CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH

PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH

PHP TNH TIN
BI TON 1: TM QU TCH CA MT IM
Bi ton : Cho mt hnh H , trn hnh H c mt im M . Tm qu tch ca im M khi trn hnh
H c mt im A thay i . ( Thng im A chy trn mt ng (C ) cho sn ).
Cch gii :
- Da vo cc tnh cht bit , ta tm ra mt vc t c dnh nm trn hnh H ( Vi iu kin : vc
t ny c phng song song vi ng thng k qua A ).
- Sau da vo nh ngha v php tnh tin ta suy ra M l nh ca A qua php tnh tin theo vc
t c nh .
- Da vo tnh cht thay i ca A ta suy ra gii hn qu tch .
V d 2. Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD c hai nh A,B c nh , cn nh C chy trn mt ng
trn (O;R). Tm qu tch nh D khi C thay i .
Gii :
- Theo tnh cht hnh bnh hnh : BA=DC AB CD
uuur uuur
. Nhng theo gi thit A,B c nh , cho
nn
AB
uuur
c nh . V C chy trn (O;R) , D l nh ca C qua php tnh tin theo
AB
uuur
, cho nn D
chy trn ng trn O l nh ca ng trn O
- Cch xc nh (O) : T O k ng thng // vi AB , sau dng vc t OO' AB
uuuur uuur
. T O quay
ng trn bn knh R , chnh l ng trn qu tch ca D.
V d 4. Cho ng trn (O) ng knh AB c nh . Mt ng knh MN thay i . Cc
ng thng AM v AN ct cc tip tuyn ti B ln lt l P,Q . Tm qu tch trc tm cc tam
gic MPQ v NPQ ?
Gii
- Tam gic MPQ c QA l mt ng cao , v vy nu ta k MM vung gc vi PQ th MM ct
QA ti trc tm H . OA l ng trung bnh ca tam gic MNH suy ra : 2 MH OA BA
uuuur uuur uuur
. Vy
php tnh tin theo
BA
uuur
bin im M thnh im H . Nhng M chy trn (O;AB) cho nn H chy
trn ng trn nh ca (O;AB) qua php tnh tin
BA
uuur
.
- Tng t i vi tam gic NPQ .
- Gii hn qu tch . Do M khng trng vi A,B cho nn trn ng trn nh b i hai im nh
ca A,B .
BI TON 2:
TM IM M TRN NG THNG D SAO CHO KHONG CCH MA+MB NGN
NHT ( A,B- C NH CHO TRC )
Cch gii
Bc 1: Tm im A i xng vi im A qua ng thng d . ( Khi ng thng d l
ng trung trc ca AB , suy ra M thuc d th MA=MA ).
Bc 2: K ng thng AB , th ng thng ny ct d ti M . M s l im duy nht
Bc 3: Chng minh nhn xt trn : V MA+MB=MA+MB=AB ( khng i) do A c
dnh , th A c nh , suy ra AB khng i
Ch : Trng hp trn xy ra khi A,B nm tri pha vi d .
Ngoi ra : C trng hp bin th l thay ng thng d bng hai ng thng // cch nhau mt
on cho trc khng i .
V d 2. Cho hnh ch nht ABCD . Trn tia i ca tia AB ly im P , trn tia i ca tia CD
ly im Q . Hy xc nh im M trn BC v im N trn AD sao cho MN//CD v PN+QM
nh nht .
Gii
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CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH
- Ging bi ton trn l khong cch gia hai cnh ca hnh ch nht khng i . cho nn ta thc
hin theo cch ca bi ton trn nh sau :
- Tm nh ca im Q qua php tnh tin theo D ' C U QQ
uuur ur uuuur
.Khi MN=QQ , suy ra MQ=NQ .
Cho nn PN+MQ=PN+NQ ngn nht khi P,N,Q thng hng .
- Cc bc thc hin :
+/ Tm Q sao cho : D ' C U QQ
uuur ur uuuur
+/ Ni PQ ct AD ti im N
+/ K NM //CD ct BC ti M . Vy tm c M,N tha mn yu cu bi ton .
BI TON 3:
VIT PHNG TRNH CA NG ( C ) QUA PHP TNH TIN THEO ( ) ; u a b
r

KHI BIT PHNG TRNH NG (C ).
Cch gii :
Bc 1: ly mt im M(x;y=f(x) ) trn (C )
Bc 2: Thay x,y vo cng thc t ca php tnh tin
Bc 3: Rt gn ta c phng trnh F(x;y)=0 . chnh l phng trnh ca (C ) cn
tm .
V d . Trong mt phng (Oxy) cho ( ) 1; 2 u
r
a/ Vit phng trnh nh ca mi ng trong trng hp sau :
+/ng thng a c phng trnh : 3x-5y+1=0 ?
+/ng thng b c phng trnh : 2x+y+100=0
b/ Vit phng trnh ng trn nh ca ng trn (C ) :
2 2
4x 1 0 x y y + +
c/ Vit phng trnh ng (E) nh ca (E) :
2 2
1
9 4
x y
+
d/ Vit phng trnh nh ca (H) :
2 2
1
16 9
x y

Gii
a/ Gi M(x;y) thuc cc ng cho v M(x;y) thuc cc ng nh ca chng. Theo cng
thc ta ca php tnh tin ta c :
' 1 ' 1
' 2 ' 2
x x x x
y y y y
+

' '
+ +

Thay x,y vo phng trnh cc ng ta c :
- ng thng a : 3(x-1)-5(y+2)+1=0

3x-5y-12=0
- ng thng b : 2(x-1)+(y+2)+100=0 hay : 2x+y+100=0
b/ ng trn (C) : ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
' 1 ' 2 4 ' 1 ' 2 1 0 x y x y + + + + hay :
2 2
6x 5 10 0 x y y + + +
c/ ng (E) :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
' 1 ' 2 1 2
1 1
9 4 9 4
x y x y + +
+ +
d/ ng (H):
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
' 1 ' 2 1 2
1 1
16 9 16 9
x y x y + +


Bi 3. PHP I XNG TRC
BI TON 1. TM QU TCH CA MT IM
Bi ton :
Cho hnh H v mt im A thuc hnh H thay i . Tm qu tch ca im M khi A thay i .
Cch gii .
Bc 1: Xt mt v tr bt k ca A v M . Sau d tm trn H c mt ng thng c nh
l trung trc ca on thng AM ( Chnh l trc i xng ).
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CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH
Nu A chy trn mt ng (C ) no , theo tnh cht ca php di xng trc , th M
chy trn ng (C) l nh ca (C ) qua php i xng trc .
V d 2. Cho tam gic ABC c trc tm H
a/ Chng minh rng cc ng trn ngoi tip cc tam gic HAB,HBC,HCA c bn knh bng
nhau
b/ Gi
1 2 3
, , O O O
l tm cc ng trn ni trn . Chng minh rng ng trn i qua ba im
1 2 3
, , O O O
bng ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC .
Gii .
a/ Gi s
1
O
l tm ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic HBC , th theo bi taons ca v d 1
1
O

chnh l nh ca (O) qua php i xng trc BC . Cho nn bn knh ca chng bng nhau . Tng
t hai ng trn ngoi tip ca hai tam gic cn li c bn knh bng bn knh ca (O) .
b/ Ta hon ton chng minh c
1 2 3
, , O O O
l cc nh ca O qua php i xng trc BC,CA,AB .
V vy bn knh cc ng trn ny bng nhau . Mt khc ta chng minh tam gic ABC bng tam
gic
1 2 3
OO O
.
BI TON 2. TM IM
CHO NG THNG d V HAI IM A,B . TM IM M THUC d SAO CHO
MA+MB NH NHT. ( Khi A,B l hai im nm v mt pha ca d ),
MA MB
T GI
TR LN NHT( A,B nm v hai pha ca d )
Cch gii :
Bc 1: Tm im A i xng vi A qua ng thng d
Bc 2: Ni AB , ng thng ny ct d ti M . L im cn tm .
Bc 3: Chng minh M l im duy nht .
V d 3. Cho ng thng d v hai im A,B ( nm v hai pha ca d ). Tm im M trn d sao
cho
MA MB
t GTLN .
Gii .
- Gi A l im i xng vi A qua d
- Ni AB ct d ti M . M chnh l im cn tm .
- Tht vy :
' ' MA MB MA MB A B
. Gi s tn ti mt im M khc vi M trn d , khi :
' ' ' ' ' ' M A M B M A M B A B
. Du bng ch xy ra khi MAB thng hng , ngha l M trng
vi M.
V d 4 . Cho hai ng trn (O;R) v (O;R) v mt ng thng d
a/ Hy tm hai im M v M ln lt nm trn hai ng trn sao cho d l ng trung trc
ca on thng MM
b/ Hy xc nh im I trn d sao cho tip tuyn IT vi (O;R) v tip tuyn IT vi (O;R) to
thnh mt gc TIT nhn ng thng d l ng phn gic trong hoc ngoi .
Gii
V hnh :
a/ Gi s M nm trn (O;R) v M nm trn (O;R) ta mn yu cu bi ton
- V d l trung trc ca MM cho nn M nm trn ng trn (C) l nh ca ng trn (O;R)
qua php i xng trc d . Mt khc M li nm trn (O;R) do vy M l giao ca (C) vi
(O;R)
- T suy ra cch tm :
Tm hai ng trn nh ca hai ng trn cho qua php i xng trc d ( Ln
lt l (C) v (C)
Hai ng trn ny ct hai ng trn cho ti
1 2
, M M
. Sau k hai ng
thng d v d qua
1 2
, M M
ct (O;R) v (O;R) ti
1 2
' ; ' M M
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CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH
Cc im cn tm l ( )
1 1
' M M
v ( )
2 2
' M M
b/ Nu MT v MT nhn d l phn gic trong hoc ngoi ca gc TIT th MT v MT i xng
nhau qua d . T suy ra cch tm :
- Gi d l nh ca MT qua php i xng d ngha l d l tip tuyn ca ng trn (C ) l nh
ca (O;R) qua php i xng trc d. Mt khc d l tip tuyn ca (O;R) . Cho d l tip tuyn
chung ca (C ) vi (O;R) . T ta suy ra cch tm M :
Tm (C ) l nh ca (O;R) qua php i xng trc d
K d l tip tuyn chung ca (C ) v (O;R) . Khi d ct d ti M . Chnh l im cn
tm .
Tng t p dng cho (O;R)
- S nghim hnh bng s giao im ca cc tip tuyn chung ct d .
BI TON :3
TM IM I XNG VI IM QUA MT NG THNG
Bi ton : Cho im A(x;y) v mt ng thng d : ax+by+c=0 . Tm ta im B i xng vi
im A qua ng thng d ?
Cch gii :
Bc 1: Gi B(x;y) l im i xng vi A qua d v H l trung im ca AB th iu
kin :
( )
( )
. 0 1
2
ABU
H d

'

uuur ur
Bc 2: Gii hai iu kin (1) v (2) suy ra ta ca B
V d 1.
Cho im M(2;3) tm ta im N i xng vi M qua ng thng d : y=x
Gii
- Gi N(x;y) l im i xng vi M qua d v H l trung im ca MN th M,N i xng nhau
qua d th iu kin l :
( )
( )
. 0 1
2
MNU
H d

'

uuuur ur
- Ta c : ( ) ( )
2 3
2; 3 1;1 ;
2 2
x y
MN x y U H
+ +
_


,
uuuur ur
.
- iu kin (*)
( ) ( )
( )
2 .1 3 .1 0
5 2
3; 2
2 3
1 3
2 2
x y
x y y
N
x y
x y x
+
+

' ' '
+ +
+

V d 2.
Cho im M(2;-3) . Tm nh ca im M qua php i xng trc d : y-2x=0
Gii
- Gi N(x;y) l im i xng vi M qua d v H l trung im ca MN th M,N i xng nhau
qua d th iu kin l :
( )
( )
. 0 1
2

'

uuuur r
MN u
H d
- Ta c : ( ) ( )
2 3
2; 3 1; 2 ;
2 2
+
_
+

,
uuuur r
x y
MN x y u H
.
- iu kin (*)
( ) ( )
1
2 .1 3 .2 0
2 4 0
14 1
3
;
2 3
5 14 3 3
2 2
3
x y y
x y
N
x y
y x
x

+ +

+ +
_

' ' '
+
+
,

Trang 4
CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH
BI TON :4
CHO NG (C ) V NG THNG d HY VIT PHNG TRNH NG (C)
L NH CA (C ) QUA PHP I XNG TRC d
CCH GII
Bc 1: Trn ng (C ) ly hai im A,B
Bc 2: Tm hai im A,B i xng vi A,B qua php i xng trc d
Bc 3: Vit phng trnh ng (C) i qua A,B
V d 1: Cho ng thng d : x-2y-2=0 v ng thng d: y=x . Lp phng trnh ng thng
(m) i xng vi ng thng d qua ng thng d .
Gii
- Tm giao ca d v d bng A(x;y) l nghim ca h :
2 2 0 2
0 2
x y x
x y y

' '


.A(-2;-2)
- Trn d ly im M (3;3) . Gi N(x;y ) l im i xng vi M qua d .Gi H l trungim ca
MN th iu kin M,N i xng nhau qua d l :
( )
( )
. 0 1
2
MNU
H d

'

uuuur ur
(*)
- Ta c : ( ) ( )
3 3
3; 3 2;1 ;
2 2
x y
MN x y U H
+ +
_


,
uuuur ur
- iu kin (*)
( ) ( )
( )
3 2 3 .1 0
2x 9 5
5; 1
3 3
2 7 1 2. 2 0
2 2
x y
y x
N
x y
x y y
+
+

' ' ' + +
_



,

.
- ng thng (m) l ng thng i qua AN c vc t ch phng l ( ) 7;1 AN
uuur
, nn (m) c
phng trnh l :
2 2
7 12 0
7 1
x y
x y
+ +

.
V d 3 . Cho ng trn (C ) :
2 2
4x 2 1 0 x y y + + + v ng thng d : 2x-y+2=0. Hy vit
phng trnh ca ng trn (C) l nh ca (C ) qua php i xng trc d .
Gii
Do tnh cht ca php i xng trc bin (C ) thnh (C) c cng bn knh . Cho nn ta ch cn
tm ta tm I ca (C) i xng vi tm I ca (C ) .
Vy t gi thit ta c tm I ca (C ) c ta : I(2;-1) v R=2 .
- Gi I(x;y ) l tm ca (C)H l trung im ca II , ( ) 1; 2 U
ur
l vc t ch phng ca ng
thng d . I i xng vi I qua d th iu kin :
( )
( )
'. 0 1
2
II U
H d

'

uur ur
(*)
-Ta c : ( ) ( )
2 1
' 2; 1 1; 2 ;
2 2
x y
II x y U H
+
_
+

,
uur ur
.
- iu kin (*)
( ) ( )
( )
x-2 .1 1 .2 0
x+ 0 1
' 3; 3
2 1
2 9 0 1 2. 2 0
2 2
y
y x
I
x y
x y y
+ +

' ' ' +
_ _
+ +


, ,

- Vy (C): ( ) ( )
2 2
3 3 4 x y + + .
V d 4. Cho (E) :
2 2
1
9 4
x y
+ . V ng thng d : x+y-2=0 . Lp phng trnh (E) l nh ca
(E) qua php i xng trc d .
Gii
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CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH
- V (E) ch ra ta cc nh ca trc ln : A(3;0) ,A(-3;0) v ta hai nh ca trc nh :
B(0;2) ;B(0;-2 )
- Tm ta ca 4 nh ca hnh ch nht c s l nh ca 4 nh hnh ch nht c s ca (E)
cho . Bng cch gii cc bi ton nh nh trn , d dng tm c to ca O(2;2) l nh ca
O(0;0) , M(4;5) l nh ca M(-3;-2 ). N(4;-1 ) l nh ca N(3;-2) . P(0;-1) l nh ca P(3;2) v
Q( 0;5) l nh ca Q(-3;2) .
- p dng cch v (E) ta suy ra cch v ca (E) .
Bi 4. PHP QUAY V PHP I XNG TM
BI TON 1: BI TON QU TCH IM
Bi ton : Cho hnh H v mt im M thay i trn ng (C ) ( thuc H ). Tm qu tch ca
im N khi M thay i .
Cch gii :
Bc 1: Tm mt im I c nh sao cho I l trung im ca MN
Bc 2: Da vo tnh cht ca php i xng tm I ta suy ra qu tch ca N
V d 4. ( Bi 35-tr10-BTHH11NC).
Cho ng trn (O) v tam gic ABC . Mt im M thay i trn (O) . Gi
1
M
l im i
xng vi M qua A,
2
M
l im i xng vi
1
M
qua B v
3
M
l im i xng vi
2
M
qua C .
Tm qu tch im
3
M
?
Gii .
- V hnh . T hnh v ta c : Do
1
M
,
2
M
i xng nhau qua B cho nn ( )
1 2
1 BM BM
- V
2
M
v
3
M
i xng nhau qua C cho nn :
2 3
CM CM
(2) . T (1) v (2) chng t BC l
ng trung bnh ca tam gic
1 2 3
M M M
, c ngha l BC//
1 3
M M
(3) .
- Gi D l trung im ca M
3
M
th AD l ng trung bnh ca tam gic
1 3 1 3
D/ / MM M A M M

(4) . T (3) v (4) suy ra AD//BC v t gic ABCD l hnh bnh hnh . C ngha l D c nh.
Nh vy :
3
:
D
D M M
. M M chy trn (O) cho nn
3
M
Chy trn ng trn (O) l nh ca (O) qua php i xng tm D .
BI TON 2: DNG HNH
Hy tham kho mt vi v d sau
V d 1. ( Bi ton 3-tr17-HH11NC)
Cho hai ng trn (O;R) v (O;R) ct nhau ti hai im B,C . Hy dng mt ng thng d
i qua A v ct (O;R) v (O;R) ln lt ti M v N sao cho A l trung im ca MN .
Gii
- Gi s ng thng d dng xong , do A l trung im ca MN cho nn N l nh ca M qua
php i xng tm A v vy N phi nm trn ng trn (O) l nh ca ng trn (O;R) ( v M
chy trn (O) ). Mt khc N li thuc (O;R) v th cho nn N l giao ca (O) vi (O;R) . T
suy ra cch dng .
+/ Dng ng trn (O) l nh ca ng trn (O) : Ni OA , t OA=OA .
+/ ng trn (O) ct ng trn (O) ti N . Ni NA ct (O) ti M .
- Gii hn qu tch : S nghim hnh bng s giao im ca (O) ct (O) .
V d 2. ( Bi 18-tr19-HH11NC)
Cho ng trn (O;R) , ng thng d v im I . Tm im A trn (O;R) v im B trn d sao
cho I l trung im ca on thng AB .
Gii
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CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH
- V hnh . Do I l trung im ca AB cho nn B l nh ca A qua php i xng tm I . Mt khc
A chy trn (O;R) v th B chy trn ng trn (O) l nh ca (O) qua php i xng tm I .
Nhng B li nm trn d v vy B l giao ca d vi (O)
-T suy ra cch tm . Ni IO t IO=IO , sau dng ng trn (O) bn knh R , ct d ti
B . Ni BI ct (O;R) ti A .
- Gii hn qu tch : S nghim hnh bng s giao im ca (O) vi d .
BI TON 3: BI TON CHNG MINH
lm c dng bi ton chng minh ta cn phi lm chc kin thc v php i xng tm v
php quay . ng thi phi nh li cc kin thc v tam gic , t gic : Hnh bnh hnh , hnh
vung , hnh ch nht .
V d 1. ( Bi ton 1-tr17-HH11NC)
Cho hai tam gic u OAB v OAB . Gi C v D ln lt l trung im ca cc on thng
AA v BB . Chng minh rng OCD l tam gic u ?
Gii
Xt php quay tm O vi gc quay bng gc lng gic ( OA,OB)=
0
60 . R rng A bin thnh B
v A bin thnh B , v th cho nn php quay bin on thng AA thnh on thng BB .
T suy ra php quay bin C thnh D , do OC=OD . V gc quay bng
0
60 cho nn tam
gic cn OCD l tam gic u .
V d 2. ( Bi 43-tr11-BTHH11NC)
V pha ngoi ca tam gic ABC v cc hnh vung BCMN v ACPQ c tm l O v O .
a/ Chng minh rng khi c nh hai im A,B v cho C thay i th ng thng NQ lun i qua
mt im c nh .
b/ Gi I l trung im ca AB . Chng minh rng IOO l tam gic vung cn .
Gii .
a/ V hnh theo gi thit cho . T hnh v , gii cho hc sinh bi ton ph : Cho hai im A,B
c dnh , vi mi im M v vi hai php quay tm A , tm B c cng gc quay th php hp ca
hai php quay l mt php i xng m tm i xng l nh goc vung ca tam gic vung cn
OAB ( O l tm i xng ).
- Nh vy :
: :
A B
Q C N Q C Q NQ
i qua tm i xng H c xc nh bng cch dng
tam gic vung cn HAB
b/ Tng t nh trn :
'
: ; :
O O
Q C B Q C A AB
i qua tm i xng I c xc nh bng
tam gic vung cn OOI ( vi I l nh ca gc vung ). Nh vy tam gic OOI l tam gic
vung cn .
BI TON 4:
TM NH CA MT HNH BNG PHP QUAY V PHP I XNG TM
CCH GII .
S dng cc nh ngha , tnh cht ca php quay v php i xng tm cng vi biu thc ta
ca chng .
V d 1. ( Bi 1-tr15-HH11CB)
Trong mt phng Oxy cho im A(-1;3) v ng thng d c phng trnh : x-2y+3=0 . Tm
nh ca A v d qua php i xng tm O
Gii
- Gi A(x;y) l nh ca A qua php i xng tm O(0;0) . Theo cng thc ta ca php i
xng ta c :
( )
' 0 ' ' 1
' 1; 3
' 0 ' ' 3
x x x x x
A
y y y y y


' ' '


Trang 7
CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH
- Tng t Gi M(x;y) l mt im bt k thuc d v M(x;y) l mt im bt k thuc d l nh
ca d qua php i xng tm O . Theo cng thc ta ca php i xng ta c :
( ) ( )
' 0 '
' 2 ' 3 0 ' 2 ' 3 0
' 0 '
x x x x
x y x y
y y y y

+
' '


. Do d c phng trnh l : x-2y-
3=0 .
V d 2. Trong mt phng Oxy cho ng trn (O;R) :
2 2
2x 6 6 0 x y y + + + v (E) :
2 2
1
9 4
x y
+ im I(1;2) . Tm nh ca (O;R) v (E) qua php i xng tm I
Gii
Gi M(x;y) l im bt k thuc (O;R) v (E) . T cng thc chuyn trc ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 ' 4 ' 2 2 ' 6 4 ' 6 0
' 2.1 2 '
2 ' 4 '
' 2.2 4 '
1
9 4
x y x y
x x x x
x y
y y y y

+ + +


' '




+

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
6x 2 6 0
2 4
1
9 4
x y y
x y
+ +

*Ch : (O;R) : ( ) ( )
2 2
1 3 4 ( 1; 6), 2 x y J R + + .
Ta ch tm J(x;y) l nh ca J qua php i xng tm I(1;2) bng cng thc chuyn trc ta :
( )
' 2 ( 1) ' 3
' 3;1
' 4 (3) ' 1
x x
J
y y


' '


.
Do (O) : ( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 4 x y + l nh ca (O;R) qua php i xng tm I .
V d 3.( Bi 1.13-BTHH11CB)
Trong mt phng Oxy cho ng thng d: x-2y+2=0 v d: x-2y-8=0 . Tm php i xng tm
bin d thnh d v bin trc Ox thnh chnh n .
Gii
tha mn yu cu bi ton th ta lm nh sau :
- Gi M(xy) thuc d , M(x;y) thuc d . Gi s tm i xng l I(a;b) , th theo cng thc
chuyn trc : ( ) ( )
' 2a
2a 2 2 8 0 2 4 2a 8 0
' 2
x x
x b y x y b
y b y

+ +
'

.
- trc Ox thnh chnh n th tm i xng phi c dng : I(a;0) tc l b=0
- T hai kt qu trn ta c : ( )
4 2a 8 2 3
3; 0
0 0
b a
I
b b
+

' '


.
V d 5 ( Bi 1-tr19-HH11NC)
Cho hnh vung ABCD
a/ Tm nh ca im C qua php quay tm A gc quay
0
90
b/ Tm nh ca ng thng BC qua php quay tm O gc quay
0
90 .
Gii
a/ T hnh v ta thy nh ca C qua php quay tm A gc
0
90 l C hoc C sao cho cc tam gic
ACC v ACC l cc tam gic vung cn
b/ Ta nhn thy nh ca C qua php quay tm O gc quay
0
90 l B hoc D . Cn nh ca B qua
php quay tm O gc quay
0
90 l A hoc C , do nh ca BC l AB hoc DC .
V d 6 .( Bi 2-tr19-HH11-NC) .
Trong mt phng Oxy cho im A (2;0) v ng thng d : x+y-2=0 . Tm nh ca im A v d
qua php quay tm O gc quay
0
90 .
Gii
Trang 8
CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH
- V hnh . T hnh v ta thy A thuc d . nh ca A qua php quay tm O gc quay
0
90 . L B(0;-
2) hoc B(0;2) . im B c nh qua php quay l A(2;0) hoc A(-2;0)
- V B v A nm trn d cho nn nh ca d qua php quay ny s l (AB) hoc (AB) ln lt c
phng trnh :
1 2 0; 1 2 0
2 2 2 2
x y x y
x y x y

+ +
.

PHP V T
BI TON 1 :
TM NH CA MT HNH QUA MT PHP V T
S dng nh ngha v cc tnh cht ca php v t . T nh ngha nu tm v t l I(a;b) , im
M(x;y) im M(x;y) th ta c :
( )
( )
( )
( )
' '
'
' '
x a k x a x k x a a
IM kIM
y b k y b y k y b b
+


' '
+


uuuur uuur
(*) .
Chnh l biu thc ta ca php v t tm I t s v t l k .
.
V d 1. Trong mt phng ta cho ng thng d: 3x+2y-6=0 . Hy vit phng trnh ca
ng thng d l nh ca ng thng d qua php v t tm I(1;2) t s v t k=-2 ?
Gii
Gi M(x;y) thuc d ,M(x;y) l mt im bt k thuc d th theo biu thc ta ca php v t
ta c :
( )
( )
' 1 ' 3
1
' 1 2 1
2 2
' 2 ' 6 ' 2 2 2
2
2 2
x x
x
x x
y y y y
y

+

' '

.
Thay vo phng trnh ca ng thng d:
' 3 ' 6
3 2 2 0 3x ' 2 ' 9 0
2 2
x y
y

_ _
+ +


, ,
Do vy d: 3x+2y-9=0 .
V d 2 .( Bi 1.23-tr33-BTHH11CB)
Trong mt phng Oxy cho ng thng d: 2x+y-4=0
a/ Hy vit phng trnh ng thng d l nh ca ng thng d qua php v t tm O t s v
t k=3 .
b/ Hy vit phng trnh ng thng d l nh ca d qua php v t tm I (-1;2) t s v t k=-2
Gii
a/ T cng thc ta :
( )
( )
'
' 0 3 0
' '
3
2 4 0 2 ' ' 12 0
' 3 3 ' 0 3 0
3
x
x
x x
x y
x y
y y y
y

_ _
+ +
' '

, ,

Do ng thng d: 2x+y-12=0 .
b/ Tng t :
( )
( )
' 1 ' 3
1
' 1 2 1
' 3 ' 6
2 2
2 4 0 2x' ' 8 0
' 2 ' 6 2 2 ' 2 2 2
2
2 2
x x
x
x x
x y
y
y y y y
y
+ +

+ +
+ _ _
+ + +
' '

, ,

.
Do ng thng d: 2x+y+8=0 .
V d 3. ( Bi 1.24-tr33-BTHH11-CB)
Trang 9
CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH
Trong mt phng Oxy cho ng trn (C ): ( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 9 x y + + . Hy vit phng trnh ng
trn (C) l nh ca ng trn (C ) qua php v t tm I(1;2) t s k=-2 .
Gii
ng trn (C ) c tm O(3;-1) bn knh R=3. Gi O (x;y) l tm ca (C) ,R l bn knh ca
(C) . Ta c ta ca O tha mn biu thc ta ca php v t :
( )
( )
2 2
' 1 ' 3
1
2 2
' 1 2 1
' 2 ' 4 ' 3 ' 4
' 2 2 2 2 3 1 9
2 2 2 2
'
' 2.3 6
2
x x
x
x x
y y x y
y y y
R
R
R

_ _
+ + +
' '


, ,

( ) ( )
2 2
' 3 ' 6 36 x y + + . Vy (C) : ( ) ( )
2 2
3 6 36 x y + +
BI TON 2:
S DNG PHP V T GII CC BI TON HNH HC
xc nh mt im M ta xem n nh l nh ca mt im A no bit qua php v t ,
hoc xem M nh l giao ca ca mt ng c nh vi nh ca mt ng bit qua mt php
v t .
V d 1. Cho tam gic ABC c hai gc B,C u nhn . Dng hnh ch nht DEEG c EF=2DE
vi hai nh D,E nm trn BC v hai nh F,G nm trn hai cnh AC v AB .
Gii
- V hnh ( tha mn yu cu bi ton ).
* Phn tch : + Gi s hnh ch nht dng xong , trn AB ly mt im G bt k , dng hnh
ch nht GFEF c EF=2DE v hai nh D,E thuc BC , ni BF ct AC ti F , khi ta c
:
D 2
' D' 2 ' ' ' '
BG G GF GF
BG G G F G F

. Chng t B,FF thng hng .Ta c th xem hnh ch nht DEFG l
nh ca hnh ch nht DEFG qua php v t tm B t s v t :
'
BG
k
BG

. T suy ra cch
dng .
* Cch dng :
- Ly im G ty trn AB , sau dng hnh ch nht GFED c EF=2 DE, hai nh
DE nm trn BC .
- Ni BF ct AC ti F , ng thng qua F song song vi BC ct AB ti G . Gi D v E l hnh
chiu ca G v F trn BC . Th hnh ch nht DEFG l hnh ch nht cn dng .
* Chng minh :
Tht vy : V GF //GF , GD//GD nn :
D
.
' ' ' ' '
GF BG G
G F BG G D

T suy ra :

D ' '
2
' '
G G D
GF G F

. Nh vy hnh ch nht dng tha mn yu cu bi ton .
V d 2. ( Bi 1.25-tr33-BTHH11CB).
Cho na ng trn ng knh AB . Hy dng hnh vung c hai nh nm trn na ng
trn , hai nh cn li nm trn ng knh AB ca na ng trn .
Gii
V hnh , t hnh v ta c cc bc sau .
* Phn tch .
Gi s hnh vung MNPQ dng xong tha mn yu cu bi ton ( vi M,N nm trn AB , cn
P,Q nm trn na ng trn ).Gi O l trung im ca AB
Trang 10
CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH
Ni OQ v OP, dng hnh vung MNPQ sao cho M,N nm trn AB v O l trung im ca
MN . Khi ta c :
' ' ' '
OQ OP PQ
k
OQ OP P Q

. Ta xem nh MNPQ l nh ca MNPQ qua php v t tm O t s k=
' '
PQ
P Q
. T suy ra :
* Cch dng .
- Dng hnh vung MNPQ ( c MN thuc AB v O l trung im ca MN )
- Ni OP v OQ chng ct (O,AB) ti P v Q
- Hnh chiu ca P v Q trn AB l N v M . Khi MNPQ chnh l hnh vung cn dng .
* Chng minh : Do MNPQ l hnh vung , cho nn MN//AB . Tam gic OMN ng dng
vi tam gic OPQ suy ra :
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
PQ OP OQ PN QM
k
P Q OP OQ P N Q M

.
V d 3. ( Bi 1.26-tr33-BTHH11CB).
Cho gc nhn Oxy v im C nm trong gc . Tm trn Oy mt im A sao cho khong cch
t A n trc Ox = AC .
Gii
- V hnh . Cn c vo hnh v ta c phn tch sau
* Phn tch : Gi B l hnh chiu ca A trn Ox . theo u bi th tam gic ABC l tam gic cn
nh A ( AB=AC ) . Gi s tam gic ABC l mt tam gic cn nh l A c AB vung gc vi
Ox . D dng nhn thy hai tam gic ny ng dng v th ta c :
' ' ' ' '
AC OC AB
k
A C OC A B

. Ta coi tam gic ABC l nh ca tam gic ABC qua php v t tm OP
t s v t l k . T suy ra cch dng :
* Cch dng :
- Ni OC , sau trn Oy ly im A , tm B l hnh chiu ca A trn Ox ( k AB vung gc
vi Ox) .
- Dng com pa ly A lm tm , quay cung trn c bn knh bng AB ct OC ti C .
- T C k hai ng thng song song vi hai cnh AC v CB chng ct hai cnh Oy v Ox ti
A v B . Tam gic ABC l tam gic cn tm
* Chng minh : Ging cch phn tch
V d 5. Gi A l giao hai ng ng trn ct nhau O v O Hy dng qua A mt ng
thng ct hai ng trn ti B v C sao cho AC=2AB
Gii
V hnh minh ha . T hnh v ta c phn tch sau
- T gi thit , ta c :
2
2 :
A
AC AB V B C

uuur uuur
. Nh vy php v t tm A bin B thnh C .
T ta c cch dng :
- Dng ng trn nh ca ng trn (O) qua php v t tm A t s k=-2. Giao ca ng trn
nh vi ng trn (O) l C . ng thng AC chnh l ng thng d cn dng .
- Chng minh : Do C l nh ca B qua php v t tm A t s k=-2 cho nn AC=2AB .
V d 6. Cho hai ng trn (O) v (O) tip xc ngoi vi nhau ti A( c bn knh khc
nhau ) .Mt im M nm trn ng trn (O) . Dng ng trn i qua M v tip xc vi O v
O.
Gii
- V hnh minh ha cho hc sinh . T c phn tch ..
- Gi S l tm v t ngoi ca (O) v (O) ,N l nh ca M qua php v t tm S M l giao im
th hai ca AN vi (O) , Gi O l giao ca OM vi OM ( Ch : OM//ON ) ta c :
Trang 11
CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH
( )
'' '' '
' ' '
' ' '
O M O M
O N O M
O N M O

nn OM=OM . Chng t (O) tip xc vi (O) v (O) ti M v
M .
- Cch dng : Tm tm S ( k tip tuyn chung ca O v O ct OO ti S .
Ni SA ct (O) ti N v M. O chnh l giao ca OM vi OM .
BI TON 3: QU TCH IM
gii mt bi ton qu tch im M khi im A thay i trn mt ng (C ) cho sn . Trc
ht ta cn phi lm mt s vic sau
1. Trong hnh H cho , ta tm ra mt im A thay i trn mt ng (C ) cho sn no ( c
th l ng trn , c th l mt ng thng ) sao cho AM nm trn mt ng thng i qua mt
im c nh I no
2. Gn cho A v M cng vi I hai tam gic dng dng , t tm ra mt t s khng i k
3. Vit ng thc vc t : IM kIA
uuur uur
kt lun M l nh ca A qua php v t tm I vi t s v t
l k .
4. Nu A chy trn (C ) th M chy trn (C) l nh ca (C ) qua php v t tm I t s k . Nu cch
dng (C) .
V d 5. Cho hai ng trn (O;R) v (O;3R) tip xc trong vi nhau ti A. Nu O bin thnh
O trong php v t tm A th t s v t bng bao nhiu ?
Gii
- V hnh . T gi thit : AO=R, AO=R suy ra AO=3AO .
Hay :
3
' 3 : '
A
AO OA V O O
uuuur uuur
. Do t s v t l k=3.
V d 6. Cho ng trn O v mt im P c nh ngoi (O) .T P k mt tip tuyn thay i
PBC . Tm qu tch trng tm G ca tam gic ABC ?
Gii
V hnh . Gi I l trung im ca BC th theo tnh cht ca ng knh i qua im gia ca dy
cung : OI vung gc vi BC . Nh vy I nm trn ng trn ng knh OP. Mt khc theo tnh
cht trng tm , th G nm trn AI v cch A mt khong bng 2/3 AI , hay :
2
3
2
:
3
A
AG AI V I G
uuur uur
. Nhng I chy trn ng trn ng knh OP cho nn G chy trn
ng trn (O) l nh ca ng trn ng knh OP qua php v t tm A t s 2/3.
- Cch xc nh O bng h :
2
'
3
2
'
3 2 3
AO AH
OP OP
R

'

uuuur uuur
. ( Vi H l trung im ca OP )
V d 7. Cho ng trn (O;R) v mt im I c nh vi OI=2R . M l mt im di ng trn
O , phn gic gc IOM ct IM ti M . Tm qu tch im M khi M chy trn ng trn O.
Gii
- V hnh . Theo tnh cht ca ng phn gic trong :
' 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 2
2 ' '
' ' ' 2 1 3 3 3 3
M I OI R IM IM
IM IM IM IM
MM OM R IM M M IM

+ +
uuuur uuur

Vy : Qua php v t tm I t s 2/3 bin im M thnh im M , nhng M chy trn ng trn
(O;R) cho nn M chy trn (O;R) l nh ca (O;R) qua php v t tm I .
- xc nh (O;R) :
2
O' O
3
2
'
3
I I
R R

'

uuur uur
.
Trang 12
CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH
V d 8. Cho hai ng trn (O) v (O) tip xc trong vi nhau ti A , ng knh k t A ct
(O) ,(O) theo th t ti B,C . Qua A v ng thng d ct (O);(O) ti M,N . Tm qu tch giao
im T ca BN v CM , khi d thay i ?
Gii
V hnh minh ha .
Cn c hnh v , ta c phn tch : BM v CN cng vung gc vi ng thng d , suy ra BM//CN
(1) . Hai tam gic OCN ng dng vi tam gic OBM cho nn :
2R' ' ' '
2R '
TN CN CA R TN TB R R BN R R R
k BT BN
TB BM CB R BT R BT R R R
+ + +

+
Hay :
'
:
'
R
R R
B
R
BT BN V N T
R R
+

+
uuur uuur
. Nhng N chy trn (O;R) cho nn T chy trn ng
trn nh ca (O) qua php v t tm B t s k =
'
R
R R +
.
( HD hc sinh cch tm gii hn qu tch ) .
V d 10. Cho ng trn (O) v mt im P ngoi O . M l mt im thay i trn O . H l
hnh chiu vung gc ca ca O trn PM
a/ Tm qu tch trng tm G ca tam gic POM ?
b/ Tm qu tch cc im H v trung im I ca PH ?
c/ Tm qu tch trng tm K ca tam gic OPH ?
Gii .
V hnh minh ha cho hc sinh . T hnh v phn tch cho HS bit :
-V H l hnh chiu ca O trn PM cho nn OH vung gc vi PM , cho nn H nm trn ng
trn O c ng knh OP .
- Gi J l trung im ca PO ( J l tm ng trn O) th G phi nm trn MJ v theo tnh cht
ca trng tm :
1
3
1
:
3
J
JG JM V M G
uuur uuur
. Nhng M li chy trn ng trn O cho nn G chy
trn ng trn O l nh ca O qua php v t tm J t s k=1/3 .
- V I l trung im ca PH cho nn PI=1/2PH hay :
1
2
1
:
2
P
PI PH V H I
uur uuur
. Nhng H li chy
trn tm J bn knh
2
OP
, cho nn I chy trn ng trn nh ca ng trn tm J qua php v t
tm P t s k= .
- Trng tm K ca tam gic OPH phi nm trn JH v theo tnh cht trng tm , ta c :
1
3
1
:
3
J
JK JH V H K
uuur uuur
. Do vy K chy trn ng trn nh ca ng trn tm J bn knh
2
OP

qua php v t tm J t s k=1/3 .
V d 11. Cho ng trn O v mt im A nm trong O , M l mt im di ng trn ng
trn O .
a/ Tm qu tch trung im I ca AM ?
b/ ng trung trc AM ct ng trn O ti P v P . Tm qu tch chn ng vung gc H
k t O n PP ?
c/ Tm qu tch tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic APP ?
Gii
- V hnh minh ha cho hc snh . T hnh v hy ch cho hc sinh mt s kt qu :
* V I l trng im ca AM cho nn :
2
1
:
2
A
AI AM V M I
uur uuuur
. Nh vy qua php v t tm A t
s bin M thnh I , nhng M chy trn ng trn O , cho nn I chy trn ng trn nh
ca O qua php v t tm A t s k=1/2.
* ng trung trc ca AM phi i qua I v vung gc vi AM .
Trang 13
CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH
BI TON 4. CHNG MINH
Ta hay gp bi ton chng minh mt ng thng i qua mt im c nh , hay mt im nm
trn mt ng trn c nh , mt hnh vung tm li mt hnh H c nh no .
Khi ta ch cn chng minh ng thng i qua tm v t ca hai hnh H v H hoc chng
minh M nm trn mt ng trn nh ca mt hnh H qua mt php v t tm I t s k
V d 1. Cho hai ng trn (O
1
) v (
2
O
) ngoi nhau , mt ng trn (O) thay i tip xc
ngoi vi ( )
1 1
; O R
v tip xc ngoi vi ( )
2 2
; O R
. Chng minh ng thng ni hai tip im i
qua mt im c nh .
Gii
V hnh minh ha cho hc sinh . T hnh v , phn tch cho hc sinh thy :
1 2
OO O O O
. K
2 1
'/ / O M O M
. Th ta c
1 2
' O M O M
uuuur uuuuur
cho nn MM i qua tm v t ngoi ca
hai ng trn . Do :
2 2
1 1
' ' O M O N R
k
O M O M R

.
* Gi M,N th t l hai tip im ca (O) vi hai ng trn ( )
1 1
; O R
; ( )
2 2
; O R
. Th
* Hai tam gic : ONM ng dng vi
2
' O NM
suy ra :
2
2 2 2
1
' '
O N ON OM ON
ON OM
O N O M OM O M

. Vy MN i qua tm v t ngoi c nh ca hai ng trn : ( )
1 1
; O R
; ( )
2 2
; O R
.
V d 2. Cho hai ng trn O v O tip xc ngoi vi nhau ti A .Mt gc vung xAy quay
xung quanh A , tia Ax ct O ti M , tia Ay ct O ti M. Chng minh ng thng MM lun i
qua mt im c nh .
Gii
Ni MM ct O ti N ta thy : ' O N
uuuuur
song song cng chiu vi
AM
uuuur
. Tng t A l giaoca OO
vi vi O ta cng thy : ' ' / / / / ' ' A M AM OM O M
uuuuuur uuuur uuuur uuuuuur
. Suy ra MM i qua tm v t ca hai ng
trn .
V d 3. Cho tam gic nhn ABC vi trng tm G . Gi A,B,C ln lt l trung im ca cc
cnh BC,CA,AB
a/ Php v t no bin A thnh A,B thnh B v C thnh C ?
b/ Chng minh tm O ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC l trc tm tam gic ABC
c/ Gi H l trc tm tam gic ABC , chng minh rng :
1
2
GO GH
uuur uuur
. Suy ra G,O,H nm trn
mt ng thng ( ng thng -le ) .
Gii
a/ Theo tnh cht ca trng tm tam gic :
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
' : '; ' : '; ' : '
2 2 2
G G G
GA GA V A A GA GA V A A GB GB V B B


uuur uuur uuur uuur uuuur uuur

1
2
1
' : '
2
G
GC GC V C C

uuuur uuur
. Nh vy php v t tm G t s k=-1/2 bin ba im A,B,C thnh ba
im A,B,C .
b/ V O l giao ba ng trung trc , cho nn OB AC , nhng AC//AC cho nn OBAC .
Chng t OB l mt ng cao ca tam gic ABC .
Tng t i vi OA v OC v vy O l trc tm ca tam gic ABC.
c/ Do tam gic ABC l nh ca tam gic ABC qua php v t tm G t s k=-1/2 cho nn H bin
thnh O v :
1
2
GO GH
uuur uuur
.
BI TON 5.
Trang 14
CC DNG TON THNG GP TRONG PHP BIN HNH V PHP DI HNH
TM NH CA MT IM MT NG QUA PHP V T
* S dng ng thc vc t ca php v t v tnh cht bng nhau ca hai vc t , ta s tm c
kt qu .
V d 1. Trong mt phng ta Oxy , cho ng trn (O) : ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 4 x y + . Tm phng
trnh ng trn (O) l nh ca (O) qua php v t tm O t s k=2 .
Gii
Tm I ca (O) c ta I(1;1) bn knh R=2 . Nu (O) c tm l J v bn knh R l nh ca (O)
qua php v t tm O ta c ng thc vc t :
( )
' 0 2.1 ' 2
OJ 2 2; 2
' 0 2.1 ' 2
x x
OI J
y y


' '


uur uur
. R=2R=2.2=4.
Vy (O) : ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 16 x y +
V d 2. ( Bi 1.23-BTHH11-CB-tr33)
Trong mt phng ta Oxy , cho ng thng d : 2x+y-4=0.
a/ Vit phng trnh ca ng thng d l nh ca d qua php v t tm O t s k=3.
b/ Vit phng trnh ng thng d l nh ca d qua php v t tm I(-1;2) t s k=-2
Gii
a/Gi M(x;y) l mt im bt k thuc d v M(x;y) l nh ca M qua php v t tm O t s k=3
. Nu M chy trn d th M chy trn ng thng d .
Theo tnh cht ca php v t :
'
' 3x
3
' 3
' 3 '
3
x
x
x
OM OM
y y y
y

' '

uuuuur uuuur
.
Thay (x;y) vo d:
' '
2 4 0 2x ' ' 12 0
3 3
x y
y
_ _
+ +

, ,
. Vy d: 2x+y-12=0 .
b/ Tng t nh trn ta c :
( )
( )
' 1 ' 3
1
' 1 2 1
2 2
' 2
' 2 2 2 ' 2 ' 6
2
2 2
x x
x
x x
IM IM
y y y y
y
+ + _


+ +

,

' '

_

uuuur uuur
.
Thay vo d :
' 3 ' 6
2 4 0 2x ' ' 2 0
2 2
x y
y
+
_ _
+ + +


, ,
. Do d: 2x+y+2=0 .
V d 3. ( Bi 1.24-tr33-BTHH11).
Trong mt phng ta Oxy cho ng trn (C ): ( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 9 x y + + . Hy vit phng trnh
ng trn (C) l nh ca ng trn (C ) qua php v t tm I(1;2) t s k=-2.
Gii
Gi O(3;-1) l tm ca (C ) c bn knh R=3. ng trn (C) c tm J(x;y) bn knh R l nh
ca (C ) qua php v t tm I t s k=-2 . Theo tnh cht ca php v t ta c :
( )
( )
( )
1 2 3 1
3
IJ 2 O 3;8
8 2 2 1 2
x
x
I J
y y

' '

ur uur
. R=2R=2.3=6 .
Vy (C) : ( ) ( )
2 2
3 8 36 x y + + .


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