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ShellMoulding

SpecialCasting
BySKMondal

The sand is mixed with a thermosetting resin is allowed to come in contact with a heated metal pattern (2000C). A skin ( h ll) of about 3.5 mm of sand and plastic ki (shell) f b f d d l i mixture adhere to the pattern. Then the shell is removed from the pattern. The cope and drag shells are kept in a flask with necessary backup material and the molten metal is poured into the mold.

Can produce complex parts. A good surface finish and good size tolerance reduce the need for machining. g Materials can be cast: CI, Al and Cu alloys.

Shellmouldingprocess

MoldingSandinShellMolding
The molding sand is a mixture of fine grained quartz sand and powdered bakelite. Cold coating and Hot coating methods are used for coating the sand grains with bakelite. Cold coating: quartz sand is poured into the mixer and then the solution of powdered bakelite in acetone and ethyl aldehyde are added. (mixture is 92% quartz sand, 5% bakelite, 3% ethylaldehyde )
Contd

Hot coating: the mixture is heated to 150oC 180oC prior to loading the sand. In the course of sand mixing, the soluble phenol formaldehyde resin is added. The mixer is allowed to cool up to 80 90o C. Hot coting gives better properties to the mixtures than cold method.

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Advantages
Dimensional accuracy. Smoother surface finish. (Due to finer size grain used) y Very thin sections can be cast. Very small amount of sand is needed.

Limitations
Expensive pattern Small size casting only. Highly complicated shapes cannot be obtained. More sophisticated equipment is needed for handling the shell moldings.

Applications
Cylinders and cylinder heads for air cooled IC engines Automobile transmission parts. Piston rings

IES2010
Considerthefollowingadvantagesofshell mouldcasting: 1.Closedimensionaltolerance. 2.Goodsurfacefinish. 3.Lowcost. 4.Easier. Whichofthesearecorrect? (a)1,2and3only (b)2,3and4only (c)1,2and4only (d)1,2,3and4

IES1996
Consider the following ingredients used in moulding: 1. Dry silica sand 2.Clay 3.Phenol formaldehyde 4.Sodium silicate Those used for shell mould casting include (a) 1, 2 and 4 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1and 3 (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

IES2005
Inshellmoulding,howcantheshellthickness beaccuratelymaintained? (a)Bycontrollingthetimeduringwhichthepattern isincontactwithmould (b)Bycontrollingthetimeduringwhichthepattern isheated (c)Bymaintainingthetemperatureofthepatternin therangeof175oC 380oC (d)Bythetypeofbinderused

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IES2006
Shellmouldingcanbeusedfor: (a) Producingmillingcutters (b) Makinggoldornaments (c) Producingheavyandthickwalledcasting (d) Producingthincasting

IES2007
Which of the following are employed in shell moulding? 1. Resin binder 2. Metal pattern 3. Heating coils Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

IAS2007
The mould in shell moulding process is made up of which of the following? (a) Gypsum + setting agents (b) Green sand + clay (c) Sodium silicate + dried sand (d) Dried silica + phenolic resin

IAS1999
Match List I (Moulding Process) with List II (Binding Agent) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List I List II A. Green sand 1. Silicate B. Core sand 2. Organic C. Shell moulding 3. Clay D. CO2 process 4. Plaster of Paris 5. Plastic Codes:A B C D A B C D (a) 3 2 5 1 (b) 3 2 4 1 (c) 2 3 5 4 (d) 2 3 4 5

InvestmentCasting
Investment casting process or lost wax process Basic steps: 1. Produce expendable wax, plastic, or polystyrene patterns. 2. Assemble these patterns onto a gating system 3. Investing or covering the pattern assembly with refractory 3 slurry 4. Melting the pattern assembly to remove the pattern material 5. Firing the mould to remove the last traces of the pattern material 6. Pouring molten metal 7. Knockout, cutoff and finishing. Fig.Investmentflaskcastingprocedure

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CeramicShellInvestmentCasting
In ceramic shell investment casting a ceramic shell is built around a tree assembly by repeatedly dipping a pattern into a slurry (refractory material such as zircon with binder). After each dipping and stuccoing is completed, the assembly is allowed to thoroughly dry before the next coating is applied.

IES2009
2marks

Advantages
Tight dimensional tolerances Excellent surface finish (1.2 to 3.0 m ) Machining g eliminated High melting point alloy can be cast, almost any metal can be cast Almost unlimited intricacy can be reduced or completely p y

Limitations
Costly patterns and moulds Labour costs can be high Limited size

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Applications
Aerospace and rocket components. Vanes and blades for gas turbines. Surgical instruments

IES2011
The proper sequence of investment casting steps is : (a) Slurry coating pattern melt outShakeout Stucco coating (b) Stucco coating Slurry coating Shakeout Pattern melt out (c) Slurry coating Stucco coating Pattern melt out Shakeout (d) Stucco coating Shakeout Slurry coating Pattern melt out

GATE2006
An expendable pattern is used in (a) Slush casting (b) Squeeze casting (c) Centrifugal casting (d) Investment casting

IES1992
Themostpreferredprocessforcastinggasturbine bladesis: (a) Diemoulding (b) Shellmoulding (c) Investmentmoulding (d) Sandcasting

JWM2010
Considerthefollowingmaterials: 1.Wax 2.Wood 3.Plastic Whichofthesematerialscanbeusedaspatternin investmentcastingprocess? (a)1,2and3 (b)1and2only (c)2and3only (d)1and3only

IES2010
Assertion (A): These investment casting is used for precision parts such as turbine plates, sewing machines etc. Reason (R): The investment castings have a good surface finish and are exact reproductions of the master pattern. (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true

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IES2007
Consider the following statements in respect of investment castings: 1. The pattern or patterns is/are not joined to a stalk or sprue also of wax to form a tree of patterns. 2.The prepared moulds are placed in an oven and heated gently to dry off the invest and melt out the bulk of wax. 3.The moulds are usually poured by placing the moulds in a vacuum chamber. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c)2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

IES2006
Which of the following materials are used for making patterns in investment casting method? 1. Wax 2. Rubber 3. Wood 4. Plastic Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) Only 1 and 3 (b) Only 2 and 3 (c) Only 1, 2 and 4 (d) Only 2, 3 and 4

IAS1996
Light and intricate parts with close dimensional tolerances of the order of 0.005 mm are produced by (a) Investment casting g (b) Die casting (c) Centrifugal casting (d) Shell mould casting

PermanentMouldCasting
The process in which we use a die to make the castings is called permanent mold casting or gravity die casting, since the metal enters the mold under gravity. gravity Some time in diecasting we inject the molten metal with a high pressure. When we apply pressure in injecting the metal it is called pressure die casting process. Grey cast iron is used for mould material.

Advantages
Good surface finish and dimensional accuracy Metal mold gives rapid cooling and finegrain structure Multipleuse molds.

Disadvantages
High initial mold cost Shape, size, and complexity are limited Mold life is very limited with highmeltingpoint metals such an steel steel. Low melting point metals can be cast Aluminum Zinc Magnesium alloys Brass Cast iron

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Applications
Pistons/cylinders/rods Gears Kitchenware

DieCasting
Molten metal is injected into closed metal dies under pressures ranging from 100 to 150 MPa. Pressure is maintained during solidification After which the dies separate and the casting is ejected along with its attached sprues and runners. Cores must be simple and retractable and take the form of moving metal segments

Diecastingmachinescanbe
Video
Hotchamber Coldchamber

Hotchambermachinesare
Good for low temperature (approx. 400C) Faster than cold chamber machines Cycle times must be short to minimize metal contamination Metal starts in a heated cylinder A piston forces metal into the die The piston retracts, and draws metal in Metal: Lead, Tin, Zinc

HotChamber

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Coldchambermachines
Castshighmeltingpointmetals(>600C) Highpressuresused Metalisheatedinaseparatecrucible l h d bl Metalisladledintoacoldchamber Themetalisrapidlyforcedintothemoldbeforeit cools Copper,BrassandAluminiumcancast.

Advantages
Extremelysmoothsurfaces(1m) Excellentdimensionalaccuracy Rapidproductionrate Bettermechanicalpropertiescomparedtosand casting Intricatepartspossible Minimumfinishingoperations Thinsectionspossible

Limitations
Highinitialdiecost Limitedtohighfluiditynonferrousmetals Partsizeislimited Porositymaybeaproblem Somescrapinsprues,runners,andflash,butthiscan bedirectlyrecycled

Applications Carburettors Automotive parts Bathroom fixtures Toys Common metals Alloys of aluminum, zinc, magnesium, and lead Also possible with alloys of copper and tin

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Consider the following advantages of die casting over sand casting : 1. Rapidity of the process 2. Smooth surface 3. Strong dense metal structure 3 Which of these advantages are correct ? (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only

IES2011

IES2009
Which of the following are the most suitable materials for die casting? (a) Zinc and its alloys (b) Copper and its alloys (c) Aluminium and its alloys (d) Lead and its alloys

JWM2010
Assertion (A) : In die casting method, small thickness can be filled with liquid metal. Reason (R) : The air in die cavity trapped inside the casting causes problems. (a) BothAandRareindividuallytrueandRisthe correctexplanationofA (b) BothAandRareindividuallytruebutRisnot the correctexplanationofA (c) AistruebutRisfalse (d) AisfalsebutRistrue

IES2005
Which one of the following processes produces a casting when pressure forces the molten metal into the mould cavity? (a) Shell moulding g (b) Investment casting g (c) Die casting (d) Continuous casting

IES2006
In which of the following are metal moulds used? (a) Greensand mould (b) Dry sand mould (c) Die casting process (d) Loam moulding

IES1995
Assertion (A): An aluminium alloy with 11 % silicon is used for making engine pistons by die casting technique. Reason (R): Aluminium has low density and addition of silicon improves its fluidity and therefore its p y castability. (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true

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IES1995
MatchListIwithListIIandselectthecorrectanswertakingthehelp ofcodesgivenbelowthelists: ListI ListII (Products) (Processofmanufacture) A. Automobilepistoninaluminium alloy 1.Pressurediecasting B. Enginecrankshaftinspheroidal graphiteiron hi i 2.Gravitydiecasting G i di i C. Carburettor housinginaluminium alloy 3.Sandcasting D. Casttitaniumblades 4.Precisioninvestment casting 5.Shellmoulding Code: A B C D A B C D (a) 2 3 1 5 (b) 3 2 1 5 (c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 4 1 2 3

IAS2007
Considerthefollowingstatements: 1. Zincdiecastingshavelowstrength. 2. Inthediecastingprocess,verythinsectionsor complexshapescanbeobtainedeasily. Whichofthestatementsgivenaboveis/arecorrect? (a) 1only (b) 2only (c) Both1and2 (d) Neither1nor2

IAS1996
Assertion (A): Die casting yields a product of good accuracy and finish. Reason (R): Low melting alloys used in die casting. (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the ( ) B h d i di id ll d i h correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true

IES2011
Consider the following statements : 1. Hot chamber machine is used for casting zinc, tin and other low melting alloys. 2. Cold chamber machine is used for die casting of ferrous alloys 3. Rapid cooling rate in die casting produces high strength and quality in many alloys. Which of these statements are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only

GATE2007
Which of the following engineering materials is the most suitable candidate for hot chamber die casting? (a) Low carbon steel ( ) b l (b) Titanium (c) Copper (d) Tin

IES1995
Assertion (A): Aluminium alloys are cast in hot chamber die casting machine. Reason (R): Aluminium alloys require high melting when compared to zinc alloys. (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true

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CentrifugalCasting
Process: Molten metal is introduced into a rotating sand, metal, or graphite mould, and held against the mould wall by centrifugal force until it is solidified A mold is set up and rotated along a vertical (rpm is reasonable), or horizontal (2001000 rpm is reasonable) axis. The mold is coated with a refractory coating. During cooling lower density impurities will tend to rise towards the center of rotation.
Fig.Truecentrifugalcasting

Properties
The mechanical properties of centrifugally cast jobs are better compared to other processes, because the inclusions such as slag and oxides get segregated towards the centre and can be easily removed by machining. Also, the p pressure acting on the metal throughout the solidification g g causes the porosity to be eliminated giving rise to dense metal. No cores are required for making concentric holes in the case of true centrifugal casting.

Advantages
Fine grained structure at the outer surface of the casting free of gas and shrinkage cavities and porosity Formation of hollow interiors in cylinders without cores Can produce a wide range of cylindrical parts, including ones of large size. Good dimensional accuracy, soundness, and cleanliness There is no need for gates and runners, which increases the casting yield, reaching almost 100 %.

Limitations
More segregation of alloy component during pouring under the forces of rotation Contamination of internal surface of castings with non metallic i l i lli inclusions Inaccurate internal diameter Shape is limited. Spinning equipment can be expensive Poor machinability

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Commonmetals
Iron steel stainlesssteel alloysofaluminium,copper,andnickel

GATE2002
In centrifugal casting, the impurities are (a) Uniformly distributed (b) Forced towards the outer surface (c) Trapped near the mean radius of the casting (d) Collected at the centre of the casting

GATE1993
Centrifugally cast products have (a) Large grain structure with high porosity (b) Fine grain structure with high density (c) Fine grain structure with low density (d) Segregation of slug towards the outer skin of the casting

IES2008
Which of the following casting processes does not /do not require central core for producing pipe? 1. Sand casting process 2. Die casting process 3. 3 Centrifugal casting process Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only

IES2009
Which one of the following casting processes is best suited to make bigger size hollow

IES2007
Which one of the following is the correct statement? In a centrifugal casting method (a) No core is used (b) Core may be made of any metal (c) Core is made of sand (d) Core is made of ferrous metal

symmetrical p p y pipes? (a) Die casting (b) Investment casting (c) Shell moulding (d) Centrifugal casting

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IES1998
Poormachinability ofcentrifugallycastironpipe isdueto (a) Chilling (b) Segregation (c) Densestructure (d) Highmouldrotationspeed

IES2009
Which of the following are the most likely characteristics in centrifugal casting? (a) Fine grain size and high porosity (b) Coarse grain size and high porosity (c) Fine grain size and high density (d) Coarse grain size and high density

IES2007
MatchListIwithListIIandselectthecorrectanswerusingthecodegiven belowtheLists: ListI ListII (CastingProcess) (Principle) A. Diecasting 1.Themetalsolidifiesinarotatingmould B. Investmentcasting 2.Thepatternclusterisrepeatedlydipped intoaceramicslurryanddustedwith refractory f C. Shellmoulding 3.Moltenmetalisforcedbypressureinto ametallicmould D. Centrifugalcasting 4.Aftercooling,theinvestisremoved fromthe Castingbypressurejettingor vibratorycleaning Code: A B C D A B C D (a) 2 1 3 4 (b) 3 4 2 1 (c) 2 4 3 1 (c) 3 1 2 4

IES2000
MatchListI(Process)withListII(Products/materials) andselectthecorrectanswerusingthecodesgiven belowtheLists: ListI ListII A. Diecasting 1.Phenolformaldehyde B. Shellmolding 2.C.I.pipes C. CO2 molding 3.Nonferrousalloys D. Centrifugalcasting 4.Sodiumsilicate Codes:A B C D A B C D (a) 1 3 4 2 (b) 3 1 4 2 (c) 3 1 2 4 (d) 1 3 2 4

IAS2004
MatchListI(NameoftheProcess)withListII(Advantage)andselectthecorrect answerusingthecodesgivenbelowthelists: ListI ListII (NameoftheProcess) (Advantage) A. SandCasting 1.Largecylindricalpartswithgoodquality B. B Ceramicmoldcasting C i ld i 2.Excellentdimensionalaccuracyandsurface E ll di i l d f finish C. Diecasting 3.Intricateshapesandclosetoleranceparts D. Centrifugalcasting 4.Almostanymetaliscastandthereifnolimitto size,shapeandweight 5.Gooddimensionalaccuracy,finishandlow porosity Codes:A B C D A B C (a) 2 3 5 1 (b) 4 1 2 (c) 2 1 5 3 (d) 4 3 2

SemicentrifugalCasting
Centrifugal force assists the flow of metal from a central reservoir to the extremities of a rotating symmetrical mold, which may be either expendable or y , y p multipleuse Rotational speeds are lower than for true centrifugal
D 3 1

casting Cores can be used to increase the complexity of the product.

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IAS2003
Assertion (A): Semicentrifugal casting process is similar to true centrifugal casting except that the central core is used in it to form inner surface. Reason (R): In semicentrifugal casting process the axis of spin is always vertical p y (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true
Fig. Semicentrifugalcasting

Centrifuging
Uses centrifuging action to force the metal from a central pouring reservoir into separate mold cavities that are offset from the axis of rotation. Low speed May used to assist in the pouring of investment casting trees.

Fig.Methodofcastingbythecentrifugingprocess

IES2000
MatchListI(Typeofcasting)withListII(Workingprinciples) andselectthecorrectanswerusingthecodesgivenbelowthe Lists: ListI ListII A. Diecasting 1.Moltenmetalisforcedintothedie underpressure B. Centrifugalcasting 2.Axisofrotationdoesnotcoincidewith axisofmould C. Centrifuging 3.Metalsolidifieswhenmouldisrotating D. Continuouscasting 4.Continuouslypouringmoltenmetal intomould Codes: A B C D A B C D (a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 4 3 2 1 (c) 1 2 3 4 (d) 4 2 3 1

DrySandMolding
To reduce gas forming materials air dried mould used. Types: 1.Skin 1 Skin drying and 2.Complete mold drying

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SlushCasting
Slush casting is a variation of the permanent mold process in which the metal is permitted to remain in the mold only until a shell of the desired thickness has formed. The mold is then inverted and the remaining liquid is poured out. When the mold halves are separated, the resulting casting is a hollow shape with good surface detail but variable wall thickness. Frequently used to cast lowmeltingtemperature metals into ornamental objects such as candlesticks, lamp bases, and statuary.

IAS2004
Which of the following are produced by slush casting? (a) Hollow castings with thick walls (b) Hollow castings with thin walls (c) Thin castings (d) Thick castings

IES2011
The method of casting for producing ornamental pieces are: (a) Slush and gravity casting (b) Pressed and slush casting (c) Gravity and semi permanent mould casting (d) Semi permanent mould and pressed casting

SqueezeCasting
Process: 1. Molten metal is poured into an open face die. 2. A punch is advanced into the die, and to the metal. 3.Pressure 3 Pressure (less than forging) is applied to the punch and die while the part solidifies. 4.The punch is retracted, and the part is knocked out with an ejector pin. Overcomes problems with feeding the die, and produces near net, highly detailed parts.

IAS2002
MatchListI(CastingProcess)withListII (Applications)andselectthecorrectanswerusingthe codesgivenbelowtheLists: ListI ListII (CastingProcess) (Applications) A. Centrifugalcasting 1. Carburetor B. Squeezecasting 2. Pipes C. DieCasting 3. Wheelsfor automobiles 4. Gearhousings Codes:A B C A B C (a) 2 3 1 (b) 4 1 3 (c) 2 1 3 (d) 4 3 1

SingleCrystalCasting
Theprocessiseffectively: 1. Prepareamoldsothatoneendisaheatedoven,and theotherendchilled.Thepartshouldbeorientedso thatthecoolinghappensoverthelongestdistance. 2. C t t li t th ld Castmetalintothemold 3. Solidificationwillbeginatthechillplate.These dendriteswillgrowtowardstheheatedendofthe partaslongdendritic crystals.Thepartisslowly pulledoutoftheoven,pastthechillplate. 4. Removethesolidifiedpart.

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IES2009

Creepandthermalshockresistanceproperties.

2marks

PlasterCasting
Process: A slurry of plaster, water, and various additives is additives is pouted over a pattern and allowed to set. The pattern is removed and the mould is baked to remove excess water. After pouring and solidification, the mould is broken and the casting is removed. g Advantage: High dimensional accuracy and smooth surface finish, thin sections and intricate detail can produce. Limitations: Lowertemperature nonferrous metals only: Common metals: Primarily aluminium and copper

PitMoulding
This method is used for very large castings and is done on the foundry floor.

IES1996
Whichofthefollowingpairsarecorrectlymatched? 1. Pitmoulding ..................Forlargejobs. 2. Investmentmoulding ...Lostwaxprocess. 3. Plastermoulding Mouldpreparedin 3 Mouldpreparedin gypsum. (a) 1,2and3 (b) 1and2 (c) 1and3 (d) 2and3

LoamMoulding
Moulding loam is generally artificially composed of common brickclay, and sharp sand. Loam means mud. Loam Moulding is restricted to forms which cannot be cast conveniently in any other process. It is costly.

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IES1997
Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched? (a) Aluminium alloy piston Pressure die casting (b) Jewellery.. Lost wax process (c) Large pipes ..Centrifugal casting (d) Large bells Loam moulding

GATE1998
ListI (A) Sandcasting circularshapesonly (B) Plastermouldcasting skinsandsoftinterior (C) Shellmouldcasting castingprocessing (D) Investmentcasting ListII (1) Symmetricaland (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Partshavehardened Minimumpost Partshaveatendency towarp Partshavesoftskin andhardinterior Suitableonlyfornon ferrousmetals

GATE1992
Matchthefollowingmoulding/castingprocesseswith theproduct: Moulding/Castingprocesses Product (A) Slushcasting (P)Turbineblade (B) Shellmoulding (Q)Machinetoolbed (C) Drysandmoulding (R)Cylinderblock (D) Centrifugalcasting (S)Hollowcastings likelampshades (T)Rainwaterpipe (U)Castironshoe brake

GATE1996
ListI ListII (A) Rivetsforaircraftbody 1. Forging (B) Carburettor body 2. Coldheading (C) Crankshafts 3. 3 Aluminiumbased alloy (D) Nails 4. Pressurediecasting 5. Investmentcasting

IES2003
MatchListI(Products)withListII(CastingProcess)andselect thecorrectanswerusingthecodesgivenbelowtheLists: ListI ListII (Products) (CastingProcess) A. Hollowstatues 1. CentrifugalCasting B. Dentures B 2. 2 InvestmentCasting C. Aluminium alloypistons 3. SlushCasting D. Rockerarms 4. ShellMoulding 5. GravityDieCasting Codes: A B C D A B C D (a) 3 2 4 5 (b) 1 3 4 5 (c) 1 2 3 4 (d) 3 2 5 4

IES1993
MatchtheitemsofListI(Equipment)withtheitems ofListII(Process)andselectthecorrectanswerusing thegivencodes. ListI(Equipment) ListII(Process) P HotChamberMachine 1 1. Cleaning Q Muller 2. Coremaking R DielectricBaker 3. Diecasting S SandBlaster 4. Annealing 5. Sandmixing (a) P2,Q1,R4,S5 (b) P4,Q2,R3,S5 (c) P4,Q5,R1,S2 (d) P3,Q5,R2,S1

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IAS2004
MatchListI(NameoftheCastingProcess)withListII(ProcessDefinition)andselect thecorrectanswerusingthecodesgivenbelowthelists: ListI ListII (NameoftheCastingProcess) (ProcessDefinition) A. Diecasting 1.Thisprocessinvolvesuseofamouldmadeof Driedsilicasandandphenolic resinmixture B. B Electroslag casting El l i 2.Inthisprocess,moltenmetalisforcedby I hi l li f db Pressureintoametalmould C. Centrifugalcasting 3.Thisprocessemploysaconsumableelectrode D. Precisioncasting 4.Thisprocessinvolvesrotatingamouldwhilethe metalsolidifies 5.Thisprocessproducesverysmooth,highly Accuratecastingsfrombothferrousandnon ferrousalloys Codes:A B C D A B C D (a) 5 4 1 2 (b) 2 3 4 5 (c) 5 3 4 2 (d) 2 4 1 5

ConventionalCastingProcessCh21
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Option A A C A D A D C B D A B Q.No 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Option C D D B B B D A A

SpecialCastingProcessCh22
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Option D C C B C A D C B D Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Option A A D A A B A

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