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Phn loi v cc cp b nh
B nh o
L mt vng khng gian lu tr gn ging nh b nh trong (RAM) . Nhng li c t trn a cng v khong khng gian ny c t c nh (Khng th thay i a ch nh trn HH , v b nh o c c nh trn a cng nn vic truy xut cc thng tin trong b nh o s c thc hin nhanh hn vic c thng tin trn a cng thng thng) www.themegallery.com
B nh o l mt k thut cho php vic thc hin ca qu trnh m c th qu trnh hon ton khng nm trong b nh.Vic thc hin qu trnh overlay mt cch t ng ,c th khng i hi ngi lp trnh phi bit iu g ang xy ra.
L do dng b nh o
Hu ht cc my tnh u phi dng mt lng b nh RAM s dng cho CPU (khong 128MB) . Ngoi ra cn cn phi dng 1 lng RAM na cho HH v d : vi Window XP cn khong 128MB 256MB , Window 7 cn khong 512MB. Trong khi cn rt nhiu chng trnh v ng dng cng cn n RAM . VD : Trnh duyt Web Frifox cn 64MB cc bn c th vo phn option trong Frifox kim tra c phn gii hn dung lng RAM v nhiu chng trnh khc c bit l ha v lp trnh . V vy m my hot ng trn tru th cn RAM rt ln v cc nh pht trin to ra 1 loi b nh l b nh o
Cng Dng Ca B Nh o
Cho php thc hin cng mt lc nhiu tin trnh (process) mi tin trnh c mt khng gian nh v ring n gin ha vic np chng trnh vo b nh thi hnh nh vo mt c ch c gi l s ti nh a ch (address relocation) . C ch ny cho php mt chng trnh c th c thi hnh khi n bt k v tr no trong b nh
B nh o phng i b nh chnh thnh b nh lun l cc ln khi c hin th bi ngi dng. Gip gii phng ngi lp trnh t vic quan tm n gii hn kch thc b nh. B nh o cng cho php cc qu trnh d dng chia s tp tin v khng gian a ch, cung cp c ch hu hin cho vic to qu trnh.
Lu minh ho b nh o ln hn b nh vt l
B nh o bao gm b nh trong v b nh ngoi c phn tch thnh khi c th cung cp cho mi chng trnh mt s khi cn thit cho vic thc hin chng trnh
Hnh nh minh ha mt chng trnh gm 4 khi A,B,C,D nm trong 4 trang trong khi D nm trong a o
Thng s
Chiu di mi khi (trang) Thi gian thm nhp thnh cng Trng pht khi tht bi xung +thi gian tham nhp +Di chuyn s liu
Cache
16-128byte 1-2 xung nhp 8-100 xung nhp + 6-60 xung nhp + 2-40 xung nhp
B nh o
4096-65536bytes 40-100 xung nhp 700.000-6 triu +500.000-4 triu xung +200.000-2 triu xung
T s tht bi
Dung lng
0,5%-10%
8 KB 8MB
0,00001% - 0,001%
16 MB 8GB
Khng gian nh v m b x l qun l l khng gian nh v ca b nh o, trong lc th dung lng b nh cache khng tu thuc vo khng gian nh v b x l
Phn Loi B Nh
Trong nh v on cn 2 t: mt t cha s th t on v mt t cha di trong on. Chng trnh dch gp kh khn nhiu hn trong nh v on.
Do vic thay th cc on, ngy nay t my tnh dng nh v on thun tu. Mt vi my dng cch hn hp gi l on trang. Trong mi on cha mt s nguyn cc trang
CC VN CN PHN TCH
B nh o khi c tht bi, tng ng vi vic phi thm nhp vo a. Vic thm nhp ny rt chm nn ngi ta chn phng n hon ton phi hp trong cc khi (trang) c th nm bt k v tr no trong b nh trong. Cch ny cho t l tht bi thp.
nh x cc trang o vo b nh vt l
Cho nh v trang, da vo bng trang, a ch trong b nh vt l c xc lp cui cng l vic t k nhau s th ca trang vt l vi a ch trong trang
Cho nh v on, da vo thng tin trn bng on, vic kim tra tnh hp l ca a ch c tin hnh. a ch vt cui cng c xc lp bng cch cng a ch on v a ch trong on ( di trong on)
Hnh minh ha nh x gia b nh o v b nh vt l trong cch nh v on V tr vt l cui cng c xc lp bng cch cng a ch on v a ch trong on
i vi khi : Hu ht cc h iu hnh u c gng thay th khi t dng gn y nht (LRU: Least Recent Utilized) v ngh rng y l khi t cn nht.
Chin thut ghi lun l mt s ghi li ngha l thng tin ch c vit vo trong khi ca b nh trong. Khi c thay i thng tin, c chp vo a t nu khi ny b thay th.
Trong c ch ny cc phn on c chia thnh cc trang. Do , tm nhn ngi dng l phn on, nhng h iu hnh c th ci t tm nhn ny vi c ch phn trang theo yu cu Phn on theo yu cu cng c th c dng cung cp b nh o. Tuy nhin, cc gii thut thay th on phc tp hn cc gii thut thay th trang v cc on c kch thc thay i.
* Phn trang -Phn trang l k thut thc hin cc overlay (cc phn) t ng. -Cc trang l cc on chng trnh c c vo b nh chnh t b nh ph. -Khng gian a ch o (virtual adress space) l min a ch m chng trnh c th truy cp. -Khng gia a ch vt l (physical address space) l a ch b nh thc to ra bng mch in. -Cc a ch o lin h vi cc a ch vt l thng qua nh x b nh. -Vic m phng b nh chnh c kch thc bng kch thc ca khng gian a ch v khng th pht hin ra c bng chng trnh c th coi nh trong sut i vi ngi lp trnh. -Khung trang (page frame) l cc mnh ca b nh chnh m cc trang s c a vo. -Bng phn trang (page-table):c mt s mc (entry) bng s lng trang o,mi mc ging nh mt bn ghi(record) c 3 trng.
Bng phn trang (page-table):c mt s mc (entry) bng s lng trang o,mi mc ging nh mt bn ghi(record) c 3 trng.
+ Trng u tin kch thc 1 bit n s bng 0 nu trang o tng ng khng nm trong b nh chnh v bng 1 nu ngc li.
-Trap li trang (page-fault trap) l hin tng m khi chng ta truy xut vo mt trang c nh du l khng hp l. Do , chng ta phi sa trng hp s xut ny.
Phn cng phn trang, dch a ch thng qua bng trang, s thng bo rng bit khng hp l c t, gy ra mt trap ti h iu hnh. Trap ny l kt qu li ca h iu hnh mang trang c mong mun vo b nh (trong mt c gng ti thiu chi ph chuyn a v yu cu b nh) hn l li a ch khng hp l nh kt qu ca vic c gng dng mt a ch b nh khng hp l (nh mt k hiu mng khng hp l). Th tc cho vic qun l li trang : 1) Chng ta kim tra bng bn trong (thng c gi vi khi iu khin qu trnh) cho qu trnh ny, xc nh tham chiu l truy xut b nh hp l hay khng hp l. 2) Nu tham chiu l khng hp l, chng ta kt thc qu trnh. Nu n l hp l, nhng chng ta cha mang trang vo b nh, by gi chng ta mang trang vo. 3) Chng ta tm khung trng (th d, bng cch mang mt trang t danh sch khung trng). 4) Chng ta lp thi biu thao tc a c trang mong mun vo khung trang va mi c cp pht. 5) Khi c a hon thnh, chng ta sa i bng bn trong vi qu trnh v bng trang hin th rng trang by gi trong b nh. 6) Chng ta khi ng li ch th m n b ngt bi trap a ch khng hp l. By gi qu trnh c th truy xut trang mc d n lun trong b nh
Cc bc qun l li trang
Do cc chng trnh c khuynh hng tham chiu cc b dn n nng lc ph hp t phn trang yu cu.
C ch thun phin trang yu cu (pure demand paging) l khng bao gi mang trang vo b nh cho ti khi trang c yu cu.Do
Do Phn cng h tr phn trang theo yu cu l tng t nh phn cng phn trang v hon v.
Bng trang: bng ny c kh nng nh du mc t khng hp l thng qua bit hp l-khng hp l hay gi tr c bit ca cc bit bo v. B nh ph: b nh ny qun l cc trang khng hin din trong b nh chnh. B nh ph thng l a tc cao. N c xem nh l thit b hon v v phn a c dng cho mc ch ny c gi l khng gian hon v. - Li trang c th xy ra ti bt c tham chiu b nh no. Nu li trang xy ra trn vic ly ch th, chng ta c th khi ng li bng cch ly li ch th. Nu li trang xy ra trong khi chng ta ang ly mt ton hng, chng ta phi ly v gii m li ch th, v sau ly ton hng .
- Phn trang theo yu cu c th c mt nh hng ln trn nng lc ca mt h thng my tnh. -i vi hu ht cc h thng my tnh, thi gian truy xut b nh nm trong khong t 10 n 200 nano giy. Vi iu kin l chng ta khng c li trang, thi gian truy xut hiu qu l bng vi thi gian truy xut b nh. Tuy nhin, nu li trang xy ra, trc ht chng ta phi c trang tng ng t a v sau truy xut t mong mun. => Do duy tr mc chp nhn c s chm tr trong hot ng ca h thng do phn trang, cn phi duy tr t l pht sinh li trang thp.
Thay th trang
Khi chng ta gii phng mt khung(nu khng c khung trng, chng ta tm mt khung hin khng c dng v gii phng n) bng cch vit ni dung ca n ti khng gian hon v v thay i bng trang (v cc bng trang khc) hin th rng trang khng cn trong b nh .
Thay th trang . Nu khng c khung trng, chng ta tm mt khung hin khng c dng v gii phng n. Khi chng ta gii phng mt khung bng cch vit ni dung ca n ti khng gian hon v v thay i bng trang (v cc bng trang khc) hin th rng trang khng cn trong b nh. Cch sa i th tc phc v li trang cha thay th trang 1) Tm v tr trang mong mun trn a 2) Tm khung trang trng a) Nu c khung trng, dng n. b) Nu khng c khung trng, dng mt gii thut thay th trang chn khungnn nhn c) Vit trang nn nhn ti a; thay i bng trang v khung trang tng ng. 3) c trang mong mun vo khung trang trng; thay i bng trang v khung trang. 4) Khi ng li qu trnh.
Thay th trang ti u ho
u v nhc im
1.u im
*Chng trnh s khng cn b rng buc bi khng gian b nh vt l sn c. Ngi dng c th vit chng trnh c khng gian a ch o rt ln, n gin ho tc v lp trnh. * V mi chng trnh ngi dng c th ly t hn b nh vt l nn nhiu chng trnh hn c th c thc thi ti mt thi im. iu ny gip gia tng vic s dng CPU v thng lng nhng khng tng thi gian p ng. *Yu cu t nhp/xut hn np hay hon v mi chng trnh ngi dng trong b nh v th mi chng trnh ngi dng s chy nhanh hn. *Cho php nhiu d liu hn vn s dng cng mt lc hn so vi b nh vt l ca my tnh c kh nng nm gi. D liu ny cng c th c chia nh v t chc li duy tr hiu qu khi n khng s dng. S dng ca n l ph thuc vo lng d liu c s dng cng mt lc, v th cc tp tin b nh o khng mt khng gian khng cn thit trn a. Do , chy mt chng trnh m n khng nm hon ton trong b nh c li cho c ngi dng v h thng. *N mang li nhng li ch ln cho ngi dng m khng phi tr chi ph cao
Nhc im :
+ B nh o khng d ci t v v thc cht c th gim nng lc nu n c dng thiu thn trng. + K t khi d liu c lu trn a cng thay v trong b nh vt l, thi gian cn truy cp d liu ny l hi lu hn. Kt qu l, cc my tnh c th c mt cht chm khi nhiu b nh o c s dng. + Khi rt nhiu d liu ang c s dng ti mt thi gian, cc tp tin b nh o c th pht trin hi ln, li cht khng gian min ph cho ngi s dng vi cc a cng nh. +Tc truy xut khng c cao nh ni phn u (phn b nh)
Ci t b nh o cho my tnh
+ Chng ta c th ci dt b nh o trn HDD khc nhau nh : Windown,linux, Flash usb.. +Cng c b nh o ca Window c th di chuyn thng tin d liu vo hoc ly ra t cc qu trnh lm vic c gii quyt nhanh chng hn, gip cho b nh RAM khng b qu ti v gip cho cng vic c thc hin mt cch hon ton m khng sy ra tnh trng my chm hoc l my. +i vi Win 7 ,Vista ,XP th vic ci t trn HDD l ging nhau + thit lp v s dng b nh o ca Windows, thc hin theo cc bc sau:
- u tin, click chut phi ln biu tng My Computer, chn Properties. -Tip theo chn Advanced system setting sau chon th Advanced, click > Settings
-+Ti y, bn di mc Driver (tn cc phn vng trn a cng), c cc ty chn chn la cc phn vng cng, nhng la chn tt nht l chn la khc ngoi phn vng h thng (phn vng ci t Windows) thit lp b nh o. +Ti y c thit lp sn 2 thng s Initial size v Maximum Size, bn c th thay i li 2 thng s ny ty thuc vo dung lng trng cn c trn cng. +y l dung lng m b nh o s dng cha d liu tm thi trong qu trnh lm vic. Hng Microsoft khuyn co 2 gi tr ny nn bng nhau v bng 1,5 ln dung lng b nh h thng. Nu bn khng t tin hy Windows t xc nh gi tr cho b nh o ny khi bn chn System managed size. + Sau khi thit lp xong nhn Set v Ok xc nhn thit lp
Tng kt
thc thi mt qu trnh c khng gian a ch lun l ln hn khng gian a ch vt l sn c,th b nh o l mt gii php cn thit khc phuc tnh trng ny. B nh o l mt k thut cho php khng gian a ch lun l c nh x vo b nh vt l nh hn. B nh o cho php nhng qu trnh cc ln c chy v cng cho php cp a chng c gia tng, tng kh nng s dng CPU. Ngoi ra, n gii phng ngi lp trnh ng dng t vic lo lng kh nng sn c ca b nh.
Chng ta c th dng on , phn trang theo yu cu gim s khung trang c cp pht ti qu trnh. Sp xp ny c th tng cp a chng,v cho php cc qu trnh c thc thi mc d yu cu b nh vt qu ton b b nh vt l sn c. Nhng qu trnh nh th chy trong b nh o.
B nh o c th c xem nh mt cp ca c ch phn cp trong cc cp lu tr trong h thng my tnh. Mi cp c thi gian truy xut, kch thc v tham s chi ph ca chnh n. B nh o gip chng ta gii quyt cc vn chnh ca on , thay th trang v cp pht khung trang, thit k hp l h thng phn trang yu cu chng ta xem xt kch thc trang, nhp/xut, kho, phn li trang, to qu trnh, cu trc chng trnh, s tr tr,..