Chng 2 NG LC HC CHT IM ng lc hc nghin cu chuyn ng ca cc vt v mi lin h gia chng vi tng tc gia cc vt. C s ca ng lc hc v m l cc nh lut Newton v nguyn l Galile. 2.

1 Cc nh lut Newton 2.1.1 nh lut Newton th nht nh lut: Khi mt cht im c lp (khng chu mt tc ng no t bn ngoi) nu ang ng yn, n s tip tc ng yn, nu ang chuyn ng th chuyn ng ca n l thng u. v=0 - Cht im ng yn: - Cht im chuyn ng thng u: Tng qut:

v = const
(2-1)

c hai trng thi trn vn tc ca cht im u khng thay i.

v = const

Vy: Mt cht im c lp bo ton trng thi chuyn ng ca n. Tnh cht bo ton trng thi chuyn ng gi l qun tnh. 2.1.2 nh lut Newton th hai nh lut: Chuyn ng ca mt cht im chu tc dng ca cc lc c tng hp F 0 l mt chuyn ng c gia tc. Gia tc chuyn ng ca cht im t l vi tng hp lc F v t l nghch vi khi lng ca cht im y.
a=K F m

(2-2)

K l h s t l. Trong h n v SI: K = 1, do : biu thc ca nh lut Newton th hai c dng:

a= F m

(2-2)

2.1.3 Phng trnh c bn ca c hc cht im Phng trnh Newton:

ma = F

(2-3)

gi l phng trnh c bn ca c hc cht im v t (2-3) ta c th suy ra c (2-1) v (2-2): -Khi F 0 th a =

F m

-Khi F = 0 th a = 0 suy ra v = const

16

2.1.4 H quy chiu qun tnh H quy chiu qun tnh l h quy chiu trong cht im c lp chuyn ng thng u. 2.1.5 Lc tc dng ln chuyn ng cong Xt cht im M chuyn ng trn ng cong (C) (hnh 2-1).

M
(C)

at

Ft

an

a
Fn
F

Hnh 2-1

Ta c: suy ra

a =at +an

F = ma = Ft + Fn = ma t + ma n

Ft = ma t l lc tip tuyn (lm cho ln ca vc t vn tc thay i).

Fn = ma n l lc php tuyn (cn gi l lc hng tm, lm cho vc t vn tc i

hng). Vy: mt cht im chuyn ng cong, iu kin cn l phi tc dng ln n mt lc hng tm c ln bng:

v2 Fn = ma n = m R
2.1.6 nh lut Newton th ba

(2-4)

nh lut: Khi cht im A tc dng ln cht im B mt lc F th cht im B cng tc dng ln cht im A mt lc F' , hai lc F v F' tn ti ng thi, cng phng ngc chiu v cng ln. Ni cch khc:
F + F' = 0

(2-5)

Ch : F + F' = 0 nhng tc dng ca chng khng kh nhau v im t ca hai lc khc nhau. Tng qut: Xt mt h cht im c lp (khng c ngoi lc tc dng), trong h ch c cc ni lc tng tc gia cc cht im ca h. Khi nu xt tng i cht im ca h th tng hai lc tng tc gia chng bng khng. Nu ly tng tt c cc lc th ta c kt qu:

17

Tng cc ni lc ca mt h cht im c lp (h kn) bng 0. 2.2 Cc nh l v ng lng T phng trnh Newton, ta c th suy ra mt s pht biu tng ng, l cc nh l v ng lng. 2.2.1 Thit lp cc nh l v ng lng Theo nh lut Newton th hai, nu mt cht im c khi lng m chu tc dng ca mt lc F (hay ca nhiu lc c tng hp l F ) th s chuyn ng vi gia tc a cho bi:
ma = F

hay v m khng i nn:

dv =F dt

d(mv) =F dt
K = mv gi l vc t ng lng ca cht im. Vy biu thc trn c vit li:

dK =F dt

(2-6)

nh l 1: o hm ng lng ca mt cht im i vi thi gian c gi tr bng lc (hay tng cc lc) tc dng ln cht im . T (2-6) ta c: suy ra
t2

dK = Fdt
K = K 2 K 1 = Fdt
t1 t2

(2-7) (2-8)

Fdt : xung lng ca lc trong khong thi gian t.

t1

nh l 2: bin thin ng lng ca mt cht im trong mt khong thi gian no c gi tr bng xung lng ca lc (hay hp lc) tc dng ln cht im trong khong thi gian . Nu F = const th (2-8) thnh:
K = Ft

(2-9) (2-10)

hay

K =F t

Vy: bin thin ng lng ca mt cht im trong mt n v thi gian c gi tr bng lc tc dng ln cht im . Cc nh l v ng lng (2-6) v (2-8) l nhng pht biu tng ng ca phng trnh Newton nhng cc chng sau ta s thy, khi ra khi phm vi ca c hc Newton, cc cng thc (2-6) v (2-8) vn ng. V vy c th ni rng: v mt mt no cc nh l v ng lng tng qut hn cc nh lut Newton 18

2.2.2 ngha ca ng lng v xung lng - ngha ca ng lng: ng lng c trng cho chuyn ng v mt ng lc hc, l i lng c trng cho kh nng truyn chuyn ng. - ngha ca xung lng: Xung lng ca mt lc trong khong thi gian t c trng cho tc dng ca lc trong khong thi gian .

2.3 nh lut bo ton ng lng 2.3.1 Thit lp i vi mt h cht im chuyn ng ta c nh l v ng lng: d (m1v1 + m 2 v 2 + ... + m n v n ) = F dt F l tng hp cc lc tc dng ln h. Nu h c lp ( F =0) th: d (m1 v1 + m 2 v 2 + ... + m n v n ) = 0 dt ngha l:

m1 v1 + m 2 v 2 + ... + m n v n = const

(2-11)

nh lut: Tng ng lng ca mt h c lp l mt i lng bo ton. 2.3.2 Bo ton ng lng theo phng Trng hp cht im khng c lp ( F 0) nhng hnh chiu ca F ln mt phng no lun bng khng th: (2-12) m1v1x + m2v2x ++ mnvnx = const Hnh chiu ca tng ng lng ca h ln phng x l mt i lng bo ton. 2.3.3 ng dng Gii thch hin tng sng git li Gi s c mt khu sng khi lng M t trn gi nm ngang, trong nng c mt vin n khi lng m. Nu b qua ma st th tng hp ngoi lc tc dng ln h (trng lc v phn lc php tuyn ca gi) bng khng: do tng ng lng ca h c bo ton. - Trc khi bn:
K1 = 0

- Khi bn n bay v pha trc vi vn tc v , sng git li v pha sau vi vn tc V . ng lng ca h sau khi bn s l:
K 2 = mv + MV .

Theo nh lut bo ton ng lng: K 1 = K 2 , suy ra:

19

mv + MV = 0

V=

m v M

Du - chng t sng chuyn ng ngc chiu vi n.

2.4 Chuyn ng tng i, nguyn l tng i, lc qun tnh 2.4.1 Khng gian v thi gian theo c hc c in Xt 2 h to : Oxyz ng yn v O'x'y'z' chuyn ng so vi h O 2). z z' (hnh 2-

.M
r r'

O'

B x

x'

y'

Hnh 2-2

Ta gi thit chuyn ng ca h O' sao cho O'x' lun lun trt dc theo trc Ox; O'y' song song v cng chiu vi Oy; O'z' song song v cng chiu vi Oz. Trong mi h ta ta dng mt ng h o thi gian. Xt mt im M bt k, trong h ta O, ta khng gian v thi gian ca M l: x, y, z, t ; trong h ta O', ta khng gian v thi gian ca M l: x', y', z', t'. Theo cc quan im ca NiuTn: a. Thi gian ch bi ng h trong 2 h O v O' l nh nhau: t = t' (a) c ngha l thi gian c tnh tuyt i, khng ph thuc vo h quy chiu. b. V tr ca M khng gian: theo hnh 2-2 ta c:
x = x' + OO '

y = y'

z = z'

(b)

Nh vy: v tr khng gian c tnh cht tng i, ph thuc vo h quy chiu. Do chuyn ng c tnh tng i ph thuc vo h quy chiu. c. Khong cch gia 2 im bt k trong khng gian l 1 i lng khng ph thuc vo h quy chiu. Xt 1 ci thc AB t dc theo trc O'x' (hnh 2-2) gn lin vi h O'. Chiu di ca thc o trong h O' l: l0 = x'B - x'A Chiu di ca thc o trong h O l: l = xB - xA Nhng theo (b): 20

x A = x A '+ OO ' x B = x B '+ OO '

Do : xB - xA = x'B - x'A , ngha l l = l0 Ni cch khc: khong khng gian c tnh tuyt i, khng ph thuc vo h quy chiu. Xt 1 trng hp ring: chuyn ng ca h O' l thng u vi vn tc V so vi h O. Nu ti thi im t = 0, O trng vi O' th:
B

OO' = Vt Theo (a) v (b) ta suy ra: x = x' + Vt' , y = y' , z = z' , t = t' (2-13) v ngc li: x' = x - Vt , y' = y , z' = z , t' = t (2-14) (2-13) v (2-14) gi l php bin i Galileo, chng cho ta cch chuyn cc ta khng, thi gian t h quy chiu O' sang h quy chiu O v ngc li.

2.4.2 Tng hp vn tc v gia tc

Ta tm cng thc lin h vn tc v gia tc chuyn ng ca 1 cht im M i vi 2 h ta Oxyz v O'x'y'z' khc nhau. Gi thit h O'x'y'z' chuyn ng tnh tin i vi h Oxyz sao cho ta lun lun c: O'x' Ox ; O'y' Oy ;O'z' Oz t OM = r ;
O' M = r ' , theo hnh 2-2 ta c:
OM = OO' + O' M

r = r '+ OO' hay: o hm 2 v ca (c) i vi thi gian t:

(c)

d r d r ' d(OO' ) = + dt dt dt

(d)

T (d) ta thy:
dr = v l vc t vn tc ca M i vi h O; dt dr' = v ' l vc t vn tc ca M i vi h O'; dt

d( OO' ) = V l vc t vn tc tnh tin ca h O'i vi h O; dt

(d) thnh:
v = v '+ V

(2-15)

21

Vy: Vc t vn tc ca 1 cht im i vi 1 h quy chiu O bng tng hp vc t vn tc ca cht im i vi h quy chiu O' chuyn ng tnh tin i vi h quy chiu O v vc t vn tc tnh tin ca h quy chiu O' i vi h quy chiu O. Ly o hm (2-15) theo t ta c:
dv d v' d V = + dt dt dt

hay: trong :

a = a '+ A

(2-16)

dv = a l vc t gia tc ca M i vi h O; dt
d v' = a ' l vc t gia tc ca M i vi h O'; dt
dV = A l vc t gia tc tnh tin ca h O' i vi h O; dt

Vy: Vc t gia tc ca 1 cht im i vi 1 h quy chiu O bng tng hp vc t gia tc ca cht im i vi h quy chiu O' chuyn ng tnh tin i vi h quy chiu O v vc t gia tc tnh tin ca h quy chiu O' i vi h quy chiu O.

2.4.3 Nguyn l tng i Galile

Gi thit h O l h quy chiu qun tnh, nh vy phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im M trong h O cho bi nh lut Newton l: (*) ma = F
a l gia tc chuyn ng ca M trong h quy chiu O, F l tng hp lc tc dng ln M. a ' l gia tc chuyn ng ca M trong h quy chiu O', theo (2-16) ta c:
a = a' + A
A l gia tc tnh tin ca h O' i vi h O.

Nu h O' chuyn ng thng u i vi h O th A =0 v a = a' . Ta c th vit:

m a' = F
suy ra h O' cng l h quy chiu qun tnh. Vy: Mi h quy chiu chuyn ng thng u i vi h quy chiu qun tnh cng l h quy chiu qun tnh. Hay l: Cc nh lut Newton c nghim ng trong h quy chiu qun tnh. C ngha l: Cc phng trnh ng lc hc trong cc h quy chiu qun tnh c dng nh nhau. Nguyn l tng i Galil v php bin i Galil: Theo nguyn l Galile, nh lut Newton trong h O' c dng: ma' = F ging nh phng trnh biu din nh lut Newton trong h quy chiu qun tnh O. 22

Vy: Cc phng trnh c hc bt bin i vi php bin i Galile.

2.4.4 Lc qun tnh

Gi thit h O' chuyn ng tnh tin c gia tc A i vi h quy chiu qun tnh O. Ta c:
a = a '+ A

Nhn 2 v vi khi lng m ca cht im M:

m a = m a '+ m A

V h O l h qun tnh nn trong nh lut Newton nghim ng:

ma = F F = ma'+mA

hay:

m a' = F + ( m A)

(**)

ta thy (**) khng ging (*), c ngha l: khi kho st chuyn ng ca cht im trong h O' tnh tin c gia tc i vi h qun tnh O, ngoi cc lc tc dng ln cht im phi k thm lc: Fqt = m A (2-17)
Fqt = mA gi l lc qun tnh. H quy chiu O' l h quy chiu khng qun tnh.

Phng trnh ng lc hc ca cht im trong h O' c vit l:

ma' = F + Fqt

(2-18)

Lc qun tnh l 1 lc o ch quan st c trong h quy chiu khng qun tnh. Lc qun tnh lun lun cng phng v ngc chiu vi gia tc chuyn ng ca h quy chiu khng qun tnh.

2.5 M men ng lng 2.5.1 M men ca mt vc t i vi mt im Cho vc t v = MA v im O trong khng gian (hnh 2-3).
M

r M

A
d
Hnh 2-3

Theo nh ngha: M men ca v i vi O l mt vc t k hiu M/O (v) xc nh bi:

M/O (v) = OM. v = [r . v]

23

M/O (v) c:

- Gc trng vi O. - Phng vung gc vi mt phng (O, v ). - Chiu theo chiu quay thun i vi chiu quay t OM n MA . - ln bng 2 ln din tch tam gic OMA
M/ 0 v = d.MA

Tnh cht: a. M/ O (v) = 0 khi v = 0 hay d = 0 b. M/ O (v1 + v 2 ) = M/ 0 (v1 ) + M/ 0 (v 2 )

M/ O ( v) = M/ O (v)

c. Khi v1 + v 2 = 0 th M/ 0 (v1 ) + M/ 0 (v 2 ) = 0 2.5.2 nh l v m men ng lng Xt cht im M c khi lng m chuyn ng trn qu o (C) di tc dng ca lc F (hnh 2-4).
L

O (C)

F r M

Hnh 2-4

Ta c:
dK d(mv) = =F dt dt
d(mv) r . dt = r .F

trong :
d(mv) d d r . dt = dt ( r . mv) = dt ( r . K)

24

Vy:

d dt (r .K) = r .F

r .K = L : l m men ng lng ca cht im i vi O.

r .F = M/ 0 (F) : l m men ca lc F i vi O.

dL = M/ 0 (F) dt

(2-19)

nh l: o hm theo thi gian ca m men ng lng i vi O ca mt cht im chuyn ng bng m men i vi O ca cc lc tc dng ln cht im . H qu: Nu F i qua im O c nh th M/ 0 (F) = 0 do :
dL = 0 L = const dt

c ngha l M lun lun chuyn ng trong mt mt phng c nh. 2.5.3 Trng hp chuyn ng trn Xt cht im M c khi lng m chuyn ng trn mt qu o trn (O,R) (hnh 2-5).

R
M

Hnh 2-5

Khi m men ng lng ca cht im c ln:

L = OM.mv = Rmv = (mR ).
2

mR2 = I

(2-20)

I gi l m men qun tnh ca cht im i vi O.

L = I.

(2-21) (2-22)

Di dng vc t: Mt khc: F = Fn + Ft

L = I

v M/ 0 (Fn ) = 0 nn (2-20) s c dng:

dL d(I) = = M/ 0 (Ft ) dt dt

(2-23)

25

V d 1: Mt vt c t trn mt mt phng nghing hp vi mt phng nm ngang mt gc =300. H s ma st gia vt v mt phng nghing bng k=0,2. Tm gia tc ca vt trn mt phng nghing. Ly g=10m/s2. Gii Tc dng ln vt c cc lc: Trng lc P Phn lc php tuyn N Lc ma st Fms

Cc lc c phng chiu nh hnh 2-6

N
f ms
P

Hnh 2-6 Gi a l gia tc ca vt, phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt c vit:

P + N + Fms = ma

(*)

Chiu (*) ln chiu dng chn, ta c: Psin fms = ma Vi fms = kN = kPcos Suy ra a = g(sin- kcos)
a = 10(0,5 0, 2. 3 ) = 3, 27( m / s 2 ) 2

V d 2: Mt t khi lng 1 tn chuyn ng trn mt ng bng. H s ma st gia bnh t v mt ng l k =0,1. Tnh lc ko ca ng c t trong cc trng hp: a. t chuyn ng u. b. t chuyn ng nhanh dn u vi gia tc bng 2m/s2. Cng cu hi trn nhng cho trng hp: c. Ln dc c dc 4% d. Xung dc Ly g=9,8m/s2 v trong sut qu trnh chuyn ng h s ma st gia bnh t v mt ng lun bng k =0,1 Gii Tc dng ln t c cc lc: - Lc ko ca ng c t F

26

Trng lc P Phn lc php tuyn N Lc ma st Fms

Cc lc c phng chiu nh hnh 2-7 Gi a l gia tc ca t, phng trnh chuyn ng ca t c vit:

F+P + N + Fms = ma

(a) (b)

Chiu (a) ln chiu dng chn, ta c: F fms = ma Vi fms = kN = kP

a. Mun t chuyn ng u (a=0) th t (a) suy ra F = fms = kP Vy F = 0,1.1000.9,8 = 980(N)

N

+
F f ms P

Hnh 2-7 b. Mun t chuyn ng nhanh dn u vi gia tc a =2m/s2 th t (a) suy ra F = fms+ma = ma+ kP Vy F = 1000.2+ 0,1.1000.9,8 = 2980(N) c. Trng hp t ln dc c dc 4% (t chuyn ng u) Tc dng ln t cng c cc lc nh trn, c phng chiu nh hnh 2-8 (a) cng l phng trnh chuyn ng ca t.
+
F N f ms

Hnh 2-8 Chiu (a) ln chiu dng chn, ta c: F- Psin fms = 0 Vi fms = kN = kPcos Suy ra F = mg(sin + kcos) Ch rng dc 4% tc l sin =0,04. Thay cc gi tr vo ta c: F = 1372N

27

d. Trng hp t xung dc c dc 4% (t chuyn ng u) Tc dng ln t cng c cc lc nh trn, c phng chiu nh hnh 2-9
N f ms P F

Hnh 2-9 (a) cng l phng trnh chuyn ng ca t. Chiu (a) ln chiu dng chn, ta c: F+ Psin fms = 0 Vi fms = kN = kPcos Suy ra F = mg(kcos - sin) Thay cc gi tr vo ta c: F = 588N V d 3: Mt si dy c vt qua mt rng rc khi lng khng ng k. Hai u buc hai vt c khi lng m1 v m2 (m1> m2). Coi ma st l khng ng k. Xc nh: a. Gia tc ca hai vt. b. Sc cng ca dy. Gii Tc dng ln m1 v m2 c cc lc: Trng lc P
+
P2 T2 T1

- Lc cng dy T Cc lc c phng chiu nh hnh 2-10 a. Gi a l gia tc ca h, phng trnh chuyn ng ca h c vit:
P1 + T1 + P2 + T2 = (m 1 + m 2 )a

(a)

P1

trong :

T1 = T2

Hnh 2-10

Chiu (a) ln chiu dng chn, ta c:

P1 P2 = (m1 + m 2 )a

Suy ra:

a=

(m1 m 2 ) g (m1 + m 2 )

b. Ta vit phng trnh chuyn ng cho vt m1:

P1 + T1 = m 1a

(b)

28

Chiu (b) ln chiu dng chn, ta c:

P1 T1 = m1a

Suy ra

T1 =

2m1 m 2 g (m1 + m 2 )

BI TP 2.1 Mt xe c khi lng 20 tn, chuyn ng di tc dng ca lc hm c ln 6000N, vn tc ban u ca xe bng 15m/s. Hi: a. Gia tc ca xe. b. Sau bao lu xe dng li. c. on ng xe chy c k t lc hm cho n khi xe dng hn. p s: a/ a = 0,3m/s2 b/ t = 50s c/ s = 375m 2.2 Mt vt trt xung trn mt mt phng nghing hp vi mt phng nm ngang gc =450. Khi trt c qung ng s=36,4cm, vt thu c vn tc v=2m/s. Xc nh h s ma st gia vt v mt phng nghing. p s: k = 0,22 2.3 Mt xe c khi lng 1 tn chuyn ng trn mt on ng nm ngang, h s ma st gia bnh xe v mt ng l 0,1. Tnh lc ko ca ng c trong cc trng hp: a. Xe chuyn ng u. b. Xe chuyn ng nhanh dn u vi gia tc bng 2m/s2. p s: a/ Fk =1000N b/ Fk =3000N 2.4 Mt vt A c t trn mt mt phng nm A ngang. Vt A c ni vi vt B bng mt si dy vt B qua rng rc c nh (Hnh 2-6). Khi lng ca vt A l Hnh 2-6 200g, ca vt B l 300g. Khi lng ca rng rc v dy coi nh khng ng k. a. Tnh lc cng ca dy nu cho h s ma st gia vt A v mt phng nm ngang l k=0,25. b. Nu thay i v tr ca vt A v vt B th lc cng ca dy bng bao nhiu? p s: a/ T =1,5N b/ T =1,5N 2.5 Mt vt c khi lng m=500g c buc vo u si dy di l=100cm. Mt ngi cm u kia ca dy m quay vt trong mt phng thng ng vi tn s n=3 vng/s. Ly g=10m/s2. a. Tnh lc cng ca dy khi vt i qua v tr cao nht v thp nht ca qu o.

29

b. Ngi y quay dy nhanh dn ln cho n khi dy t. Hi dy b t v tr no v tn s vng khi dy b t l bao nhiu? Bit rng dy b t khi lc cng bng 205N. p s: a/ T1 =172N; T2 =182N b/ n =3,18vng/s 2.6 Mt vt c khi lng m=200g c treo u si dy di l=40cm, vt quay trong mt phng nm ngang vi vn tc khng i sao cho si dy vch mt mt nn. Gi s khi dy to vi phng thng ng mt gc =450. Tm vn tc ca vt v lc cng dy. p s: =5,95rad/s; T =2,84N 2.7 Mt ngi dng dy ko mt vt c trng lng P=50N trt u trn mt sn nm ngang. Dy nghing 1 gc =300 so vi phng ngang. H s ma st trt gia vt v mt sn l k=0,3. Xc nh ln ca lc ko. p s: Fk =14,78N

30