t 4
f '(t) 0 t ( 2;0).
(t t 1)
+
= <
+

15
1 f (0) m f ( 2)
7
= < < = l nhng gi tr cn tm.
Bi ton 2: Tm m bt phng trnh ( ) ( ) > f x g m c nghim
trn D.
Phng php: Vi dng ton ny trc ht ta i kho st v lp bng bin thin
ca hm s f (x) trn D, ri da vo cc tnh cht sau chng ta nh gi tr ca
tham s:
1) Bt phng trnh f (x) g(m) c nghim trn D
x D
maxf (x) g(m)

2) Bt phng trnh f (x) g(m) c nghim trn D
x D
minf (x) g(m)

V d 1: Tm m bt phng trnh sau c nghim
1) 4 x x 5 m 2) mx x 3 m 1. + + +
Gii:
1) iu kin : 5 x 4 .
Xt hm s f (x) 4 x x 5 = + +
1 1 4 x x 5
f '(x)
2 4 x 2 x 5 2 (4 x)(x 5)
+
= + =
+ +
.
1
f '(x) 0 4 x x 5 0 x
2
= + = = .
Suy ra
[-5;4]
1
maxf (x) max f (4), f ( ), f ( 5) 3 2
2

= =
`
)
.
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim
[ 5;4]
m max f (x) 3 2
= .
2) iu kin : x 3 .
Bt phng trnh
x 3 1
m
x 1
+

. Xt hm s
x 3 1
f (x)
x 1
+
=
vi x 3 .
Ta c:
2
5 x x 3
f '(x) f '(x) 0 x 4
2 x 3(x 1)

= = =

v
x
lim f (x) 0
+
= .
Bng bin thin:
x 3 4 +
f + 0 -

f

2
3

1
2
0
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim
x 3
2
m maxf (x)
3
= .

V d 2: Tm m cc bt phng trnh sau c nghim
1)
x x 1
4 m.2 3 2m 0
+
+ (1) 2)
2
lg x mlg x m 3 0
x 1
+ +
>
(2).
Gii:
1) t
x
t 2 , t 0 = > . Khi bt phng trnh tr thnh:
2
2
t 3
t 2mt 3 2m 0 f (t) 2m
t 1
+
+ =
+
(3).
(1) c nghim (3) c nghim t 0 > . Xt hm s f(t) vi t 0 > , ta c:
( )
2
2
t 2t 3
f '(t) f '(t) 0 t 1
t 1
+
= = =
+
(do t 0 > ).
Bng bin thin:
t 0 1 +
f(t) 0 +

f(t)

3 +

2
(3) c nghim t 0 > 2m 2 m 1 .
Vy m 1 l nhng gi tr cn tm.
2) t t lgx t 0 x 1 = > > . Khi bt phng trnh cho tr thnh:
2 2
t mt m 3 0 t 3 m(t 1) + + + (1).
*
2
t 3
t 1 (1) m
t 1
+
<
(2).
Xt hm s
2
t 3
f (t)
t 1
+
=
vi t (0;1) , c
2
2
t 2t 3
f '(t) 0 t (0;1)
(t 1)

= <

(2) c nghim t (0;1) m f (0) 3 < = .
*
2
t 3
t 1 (1) m f (t)
t 1
+
> =
(3).
Ta c bng bin thin f(t)
t 1 3 +
f(t) 0 +

f(t)

+ +

6
(3) c nghim t 1 m 6 > .
Vy
m 3
m 6
<
l nhng gi tr cn tm.

V d 3: Tm m bt phng trnh :
2
m( x 2x 2 1) x(2 x) 0 + + + (1) c
nghim x [0;1 3] + .
Gii:
t
2 2
t x 2x 2 (x 1) 1 t [1;2] x [0;1 3] = + = + +
Khi (1) tr thnh:
2
2
t 2
m(t 1) t 2 m f (t)
t 1
+ =
+
(2).
Xt hm s f(t) trn [1; 2] , ta c:
2
2
t 2t 2
f '(t) 0 t [1; 2]
(t 1)
+ +
= >
+

(1) c nghim x [0;1 3] + (2) c nghim t [1; 2]
[1;2]
2
m maxf (t) f (2)
3
= = .
V d 4: Tm m bt phng trnh sau c nghim:
2 2 2
sin x cos x sin x
2 3 m.3 . +
Gii:
Bt phng trnh
2 2
t t
sin x sin x
2 1 2 1
( ) 3( ) m 3 m
3 9 3 9
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \

vi
2
t sin x t [0;1] = . Xt hm s
t t
2 1
f (t) 3
3 9
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \
, ta thy f(t) l hm
nghch bin.
[0;1]
maxf (t) f (0) 4 = = . Vy bt phng trnh c nghim m 4 .

V d 5: Tm m h bt phng trnh sau c nghim:
3
2x 1 1 2x 1 (1)
| 8x 5| x 2x 1 2m 0 (2)
+ + +
.
Gii: iu kin:
1
x
2
.
Ta c:
1 5
(1) 2x 1 2x 1 1 1 2 2x 1 x
2 8
+ + .
Khi :
3 3
(2) 8x 5 x 2x 1 2m 0 f (x) x 6x 6 2m + + + + = + (3).
Xt hm s f (x) trn
1 5
;
2 8
(
(

, ta c:
2
1 5
f '(x) 3x 6 0 x ;
2 8
(
=
(

.
1 5
;
2 8
1 25
max f (x) f ( )
2 8 (
(

= = .
H c nghim (3) c nghim
1 5
;
2 8
1 5 25 25
x ; 2m max f (x) m
2 8 8 16 (
(

(
=
(

.
V d 5: Tm tt c gi tr ca tham s a h sau c nghim (x,y) tho mn iu
kinx 4 .
x y 3 (1)
x 5 y 3 a (2)
+ =
+ + +
.
Gii: iu kin : x, y 0
t t x y 3 t = = , do
x 4
2 t 3
y 0
. Khi (2) tr thnh:

2 2
a t 5 t 6t 12 f (t) + + + = (3).
Xt hm s f(t) vi
[ ]
t 2;3 , c
2 2
t t 3
f '(t)
t 5 t 6t 12
= +
+ +

2 2
f '(t) 0 t (t 3) 3 (3 t) t 5 = + = + (*)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
t (t 3) 3t (3 t) t 5(3 t) 2t 30t 45 0 + = + + = phng trnh v
nghim v
[ ]
t 2;3
BBT:
t 2 3
f '(t) +

f (t)

14 3 +

5

H c nghim (3) c nghim
[1;2]
t [1;2] a minf (t) f (2) 5 = = .
Vy a 5 l nhng gi tr cn tm.

Ch : bt phng trnh :
D D
f (x) k (f (x) k) x D k minf (x) (k maxf (x)) .
2
(x 3)(x 1)(x 4x 6) m + + + + nghim ng
x R .
Gii:
Bt phng trnh
2 2
(x 4x 3)(x 4x 6) m + + + + .
t
2 2
t x 4x 3 (x 2) 1 t 1 = + + = + v bt phng trnh tr thnh:
2
t 3t m t 1 + (*)
Xt hm s
2
t 1
f (t) t 3t f '(t) 2t 3 0 t 1 minf (t) 2
= + = + > = .
Bt phng trnh cho nghim ng vi x R (*) nghim ng vi t 1
t 1
m minf (t) 2
= l nhng gi tr cn tm.
2
(4 x)(6 x) x 2x m + + nghim ng
[ ] x 4;6 .
Gii:
t
4 x 6 x
t (4 x)(6 x) 0 t 5.
2
+ +
= + =
Khi bt phng trnh tr thnh:
2 2
t 24 t m t t m 24 + + + (*).
Yu cu bi ton (*) nghim ng t [0;5] .
Xt hm s
2
f (t) t t = + vi t [0;5] , ta thy f(t) l hm ng bin trn [0;5]
Suy ra
[0;5]
maxf (t) f (5) 30 = = .
Vy (*) nghim ng t [0;5] m 24 30 m 6 + .

V d 8: Tm m bt phng trnh sau nghim ng vi mi
1
| x |
2
.
2 2 2
2x x 2x x 2x x
9 2(m 1)6 (m 1)4 0

+ + .
Gii:
Chia hai v bt phng trnh cho
2
2x x
4

v t
2
2x x
3
t
2
| |
=
|
\
, ta c:
2
t 2(m 1)t m 1 0 + + (1).
Vi
2
1
| x | 2x x 0 t 1
2

2
t 2t 1
(1) m f (t)
2t 1
+ +
=
.
Yu cu bi ton
t 1
m minf (t)
.
Ta c
2
2
2t 2t 4
f '(t) f '(t) 0 t 2
(2t 1)

= = =
.
Bng bin thin
t 1 2 +
f(t) 0 +

f(t)

4 +

3
Vy
t 1
m minf (t) m 3

Phương Pháp giải toán tham số

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Phương Pháp giải toán tham số

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Nguyn Tt Thu http//:www.maths.

= < < < <

(do x 0 = khng l nghim

phng trnh v nghim.

phng trnh c mt nghim.

. Khi (2) tr thnh:

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