B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

1 Cu 1.(3) Trnh by s khc nhau gia thut ton v thut gii Heuristics. Hy nu 1 v d v thut gii Heuristics Cu 2.(7) a. Trnh by thut gii Robinson. b. p dng thut gii Robinson, chng minh bi ton sau: p q , (s q) (r s) , p u r, u c. Hy xy dng cy nh danh v tm lut theo phng php vector c trng ca Quinlan xc nh mt loi qu c hay khng c theo bng s liu sau. Tn A B C D E F G H V Ngt Cay Chua Cay Ngt Chua Ngt Cay Mu Vng Vng Tm Vng Tm Tm V Nhn Nhn C gai c gai C gai Nhn Nhn c gai c khng khng Khng c Khng Khng Khng c

2 (c gii) trang 13) Cu 1(3 ) Trnh by khi nim hm heuristics.: Xy dng hm nh gi h cho bi ton bng 1 gii bi ton TACI sau: 3 2 6 1 2 3 1 5 4 8 4 7 8 7 6 5 Ti TG Bng 1 Cu 2(7 ) a. Trnh by thut gii A*. b. Gii bi ton tm ng i ngn nht t A n B trong th khng gian trng thi Hnh 1 theo thut gii A*. (Gi tr cnh cc nh l hm nh gi h(T), cnh cc cung l di cung).
3 1 7 2 5
C A0 D 12 2 I 8 0 E K G 1 H

15

20

Hnh 1

1 6H

12

1 0 1 1

2 4 E 9 1 3
I

2 2 F 16 1 0
N

1 4K 18

1 2 9 7

1 3

1
G7

5 8
B

1 2

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

3 Cu 1 (3) a. Trnh by thut gii Vng Ho. b. p dng thut ton Vng ho, chng minh bi ton sau: Cu 2 : (7) a. Trnh by thut gii A KT . b. Dng thut ton A KT gii bi ton TACI sau: L E Q U Y D O N

p q , (s q) (r , p u r u s)

E Y O U Q D N

Trng thi ban u Trng thi kt thc 4 Cu 1: (4) C 6 i bng thi u vng trn (lt i). Bit rng : - i A u vi di B v i D. - i C u vi di D v i F - i D u vi di A v i F. - i B u vi di E v i F. A B C D E F A AB AC AD AE AF B BC BD BE BF C CD CE CF D DE DF E EF F Mi i ch c c thi u 1 trn trong 1 tun. Ch c 2 i thamgia 1 trn u. Hy xp lch thi u sao cho s tun din ra cc trn u cn li l t nht ? (Dng thut ton t mu) Cu 2: (6) Cho bng quan st : STT Quang cnh Nhit Gi Picnic 1 Nng Cao Nh Khng 2 Ma Thp Mnh Khng 3 Rm mt TB Nh c 4 Nng TB Mnh Khng 5 Ma Cao Mnh Khng 6 Rm mt Thp Mnh c 7 Ma TB Nh Khng 8 Nng TB Nh c 9 Ma Thp Nh Khng

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

Xc nh iu kin nh th no t chc c hay Khng bui picnic ?(Dng thut ton Quinlan)

5:

BAI 1:(3 IEM) Gia s co 9 cuoc minting a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i c to chc. Moi cuoc mitting c to chc trong mot buoi. Cac cuoc mitting sau khong c dien ra ong thi: ae,bc,cd,ed,abd,ahi,bhi,dfi,dhi,fgh. Hay s dung thuat toan to mau toi u e bo tr cac cuoc mitting vao cac buoi sao cho so buoi dien ra la t nhat. BAI 2: (3 IEM) Cho o th co ma tran chi ph nh sau 1 1 2 3 4 5

1 33 19 2 2 2 5 14 9 3 8 31 15 1 9 2 2 4 Hay s dung 1 7 2 1 45 thuat giai 4 1 5 GTS2 e tm 3 1 1 5 20 hanh trnh tot 6 6 5 6 5 nhat vi p = 4 (v1=1, v2=2, v3=4, v4=6. BAI 3:(4 IEM) S dung thuat toan QuinLan e giai quyet bai toan sau: e xac nh ngi chau A hay ngi chau Au khi xem xet mot nhom ngi can c tren hnh dang, chieu cao va gii tnh theo bang sau:

2 2 0

3 4 2 1 6

4 3 0 7

5 6

6 25

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

a ie c m Ng i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dag n To Nho Nho To Nho Nho Nho To Chie cao u Trung bnh Tha p Trung bnh Cao Trung bnh Cao Cao Trung bnh Gitnh i Nam Nam Nam Nam N Nam N N Thuo cha c u Cha A u Cha A u Cha A u Cha A u u Cha A u u Cha A u u Cha A u u Cha A u u

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

6
BAI 1.:(3 IEM) S dung Thuat giai AKT Tm kiem vi tri thc bo sung (Algorthm for Knowled geable Tree Search) e giai bai toan Taci theo cac trang thai: 2 1 7 1 8 7 8 6 2 6 3 4 5 4 5 3

Trang thai au Trang thai ch BAI 2.:(3 IEM) Hay s dung thuat giai A* e tm ng i ngan nhat t thanh pho A en thanh pho B biet khoang cach c lng t cac thanh pho en thanh pho B c cho nh sau: nh khoang cach c lng Z 374 70 O A 366 Z 151 T 329 F 75 C 160 140 S 99 R 193 A 120 P 98 118 80 B 0 T R B F 178 97 S 253 100 146 110 O 380 BAI 3.:(4 IEM) C S dung phng phap o o hon loan e giai bai toan sau: Theo bang d lieu xac nh hieu qua cua viec s dung kem chay nang
60

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

Te n 1. Sarah 2. Dana 3. Alex 4. Annie 5. Emily 6. Pete 7. John 8. Katie Ma to u c Vag n Vag n Na u Vag n o Na u Na u Vag n Chie cao u Trung bnh Cao Lu n Lu n Trung bnh Cao Trung bnh Lu n Ca nag n n Nhe Trung bnh Trung bnh Trung bnh Nag n Nag n Nag n Nhe Dug kem n Khog n Co Co Khog n Khog n Khog n Khog n Co

Kequa t Cha nag y n Khog cha nag n y n Khog cha nag n y n Cha nag y n Cha nag y n Khog cha nag n y n Khog cha nag n y n Khog cha nag n y n

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

7
BAI 1:(3 IEM) S dung thuat toan A* cho bai toan thap Ha Noi: Cho 3 coc A,B,C. coc A ban au co n a sap xep theo th t co kch thc ln dan t tren xuong. Hay dch chuyen n a o sang coc C sao cho: -Moi lan ch c di chuyen ch 1 a. -Trong moi coc khong cho phep a co kch thc ln tren a co kch thc nho hn. BAI 2: (3 IEM) S dung Thuat toan Vng Hao giai bai toan sau: V du: Chng minh rang: Minh la sinh vien cua HKHTN. Biet: - Minh la sinh vien nganh cong nghe thong tin. - Cong nghe thong tin la mot nganh cua khoa tin hoc. - Khoa tin hoc la mot bo phan cua HKHTN. BAI 3:(4 IEM) S dung thuat toan QuinLan e giai quyet bai toan sau: Quyet nh mua hang hay khong mua theo bang sau: STT 1 2 3 4 5 Mau sac o Vang Xanh Xanh Xanh Hnh dang Cau Hop Tru Cau Non Quyet nh Mua Mua Khong mua Mua Khong mua 7

Kch c Trung bnh Ln Trung bnh Nho Trung bnh

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4 6 7 Nho Trung bnh Xanh o Non Tru Khong mua Mua

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

BAI 1.:(3 IEM) S dung Thuat giai AKT Tm kiem vi tri thc bo sung (Algorthm for Knowled geable Tree Search) e giai bai toan Taci theo cac trang thai: 1 4 7 1 5 Trang thai au 2 5 2 7 4 3 6 8 3 6 8 Trang thai ch

BAI 2.:(3 IEM) Hay s dung thuat toan Robinson chng minh bai toan sau: (i) {p->q,q->r,r->s,p} Hoi: p^s? (ii) {a^b->c,b^c->d,a^b} Hoi d? BAI 3.:(4 IEM) S dung phng phap o o hon loan e giai bai toan sau: Theo bang d lieu xac nh hieu qua cua viec s dung kem chay nang

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

T e n 1. S arah 2. D ana 3. A lex 4. A nnie 5. E mily 6. P ete 7. J ohn 8. K atie

M a to C hie cao C a na gD u g kem K e qua u c u n n n t V a g T rung bnh N he n K ho g C ha na g n y n V a g n C ao T rung bnh C o K ho g cha na g n y n N a u L u n T rung bnh C o K ho g cha na g n y n V a g n L u n T rung bnh K ho g C ha na g n y n o T rung bnh N a g n K ho g C ha na g n y n N a u C ao N a g n K ho g K ho g cha na g n n y n N a T rung bnh N a g u n K ho g K ho g cha na g n n y n V a g n L u n N he C o K ho g cha na g n y n

9
BAI 1:(3 IEM)
(1) Phan cong, lch cong tac, lch thi au: - Co mot cuoc hoi thao khoa hoc vi 9 chu e khac nhau, moi chu e dien ra trong mot buoi. - Cac chu e sau khong c ong thi: AE, BC, CD, ED, ABD, AHI, BHI, DFI, DHI, FGH. - Xay dng lch sao cho so buoi dien ra la t nhat. Gi y: so mau = so buoi.

BAI 2: (3 IEM)

S dung Thuat toan Vng Hao giai bai toan sau: V du: Chng minh rang: Minh la sinh vien cua HKHTN. Biet: - Minh la sinh vien nganh cong nghe thong tin. - Cong nghe thong tin la mot nganh cua khoa tin hoc. - Khoa tin hoc la mot bo phan cua HKHTN. BAI 3:(4 IEM) S dung thuat toan QuinLan e giai quyet bai toan sau: amittkduong@gmail.com - k2cn4.n-stars.org 4rum K2CN4 10

B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4 e xac nh ngi chau A hay ngi chau Au khi xem xet mot nhom ngi can c tren hnh dang, chieu cao va gii tnh theo bang sau:
a ie c m Ng i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dag n To Nho Nho To Nho Nho Nho To Chie cao u Trung bnh Tha p Trung bnh Cao Trung bnh Cao Cao Trung bnh Gitnh i Nam Nam Nam Nam N Nam N N Thuo cha c u Cha A u Cha A u Cha A u Cha A u u Cha A u u Cha A u u Cha A u u Cha A u u

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11

B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

B B SUNG
1(c gii trang 9) Cu 1. a. Trnh by s khc nhau gia thut ton v thut gii Heuristics. b. p dng nguyn l th t ca k thut heuristics trnh by t tng ca bi ton chia N vt c khi lng khc nhau thnh M nhm u nhau. Gii bi ton chia 8 vt thnh 3 nhm, cc vt c trng lng nh sau: n1 = 28, n2 = 12, n3 = 36, n4 = 16, n5 = 23, n6 = 32, n7= 21, n8 = 15. c. Trnh by t tng v m gi ca thut gii leo i.
A

15

d. Gii bi ton tm ng i t im A n im B trong th cho hnh 1 theo thut gii leo i dc ng.

9 13
F

D IE K G H

10
K 14

I 11

G 12

H 8

Hnh 1 Cu 2. a. Trnh by thut gii Robinson. b. p dng thut gii Robinson, chng minh tp mnh sau: p q , (s q) (r s) , p u r, u c. Hy xy dng cy nh danh v tm lut theo phng php vector c trng ca Quinlan xc nh mt loi qu c hay khng c theo bng s liu sau. Tn A B C D E F G H V Ngt Cay Chua Cay Ngt Chua Ngt Cay Mu Vng Vng Tm Vng Tm Tm V Nhn Nhn C gai c gai C gai Nhn Nhn c gai c khng khng Khng c Khng Khng Khng c

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12

B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4 Gii s 1

Cu 1. (3 im) a. S khc nhau gia thut ton v thut gii Heuristics. (0,5 im) Thut ton l dy hu hn cc bc, mi bc m t chnh xc cc php ton hoc hnh ng cn thc hin gii quyt mt vn . Trong thut ton, mi bc phi c m t mt cch chnh xc sao cho mt bc ch c hiu theo mt ngha nht nh, mi bi ton ch c mt thut ton duy nht hoc khng gii c bng thut ton. Trong thc t, nhiu bi ton c th gii bng nhng cch gii chp nhn c nhng khng p ng y cc tiu chun ca thut ton, cc cch gii ny gi l thut gii. Thut gii c cp n nhiu trong khoa hc tr tu nhn to l thut gii heuristics, l cc quy tc th, phng php, chin lc hay mo rt ra t kinh nghim gii quyt mt vn . Gii bi ton bng thut gii heuristics d dng a ra li gii nhng c th khng phi l li gii ti u. b. Chia N vt c khi lng khc nhau thnh M nhm c khi lng u nhau bng nguyn l th t. (1,0 im) * T tng: ( 0,25im) 1. Sp xp N vt theo th t c khi lng gim dn; 2. Lp li cho n khi khng cn vt no 2.1. Chn nhm Mi c khi lng cc vt l nh nht 2.2. t vt Nj c khi lng ln nht vo nhm Mi. 2.3. Tnh li khi lng ca cc nhm. * p dng: (0,75 im) 1. Sp xp cc vt theo th t trng lng gim dn. n3=36, n6 = 32, n1 = 28, n5 =23, n7=21, n4=16, n8=15, n2=12. 2. Chn Ln lp 1: - Chn nhm M1, t n3 vo nhm M1 - Tnh khi lng ca cc nhm: M1:36, M2:0, M3:0. Ln lp 2: - Chn nhm M2, t n6 vo nhm M2 - Tnh khi lng ca cc nhm: M1:36, M2:32, M3:0. Ln lp 3: - Chn nhm M3, t n1 vo nhm M3 - Tnh khi lng ca cc nhm: M1:36, M2:32, M3:28. Ln lp 4: - Chn nhm M3, t n5 vo nhm M3 - Tnh khi lng ca cc nhm: M1:36, M2:32, M3:51. Tip tc lp cho n ht cc vt ta c kt qu: Nhm M1 gm cc vt n3, n4, n2 c khi lng: 64 Nhm M2 gm cc vt n6, n7 c khi lng: 53 Nhm M3 gm cc vt n1, n5, n8 c khi lng: 66

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

c. T tng, m gi thut gii leo i (1,0): * T tng (0,5 im): 1. Nu trng thi u cng l trng thi kt thc th thot, thng bo tm c li gii. Ngc li t trng thi hin hnh (Ti) l trng thi khi u. 2. Lp li cho n khi t n trng thi kt thc hoc cho n khi khng cn mt trng thi tip theo hp l (Tk) ca trng thi hin hnh: 2.1. t Tk l trng thi tip theo hp l ca trng thi hin hnh Ti. 2.2. nh gi trng thi Tk mi: 2.2.1. Nu Tk l trng thi kt thc th tr v trng thi ny v thot. 2.2.2. Nu Tk khng phi l trng thi kt thc nhng tt hn trng thi hin hnh th cp nht Tk thnh trng thi hin hnh. 2.2.3. Nu Tk khng tt hn trng thi hin hnh th tip tc vng lp. * M gi (0,5 im): Ti:= T0 ; stop:=false; While stop = false do Begin If Ti TG then Begin <tm c kt qu>; stop:=true; End else Begin Better:=false; While (Better=false) And (stop=false) do Begin If <khng tn ti trng thi k tip hp l ca Ti> then Begin <khng tm c kt qu>; stop:=true; End else Begin Tk:=<mt trn thi hp l k tip ca Ti>; If <h(Tk) tt hn h(Ti)> then Begin Ti :=Tk ; Better:=true; End; End; End; {while} End;{else} End; A d. Tm ng i t im A n im B theo D thut gii leo i dc ng (0,5). I Bc 1: t trng thi hin hnh l trng thi C E E 10 15 A, pht trin cc trng thi hp l ca A, l C, 9K D, E. Trong cc trng thi trn D l trng thi G tt nht, chn D pht trin tip. H Bc 2. Pht trin D c cc trng thi F, I. 13 F I 11 Trong 2 trng thi trn, I l trng thi tt hn, chn I pht trin tip, Bc 3> Chn I pht tin c B, G. Trong G 12 0 B 2 trng thi hp l ca I, B l trng thi tt hn, ng thi B l tng thi ch nn thut gii kt thc. Cy tm kim nh hnh bn.

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

Cu 2 (2,0 im) a. Pht biu thut gii Robinson. (0,5 im) Thut gii Robinson hnh ng da trn phng php chng minh bng phn chng. b1: a vn v dng chun v pht biu gii thit v kt lun ca vn di dng sau: GT1, GT2, ...,GTn KL1, KL2,...,KLm Trong cc GTi v KLj c xy dng t cc bin mnh v cc php logic: , , . b2: Nu GTi c php th thay bng du",". Nu KLj c php th thay bng du ",". b3: Bin i dng chun b1 v dng sau: GT1, GT2, ...,GTn , KL1, KL2,..., KLm b4: Nu trong danh sch mnh b3 c mnh i ngu th mnh c chng minh. Ngc li th chuyn sang b5. b5: Xy dng mt mnh mi bng cch tuyn mt cp mnh trong danh sch mnh . Nu mnh mi c cc bin mnh i ngu th loi b cc bin . b6. Thay th hai mnh va tuyn trong danh sch mnh bng mnh mi. b7. Nu khng xy dng c thm mt mnh mi no v trong danh sch mnh khng c hai mnh no i ngu nhau th vn khng c chng minh. Nu danh sch mnh khng cn mnh no (danh sch rng:), vn c chng minh. b. p dng thut gii, chng minh tp mnh sau: (0,5 im) p q , (s q) (r s) , p u r, u p q , s q, r s , p , u r, u p q , s q, r s , p , u, r, u (p q , s q), r s , p , u, r, u (p s, r s) , p , u, r, u (p r , p) , u, r, u (r r), u, u u, u = Danh sch mnh tr thnh danh sch rng, vn c chmg minh. c. Tnh vector c trng cho cc thuc tnh dn xut (1 im): Thuc tnh mc tiu ca bi ton l qu c c ta chn thuc tnh dn xut phn hoch: - Thuc tnh v: VV(Ngt) = (T(ngt, c), T(ngt, khng c)) = (0/3, 3/3). VV(Cay) = (T(cay, c), T(cay, khng c)) = (2/3, 1/3). VV(Chua) = (T(Chua, c), T(Chua, khng c)) = (0/2, 2/2). - Thuc tnh mu: VMu() = (T(, c), T(, khng c)) = (0/2, 2/2). VMu(vng) = (T(vng, c), T(vng, khng c)) = (1/3, 2/3). VMu(tm) = (T(tm, c), T(tm, khng c)) = (2/3, 1/3). - Thuc tnh v: VV(nhn)=(T(nhn, c), T(nhn, khng c)) = (0/4, 4/4).

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

VV(gai)=(T(gai, c), T(gai, khng c)) = (3/4, 1/4). Cc thuc tnh v, thuc tnh mu c 1 vector n v, thuc tnh v c 2 vector n v vy ta chn thuc tnh v l thc tnh phn hoch, qu gch chn l qu c c (hnh a).

Hnh 1

Ngt A, E, G

v Chua cay B, D, H C, F

Cn li tp PCay cn ln ln qu c v khng c, tip tc phn hoch thnh cc tp con theo hai thuc tnh mu v v: - Thuc tnh mu: VMu() = (T(, c), T(, khng c)) = (0/1, 1/1). VMu(vng) = (T(vng, c), T(vng, khng c)) = (1/1, 0/1). VMu(tm) = (T(tm, c), T(tm, khng c)) = (1/1, 0/1). - Thuc tnh v: VV(C gai)=(T(C gai, c), T(C gai , khng c)=(2/2, 0/2) VV(Nhn)=(T(Nhn, c), T(nhn , khng c)=(0/1, 1/1) Thuc tnh v c 2 vector n v, vy ta chon thuc tnh ny lm vector phn hoch tip c cy nh danh nh (hnh b). T cy inh danh ta c th suy ra h lut nh sau: 1. Qu c v ngt v qu c v chua khng c; 2. Qu c v cay v nhn khng c; 3. Qu c v cay v c gai c.

Ngt A, E, G Nhn B

v cay v Chua C, F C gai D, H

Hnh 2

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

Gii s 2(trang 2)
Cu 1. (3 im) a. Trnh by khi nim hm heuristics. Xy dng hm nh gi cho bi ton Ta canh (bi ton 8 s). (1 im) Hm heuristics (k hiu h) l mt c lng v kh nng dn n li gii ca bi ton. Vi mi tng thi Ti bt k trong khng gian trng thi, xc nh mt gii tr h(T i) l s o s nh gi v trng thi Ti, hay chi ph i t trng thi T0 n trng thi ch TG. Hm h(Ti) l hm thc dng, trong qu trnh tm kim gi tr hm h(T i) s gim dn. Ti trng thi ch h(TG) = 0. Trong bi ton Tacanh (8 s) c 2 cch xy dng hm nh ga h(Ti). 3 1 7 2 5 8 Ti 6 4 1 8 7 2 6 TG 3 4 5

Hm h1: vi mi trng thi Ti, h(Ti) l s qun khng nm ng v tr ca n trong trng thi ch. h1(Ti) = 5. Hm h2: tnh theo tng cc dch chuyn ca cc qun nm sai v tr v v tr ca n trong trng thi ch. h2(Ti)= 1 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 5 + 3 + 0 + 2 = 13. b. Trnh by thut gii A* (1 im). 1. t OPEN ch cha T0 ; t g(T0)=0; h(T0)=0; f(T0)=0; t CLOSE l tp rng. 2. Lp li cc bc sau cho n khi gp iu kin ng. 2.1. Nu OPEN rng, bi ton v nghim: thot. 2.2. Ngc li chn Tmax trong OPEN sao cho f(Tmax) l nh nht. 2.2.1. Ly Tmax ra khi OPEN v a Tmax vo CLOSE. 2.2.2. Nu Tmax l TG th thot, thng bo li gii l Tmax 2.2.3. Nu Tmax khng phi TG, to danh sch tt c cc trng thi k tip ca Tmax. Gi mt trng thi ny l Tk. vi mi Tk thc hin cc bc sau: 2.2.3.1. Tnh g(Tk)=g(Tmax) + cost(Tmax, Tk). 2.2.3.2. Nu tn ti Tk' trong OPEN trng Tk Nu g(Tk)<g(Tk') th t g(Tk')=g(Tk) Tnh li f(Tk') t Cha(Tk') = Tmax 2.2.3.3. Nu tn ti Tk' trong CLOSE trng Tk Nu g(Tk)<g(Tk') th t g(Tk')=g(Tk) Tnh li f(Tk') t Cha(Tk') = Tmax Lan truyn s thay i gi tr g, f cho tt c cc trng thi k tip ca T i ( tt c cc cp) c lu tr trong CLOSE v OPEN. 2.3.3.4. Nu Tk cha xut hin trong c OPEN v CLOSE th Thm Tk vo OPEN

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

Tnh: f(Tk) = g(Tk) + h(Tk).

c. Tm ng i t A n B theo thut gii A* (1 im) B1: OPEN ={(A, g=0, h=0, f=0)} CLOSE ={} ly A ra khi OPEN t vo CLOSE OPEN ={} CLOSE ={(A, g=0, h=0, f=0)} Pht trin A, c cc nh C, D, E, F. t 4 nh vo OPEN, tnh ga tr hm f: f(C) = 42; f(D) =32; f(E) = 39; f(F) = 42; OPEN = {(D, 12, 20, 32 ), (E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42)) B2: Chn D tt nht trong OPEN t vo CLOSE v loi D khi OPEN OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42)) CLOSE = {(A, g=0, h=0, f=0), (D, 12, 20, 32 ) cha(D)= A} Pht trin D c cc nh H, E t vo OPEN, tnh f. V E c g(E)=20 >g(E) OPEN nn ta khng cp nht li nh E trong OPEN OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42), (H, 22, 16, 38)} B3: H l nh tt nht trong OPEN, H khng c trong CLOSE, t H vo CLOSE v loi H khi OPEN. OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42)} CLOSE = {(A, g=0, h=0, f=0), (D, 12, 20, 32 ), (H, 22, 16, 38) cha(H) = D } Pht trin H c cc nh K, B t vo OPEN, tnh f: OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42), (E, 20, 24, 44), (K, 33, 14,47), (B,31,0, 31)} B4: Trong OPEN B l nh tt nht, nn t B vo CLOSE, loi B khi OPEN. OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42), (E, 20, 24, 44), (K, 33, 14,47)} CLOSE = {(A, g=0, h=0, f=0), (D, 12, 20, 32 ), (H, 22, 16, 38), (B,31,0, 31) cha(B) =H} Vy ng i ngn nht t A n B tm c l A DHB vi g(B) = 31. Cy tm kim c dng nh sau:
A D G H E E

42 C 38 H 31
B

3 E 2 K

3 9

42
F

44

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Cu 2. (2im) a. Thut gii Vng Ho (0,5 im). b1: Pht biu li gi thit v kt lun ca vn theo dng chun sau:

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

. GT1, GT2, ...,GTn KL1, KL2,...,KLm Trong cc GTi v KLj c xy dng t cc bin mnh v cc php logic: , ,

b2: Chuyn v cc GTi v KLj l cc mnh c dng ph nh. b3: Nu GTi c php th thay bng du",". Nu KLj c du th thay bng du ",". b4: Nu GTi c php th tch thnh 2 dng con. Nu KLj c php th tch thnh 2 dng con. b5: Mt dng c chng minh nu tn ti chung mt mnh c hai pha. b6a: Nu mt dng khng cn php ni hoc php hoc c hai v v c hai v khng c chung mt bin mnh , th dng khng c chng minh. b6b: mt vn c chng minh nu tt c cc dng dn xut t dng chun ban u u c chng minh. b. Chng minh tp mnh : (0,5 im) p q , (s (r , p u r u q) s) p q , s q, r , p , u r, u s p q , s q, r , u r , u, p s p q , s q, r , u r , u, p s Tch php (p q) thnh 2 dng con : 1: p, s q, r , u r , u, p (cm v c mnh p hai pha) s 2:q , s q, r , u r , u, p s q, r , u r , u, p, q s s Tch php : s q thnh 2 dng con 2.1: q, r , u r , u, p, q (cm v c mnh q hai pha) s 2.2: s , r , u r , u, p, q r , u r , u, p, q, s s s Tch php r s thnh 2 dng con : 2.2.1: s , u r , u, p, q, s (cm v c s, u c hai pha) 2.2.2: r , u r , u, p, q, s (cm v c r, u c hai pha) Cc dng dn xut t dng chun ban u u c chng minh , vy vn c chng minh. c. Phng php phn hoch theo Quinlan xy dng cy nh danh (0,5 im). Quinlan chn thuc tnh phn hoch bng cch xy dng cc vector c trng cho mi gi tr ca tng thuc tnh dn xut v thuc tnh mc tiu. Cch tnh nh sau: Vi mi thuc tnh dn xut A cn c th s dng phn hoch, tnh: VA(j) = (T(j,r1), T(j,r2),..., T(j,rn)) Trong : (tng s phn t trong phn hoch c gi tr thuc tnh dn xut A l j v c gi tr thuc tnh mc tiu l ri)

T(j,ri)=
(tng s phn t trong phn hoch c gi tr thuc tnh dn xut A l j) r1, r2, rn l cc gi tr ca thuc tnh mc tiu. T(j,ri ) = 1
j

Mt vc t VA(j) c gi l vector n v nu n ch c duy nht mt thnh phn c gi tr 1 v cc thnh phn khc c gi tr 0. Thuc tnh c chn phn hoch l thuc tnh c nhiu vector n v nht.

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

Sau khi phn hoch xong, ta xy dng cy nh danh. Cn c vo cy nh danh, pht sinh v i u tp lut.

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

Lut Morgan
Ph nh ca ph nh (P) P (PQ) (P Q) Tng phn (PQ) ( P Q) De Morgan (P Q) (P Q) (P Q) (P Q) Giao hon (P Q) (Q P) (P Q) (Q P) Kt hp (P Q) R (P R)) (Q (P Q) R (P R)) (Q Phn phi P Q R) (P Q) R) ( (P P Q R) (P Q) R) ( (P P P P P P P P P 1 P P 0

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