Vn 1:

GII PHNG TRNH LNG GIC

BNG PHNG PHP I BIN

Gii thiu phng php:
Khc vi phng php t n ph (tc l t bin t l mt gi tr lng gic no ,
chng hn t t = sinx) th phng php i bin mang nhng nt c trng ring. N
va mang dng v ca cch gii phng trnh hm, va mang hnh thc ca cch gii
cc phng trnh lng gic. Tht s y l mt trong nhng phng php ng lu
tm nht cho nhng ai yu thch phng trnh lng gic. Hy vng vi phng php
ny, cc bn s ng dng mt cch hiu qu cho cc bi ton thuc v lng gic ni
ring v nhng bi ton suy rng ni chung.
Hnh thnh tng:
Ta s s dng mt bin bt k (chng hn l t). Khi , nu t t l 1 cung lng gic
no th phng trnh ban u s bin thnh phng trnh cha cc cung t, 2t, 3t, ,
kt. Ri s dng cng thc nhn i, nhn ba.
Kin thc cn nh:

3
sin3 3sin 4sin a a a

3
cos3 4cos 3cos a a a
Gi tr lng gic ca cc cung lin quan c bit.
Bi tp v d:
Bi 1 : Gii phng trnh :

3
8cos ( ) cos3
3
x x
r
+ (*)
Hng dn: Theo hnh thnh tng ta ngh ngay n vic t ( )
3
t x
r
+
Khi : 3 3 x t r .
Phng trnh (*) tr thnh
3
8cos cos(3 ) t t r
3
3 3
2
8cos cos3 0
8cos 4cos 3cos 0
3cos (4cos 1) 0
t t
t t t
t t
= +
= +
=
[ ]
cos 2(cos 2 1) 1 0 t t = +
y tr v phng trnh tch m cc bn bit cch gii.
Qua , ta thy c vic t bin t gip bin i phng trnh thnh dng cng thc
nhn i, nhn ba. l mc tiu ca phng php ny!
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh:

6
32cos sin6 1
4
x x
r | `
+

. ,
(*)
Gi : t
4
t x
r | `
+

. ,
Khi ,
3
6 6
2
x t
r

(*)
6
3
32cos sin 6 1
2
t t
r | `
=

. ,
. Nhn thy
3
sin 6
2
t
r | `

. ,
=cos6t ,n y th t
hi lm g c cng thc nhn 6 m gii c bi ny ?! Tht ra, nu cc bn
bin i
3
6
1 cos2
cos
2
t
t
+
| `

. ,
v
3
cos6 cos3.2 4cos 2 3cos2 t t t t th mi
chuyn r nh ban ngy! Mnh dn lp phng thu v c phng trnh

2
4cos 2 5cos 2 1 0 t t + +
Kt qu:
4
x k
r
r + hoc
4
x k
r
o r t + , k eZ
Bi tp i bin khng cha
r
:
i vi nhng bi ton dng ny, mc tiu ca chng ta vn l a v cng thc nhn
i hoc nhn ba!
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh:

2
4
cos cos
3
x
x (*)
Hng dn: Kinh nghim rt ra t phng php ny l h bc trc khi t
tm ra cha kha ! Vic tm ra gi tr cung c s t l t c xem nh i tm cha
kha. Khng kh cng khng d, ty thuc vo kin thc ca mi ngi. i vi bi
ny,
( )
2
1 1 2
cos 1 cos2 1 cos3.
2 2 3
x
x x
| `
+ +

. ,

t
2
3
x
t
th mi chuyn xem nh d dng . Vic k tip l dng cng thc nhn
ba v nhn i gii. Kt qu : 3 x kr hoc
3
4 2
k
x
r r
t + vi k Z e .
BI TP
p dng phng php i bin, cc bn hy tm ra cha kha ca mi bi i no !
Bng cch gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
sin 2 5sin cos3
3 6
x x x
r r | ` | `
+

. , . ,
b)
sin 3 sin2 .sin
4 4
x x x
r r | ` | `
+

. , . ,
c)
sin3 2cos
6
x x
r | `


. ,
*d)
2cos sin3 cos3
6
x x x
r | `
+

. ,
Gi cu d) : Vn t
6
t x
r | `
+

. ,
. T suy ra 3t. Xt cost = 0 khng l nghim
phng trnh. Chia 2 v cho
3
cos t bin thnh hm s theo tan.

Vn 2:
GII PHNG TRNH LNG GIC BNG CCH BIN I
THNH TNG CC PHN T KHNG M.
Ni dung phng php:
Cng ging nh phng php a v tng bnh phng nhng phng php ny t ra
tng qut hn!
N c dng nh sau:

1 2 3
... 0
n
A A A A + + + +
Nu chng ta a c phng trnh thnh dng nh trn v vi iu kin
0
i
A >
( 1, 2,3,..., ) i n
hoc
0
i
A s

( 1, 2,3,..., ) i n
th ta ch cn gii h
1
2
0
0
... 0
n
A
A
A

'

Ch :
Trong qu trnh gii phng trnh lng gic dng ny, ta cn lu cc gi tr khng
m nh sau: (1+sinx), (1+cosx), (1-sinx) hay (1-cosx). Ngoi ra, ta
bit sinx v cosx c tp xc nh l [-1;1] nn khi cng ly tha n ln th gi tr ca n
cng nh.
V d:
2 3
sin sin 0 x x >
gip cc bn hiu r phng php, chng ti xin gii thiu mt s v d sau:
V d:
1) Gii phng trnh:
cos2x + sinx = -2
Hng dn: Tht vy, bi ton ny tng i d, cc bn c th d dng dng cng thc
nhn i bin phng trnh thnh phng trnh bc 2 theo sin. Nhng, cc bn c
ngh rng l cch gii ti u nht cha ? Cc bn c th gii nh sau:

1 cos 2 0
(1 cos2 ) (1 sin2 ) 0 2 ( )
1 sin 0 2
x
pt x x x k k Z
x
r
r
+

= + + + = = + e
'
+

*Nhn xt: Nu ta thay cos2x thnh cos8x th vic gii thng thng t ra rt kh
khn! Cho nn c th thy cch trn y l hiu qu nht!
2) Gii phng trnh:
sin4x (cosx - 2sin4x) +cos4x (1 +sinx - 2cos4x) = 0 (*)
Hng dn: Ban u phng trnh t ra rt phc tp, nhng cc bn hy nu
phn phi vo th ta c iu l th hn! chnh l s xut hin ca nhng hng t
(sin
2
4x +cos
2
4x) v (sin4x cosx +cos4x sinx). Do , vic cn lm trc tin l phn
phi vo. Sau y l li gii c th:
PT
=
(sin4x cosx + cos4x sinx) - 2(sin
2
4x + cos
2
4x) + cos4x = 0
Hay sin5x+cos4x=2 . n y th r nh ban ngy ri y ! p dng V d 1) Ta s tm
c nghim ca PT l x =
2
r
+k2
r
(k
e
Z).
3) Gii phng trnh:
cos
2
x - 4cosx - 2xsinx + x
2
+ 3 = 0
Hng dn: Mi nhn vo ta thy c s xut hin ca nhng hng t (x
2
- 2xsinx)
v (cos
2
x - 4cosx) m c th n l hnh bng ca hng ng thc. Do vy, th thm
sin
2
x vo phng trnh. Ta c:
x
2
- 2xsinx + 1+ cos
2
x - 4cosx + 2 = 0

=
(x
2
- 2xsinx + sin
2
x) + (2cos
2
x - 4cosx +2) = 0
hay 2(cosx - 2)
2
+ (sinx - x)
2
= 0
n y th ta c th gii nh VD 1) Kt qu: x = 0.
*Nhn xt
Theo kinh nghim ca chng ti th khi gp dng nh trn, chng ta ch cn dng mt
trong cc phng php l: nh gi, phn tch thnh tng cc i lng khng m
hoc dng phng php kho st hm s ! Theo bn th sao?
4) Gii phng trnh:

10 10 6 6
2 2
sin cos sin cos
4 4cos 2 sin 2
x x x x
x x
+ +

+
(*)
Hng dn
Nhn thy phng trnh (*) rt phc tp ! Cho nn iu cn thit phi lm l rt gn
cng gn cng tt ! Tht vy, cc bn hy th t mnh bin i xem:
6 6
sin cos x x + = ?
2 2
4cos 2 sin 2 x x + = ?
T suy ra :
2
10 10
2
3
1 sin 2
sin cos 1
4
4 4 3sin 2 4
x
x x
x

hay
10 10
sin cos x x + =1 (**)
n y th ta xem li phn Ch v a ra nhn nh
2 10
sin sin 0 x x > ;
2 10
cos cos 0 x x > . Tc ng vo chng ta s phn tch:
2 2
1 sin cos x x +
T , (**)
=
(sin
2
x sin
10
x) + (cos
2
x - cos
10
x) = 0.
n y cc bn c th d dng bin i tip ra kt qu x =
2
kr
(k
e
Z).
5) Gii phng trnh:
sin
3
x + cos
3
x = 2 - sin
4
x
Hng dn: tng bi ny tng t nh VD 4). Cc bn hy phn tch 2 thnh
2 2
1 sin cos x x + + . Sau bng cch chuyn v i du c bn cc bn s c:
2 3 2 3 4
(sin sin ) (cos cos ) (1 sin ) 0 x x x x x + +
V d dng gii ra c: 2
2
x k
r
r + , k eZ
n y th cc bn hnh cung phn no v cch gii phng trnh lng gic
bng cch phn tch thnh tng cc s hng khng m ri ch ? Sau y, xin mi cc
bn luyn tp vi nhng bi tp sau:
Bi Tp:
1) sinx + sin2x + sin3x + ... ...+ sin(nx) = n (n
e
N).
2) 4cosx + 2cos2x + cos4x = 7.
3) 2sin
5
x + 3cos
8
x = 5.
Gi : PT tng ng 2(2 - sin
5
x) + 3(3 - cos
8
x) = 0.
4) cos
2
4x + cos
2
8x =sin
2
12x + sin
2
16x + 2.
Gi : ch l (2 - cos
2
4x - cos
2
8x) 0 (?).
5) sinx + cosx = 2(2 sin3x) .
Gi : Dng cng thc: sinx + cosx = 2sin( x +
4
r
).
Vn 3:
NHNG PHNG PHP KHC GII PHNG TRNH
LNG GIC KHNG MU MC
Phng trnh (lng gic) l bi ton thng xut hin trong cc k thi tuyn
sinh, thi hc sinh gii. C rt nhiu phng php gii phng trnh nh dng php bin
i phng trnh i s a v dnh tch, dng a thc, dng bt ng thc, dng tch
n iu ca hm s v mt s phng trnh c th gii bng cch a v gii h
phng trnh.
Bi ton 1. Gii PT:
2
sin 2 x +
+
2
5 cos x
= 2.
Li gii. T tng l trit ph du cn, nn ta t:
a=
2
sin 2 x +
v b=
2
5 cos x
. T ta c h:
2 2
2
2
a b
a b
+

'

. n y ta d dng gii c.
Kt qu: PT v nghim.
Bi ton 2. Gii PT:
( )
2
2 3 3 3
cos sin 3 2 x x + .
Li gii. tng cng nh bi ton trn l phi trit tiu du cn, nn ta t:
a =
( )
2
3
cos x v b =
2 3
sin 3 x
. T ta cng c h:
3
3 3
2
2
a b
a b

+
'
+

. T y ta c th gii c.
Bi ton 3. Gii PT:
2
tan x 2 2 tan = 0 x +
.
Li gii. i vi bi ton ny nu nh cc bn s dng cch lm nh bi ton 1 v 2,
th c kh thi hay khng ?. Tht vy, nu t
2 tan x

= a, lc ta c:
2
2
2 tan
tan 2
a x
x a

'

. y chnh l h i xng m ta bit cch gii.

Nn nh rng K l: tanx s2.
Kt qu: x =
4
k
r
r + hoc x = arctan(
1 5
2

)+kr (k
e
Z).


Nh vy chng ta cng nhau tm hiu xong phn no v nhng phng php gii
phng trnh lng gic khng mu mc. Mc d nhng kin thc chng ti truyn ti
tht s cha cho cc bn ng dng nhng cng mong rng y s l ti liu cho cc
bn tham kho d dng hnh dung c phng php.
Trong qu trnh son tho nhm chng ti c th mc nhiu thiu st, mong cc bn
thng cm v nhit tnh ng gp hon thin hn cho nhng chuyn sau!
Bi chuyn c tham kho t nhiu ngun sch:
- Chuyn luyn thi vo i Hc (Trn Vn Ho)
- Hc tt i S v Gii Tch (L Hng c- nhm C Mn)
- Bi vit chuyn lp 10CT trng PTNK- TPHCM
Mi chi tit xin lin h:
Nhm chuyn ProOne Lp 11T1 trng THPT chuyn Nguyn Bnh Khim nin
hc 2007 - 2008.