Bk.2-Ch.

11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School

Book 2 - Chapter 11 - Three Dimensional Coordinate Geometry
z
The Cartesian Coordinate c
a b c
b y
a a b
x
Distance between Two Points x y z x y z
z z y y x x + +

+ +
+ + +

Section Formula
x y z x y z
m n
nx mx
m n
ny my
m n
nz mz
m n
+
+
+
+
+
+
|
.

`
,

,
`

.
|
+
+
+
+
+
+

Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School

ACP
AP
APC
AC

BCP
PB
BPC
BC

Direction of a Line Segment z

x y z x y z y
x
x x y y z z the direction ratios


c i j k a direction vector
the direction angles
the direction cosines

x x
PQ

y y
PQ

z z
PQ

x x y y z z + +
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School

yz



x x
PQ
y y
PQ
z z
PQ

x x y y z z
PQ
+ +
PQ
PQ
a b c

a
a b c + +

b
a b c + +

c
a b c + +
a b c
a b c
ak bk ck k
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School

k a b c k t
+ + a b c
k
a b c + +

a
a b c + +

b
a b c + +

c
a b c + +

Angle between Two Directed Lines

a b c L a b c
L L L

a a b b c c
a b c a b c
+ +
+ + + +
L L
L L
a i b j c k a i b j c k

c c
c c
v v
v v

a a b b c c
a b c a b c
+ +
+ + + +

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
+

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
+

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
c
c
c
c
c
b
c
b
c
a
c
a
v v v v v v

Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
L L a b c a b c
L L

L L a a b b c c
L L


Equation of Straight Lines
Symmetric form (Point-Direction ratio form)
x y z L a b c
L L L
x x
a
y y
b
z z
c

a b c x y z
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School

Two points form

x y z x y z L
L
x x
x x
y y
y y
z z
z z

xy

L
x x
a
y y
b
z z
c

L
x x
l
y y
m
z z
n

L L

+ +
t + + + +
al bm cn
a b c l m n
L L

+ +
+ + + +
al bm cn
a b c l m n
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
L x
y z

+
L
x y z

L L
Parametric form
x x
a
y y
b
z z
c

t
x at x
y bt y
z ct z
+
+
+

'

t t
parametric form
z
y x

+

'

+
t z
t y
t x
t
L
x x
a
y y
b
z z
c

L
x x
l
y y
m
z z
n

L L s t

'

+ +
+ +
+ +
z ns z ct
y ms y bt
x ls x at

L
x s
y s
z s
+
+

'

s
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
L
x at x
y bt y
z ct z
+
+
+

'

t
L a b c x y z
b
y y
a
x x

z z
a b

'

+
+
z z
y bt y
x at x
t
L
x t
y t
z t
+
+
+

'

L
x s
y s
z
+

'

t s
L L
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
General form
A x B y C z D
A x B y C z D
+ + +
+ + +

'

general form of the straight line of intersection

'

+ +
+ + +
z y x
z y x

'

+ +
+ + +
z y x
z y x

'

+ +
+ + +
z y x
z y x

y z z y
x z z x
z y
x
+

z
y
x
+

Coplanar Lines
coplanar
coplanar parallel
intersection point(s)
L
c
z z
b
y y
a
x x

L
n
z z
m
y y
l
x x

coplanar
n m l
c b a
z z y y x x
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
L
x at x
y bt y
z ct z
+
+
+

'

'

+
+
+
z ns z
y ms y
x ls x

a b c l m n

n m l
c b a
z z y y x x
s t

'

+ +
+ +
+ +
z ns z ct
y ms y bt
x ls x at

'

+
+
+
z z ns ct
y y ms bt
x x ls at

'

+
+
+
z z ny cx
y y my bx
x x ly ax
s

t

'

+
+
+
z z z ny cx
z y y my bx
z x x ly ax
s

t

z z n c
y y m b
x x l a

n m l
c b a
z z y y x x
L L coplanar
n m l
c b a
z z y y x x
L
x y z

L
x y z

Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
x y
p
z

x y z
q

p q
L
x y z

L
x y z +

L L
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
Skew Lines
skew non-coplanar
Any point
x a
l
y b
m
z c
n

lt a mt b nt c t
L
x y z

L
x y z

+
L L
L L
L L
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
Equation of a Plane
(I) Point-Normal Form :
A : B : C direction ratios normal vector
x y z
A x x B y y C z z
n Ai Bj Ck
p r
r

n n

p
r xi yj zk
xi yj zk

(Ai Bj Ck (Ai Bj Ck

x i y j z k
Ax By Cz Ax By Cz
A x x B y y C z z

x y z
x y z

L
x y z

Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School

(III) Three Points Form :
P x y z Q x y z
R x y z
x x y y z z
x x y y z z
x x y y z z

A B C

S x y

z S P Q R

'

+ +
+ +
+ +
z z C y y B x x A
z z C y y B x x A
z z C y y B x x A

'

+ +
+ +
+ +
z z c y y b x x a
z z c y y b x x a
z z c y y b x x a
a b c non-trivial A

B C

z z y y x x
z z y y x x
z z y y x x



Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
S x y z
PQ x x i y y j z z k
PR x x i y y j z z k
PS x x i y y j z z k
PQ PR PS PQPR
PQPR PS

x x y y z z
x x y y z z
x x y y z z

x y z

Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
(III) General Form Ax By Cz D
A : B : C normal
x y z
y z
By Cz D Cz D
B C

C B + +

x
x

x y z x y
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
(V) Intercept Form
x
a
y
b
z
c
+ +
a b c x y z
x y z x y z +

+
z y x

x y z x y
x y z x y z
x y z
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
L x y z
x y z L
L
L
L L
L
L
x y z

L
x y z

L L
L L
L

L
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
(VI) Normal Form :
normal
d
z
x

y

z

d
d
x

y

z y
x
d d d

x d y d z d
x

y

z

d
x

y

z

d
ax by cz d
a b c d >
x y z
x y z
+ +
+

'

x y z + + perpendicular
distance
x y z + +

+ + z y x
x y z + +
x y z

+ +
+ z y x
+ z y x
Distance from a Point to a Plane
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School

x y z

x y z

Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School

Ax By Cz D

Ax By Cz D
A B C
+ + +
t + +
D
opposite D
d
C B A
D
+ +
x y z

a b c
d
Aa Bb Cc D
A B C
+ + +
t + +
D
opposite D

x y z
positive
opposite sides d
d
negative
same sides
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
Angle Between Two Intersecting Planes
A x B y C z D A x B y C z D
A B C
A B C

+ +
t + + + +
A A B B C C
A B C A B C

A B C A B C
A A B B C C
Ax By Cz D
a b c

A B C


Aa Bb Cc
A B C a b c
+ +
t + + + +

Aa Bb Cc
A B C a b c
L
x y z

x y z
Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
L
x y z

x y z
L
L
Equation of family of planes through the line of Intersection of two planes
A x B y C z D A x B y C z D
equation of the family

A x B y C z D k A x B y C z D
x y z
x y z
+
+

'

x y z x y z

Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School

x y z x y z
x y z
x y z

Bk.2-Ch.11-3D Coordinate Geometry Semple Memorial Secondary School
L
x y z

L
x y z

L L
L L L
L
L