TRNG I HC LT

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

H V TN: PHAN TH THANH NGA

BI GING TM TT

INTERNET V DCH V
Dnh cho sinh vin ngnh Cng ngh thng tin. (Lu hnh ni b)

Lt 2008

Trng i hc Lt Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin

2008

M U Ngy nay, Internet pht trin v cng mnh m v tr thnh mt nhu cu khng th thiu i vi cuc sng ca mi ngi nht l nhng sinh vin chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thng tin. Chnh v vy, chng ti a hc phn Internet v dch v vo ging dy cho sinh vin nm th nht nhm gip sinh vin tip cn mt s kin thc c bn v Internet v s dng mt s dch v trn Internet. Gio trnh gii thiu s lc v mng my tnh, phn loi mng my tnh, v gii thiu vai tr ca mng my tnh nhm gip sinh vin hnh thnh mt s khi nim ban u v mng my tnh v mng Internet. Gio trnh cung cp mt s khi nim v Internet, lch s pht trin ca Internet v xu hng pht trin ca Internet trong nhng nm sp ti. Sau khi hnh thnh mt s khi nim c bn v Internet, sinh vin s c tip cn vi mt s dch v trn Internet v tm hiu mt s k thut kt ni trn Internet. Tuy c nhiu c gng trong qu trnh bin son nhng gio trnh ny vn cn nhiu thiu st. Chng ti rt mong nhn c cc kin ng gp ca cc bn sinh vin v cc bn ng nghip chng ti c th hon thin gio trnh ny. TRNG I HC LT
KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

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MC LC
CHNG I - TNG QUAN V INTERNET .......................................................................... 4 I. 1. S lc v mng my tnh........................................................................................ 4 1. Mng my tnh l g? .................................................................................................. 4 2. Vai tr ca mng my tnh ......................................................................................... 4 3. Phn loi mng my tnh ............................................................................................ 4 I.2. Tng quan v Internet.......................................................................................... 7 I.2. 1. Lch s pht trin ca Internet............................................................................ 9 I.2. 2. Kin trc h tng Internet ................................................................................... 9 I.2. 3. Xu hng pht trin ca Internet...................................................................... 11 CHNG II - MT S DCH V TRN INTERNET ................................................... 13 II.1. Dch v mng thng tin ton cu WWW (World Wide Web) ................................. 13 II.2. Dch v th in t - Electronic Mail (E-mail) ........................................................ 13 II.3. Dch v truyn file - FTP (File Transfer Protocol)................................................... 13 II.4. Dch v Messenger ................................................................................................... 13 II.5. Dch v Blog............................................................................................................. 13 II.6. Dch v tn min - Domain Name System (DNS) ................................................... 15 II.7. Mailing List .............................................................................................................. 17 II.8. Distribution List ....................................................................................................... 17 II.9. Dch v Remote Login - Telnet................................................................................ 18 II.10. Dch v nhm thng tin News (USENET)........................................................... 18 II.11. Dch v Gopher .................................................................................................... 20 II.12. Dch v tm kim thng tin din rng - WAIS (Wide Area Information Server) 20 II.13. Dch v hi thoi trn Internet - IRC.................................................................... 21 II.14. Truy cp Internet .................................................................................................. 21 CHNG 3 - TM KIM V KHAI THC THNG TIN TRN INTERNET ............ 23 III.1 K thut tm kim thng tin trn Internet ................................................................. 23 III.2 Mt s v d tm kim thng tin trn Internet .......... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHNG 4 K THUT KT NI INTERNET............................................................ 29 IV.1 nh gi v tm hiu nhu cu ................................................................................... 29 IV.2 Th tc v k thut kt ni ....................................................................................... 30

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CHNG I - TNG QUAN V INTERNET Chng ny gii thiu s lc v mng my tnh, phn loi mng my tnh, v vai tr ca mng my tnh gip sinh vin c mt s kin thc tng quan v mng my tnh v Internet. ng thi sinh vin cn c trang b kin thc v Internet, lch s, kin trc Internet v xu hng pht trin ca Internet trong mt s nm tip theo. I. 1. S lc v mng my tnh

1. Mng my tnh l g? Mng my tnh l mt tp hp cc my tnh c kt ni vi nhau bi ng truyn vt l theo mt cu trc no p ng mt s yu cu ca ngi dng 2. Vai tr ca mng my tnh Ngy nay vi mt lng ln v thng tin, nhu cu x l thng tin ngy cng cao. Mng my tnh hin nay tr nn qu quen thuc i vi chng ta, trong mi lnh vc nh khoa hc, qun s, quc phng, thng mi, dch v, gio dc... Hin nay nhiu ni mng tr thnh mt nhu cu khng th thiu c. Ngi ta thy c vic kt ni cc my tnh thnh mng cho chng ta nhng kh nng mi to ln nh: S dng chung ti nguyn: nhng ti nguyn ca mng (nh thit b, chng trnh, d liu) khi c tr thnh cc ti nguyn chung th mi thnh vin ca mng u c th tip cn c m khng quan tm ti nhng ti nguyn u. Tng tin cy ca h thng: ngi ta c th d dng bo tr my mc v lu tr (backup) cc d liu chung v khi c trc trc trong h thng th chng c th c khi phc nhanh chng. Trong trng hp c trc trc trn mt trm lm vic th ngi ta cng c th s dng nhng trm khc thay th. Nng cao cht lng v hiu qu khai thc thng tin: khi thng tin c th c s dng chung th n mang li cho ngi s dng kh nng t chc li cc cng vic vi nhng thay i v cht nh: o p ng nhng nhu cu ca h thng ng dng kinh doanh hin i. o Cung cp s thng nht gia cc d liu. o Tng cng nng lc x l nh kt hp cc b phn phn tn. o Tng cng truy nhp ti cc dch v mng khc nhau ang c cung cp trn th gii. 3. Phn loi mng my tnh a. Da trn khong cch a l:
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Mng cc b (Local Area Network - LAN): c phm vi hp, bn knh khong vi chc km Mng th (Metropolitan Area Network - MAN): phm vi rng hn, vi bn knh nh hn 100km Mng din rng (Wide Area Network - WAN): phm vi mng c th vt bin gii quc gia, lc a. Mng ton cu(Global Area Network - GAN): phm vi tri rng trn ton th gii. ng knh mng 1m 10 m 100 m 1 km 10 km 100 km 1000 km 10000 km b. Da trn kin trc mng Mng kiu Bus (Bus Topology) Cc my tnh u c ni vo mt ng dy truyn chnh (bus). ng truyn chnh ny c gii hn hai u bi mt loi u ni c bit gi l terminator Mng hnh Sao (Star Topology) y l m hnh mng thng dng nht. L dng n gin nht. Mng ny bao gm mt thit b trung tm l switch hay hub, hot ng ging nh mt tng i cho php thc hin vic nhn v truyn d liu t trm ny ti cc trm khc. Mng Vng trn (Ring Topology)
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V tr ca my tnh

Loi mng

Trong mt mt vung Mng khu vc c nhn Trong mt phng Trong mt ta nh Trong mt khu vc Trong mt thnh ph Trong mt quc gia Trong mt chu lc C hnh tinh Mng th (MAN) Mng din rng (WAN) Mng ton cu (GAN) Mng cc b (LAN)

Trng i hc Lt Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin

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L m hnh mng m mt node c kt ni chnh xc vi 2 node khc to thnh mt vng trn tn hiu: mt vng trn (ring). Mi gi d liu u c mang a ch trm ch, mi trm khi nhn c mt gi d liu n kim tra nu ng vi a ch ca mnh th n nhn ly cn nu khng phi th n s pht li cho trm k tip, c nh vy gi d liu i c n ch I. 2. Tng quan v Internet Internet l mt h thng thng tin ton cu c th c truy nhp cng cng gm cc mng my tnh c lin kt vi nhau. H thng ny truyn thng tin theo kiu ni chuyn gi d liu (packet switching) da trn mt giao thc lin mng c chun ha (giao thc IP). H thng ny bao gm hng ngn mng my tnh nh hn ca cc doanh nghip, ca cc vin nghin cu v cc trng i hc, ca ngi dng c nhn, v cc chnh ph trn ton cu. Chng cung cp mt khi lng thng tin v dch v khng l trn Internet. Mng Internet mang li rt nhiu tin ch hu dng cho ngi s dng, mt trong cc tin ch ph thng ca Internet l h thng th in t (email), tr chuyn trc tuyn (chat), my truy tm d liu (search engine), cc dch v thng mi v chuyn ngn, v cc dch v v y t gio dc nh l cha bnh t xa hoc t chc cc lp hc o. Ngun thng tin khng l km theo cc dch v tng ng chnh l h thng cc trang Web lin kt vi nhau v cc ti liu khc trong WWW (World Wide Web). Tri vi mt s cch s dng thng ngy, Internet v WWW khng ng ngha. Internet l mt tp hp cc mng my tnh kt ni vi nhau bng dy ng, cp quang, v.v...; cn WWW, hay Web, l mt tp hp cc ti liu lin kt vi nhau bng cc siu lin kt (hyperlink) v cc a ch URL, v n c th c truy nhp bng cch s dng Internet. Trong ting Anh, s nhm ln ca a s dn chng v hai t ny thng c chm bim bng nhng t nh "the intarweb". Cc cch thc thng thng truy cp internet l quay s, bng rng, khng dy, v tinh v qua in thoi cm tay. Mt s chng trnh duyt Web thng dng l: Internet Explorer c sn trong Microsoft Windows, ca Microsoft Mozilla v Mozilla Firefox ca Tp on Mozilla Netscape Navigator ca Netscape Opera ca Opera Software Safari trong Mac OS X, ca Apple Computer Maxthon ca MySoft Technology Avant Browser ca Avant Force ().

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Vit Nam, Internet chnh thc xut hin nm 1996, khi t di s qun l duy nht ca mt nh cung cp dch v l Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam: VNPT I.2. 1. Lch s pht trin ca Internet Nn tng cho s ra i khi nim Internet c pht trin bi 3 c nhn v mt hi tho nghin cu, mi tc nhn trn thay i cch suy ngh v cng ngh qua s phn on chnh xc tng lai ca n.

Vannevar Bush vit bn m t tng tng u tin v nhng cng dng tim tng ca cng ngh thng tin vi s m t ca h thng th vin t ng memex. Norbert Wiener pht minh ra ngnh iu khin hc, truyn cm hng cho cc nh nghin cu sau ny tp trung vo vic s dng cng ngh m rng kh nng ca con ngi. Hi tho v tr tu nhn to nm 1956 Dartmouth c kt c khi nim: cng ngh ci tin vi tc cp s m, v a ra s cn nhc nghim tc u tin v hu qu. Marshall McLuhan a ra tng mt lng ton cu lin kt vi nhau bi mt phn h thng thn kinh in t ca nn vn minh nhn loi.

Nm 1957, Lin X phng thnh cng v tinh u tin, Sputnik I, khin Tng thng M thnh lp c quan ARPA (Defense / Advanced Research Project Agency) nhm ginh li v tr dn u v cng ngh trong cuc chy ua v trang. ARPA ch nh J.C.R. Licklider iu hnh t chc IPTO (Information Processing Techniques Office) vi mt s y nhim nghin cu xa hn chng trnh SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) v gip bo v nc M khi cc cuc tn cng ht nhn t khng gian. Licklider thuyt phc c IPTO v li ch tim tng ca mt h thng mng thng tin lin lc khp quc gia, tc ng n ngi k nhim thu Lawrence Roberts thc hin vin cnh . Roberts lnh o pht trin mng, da vo tng mi ca chuyn mch gi pht hin bi Paul Baran RAND, v vi nm sau bi Donal Davis UK National Physical Laboratory. Mt my tnh c bit c gi l mt My x l Giao tip Thng ip c ch to hin thc thit k, v APRANET ra i u Thng 10, nm 1969. Kt ni u tin c thc hin gia Trung tm nghin cu H California, LA v Trung tm Vin nghin cu Stanford. Giao thc mng u tin c s dng trong APRANET l Network Control Program, chng trnh iu khin mng. Nm 1983, n c thay th bi giao thc TCP/IP, pht trin bi Robert Kahn, Vinton Ceft v mt s nh nghin cu khc. TCP/IP nhanh chng tr thnh giao thc ph bin v c s dng rng ri khp th gii.
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Nm 1990, APRANET c ngng li v chuyn cho NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network). NSFNET nhanh chng kt ni vi CSNET (Computer Science Network), ni c kt ni vi cc trng i hc Bc M, v sau kt ni vi EUnet (European Network), ni kt ni cc thit b nghin cu Chu u. Nh s gii thot ca NSF, v kch ng bi s thng dng ca web, mc ch ban u ca Internet b tiu tan sau nm 1990 khin cho Chnh ph M chuyn quyn qun l cho cc t chc phi chnh ph. Mng Internet ngy nay l mt mng ton cu, bao gm hng chc triu ngi s dng. Mng Internet c hnh thnh t cui thp k 60 t mt th nghim ca B quc phng M (DARPA - Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency). Ti thi im ban u n l mng ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) ca Ban qun l d n nghin cu Quc phng. ARPAnet l mt mng th nghim phc v cc nghin cu quc phng, mt trong nhng mc ch ca n l xy dng mt mng my tnh c kh nng chu ng cc s c (v d mt s nt mng b tn cng v ph hu nhng mng vn tip tc hot ng). Mng cho php mt my tnh bt k trn mng lin lc vi mi my tnh khc. Kh nng kt ni cc h thng my tnh khc nhau hp dn mi ngi, v li y cng l phng php thc t duy nht kt ni cc my tnh ca cc hng khc nhau. Kt qu l cc nh pht trin phn mm M, Anh v Chu u bt u pht trin cc phn mm trn b giao thc TCP/IP (giao thc c s dng trong vic truyn thng trn Internet) cho tt c cc loi my. iu ny cng hp dn cc trng i hc, cc trung tm nghin cu ln v cc c quan chnh ph, nhng ni mong mun mua my tnh t cc nh sn xut, khng b ph thuc vo mt hng c nh no. Bn cnh cc h thng cc b LAN bt u pht trin cng vi s xut hin cc my bn (Desktop Workstations) - 1983. Phn ln cc my bn s dng Berkeley UNIX, phn mm cho kt ni TCP/IP c coi l mt phn ca h iu hnh ny. Mt iu r rng l cc mng ny c th kt ni vi nhau d dng. Trong qu trnh hnh thnh mng Internet, NSFNET (c s ti tr ca Hi khoa hc Quc gia M) ng mt vai tr tng i quan trng. Vo cui nhng nm 80, NFS thit lp 5 trung tm siu my tnh. Trc , nhng my tnh nhanh nht th gii c s dng cho cng vic pht trin v kh mi v mt vi hng ln. Vi cc trung tm mi ny, NFS cho php mi ngi hot ng trong lnh vc khoa hc c s dng. Ban u, NFS nh s dng ARPAnet ni 5 trung tm my tnh ny, nhng ny b thi quan liu v b my hnh chnh lm tht bi. V vy, NFS quyt nh xy dng mng ring ca mnh, vn da trn th tc TCP/IP, ng truyn tc 56kbps. Cc trng i hc c ni thnh cc mng vng, v cc mng vng c ni vi cc trung tm siu my tnh. n cui nm 1987, khi lng thng tin truyn ti lm cc my tnh kim sot ng truyn v bn thn mng in thoi ni cc trung tm siu my tnh b qu ti,
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mt hp ng v nng cp mng NSFNET c k vi cng ty Merit Network Inc, cng ty ang cng vi IBM v MCI qun l mng gio dc Michigan. Mng c c nng cp bng ng in thoi nhanh nht lc by gi, cho php nng tc ln gp 20 ln. Cc my tnh kim sot mng cng c nng cp. Vic nng cp mng vn lin tc c tin hnh, c bit trong nhng nm cui cng do s lng ngi s dng Internet tng nhanh chng. im quan trng ca NSFNET l n cho php mi ngi cng s dng. Trc NSFNET, ch c cc nh khoa hc, chuyn gia my tnh v nhn vin cc c quan chnh ph c c kt ni Internet. NSF ch ti tr cho cc trng i hc ni mng, do mi sinh vin i hc u c kh nng lm vic trn Internet. Ngy nay mng Internet c pht trin nhanh chng trong gii khoa hc v gio dc ca M, sau pht trin rng ton cu, phc v mt cch c lc cho vic trao i thng tin trc ht trong cc lnh vc nghin cu, gio dc v gn y cho thng mi. I.2. 2. Kin trc h tng Internet Internet l mt lin mng, tc l mng ca cc mng con. Vy u tin l vn kt ni hai mng con. kt ni hai mng con vi nhau, c hai vn cn gii quyt. V mt vt l, hai mng con ch c th kt ni vi nhau khi c mt my tnh c th kt ni vi c hai mng ny. Vic kt ni n thun v vy l cha th lm cho hai mng con c th trao i thng tin vi nhau. Vy vn th hai l my kt ni c v mt vt l vi hai mng con phi hiu c c hai giao thc truyn tin c s dng trn hai mng con ny v cc gi thng tin ca hai mng con s c gi qua nhau thng qua . My tnh ny c gi l internet gateway hay router.

Hnh 1.1: Hai mng Net 1 v Net 2 kt ni thng qua router R. Khi kt ni tr nn phc tp hn, cc my gateway cn phi bit v s kin trc ca cc mng kt ni. V d trong hnh sau y cho thy nhiu mng c kt ni bng 2 router.

Hnh 1.2: 3 mng kt ni vi nhau thng qua 2 router Nh vy, router R1 phi chuyn tt c cc gi thng tin n mt my nm mng Net
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2 hoc Net 3. Vi kch thc ln nh mng Internet, vic cc routers lm sao c th quyt nh v vic chuyn cc gi thng tin cho cc my trong cc mng s tr nn phc tp hn. cc routers c th thc hin c cng vic chuyn mt s ln cc gi thng tin thuc cc mng khc nhau ngi ta ra quy tc l: Cc routers chuyn cc gi thng tin da trn a ch mng ca ni n, ch khng phi da trn a ch ca my my nhn. Nh vy, da trn a ch mng nn tng s thng tin m router phi lu gi v s kin trc mng s tun theo s mng trn Internet ch khng phi l s my trn Internet. Trn Internet, tt c cc mng u c quyn bnh ng cho d chng c t chc hay s lng my l rt chnh lch nhau. Giao thc TCP/IP ca Internet hot ng tun theo quan im sau: Tt cc cc mng con trong Internet nh l Ethernet, mt mng din rng nh NSFNET back bone hay mt lin kt im-im gia hai my duy nht u c coi nh l mt mng. iu ny xut pht t quan im u tin khi thit k giao thc TCP/IP l c th lin kt gia cc mng c kin trc hon ton khc nhau, khi nim "mng" i vi TCP/IP b n i phn kin trc vt l ca mng. y chnh l im gip cho TCP/IP t ra rt mnh. Nh vy, ngi dng trong Internet hnh dung Internet lm mt mng thng nht v bt k hai my no trn Internet u c ni vi nhau thng qua mt mng duy nht. Hnh v sau m t kin trc tng th ca Internet.

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Hnh 1.3: (a) - Mng Internet di con mt ngi s dng. Cc my c ni vi nhau thng qua mt mng duy nht. (b) - Kin trc tng qut ca mng Internet. Cc routers cung cp cc kt ni gia cc mng. I.2. 3. Xu hng pht trin ca Internet S liu nm 2007 cho thy trung bnh mt ngi chu dnh 28% thi gian trong ngy cho Internet, ch sau TV (34%). T l ny vn ang tip tc tng, v Internet ngy cng chng minh nhng tin ch vt tri em li. Mt cng chc bn rn khng cn ri mt khi mn hnh my vi tnh vn c th tha mn tt c cc nhu cu n ung, gii tr, mua sm, tra cu thng tin, c sch bo, xem TV, gi in thoi, vit nht k. Vi cc c my tm kim ngy cng hon thin, h thng email, website tch hp nhiu tin ch, cng ngh mi v nhiu dch v hp dn ra i, Internet ang thuyt phc hng triu ngi tr thnh mt phn ca mng li y quyn lc ny mi ngy. Internet v cc dch v km theo pht trin nhanh n ni tng khin cc chuyn gia lo ngi c s h tng ui sc s gy sp h thng mng ton cu. Nhng l vn ca nhng chuyn vin k thut. Di gc nhn ca nh qung co, iu ny ch mang mt ngha hp dn duy nht: Internet ang ph sng mt lng khch hng ng m c c th khng bao gi xem tivi, nhng dnh n 16 ting mi ngy online. Internet ngy nay tr thnh mt nhu cu khng th thiu trong cuc sng ca con ngi.Internet cng ngy cng pht trin, s lng my tnh kt ni vo mng Internet ngy cng nhiu. Km theo cc dch v trn Internet cng ngy cng gia tng v pht trin mnh. Khi lng thng tin v d liu trn Internet tng ln mt cch ng k khin cho Internet tr thnh mt kho tng thng tin khng l m khng c bt k th vin no c th cha ht. Tuy nhin, cng vi s pht trin l cc mi
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e da ln i vi thng tin v d liu trn Internet xut hin ngy cng nhiu. Theo kt qu thm d, 66% cc chuyn gia k thut, hc gi, cc chuyn gia trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip u d on rng s c cc cuc tn cng vo h thng iu khin mng li cung cp in ca cc quc gia thng qua mng Internet trong vng 10 nm na. D on trn khng phi l khng c c s. Chng ta cn bit rng h thng my tnh ca mt s nh cung cp in ht nhn ca M, vn c bo v cc k nghim ngt, vn b tin tc tn cng v t nhp. Qua c th thy nguy c tn cng qua mng Internet l rt ln, v c th nh hng ti tnh mng con ngi. Cc cuc tn cng ca tin tc t trc ti nay ch n thun gy thit hi v mt vt cht v tin bc. Kh nng xy ra cc cuc tn cng khng b qua mng cng khng nm ngoi d on ca cc chuyn gia. Ngi ta cho rng, nhng k khng b ang tin hnh nghin cu s h ca mng Internet tn cng vo cc h thng my tnh quc gia, d kin s xy ra vo nm 2014. Ngoi ra, cng theo on ca cc chuyn gia, vic t chc bu c qua mng ti M vo nm 2014 ch l ... vin tng, do mng Internet vn cha th p ng c cc yu cu v bo mt, s n nh v kh nng p ng ca phn cng.

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CHNG II - MT S DCH V TRN INTERNET Chng ny gii thiu mt s dch v trn Internet nh dch v phn gii tn min, dch v truyn file, dch v web v mt s dch v khc ca Internet. Kt thc chng ny sinh vin s c c cc khi nim v mt s dch v Internet v bit khai thc, s dng cc dch ny. II.1. Dch v mng thng tin ton cu WWW (World Wide Web)

World Wide Web c to ra nm 1989 bi Sir Tim Berners-Lee, lm vic ti CERN, Thu S. T World Wide Web thng c gi tt l Web, l mt h thng cc trang vn bn c lin kt vi nhau thng qua Internet. Vi mt trnh duyt Web, ngi dng c th xem trang Web cha vn bn, hnh nh, video v cc loi hnh a phng tin khc. Ngi dng c th di chuyn qua li gia cc trang web thng qua cc siu lin kt (hyperlink). II.2. Dch v th in t - Electronic Mail (E-mail) Th in t, hay thng gi e-mail, l mt trong nhng tnh nng quan trng nht ca Internet. Mc d ban u c thit k nh mt phng thc truyn cc thng ip ring gia nhng ngi dng Internet, Internet e-mail l phng php truyn vn bn r tin nht c mi ni. Ch tn khong vi cent gi e-mail i bt k u trn th gii, r hn nhiu so vi cc bu in loi thp nht. Mt trong nhng li ch chnh ca e-mail l tc lu chuyn. Tuy khng tc thi nh fax, thi gian truyn e-mail thng c tnh bng pht, ngay c khi ngi gi v ngi nhn tn hai u ca tri t. H thng a ch e-mail: Mt vn v cng quan trng trong qu trnh gi hay nhn th l cch xc nh chnh xc a ch ca th cn gi n. thc hin iu ny ngi ta s dng dch v nh tn vng (Domain Name Service - DNS). Da trn dch v nh tn vng, vic nh a ch e-mail cho ngi s dng s rt n gin nh sau: Tn_ngi_s_dng@Tn_y__ca_domain V d ngi dng Nguyn Vn A thuc domain l hn.vnn.vn s c th c a ch email l avnguyen@hn.vnn.vn II.3. Dch v truyn file - FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Dch v FTP dng truyn ti cc file d liu gia cc host trn Internet. Cng c thc hin dch v truyn file l chng trnh ftp, n s dng mt giao thc ca Internet l giao thc FTP (File Transfer Protocol). Nh tn ca giao thc ni, cng vic ca giao thc ny l thc hin chuyn cc file t mt my tnh ny sang mt my tnh khc. Giao thc ny cho php truyn file khng ph thuc vo vn v tr a l hay mi trng h iu hnh ca hai my. iu duy nht cn thit l c hai my u c phn mm hiu c giao thc FTP.
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Mun s dng dch v ny trc ht bn phi c mt ng k ngi dng my remote v phi c mt password tng ng. Vic ny s gim s ngi c php truy cp v cp nhp cc file trn h thng xa. Mt s my ch trn Internet cho php bn login vi mt account l anonymous, v password l a ch e-mail ca bn, nhng tt nhin, khi bn ch c mt s quyn hn ch vi h thng file my remote. phin lm vic FTP thc hin c, ta cng cn 2 phn mm. Mt l ng dng FTP client chy trn my ca ngi dng, cho php ta gi cc lnh ti FTP host. Hai l FTP server chy trn my ch xa, dng x l cc lnh FTP ca ngi dng v tng tc vi h thng file trn host m n ang chy. FTP cho php bn tm kim thng tin trn server bng cc lnh thng dng nh ls hay dir. Khi ngi dng nh cc lnh ny, ftp s chuyn ln cho server, ti server s thc hin lnh ny v gi v thng tin danh sch cc file tm c. Ngi s dng sau khi nhn c cc thng tin ny s gi yu cu v mt file no bng lnh: get source_file_name destination_file_name. Cn khi mun truyn mt file ln my xa, ngi s dng dng lnh: put source_file_name destination_file_name mt lc c th ti v hoc truyn ln my xa nhiu file, ngi ta c th dng cc lnh mget v mput v s dng cc k t wild cast nh trong mi trng DOS. V d sau s ti cc file c tn l *.dat: mget *.dat Sau y l mt v d v mt giao dch truyn file: # ftp ftp.vnd.net (kt ni vi my ch ) Connected to ftp.vnd.net 220 FTP Server ready. name: anonymous (g user name login) 331 send your e-mail as password Password: (password khng hin th ) 230 User guest logged in. Access restricted is apply ftp>dir (lnh hin th danh sch cc file) sendmail-7.5 tcp-wrapper innd w project.dat ftp>get project.dat (ti file v local ) ftp>quit (thot ra khi dch v ) 221 Goodbye. s dng dch v FTP, ngi s dng c th chy phn mm FTP client v d
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nh: WS_FTP hay CuteFTP y l cc chng trnh c giao din ho kh thn thin vi ngi s dng. Bn c th download cc phn mm ny t Internet ci ln my tnh ca bn. II.4. Dch v Messenger Chat (tn gu) hay nhn tin a phng tin (IM) khng cn l iu xa l vi i a s ngi dng Internet ngy nay.Nhng dch v nhn tin (IM) trc tuyn em li nhiu tin li hn cc ng dng ci t trn my tnh v kh nng linh hot, h tr nhiu dch v chat trn cng 1 ti khon... phc v chat mi lc mi ni, ch cn mt kt ni.Khi s dng cc my tnh l, khng c ci t cc ng dng tin nhn ph hp nh: AOL Messenger, Windows Live Messenger, Yahoo Messenger... th bn s gp rc ri khi mun lin h gp vi bn b. Gii php tng ng s l nhng dch v chat trc tuyn, cung cp cho ngi dng kh nng ni kt n nhiu dch v tin nhn m khng cn ci t bt c ng dng no, ch cn c mt kt ni internet l bn thoi mi m tn gu cng bn b. II.5. Dch v Blog Blog, gi tt ca weblog (ting Anh, "nht k web"), l mt dng nht k trc tuyn, bng n t cui thp nin 1990. Cc blogger (ngi vit blog), c th l c nhn hoc nhm, a thng tin ln mng vi mi ch , thng thng c lin quan ti kinh nghim hoc kin c nhn, ch yu cung cp thng tin cp ti nhng ch chn lc, khng ging nh cc bo truyn thng. c phn mm h tr, d s dng, blog ph bin rt nhanh v ai cng c th d dng to ra mt blog cho mnh. Mt trang blog c th cha cc siu lin kt, hnh nh v lin kt (ti cc trang cha phim v m nhc). Vn bn blog dng phong cch tho lun. Mt blog thng ch lin quan n mt ch yu thch. Blog hin nay pht trin t nht k trc tuyn, ni mi ngi ghi li mt phn ca cuc sng ring t. Hu ht nhng ngi vit t gi mnh l ngi vit nht k hoc nh bo. II.6. Dch v tn min - Domain Name System (DNS) a ch IP d c biu din di dng mt s nguyn 32 bits hay dng chm thp phn u rt kh nh i vi ngi s dng, do trn mng Internet ngi ta xy dng mt dch v dng i tn ca mt host sang a ch IP. Dch v l dch v nh tn vng (Domain Name Service DNS). DNS cho php ngi s dng Internet c th truy nhp ti mt my tnh bng tn ca n thay v bng a ch IP. Vic nh tn vng c t chc dng cy. Tn ca mt host s c t bng cch i t nt biu din host ln tn gc. Vic nh tn vng khng ch c li l khng bt ngi s dng nh a ch IP ca cc host m n cn lm d dng hn trong vic t chc mng. Hnh v sau cho thy cu trc hnh cy ca dch v tn vng. Trong
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Hnh 2.1: Cu trc hnh cy ca dch v tn vng. Arpa l mt domain c bit dng nh x a ch IP dng chm thp phn sang biu din tn vng. Bng sau cho thy 7 lp c bn ca h thng phn vng: Domain M t com edu gov int mil net org Cc t chc thng mi, doanh nghip Cc t chc gio dc Cc t chc chnh ph Cc t chc Quc t Cc t chc qun s Mt mng khng thuc cc loi phn vng khc Cc t chc khng thuc mt trong cc loi trn

Bng sau l cc k hiu tn vng ca mt s nc trn th gii:

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Domain Quc gia tng ng au at be ca fi fr de il it jp vn c o B Canada Phn Lan Php CHLB c Israel Nht Vit Nam

II.7.

Mailing List

Mailing list (danh sch gi email) l mt trong cc dch v ca Internet, lin quan n cc nhm tho lun v ton b d liu c chuyn thng qua th tn in t. Mi ngi c th t ng k hoc t hu ng k vo Mailing list c ch mnh quan tm. Trc y Mailing List thng c s dng nh l mt phng php tho lun, trao i thng tin qua li. Nhng t khi tho lun nhm (Group) v Forum ra i th hnh thc ny cng khng cn ph bin na. N thng c kt hp vo Forum hay Group thng bo khi c tho lun mi c gi ln. II.8. Distribution List Distribution List l mt danh sch cc email c tp hp li, khi cn gi n mi ngi trong danh sch ch vic gi n a ch ca danh sch ny. Distribution List khc Mailing List ch n mang tnh mt chiu khng nhm mc ch tho lun. V ch c cc thnh vin trong danh sch mi c th Distribution List.

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II.9.

Dch v Remote Login - Telnet

Dch v ny cho php bn ngi ti my tnh ca mnh thc hin kt ni ti mt my ch xa (remote host) v sau thc hin cc lnh trn my ch xa ny. Khi bn kt ni ti my remote v thc hin xong vic login, nhng g bn g vo bn phm s c chuyn ti my remote v c tc dng nh vic g bn phm chnh my remote . Bn c th truy nhp bt c dch v g m my remote cho php cc trm cc b ca mnh truy nhp. thc hin dch v Telnet, ti my ca mnh bn g: # telnet remote-host-name V d sau y m t ngi dng hoalt login vo mt my ch UNIX ti VDC: # telnet www.vnd.net Trying... Connected to www.vnd.net Escape character '^]'. login: hoalt (login vo my remote) Password: pasword (khng c hin th) Last login: Sat Sep 7 17:16:35 from localhost $ ls (Lnh thc hin trn my remote) sendmail-7.5 tcp-wrapper innd www $ pwd (Lnh thc hin trn my remote) /home/hoalt $ logout (logout khi my remote) # Nh vy, telnet l mt cng c gip bn login vo mt my xa. Nhng mun vy my xa phi cho php bn s dng dch v ny. C th l trong v d trn bn phi c mt nh danh ngi s dng ti my xa l hoalt vi mt password no . II.10. Dch v nhm thng tin News (USENET) y l dch v cho php ngi s dng c th trao i thng tin v mt ch m h cng quan tm. Ngi dng cn ng k (subcribed) vo mt s nhm thng tin no v sau c th kt ni ln server xem cc thng tin trong nhm v ti (load) v trm lm vic xem chi tit, anh ta cng c th gi cc kin ca anh ta ln cc nhm thng tin . T chc nh tn cc News groups: Cc nhm thng tin c nh a ch l mt dy cc tn ca cc News Groups xp
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theo th t cha-con. Mi tn mt News groups c phn cch vi tn ca News Group "cha" bng mt du chm (.). News Group qui nh mt s tn gi nh sau: comp Group cha cc thng tin v computer v cc vn lin quan. News Group ny bao gm c cc thng tin v k thut my tnh, phn mm, cc thng tin lin quan ti mng... news Group cp ti cc thng tin v Network News v cc phn mm News. N bao gm mt s News Groups con rt cn thit cho ngi dng l news.newsusers.questions (cc cu hi ca ngi dng) v news.announce.newsusers (cc thng tin quan trng cho ngi dng). Nu bn l mt ngi mi tham gia vo dch v News Groups, bn hy c cc thng tin ny u tin. rec sci Group cha cc thng tin v vn gii tr, cc hot ng vn ho ngh thut. Group cha cc thng tin v nghin cu khoa hc, cc vn mi hay cc ng dng khoa hc (rng hn lnh vc computer trong group comp). News Groups ny bao gm rt nhiu cc News Group con v tng lnh vc khoa hc ring. Group cha cc thng tin v cc t chc x hi hay chnh tr cng nh cc thng tin c lin quan. Group cha cc thng tin khc, khng thuc cc News Groups bn trn. Trong News Group ny c cha News Group kh c ch l misc.jobs (yu cu tm vic v nhn vic).

soc misc

Nh vy News Group v nhc ng qu s c tn l: rec.music.folk T chc h thng News Groups: Dch v nhm thng tin s dng mt giao thc ca Internet l giao thc NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol). Cng ging nh hai giao thc Telnet v FTP, giao thc NNTP cng hot ng theo m hnh client/server. Client v Server s lin kt vi nhau qua cng TCP 119. H thng News group m ngi dng nhn thy (client) c mt b phn gi l News Reader lm nhim v kt ni gia chng trnh trn trm lm vic vi server. Thng qua News Reader, ngi dng nhn c t server danh sch cc bi thng tin v cng qua , ngi dng chuyn yu cu ca mnh ln server yu cu ti bi thng tin v. Ngi qun tr News Server c th t to ra cc News Groups trn Server tu theo nhu cu ca ngi dng. y l cc News Groups cc b trn mi Server. Mc d l cc News Groups cc b xong chng vn c th c trao i vi cc server khc nu ngi qun tr cho php. Vic cp nhp thng tin t cc News server khc
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trn Internet c th c thc hin t ng theo mt lch do ngi qun tr mng ra. Ngi dng ch bit n mt News Server duy nht l server m mnh connect vo. Vic thng tin gia cc server cng nh cc News Groups l trong sut i vi ngi dng. Ngi dng khng cn bit thng tin v News Groups hin mnh ang c l News Group cc b ca server no. Nh vy, vi dch v News Group, ngi dng c th nhn c cc thng tin m mnh quan tm ca nhiu ngi t khp ni sau la gi thng tin ca mnh i cho nhng ngi c cng mi quan tm ny. II.11. Dch v Gopher Gopher l mt dch v tra cu thng tin trn mng theo ch v s dng cc menu. Khi mt client ni vo mt server, mn hnh ca client s xut hin nh sau: Internet Gropher Infermation Client v2.0.16 Home Gopher server: wildlife.ora.com 1. Introduce and Cover 2. Foreword 3. Country and Account/ 4. Search Country Data <?> 5. Wildfile FTP Site/ Press ? for Help, q to Quit Ngi dng c th chn mc m mnh quan tm hoc g cc lnh tng ng (thng thng cc lnh rt n gin, ch 1 hay 2 k t), trn mn hnh s li xut hin ra mt menu k tip theo hoc hin th nhng vn bn cn thit khi n tn cng. Ngi dng c th ti vn bn v my tnh ca mnh xem xt hay x l. Mt hn ch ca Gopher l thng tin hin th cho ngi dng di cc dng menu cho nn rt tm tt, hn na Gopher cung cp rt hn ch kh nng tm kim thng tin. Khi dch v World Wide Web ra i v pht trin th ngi dng khng dng Gopher nh mt dch v tra cu thng dng na. II.12. Dch v tm kim thng tin din rng - WAIS (Wide Area Information Server)

WAIS l cng c tm kim thng tin trn Internet, khc vi dch v Gopher l dch v cho php ngi dng tm kim v ly thng tin qua mt chui cc mc la chn (menu), dch v WAIS cho php ngi s dng tm kim cc tp d liu trong c cc xu xc nh trc. Ngi s dng c th a ra yu cu dng nh: "hy tm cho ti cc tp c cha t music v Beethoven". Khi , WAIS server s tm trong c s d liu ca n cc tp tho mn yu cu trn v gi tr v client danh sch cc tp . WAIS server cn thc hin m s ln xut hin ca t trong tp tnh im v
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gi v cho client gip ngi s dng d dng la chn tp mnh cn. Mi danh sch gi v thng c khong 15-50 tp vi s im cao nht, ngi dng c th chn mt hay nhiu tp ti v trm ca mnh. Hnh v sau y m t cu trc ca h thng WAIS:

Hnh 2.2: Cu trc ca h thng WAIS. V mt cu trc, WAIS bao gm ba b phn chnh l: client, server v indexer. B phn indexer thc hin cp nhp cc d liu mi, sp xp chng theo mt phng php thch hp cho vic tm kim. Server nhn cu hi t client, tm kim trong c s d liu (do indexer to ra) nhng tp ph hp, nh gi im cc tp v gi v cho client. N khng nhng cho php hin th cc tp d liu TEXT m cn c th hin th cc tp d liu ho. II.13. Dch v hi thoi trn Internet - IRC Internet Relay Chat (IRC - Ni chuyn qua Internet) l phng tin "thi gian thc", ngha l nhng t bn g vo s xut hin gn nh tc thi trn mn hnh ca ngi nhn v tr li ca h ca xut hin trn mn hnh ca bn nh vy. Thay v phi ch vi pht hay vi ngy i vi thng ip, bn c th trao i tc thi vi tc g ch ca bn. IRC c th mang tnh c nhn nh e-mail, ngi l khng khm ph c ni dung trao i ca bn, hoc bn c th to "knh m" cho nhng ai bn mun cng tham gia. Cng khng him cc knh IRC c t 10 ngi tr ln tham gia hi thoi. Ngoi vic trao i li, ngi dng IRC cn c th gi file cho nhau nh hnh nh, chng trnh, ti liu hay nhng th khc. Cng nh cc dch v khc ca Internet, phm vi hi thoi trn cc knh IRC l rt rng, c th bao gm c nhng ch khng ph hp vi tr em, v vy cn c bin php gim st nhng tr em mun s dng dch v ny. Ngoi nhng dch v nu trn cn c cc dch v khc nh Voice Over IP, IP FAX, Video Conference... II.14. Truy cp Internet C nhiu cch truy cp vo Internet: truy cp gin tip thng qua mng in thoi cng cng; truy cp trc tip thng qua ng dnh ring (Leased Line); truy
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cp qua mng khng dy, v tinh, mng in thoi di ng. Vic ng k mt ng thu bao dnh ring ch dnh cho nhng c quan, n v vi mc ch truy cp mng Internet khng ch khai thc cc ti nguyn, dch v sn c trn mng Internet m cn s dng mng Internet nh l mt mi trng kt ni t xa ti cc ti nguyn trn mng LAN ca n v mnh. Khi ngi s dng c th xy dng my ch Mail, my ch FTP, xy dng mng ring o (VPN - Virtual Private Network)... Tt nhin vic ny i hi tn km tin bc v cng sc. Cn nu bn ch truy cp mng Internet khai thc cc dch v sn c trn mng th bn c th truy cp thng qua mng in thoi cng cng, khng dy, hay in thoi di ng. Mt s cch truy cp: C dy: Dial-up (dng quay s 1260, 1269 ca VNN), ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network tc cao vi Mbps, T1, E1), DSL (Digital Subscriber Line, SDSL, ADSL ADSL2+ c tc 24 Mbps), Cable (Cp TV), Fiber optic (Cp quang), Power-line internet (ng cung cp in) Khng dy: Wi-Fi, WiBro (Wireless Broadband - Hn Quc), WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), UMTS-TDD (), HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Mt giao thc ca mng in thoi 3G, h tr n 14.4Mbp, tng lai l 42 Mbps), EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized Mt chun thuc mng CDMA), Satellite

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CHNG 3 - TM KIM V KHAI THC THNG TIN TRN INTERNET Chng ny tp trung gii thiu mt s k thut tm kim v khai thc thng tin trn Internet. Sau khi hon thnh chng ny, sinh vin s c c mt s k nng tm kim v khai thc thng tin trn Internet sao cho hiu qu nht. III.1 K thut tm kim thng tin trn Internet Internet l mt kho thng tin v tn, c cung cp t hng triu Web Site trn khp th gii. Do c qu nhiu thng tin nn vic tm kim c ng thng tin cn thit cng khng phi l chuyn d dng. Trong tt c cc lnh vc chng ta thng xuyn phi tm kim ti liu s dng trong cng vic. Thng tin trn Internet l rt a dng, phc tp nn tm kim thng tin trn internet l k nng quan trng trong tt c cc lnh vc. Tuy nhin vi s xut hin ca cc Web Site, cc cng c tm kim gip cho ngi dng Internet rt nhiu trong vic tm kim thng tin. III.1.1 Xc nh thng tin v phm vi cn tm kim tm kim thng tin, trc tin cn phi xc nh t kha (Key Words) ca thng tin mun tm kim, y l phn rt quan trng, t kha l t i din cho thng tin cn tm. Nu t kha khng r rng v chnh xc th s cho ra kt qu tm kim rt nhiu, rt kh phn bit v chn c thng tin nh mong mun, cn nu t kha qu di kt qu tm kim c th khng c. V d: Mun tm thng tin v cch s dng my vi tnh:

Nu nhp t kha vi tnh th kt qu s c rt nhiu bao gm c thng tin mua bn, lp rp, sa cha,... my vi tnh.

Nu nhp t kha cch s dng my vi tnh th s c rt t hoc khng c kt qu thng tin v t kha ny. Trong trng hp ny dng t kha s dng vi tnh c th s cho kt qu ti u hn.

Thng thng ch cn nhp t kha mun tm v nhn Tm kim (Search) hoc nhn phm Enter th s cho ra nhiu kt qu tm kim bao gm a ch lin kt n trang Web c t kha v vi dng m t bn di, ch cn nhn tri chut vo a ch lin kt s m c trang Web c thng tin mun tm. III.1.2 S dng cc t kha v php ton h tr tm kim m rng cc chc nng tm kim, cng nh to thm nhiu tin dng cho
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ngi dng, cc Search Engine cng h tr thm nhiu php ton v t kha. D nhin mi Search Engine c th s h tr nhng php ton v t kha khc nhau. y ch nu ra mt s php ton v t kha c bn c h tr bi hu ht cc Search Engine.

Dng php + : tm cc trang c mt tt c cc ch ca t kha m khng theo th t no ht th vit ni cc ch ny vi nhau bng du +. Th d: Tm trang ni v cch thc vit Linux scripts c th dng b t kha: +Linux +script +tutor Dng php - : Trong s cc trang Web tm c do quy nh ca t kha th Search Engine s loi b cc trang m ni dung ca chng c cha ch (hay cm t) ng ngay sau du tr. Th d: Khi tm tin tc v cc loi xe dng k thut lai mi cha c bn trn th trng nhng khng mun cc trang bn xe hay cc trang ni v hai kiu xe Prius (ca Toyota) v kiu xe Insight (ca Honda) lt vo danh cch truy tm th c th th t kha: +car +hibrid -sale -Prius -Insight Dng du ngoc kp " " : Khi mun ch th Search Engine nguyn vn ca cm t, c th dng du ngoc kp. Th d: tm li nguyn tc v ni dung bi th c cu nc non nng mt li th th c th th dng t kho vi ngoc kp: "Nc non nng mt li th"

T kho mc nh Nhiu Search Engine cn h tr thm cc t kho mc nh. Khi dng cc t kho mc nh nh mt thnh phn ca b t kho th cc trang Web c tr v s tho mn cc c tnh chuyn bit ho theo ngha m cc t kho mc nh ny biu tng. Cc h tr ny cho php kim sot c cc loi trang no mun truy tm. Cc t kho mc nh kt thc bng du hai chm : v ch (hay cm t trong ngoc kp) ca b t kho no ng ngay sau du ny s b chi phi bi iu kin ca t kho mc nh, cn cc thnh phn khc trong t kho s khng thay i ngha. Cc t kho mc nh gii hn Search Engine tr v cc trang nm trong mt tn min, hay mt min con. Tu theo Search Engine m cc t kho mc nh c s dng. a. Altavista h tr chc nng ny bng t kho host: Th d: host:mars.jpl.nasa.gov mars saturn ch tm trong mars.jpl.nasa.gov tt c cc trang c cha ch mars v ch saturn. b. Excite, Google, Yahoo h tr chc nng ny bng t kho site:, khi kt hp vi cc lnh khc c th tm theo cch chuyn bit. Th d: "carbon nanotech" site:www.technologyreview.com cho php tm tt c cc trang no c cha cm carbon nanotech ngoi tr cc trang xut x t t www.technologyreview.com

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c. Tt c Search Engine h tr cc t kho domain, url, site: cho chc nng ny. Th d: tm cc trang v deutch t cc trang trong nc c c th dng deutch domain:.de Cc t kho mc nh dng tm trang c ta cha mt t (hay cm t) c bit: d. AltaVista, AllTheWeb, Inktomi (MSN v HotBot) dng t kho title: Th d: title: Mars Landing s gip truy tm cc trang c ta v Mars Landing. e. Google v Teoma h tr cc t kho intitle: v allintitle: (allintitle: s nh hng n tt c cc ch ng sau du :). Cc t kho dng tm cc a ch Web no c cha t (hay cm t) ca b t kho: f. Google h tr t kho inurl: v allinurl: Mun tm a ch cc trang Web c mt ch c bit th dng inurl. Th d, inurl:nasa s gip tm tt c cc a ch Web no c cha ch nasa. Nu cn truy tm mt i ch c nhiu hn mt ch th dng allinurl: Th d, allinurl:vietnam thetholucbat s gip tm tt c cc trang no m ni dung a ch ca n cha ch vietnam hay l ch thetholucbat. g. Inktomi, AOL, GoTo, HotBot cung cp t kho originurl: cho vic ny. h. Yahoo th dng t kho u: i. j. Excite dng url: Cc t kho mc nh gip tm cc trang c ci t cc lin kt ti a ch trang c ghi trong t kho: Google, Yahoo s cung cp t kho link: Tuy nhin, Yahoo yu cu a ch trong t kho phi c tip u ng http:// th mi hot ng hu hiu. Th d: b t kho link:vi.wikipedia.org s gip truy ra tt c cc trang Web no c lin kt ti trang vi.wikipedia.org. Ngoi ra, truy tm cc loi tp c nh dng (format) c bit th c th dng t kho filetype:ui ca tp tin l. Google: s h tr truy tm cc kiu tp tin: PDF, Word (.doc), Excel (.xls), PowerPoint (.ppt) v Rich Text Format (.rtf) cng nh PostScript (.ps), Text (.txt), HTML (.htm hay .html), WordPerfect (.wpd) v cc ui khc... Th d: laser filetype:pdf s gip tm cc trang l cc tp tin dng .pdf (.pdf l loi tp tin c dng trong c h s vn bn ca phn mm Adobe Arcobat).

k. MSN h tr chc nng ny bng t kho linkdomain:

m. Yahoo cho php tm HTML (htm hay html), PDF, Excel (.xls), PowerPoint (.ppt), Word (.doc), RSS/XML (.xml) v tp tin vn bn dng (.txt).

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n. MSN ch h tr chuyn tm cc loi tp tin: HTML, PDF, PowerPoint (.pps hay .ppt), cc dng ca Word, hay Excel. Lu : i vi cc Search Engine th cc tp tin c ui .htm khc vi cc tp tin c ui .html. Do , nu mun tm mt cch chc chc tt c cc tp tin dng HTML th nn tm lm hai ln, mt ring cho htm v mt cho html. III.1.3 S dng cc k t thay th v k t ~ trong b t kho: K t thay th (wildcard character) c hiu l mt k t c th dng thay th, hay i din cho mt tp hp con ca tp cc k t cha c xc nh hon ton. Mt cch n gin hn, k t thay th l k t c dng i din cho mt k t, hay mt chui k t trong mt t kho, mnh , cu hay dy cc k t. Nhiu Search Engine h tr cho vic s dng hai loi k t thay th. l du sao * v du chm hi ? Du sao * : du ny s thay th cho mt dy bt k cc k t (ch, s, hay du). Th d: trong t kho c t*ng th ch t*ng c th hiu ngm l tng, tng, tung, ttamxng,... Cn lu s khc bit v ngha i vi k t thay th * dng trong cc h iu hnh nh l DOS, LINUX, Windows,... Theo cch hiu ca cc h thng ny th du * hon ton khng b l thuc vo bin gii ca mt t. Trong khi , du * dng trong Search Engine s c hn ch trong bin gii ca mt t. V d: t kho My* dng trong cc cng c tm kim ca cc h iu hnh kiu Windows th n c th l My Downloads, My Documents, My Yahoo!, my_magazines.ico, mysql.php, myth_psychemohop.jpg, mystere,.... Trong khi my* trong cc Search Engine ch gii hn trong cc ch lp thnh bt u vi my. Nh vy, trong v d trn th My Downloads, My Documents, My Yahoo! s khng c Search Engine xem xt m ch c my_magazines.ico, mysql.php, myth_psychemohop.jpg, mystere l hp l m thi. AltaVista, Inktomi (iWon), Northern Light, Gigablast, Google, Yahoo, MSN, ... u h tr cho cch dng du * ny. Du chm hi ? : dng thay cho mt k t duy nht no . Th d: ph?ng c th l phong, phng, ph@ng, ph_ng, ph-ng,... nhng khng th l phng, ph ng, phug, phang. AOL Search, Inktomi (iWon) l cc Search Engine c h tr du ? ny. Du ng ~ : c bit trong Google c mt cch tm khng nhng cc trang c cha t kho m cn tm cc trang c cha ch ng ngha (synonym) Anh ng vi t kho. V d: ~food facts s gip truy tm cc d liu c ch food facts v cc ch tng ng nh nutrition facts,... S truy tm theo h tr ny c bit hu dng trong trng hp cc ti liu cn tm qu him hoi.
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III.2 Mt s v d tm kim thng tin trn Internet Tm kim video, audio & nh. Video & Audio: Tt nht vo http://baamboo.com tm kim. Kh nng tm kim hiu qu, nht l vi file ting Vit. Ngoi ra c th download v di dng mp3, wma (audio) v dng mp4, avi (video). Tm kim nh c th s dng trang http://images.google.com Tm hiu 1 thut ng (Ting Anh) v cc vn lin quan + S dng http://en.wikipedia.org - ch phn reference, c rt nhiu link hay lin quan + s dng google vi t kho l (define: thut ng) - g define, ri du (:) sau l thut ng Tm kim cc thng tin i sng hng ngy: + Nn ghi nh nhng website c thng tin cn thit. + Trong c 1 website tm ng rt hiu qu l http://diadiem.com.v http://ttvnol.com l ni c rt nhiu thng tin. Tm kim cc thng tin thng thng. + La chn t kho ph hp.Google tm tt c cc ti liu c cha tng t bn g vo mt cch ring l. Mun tm theo cm t th phi thm du nhy kp () u v cui cm t . + Tt nht l chia cm t thnh nhng khi nim ring bit. V d tm kim ni dung Dch t H Ni => Tt nht t kho l: dch t, , H Ni => G vo l (dch t H Ni) - ko c du ng m ngoc + Thm cc la chn khc - (Xem phn tm kim nng cao vi google) Tm sch, ti liu + Tm theo ch , hoc theo 1 quyn sch c th. C 4 cch hiu qu sau: S dng t kho l - tn sch download. C th c thm t kho l zip, rar hoc pdf v free S dng t kho l tn sch v ni xut hin l trong tn trang, tn sch v kiu ti liu l pdf, ps hoc doc Tn sch + rapid share (rt hiu qu) - hiu qu hn nu tm theo tn sch c th. Ba cch u c th tm sch theo ch hoc theo tn sch cng c, cch th t tt nu tm theo tn sch, phi mt thi gian mt cht nhng cc k hiu qu. Trong trng hp cha bit tn sch th c th vo mt s trang gii thiu, bn
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sch nh http://amazon.com tm sch theo ch m mnh mun tm. Ri quay li tm kim. Tm kim nng cao vi google: Trong lc tm kim google, nhn vo ch tm kim nng cao hoc Advance search ta c th c mt s la chn sau: + S kt qu / trang: nn s lng nhiu, 100 kt qu / trang chng hn + nh dng vn bn: nu mun tm slide th l ppt. Nu mun tm sch, ti liu th l pdf hoc ps. + Thi gian c thng tin trn: Nu l tin tc th c th gii hn thi gian ny. + Ni xut hin t kho: Nu mun tm ni dung v ch ny th l trong tn trang, bnh thng th n hin th tt c nhng ni dung c cha t kho thn bi vit. + Tn min, ch ra website mnh mun tm kim: v d nh c th ch nh ch tm kim ttvnol.com hoc 360.yahoo.com hoc website no . Ch l nu ko chn la chn ny. 1 website ch c 2 kt qu duy nht tr v cho mi ln tm kim. Cho d trong website c rt nhiu trang ph hp Cc th thut tm kim Google Tm kim file multimedia -inurl:htm -inurl:html -inurl:php intitle:index of (mpg|avi|wmv) Claudia Schiffer Thay Claudia Schiffer bng t kha cn tm Tm kim phn mm -inurl:aspx -inurl:htm -inurl:html (exe|zip|rar|tar|gz|z) IconChanger Thay IconChanger bng phn mm cn tm Search ebook -inurl:htm -inurl:asp -inurl:html (index of|"last modified"|"parent of") AND ("ebook"|"ebooks"|"book"|"books") AND (pdf|chm|doc|txt|zip|rar) AND "Oct-2005" Thay "Oct-2005" bng ebook cn tm Tm kim nhc -inurl:htm -inurl:html -inurl:php -inurl:asp -inurl:doc -inurl:pdf -inurl:shtml inurl:txt index of mp3 Fresh Fantasy Dizzy Singers Thay "Fresh Fantasy Dizzy Singers" bng file nhc cn tm -inurl:php intitle:index of

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CHNG 4 K THUT KT NI INTERNET Chng ny a ra mt s nhu cu v cc th tc, k thut kt ni Internet Sau khi hon thnh chng ny sinh vin s nm c 2 k thut kt ni n gin l kt ni dial-up v kt ni ADSL. IV.1 nh gi v tm hiu nhu cu Mi y, Alcatel-Lucent thc hin cuc iu tra v nhu cu s dng Internet ti Vit Nam. Hai i tng m h tm hiu nhu cu s dng l ngi dng Internet ph thng v ngi dng dch v Internet cao cp. Vit Nam l mt trong s 10 quc gia trn th gii cng vi n , Ai Cp, Nga, Trung Quc, Baraxin, Malayxia v Indonesia... c Alcatel-Lucent chn iu tra nghin cu th trng. Theo b Valerie Faudon, Ph gim c ph trch lnh vc Marketing ca Alcatel-Lucent, y l nhng th trng rt quan trng trong tng lai m h nhm ti. D cuc iu tra, kho st ch c Alcatel-Lucent thc hin vi 305 ngi dng ba nhm i tng khc nhau l ngi dng Internet ti qun cafe (thc hin 100 cuc phng vn trc tip), ngi dng Internet ti cng s (thc hin 100 cuc phng vn trc tip) v ngi s dng dch v Internet bng rng ti nh (thc hin phng vn trc tuyn) song cng gip cho Alcatel-Lucent c nhng nhn nh kh thc t v nhu cu ca khch hng s dng dch v Internet bng rng Vit Nam. C ti 72% s ngi s dng Internet ti qun cafe v 75% s ngi s dng Internet ti cng s c nh ng k dch v bng thng rng ti nh. 88% s ngi s dng dch v Internet bng rng cao cp (s dng dch v Internet bng rng ti nh) vi chi ph t 10USD n 20USD/thng cho rng Internet l mt phn khng th thiu trong cng vic kinh doanh ca h. c bit, pha Alcatel-Lucent kh ngc nhin khi nhn thy rng trong s 10 quc gia h thc hin iu tra, ng dng ln nht ca ngi s dng dch v Internet Vit Nam ti qun cafe li l chi tr chi in t. Mc s dng dch v in thoi qua Internet ca ngi dng Vit Nam cng rt cao, ch sau Braxin. T nhng con s kho st, ta c th thy c nhu cu kt ni Internet Vit Nam l rt cao. Ngy nay nh cung cp dch v cn phi ch trng hn na n cht lng v gi thnh gi cc Internet thu ht ngy cng nhiu s lng ngi s dng Internet. ng thi phi pht trin Internet bng thng rng ti cc vng ni, hi o, cc vng xa xi ho lnh phc v tt hn na cho nhu cu s dng dch v ca ngi dn t ko theo s pht trin kinh t x hi. Hnh di y m t nhu cu khc nhau ca ngi s dng Internet.

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Hnh 4.1 : nh gi nhu cu s dng Internet

IV.2 Th tc v k thut kt ni IV.2.1 Th tc kt ni Hin nay Vit Nam c khong gn 10 nh cung cp dch v Internet, hu ht th tc ng k Internet ca cc nh cung cp dch v u tng t nhau. Nu s dng dialup th ch cn c modem kt ni trc tip vi line in thoi, khng cn phi lm th tc kt ni. i vi c nhn Vit Nam (Quc tch Vit Nam), sinh sng ti Vit Nam

Bn sao CMND hp l hoc cc giy t xc nhn nhn thn khc nh CMT qun i, cng an.
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i vi c nhn ngi nc ngoi ang c tr v sinh sng ti Vit Nam

Bn sao H chiu Bn sao Giy php lu tr ti Vit Nam hoc giy bo lnh ca mt t chc hoc c quan c t cch php nhn ti Vit Nam (nu khng c giy bo lnh th phi t cc 2.500.000 VND. Khon t cc ny s c hon tr ngay sau khi khch hng chm dt hp ng v hon tt ngha v thanh ton cc ph). Ch k ca ngi c thm quyn v con du hp php. Bn sao Giy php ng k kinh doanh; hoc Bn sao giy php hot ng (nu doanh nghip ch c con du vung) Bn sao Hp ng thu vn phng (nu c) Bn sao Giy php ng k kinh doanh dch v Internet cng cng Chng minh th nhn dn ca ngi lm i din (bn photo c cng chng) Hp ng thu vn phng hoc giy chng nhn s hu nh ni t i l (bn sao c cng chng) Chng ch tin hc ti thiu trnh A (bn sao c cng chng) ca ch i l hoc nhn vin do ch i l thu. a. Kt ni Dialup

i vi Doanh nghip, T chc hoc Vn phng i din

i vi khch hng i l Internet cng cng

IV.2.2 K thut kt ni Thit b cn thit: Modem quay s (56K) Line in thoi Cch kt ni: Bc 1: Gn line in thoi vo modem Bc 2: Thit lp kt ni: Chy chng trnh Internet Explorer Vo Tool->Internet Options, chn tab Connections

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Nhn vo nt nt Setup thm mt thit lp kt ni

Nhn Next
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Chn Connect to the Internet sau nhn Next

Chn Set up my connection manually sau nhn Next

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Chn Connection using a dial-up modem sau nhn Next

Nhp tn dch v dial-up vo, nh trn hnh l vnn1260 Hin c nhiu dch v dial-up khc nhau: vnn1260: tr cc sau vnn1269: tr cc trc
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Nhp s in thoi ca nh cung cp dch v ri nhn Next. S in thoi ny do quy nh ca nh cung cp dch v

Nhp User name, password, confirm password: vnn1260 sau nhn Next User name, Pasword: do nh cung cp dch v quy nh

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nh du chn Add a shortcut to this connection to my desktop ri nhn Finish Sau khi ci xong ngoi Desktop s c icon cho php kt ni ti Internet. Click i vo icon ny v tin hnh kt ni.

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Nhn nt Dial tin hnh kt ni b. Kt ni ADSL Kt ni ADSL phc tp hn kt ni Dial-up. thc hin kt ni ADSL th vic u tin l la chn mt nh cung cp dch v ADSL ri tin hnh ng k s dng dch v. Sau khi ng k s dng, nh cung cp dch v s tin hnh kt ni v cung cp mt s thng tin quan trng thc hin kt ni: User Name Password VPI VCI Thit b cn thit: Modem ADSL Line in thoi Cch kt ni: Bc 1: Gn line in thoi vo modem Bc 2: Thit lp kt ni: Thng thng cc modem ADSL c mt a ch IP mc nh, thng l: 192.168.1.1 192.168.255.1 10.0.0.1 thc hin cu hnh modem, m trnh duyt v nhp vo mt trong cc a ch trn: V d cu hnh modem D-LINK: Nhp vo a ch: http://192.168.1.1

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Nhn vo Run Winzard tin hnh thit lp

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Nhn Next

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Chn mi gi sau nhn Next

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Chn kiu kt ni, kt ni ADSL ta tin hnh chn PPPoE/PPPoA v tin hnh nhn Next

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Nhp cc thng tin kt ni nh cung cp dch v cung cp, ch chn Connection Type: PPPoE LLC v nhn Next

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Nhn nt Restart hon thnh vic kt ni

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Sau khi khi ng li modem, tin hnh truy cp li vo http://192.168.1.1 kim tra li thng tin Vo mc Device Info

phn Wan bn di nu IP Address c chng t kt ni thnh cng v c cung cp public IP kt ni ra ngoi Internet

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Phn ADSL

Mc Data Rate bo cho bit tc kt ni ca ng truyn, y l: Tc Download (Downstream: 2042 Kbs) Tc Upload (Upstream: 508 Kbs)

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