Translation of Confucius' The Analects

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(James Legge),
(18141897),,, The Chinese Classics, 28 ,
1861 1886 , 1992 (
). The Analects of Confucius, (Arthur
Waley),1992 , 1998
().(Thomas Cleary) 1992 Essential
Confucius. 1951 (18851972)
(Confucian Analects).
,.,,
,.:1.
, 1997 ();2. ,,
1994 ();3. ,, 1993 (
);4. , 1999 ().
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,, Leonard A. Lyall
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:
[1] ..:,1997
[2] ,Arthur Waley . The Analects . :,1998
[3] ,,,. THE ANALECTS OF CONFUCIUS .
:,2004
[4] ,,. Analects of Confucius . :
,2003
[5] . . :,1999
[6] ,. . :,2003
[7] . . :,2003

1:" 2, 3 4, 5 6,
7"

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1."","", ."",
. Confucius ,,
,.,, Confucius "".
,, The Master ,"",
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2."","":."", "" ,"
"and, "",""."": constantly; at due times; from time to
time." ": , review and practise; repeat." " , what one has
already learned.
3. " "" ", ,"
"""(yue),"",",". Isn't it a pleasure for one to do
Is it not pleasant to do
4. "",""::".""""","
". friends, like-minded people, friends ,
." " :coming from distant quarters; come to one from afar;
coming from faraway places.
5. " """: delightful; pleasure; a delight; a joy.
6. "","": others; men."""" ,"
","", don't know; take no note of; one's merits are unrecognized by; fail to
appreciate; is not properly understood." "(yun): feel displeased; discomposure; take
offence; feel no discontent.

7. " ":,.:a man of complete virtue; a gentleman; a

superior person (man).a man of complete virtue "".

1. :The Master said: "Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application
Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters Is it not a man of complete virtue,
who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him "
2. :The Master said, To learn and at due times to repeat what one has learnt, is that not after
all a pleasure That friends should come to one from afar, is this not after all delightful To remain
unsoured even though one's merits are unrecognized by others, is that not after all what is
expected of a gentleman
3. :Confucius said: "Isn't it a pleasure for one to learn and then constantly review and practise
what he has already learned Isn't it a pleasure for one to have like-minded people coming from
faraway places If others don't know him, he doesn't feel displeased. Isn't it a superior person's
bearing "
4. : Confucius said, "Is it not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt Is
it not a delight after all to have friends come from afar Is it not a gentleman after all who will not
take offence when others fail to appreciate him "
5. :The Master said, "Is it not pleasant to learn and to review constantly what one has learned
Is it not delightful to have friends coming afar Is he not a superior man, who feels no discontent
though others do not know him "
6. :Confucius said, "Is it not a pleasure to learn and practise from time to time what is learned
Is it not a joy to see a friend who has come from a faraway place Is it not gentlemanly to have no
resentment when one is not properly understood "

""
The Master
The Master
Confucius
Confucius
The Master
Confucius
""
with a constant perseverance and application
to repeat
constantly review and practise
to practise in due time

to review constantly
to practise from time to time
"
"
Is it not pleasant
Is that not after all a pleasure
Isn't it a pleasure
Is it not a pleasure
Is it not pleasant
Is it not a pleasure
"
"
coming from distant quarters
come to one from afar
coming from faraway places
come from afar
coming afar
has come from a faraway place
""
delightful
delightful
a pleasure
a delight
delightful
a joy
""
take no note of
one's merits are unrecognized
don't know
fail to appreciate
do not know
is not properly understood
""
feel no discomposure
to remain unsoured
doesn't feel displeased
will not take offence
feel no discontent
have no resentment
""
a man of complete virtue
a gentleman
a superior person's bearing
a gentleman

a superior man
be gentlemanly

1 :" 2: 3 4 5 "

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1. "": , ,. Zeng Zi, The

philosopher Tsang Master Tseng, .
2. "","":."":."":,,"""","".
""three times; ""three points; ,,
"",""several times; once and again.,
.""(xing):; examine."": myself.
3. " ","": for others."": give counsels to others,
transact business; act on behalf of; help; work; do things ,""
."":""."":,faithful; loyal; conscientious ."":
"",,"".
4. " ","": intercourse with; get along with; in contacts with."":
not sincere; not true to; insincere; not honest.
5. " ","":instruction of my teacher; what my teacher taught me."":
, review and practise.

1. :The philosopher Tsang said, "I daily examine myself on three points: whether, in
transacting business for others, I may have been not faithful; whether, in intercourse with
friends, I may have been not sincere; whether I may have not mastered and practised the
instruction of my teacher."
2 .:Master Tseng said, Every day I examine myself on these three points: in acting on behalf
of others, have I always been loyal to their interests In intercourse with my friends, have I always
been true to my word Have I failed to repeat the precepts that have been handed down to me
3. : Zengzi said, "Several times each day I examine myself: Have I been unfaithful in giving
counsels to others Have I been insincere in getting along with my friends And have I reviewed and
practised the teachings of my teacher "
4. :Zeng Zi (a disciple of Confucius) said, "Every day I examine myself once and again:
Have I tried my utmost to help others Have I been honest to my friends Have I diligently reviewed
the instructions from the Master "
5. :Zeng Zi said, "I daily examine myself for several times: Have I been conscientious in
working for others Have I been sincere in dealing with friends Have I reviewed what my teacher
taught me "
6. :Zengzi said, "I examine myself three times daily: Have I been faithful in doing things for

others Have I been trustworthy in contacts with friends Have I reviewed and practised what my
teacher has taught me "

""
three points
three points
several times
once and again
several times
three times
""
transact business
act on behalf of
give counsels to
help
in working for
in doing things for
""
faithful
Loyal to
faithful
try my utmost to
conscientious
faithful
""
in intercourse with
in intercourse with
in getting along with
to
in dealing with
in contacts with
""
sincere
be true to my word
sincere
honest

Sincere
trustworthy
""
instruction of my teacher
precepts that have been handed down to me
the teachings of my teacher
the instructions from the Master
what my teacher taught me
What my teacher has taught me
""
master and practise
repeat
review and practise
diligently review
review
review and practise

1 :" 2, 3. 4, 5, 6. 7, 8,
9, 10."

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1."":,,,. Youzi You

Zi, The Philosopher You Master Yu.
2. "",:,.
the proprieties; the rites; the ritual; rules of propriety."":"",,
"","",,"",""harmony."":,,
practise ;the usages of; conduct; apply ."" in practising the rules of propriety.
3. "","":,"". harmony,
appropriateness, ." ": " ", ,
""."":;,be prized, ""It is harmony that is
prized.
4. " "," ": , , , , , , the former sagekings(sage", ), the ancient kings, ."":""
,""ways to rule one's country handing state affairs.

5. "",:,"",""."":, beautiful;
beauty , excellent; precious; excellent quality .
6. "","":,things small and great; important or unimportant things; great or
trivial ."":; follow; according to."": this principle.
7. "","","".""""and
yet it is not always successful; does not work.
8. "","": for the sake of harmony."", ,"
". If harmony is sought for its own sake.
9. "","":,""."":, regulate; modulate. without
regulating it by proprieties.
10. "","":,"","": it won't do; does not work."":
,,.

1. :The philosopher You said, "In practisng the rules of propriety, appropriateness is to be
prized. In the ways prescribed by the ancient kings, this is the excellent quality, and in things small
and great we follow them. Yet it is not to be observed in all cases. If one, knowing how such
appropriateness should be prized, manifests it, without regulating it by the rules of propriety, this
likewise is not to be done."
2. :Master Yu said, In the usages of ritual it is harmony that is prized; the Way of the Former
Kings from this got its beauty. Both small matters and great depend upon it. If things go amiss, he
who knows the harmony will be able to attune them. But if harmony itself is not modulated by
ritual, things will still go amiss.
3. :Youzi said, "The thing to be prized in applying the proprieties is to achieve the harmony
among people. Among the ways the ancient kings adopted to rule their countries, this is excellent.
They followed this principle in matters small or great. And yet it is not always successful. For
instance, it won't do to achieve the harmony only for the sake of harmony without regulating it by
proprieties."
4. :You Zi said, "In conducting the rites, seeking harmony is the most valuable principle. It
was cherished by the ancient sage kings in handling state affairs. Great or trivial, they did
everything according to this principle. If harmony is sought for its own sake without regulating it
by the rites, however, the principle will not work."
5.:You Zi said, "In practising the rules of propriety, it is harmony that is prized. This is what
is so precious in the ways of the ancient kings. They followed this principle in things small and
great. Yet it is not to be observed in all cases. To know how such harmony should be prized, yet
manifest it without regulating it by the rules of propriety, is something which should not be done."
6. :Youzi said, "The most valuable use of the rites is to achieve harmony. In harmony lies the
most beautiful of the ways of the former sage-kings. Whether they dealt with important or
unimportant things, they started from harmony. But there may be places where this principle does
not work: pursuing harmony because one knows of it without regulating it with the rites is not
feasible."

""
Practise rule of propriety
In the usage of ritual
Apply the proprieties
Conduct the rites
Practise rules of propriety
Use of the rites
""
Appropriateness
harmony
To achieve the harmony
Seeking harmony
harmony
To achieve harmony
""
Ancient kings
Former Kings
Ancient kings
Ancient sage kings
Ancient kings
Former sage-kings
""
Excellent quality
Got its beauty
excellent
The most valuable
precious
The most beautiful
""
Things small and great
Both small matters and great
Matters small or great
Great or trivial
Things small and great
Important or unimportant things
""
Knowing appropriateness
Know the harmony

For the sake of harmony

For its own sake
Know harmony
Because One knows of it

:" 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7."

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1."","", .,""
."":"", at."":."":,"
".""set my mind on learning; made up my mind to study.
2. "","",,"","
" acted on the proprieties." ",
stood firm; planted my feet firm upon the ground; have been well established .
"".
3. "","": was no longer perplexed; have understood
many things and have no longer been confused; had no doubts. "
" , " " " ", could make clear distinction
between benevolence (,) and non-benevolence ().
4. "","",,
"" I came to know the existence of the heavenly principles.,""
" I have known my heaven-sent duty.""
the decree of Heaven; the will of Heaven .
5. "","": have been able to distinguish right and
wrong on other people's words. the heavenly principles were not offensive to my
ears.
6. "","":,."":"","".""
" could do whatever I wished; could follow what my heart desired.
7. "","": go beyond; overstep."": norms; rules; what was right.
""the heavenly principles."" T-square(),,
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1. :The Master said: "At fifteen, I had my mind bent on learning. At thirty, I stood firm. At
forty, I had no doubts. At fifty, I know the decrees of Heaven. At sixty, my ear was an obedient
organ for the reception of truth. At seventy, I could follow what my heart desired, without
transgressing what was right."

2. :The Master said, At fifteen I set my heart upon learning. At thirty, I had planted my feet
firm upon the ground. At forty, I no longer suffered from perplexities. At fifty, I knew what were
the biddings of Heaven. At sixty, I heard them with docile ear. At seventy, I could follow the
dictates of my own heart; for what I desired no longer overstepped the boundaries of right.
3. :Confucius said: "At fifteen I set my mind on learning. At thirty I acted on the proprieties.
At forty I could make a clear distinction between benevolence and non-benevolence. At fifty I
came to know the existence of the heavenly principles. At sixty, the heavenly principles were not
offensive to my ears. At seventy I could do whatever I wished to without going beyond the
heavenly principles."
4. :Confucius said: "Since the age of 15, I have devoted myself to learning; since 30, I have
been well established; since 40, I have understood many things and have no longer been confused;
since 50, I have known my heaven-sent duty; since 60, I have been able to distinguish right and
wrong on other people's words; and since 70, I have been able to do what I intend freely without
breaking the rules."
5. :The Master said, "At fifteen I set my heart on learning. At thirty I could stand firm. At
forty I had no doubts. At fifty I knew the Decree of Heaven. At sixty I was already obedient (to
this decree). At seventy I could follow the desire of my mind without overstepping the boundaries
(of what is right)."
6. :Confucius said, "At fifteen I made up my mind to study; at thirty I was established; at
forty I was no longer perplexed; at fifty I understood the will of Heaven; at sixty I listened to
everything without feeling unhappy; at seventy I followed all my desires and none of them was
against the norms."

""
Stood firm
Plant feet firm upon ground
Acted on proprieties
Have been well established
Could stand firm
Was established
""
Had no doubts
No longer suffered from perplexities
Make a clear distinction between benevolence and non-benevolence
Understand many things and have no longer been confused
Had no doubts

Was no longer perplexed

""
Decrees of Heaven
What were the bidding of Heaven
Existence of heavenly principles
My heaven-sent duty
The Decree of Heaven
The will of Heaven
""
My ear was an obedient organ for the reception of truth
Heard them with docile ear
Heavenly principles were not offensive to my ears
Be able to distinguish right and wrong
Was already obedient (to this decree)
Listened to everything without feeling unhappy
""
Without transgressing
What was right
No longer overstepped
Boundaries of right
Without going beyond the heavenly principles
Without breaking the rules
Without overstepping boundaries
None of them was against the norms

:" 1, 2;, 3."

"".,,.
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,,, a ruler, a man, ""
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1. "","":,"","","". a ruler,
a prince. a man, "",
,, . a man ."":
""himself, ""personal conduct ,
."":,, upright correct ."" When the ruler himself is
upright.
2. "","": without the issuing of orders without giving orders."":
, people will follow him;"
his government is effective.,.
3. "","": follow obey."": orders, injunctions (
,), order ."" Even though he gives orders,
they will not be obeyed.


1. :The Master said, "When a prince's personal conduct is correct, his government is effective
without the issuing of orders. If his personal conduct is not correct, he may issue orders, but they
will not be followed."
2. :The Master said, If the ruler himself is upright all will go well even though he does not
give orders. But if he himself is not upright, even though he gives orders, they will not be obeyed.
3. :Confucius said, "When the ruler himself is upright, the people will follow him without his
issuing orders. When the ruler is not upright, the people will not obey his orders even if he has
issued them."
4. :Confucius said, "If the ruler acts properly, the common people will obey him without
being ordered to; if the ruler does not act properly, the common people will not obey him even
after repeated injunctions."
5. :The Master said, "When a ruler's personal conduct is correct, his government is effective
without giving orders. If his personal conduct is not correct, even he may give orders, but they will
not be followed."
6. :Confucius said, "A man who is upright is obeyed even if he gives no orders; a man who is
not upright is not obeyed even if he gives orders."

""
A prince's personal conduct
The ruler himself
The ruler himself
The ruler acts
A ruler's personal conduct
A man
""
correct
upright
upright
properly
correct
upright
""
Issue orders

Give orders
Issue orders
Be ordered to; repeated injunctions
Give orders
Give orders
""
His government is effective
All will go well
The people will follow him
The common will obey him
His government is effective
Is obeyed
""
They will not be followed
They will not be obeyed
The people will not obey his orders
common people will not obey him
They will not be followed
Is not obeyed

:" 1, 2. 3, 4."

"".,,
."","","","","".,
."",""merits; "
",""good qualities,.
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1. "":; walk along with two others; three are walking together.
""walking in the company of other men.
2. "","": teacher."":,"","","".
"". I am sure to find teachers among them;
I can always be certain of learning from those I am with.
3. "","":;: select; pick out; find out."":;;
good qualities; merits."":"",("""
"),(""""),""."":; follow;
learn from; for imitation." ": " " , " " " ",
"""". I will find out their merits so as to follow them. I will select their
good qualities and follow them.
4. "","":, bad qualities faults, good qualities ;
demerits shortcomings, merits ."":;. correct, overcome
avoid, avoid . I'll select their demerits so as to avoid them.

1. :The Master said, "When I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers.
I will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qualities and avoid them."
2. :The Master said, Even when walking in a party of no more than three I can always be
certain of learning from those I am with. There will be good qualities that I can select for imitation
and bad ones that will teach me what requires correction in myself.
3. :Confucius said, "When I walk together with two others, they can surely serve as my
teachers. I'll find out their merits so as to follow them and their demerits so as to avoid them."
4. :Confucius said, "When walking in the company of other men, there must be one I can
learn something from. I shall pick out his merits to follow and his shortcomings for reference to
overcome my own."
5. :The Master said, "When three are walking together, I am sure to find teachers among
them. I will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qualities and avoid them."
6. :Confucius said, "Whenever I walk with two other men, I can always find teachers in them.
I can lean from their good qualities, and correct those faults in me which are like theirs."

""
Walk along with two others
Walking in a party of no more than three
Walk together with two others
Walking in the company of other men
Three are walking together
Walk with two other men
""
Teachers
Learning from those I am with
teachers
One I can learn something from
teachers
teachers
""

select
select
Find out
Pick out
S elect
find
""
Good qualities
Good qualities
Merits
Merits
Good qualities
Good qualities
""
Follow
For imitation
Follow
Follow
Follow
Learn from
""
Bad qualities
Bad qualities
Demerits
shortcomings
Bad qualities
faults
""
Avoid
Requires correction
Avoid
Overcome
Avoid
Correct
(.,1999)

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Confucius said,"When you go out of your home, behave as is you were meeting important guests;
when you are using the common people's labor, behave as if you were conducting a solemn

sacrificial ceremony. Do not impose on others what you do not desire yourself. Bear no grudge
against the state where you work; have no feeling of dissatisfaction when you stay at home."
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Confucius said, "Wealth and high position are desired by all men, but if they are not gained in the
right way, they should not be accepted. Poverty and low position are hated by all men, but if they
cannot be rid if in the right way, they should not be given up."
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Confucius said, "Being firm, resolute, simple and reticent is close to being humane."

:" ,."

: ",."

Confucius said, "Only the humane can love others and hate others."

:",,."

: ",."

Confucius said, "A man with lofty ideals or humane man never gives up humanity to save his life,
but may sacrifice his life to achieve humanity."

:",;,;,."

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Confucius said, "The wise enjoy water, the humane enjoy mountains. The wise are active, the
humane are quiet. The wise are happy; the humane live long lives. "

.:"!;."

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Lin Fang asked about the essence of the rites. Confucius said, "A very significant question! The
rites should be performed in a frugal way rather than in an extravagant way. Funerals should be
held with grief rather than with pomposity."

:" , "

: " ,
"

Confucius said, "What difficulties would there be if a state was governed with the rites and
decorum What use would the rites have if a state was not governed with the rites and decorum "
,,
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: ",,,
"

Confucius said, "What is there for me to observe of a man if he is not broad-minded when he is in
high position, not reverent when he is performing the rites, and not sad when he is in mourning "

:",,."

: ",,."

Confucius said, "A gentleman who studies the classics extensively and restrains himself with the
rites will not depart from the Way. "
,
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.,."

Confucius said, "Young people should be filial to their parents at home and respectful to their
brothers when they are with them. They should be serious and trustworthy, love the populace
extensively and be close to those who are humane. When all this is done and there is time for other
things, they should use it for the study of the classics."
,
:",,."

: ",.,."

Confucius said, "While one's parents are alive, one should not travel to distant places. If it is
necessary to travel, there should be a definite direction."

:",.,,."

: ",,,.
."

Confucius said,"Neglect of moral cultivation, neglect of learning and practicing what has been
learned, failure to follow what is right, and failure to correct what is wrongthese are my
worries."
,
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."

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,.,,
,."

Confucius said,"Three kinds of pleasure are beneficial, and three kinds pleasure are harmful. The
pleasure of being regulated by the rites and music, the pleasure of praising other men's goodness,
and the pleasure of having many virtuous friends are beneficial. The pleasure of being conceited,
the pleasure of unrestrained wanderings, and the pleasure of indulging in eating and drinking are
harmful."

:",."

:",;,."

Confucius said,"When one sees a virtuous man, one should think of exerting oneself to be like
him; when one sees someone who is not virtuous, one should examine onself."

:",.,."

:",.,
."

Confucius said,"One should worry not about having no official position, but about having no
proper qualifications. One should not seek to be known to others, but seek to acquire the qualities
worthy of being known."
,
:",."

:",."

Confucius said,"He who does not think of the future is certain to have immediate worries."

:",."

:",,."

Confucius said,"One can keep hatred and grievance away by putting more blame on oneself and
less on others for any fault."

:",."

:",."

Confucius said,"A fault that is not amended is a real fault."

:",."

:"."

Confucius said,"Only in cold winter does one know that the pine and the cypress are the last to
shed their leaves."

:",."

:",."

Confucius said,"The gentleman knows what is right; the mean person keeps his mind only on
gains."

:",."

:",."

Confucius said,"The gentleman unites and does not plot with others; the mean man plots and does
not unite with others."

:",."

:",."

Confucius said,"The gentleman aims at harmony, and not at uniformity. The mean man aims at
uniformity, and not at harmony."

:",."

:",;,."


Confucius said,"The gentleman is open and at ease; the mean man is full of worries and anxieties."

:",.,."

:",.;."

Confucius said,"Do not want to do things quickly, and do not seek petty gains. You cannot reach
your goal if you want to be quick, and you cannot accomplish great things if you seek petty
gains."

:"."

:",."

Confucius said,"There should be education for everyone without distinction."

,
:",."

:",."

Confucius said,"By nature men are similar to one another, but learning and practice make them
different."

:",."

:",,;,,."

Confucius said,"He who learns without thinking will be bewildered; he who thinks without
learning will be in danger."

:",."

:",."

Confucius said,"He can be a teacher who finds what is new in reviewing what is old."

:",."

:",."

Confucius said,"Any army may be deprived of its commanding officer, yet a man cannot be
deprived of his will."

:", ,,."

:",.,.."

Confucius said,"You, shall I teach you what it is to know You know something if you know it, and
you do not know something if you do not. That is what to know means."
,
:"."

:",."

Confucius said,"The gentleman wishes to be slow in speech but quick in action."

:"."

:"."

Confucius said,"The gentleman considers it a shame to talk more than he does."

:",."

:" ,
."

Confucius said,"The gentleman does not recommend a man because of what he says, nor does he
ignore what a man says because of his personality."
,
:",,, "

:",,, "

Confucius said,"To commit knowledge to memory quietly, to study tirelessly, and to enlighten
others indefatigably these are not difficult for me."
,
:",."

:",."

Confucius said,"It is cowardice not to dare to defend righteousness when it is endangered."