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The Evolution of TDMA To 3G & 4G Wireless Systems
The Evolution of TDMA To 3G & 4G Wireless Systems
Other TDMA operators - Rogers AT&T - Cingular (SBC & BellSouth) - throughout Mexico, Central & South America
Nokia 5160
Nokia 8860
Ericsson PD 328
TDMA parameters
30 KHz channels (like analog & CDPD) 20 msec speech frames 24.3 kbaud symbol rate 3 time-slots/users 7.4 kbps ACELP speech coding 1/2-rate channel coding on important bits interleaved over 2 bursts in 40 msec Differential pi/4-QPSK modulation
2001
N=5
2002
N=4
Smart Antennas
Base station antennas systems that use digital signal processing to cancel interference
Discontinuous Transmission
Mobiles transmit only during when user is speaking. Lowers interference in the system and increases talk time
Reuse of 3/9 to 4/12, instead of 7/21, approximately 2x capacity Two dual polarization uplink antennas, downlink multibeam antenna with 4 - 30 beams Shared linear power amplifier unit with Butler matrices Real-time downlink power control with beam tracking
Nokia 9110
The new Ericsson R380 phone, which features wireless data 3COM functions
Nokia 3G vision
Palm VII
WIRELESS COMPUTING
WIRELESS GROWTH INTERNET GROWTH
- web access - e-mail - file transfer - location services - streaming audio & video
MOBILE SOFTWARE
Wideband OFDM
GPRS
EDGE WCDMA
IS-136+ IS-95+ PDC GSM IS-136 CDPD IS-95 1995 2000 2005
9.6 k
EDGE Technology
Enhanced Data-rates for Global Evolution
Evolutionary path to 3G services for GSM and TDMA operators Builds on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) air interface and networks Phase 1 (Release99 & 2002 deployment) supports best effort packet data at speeds up to about 384 kbps Phase 2 (Release2000 & 2003 deployment) will add Voice over IP capability
GPRS Airlink
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Same GMSK modulation as GSM 4 channel coding modes Packet-mode supporting up to about 144 kbps Flexible time slot allocation (1-8) Radio resources shared dynamically between speech and data services Independent uplink and downlink resource allocation
EDGE Airlink
Extends GPRS packet data with adaptive modulation/coding 2x spectral efficiency of GPRS for best effort data 8-PSK/GMSK at 271 ksps in 200 KHz RF channels supports 8.8 to 59.2 kbps per time slot Supports peak rates over 384 kbps Requires linear amplifiers with < 3 dB peak to average power ratio using linearized GMSK pulses Initial deployment with less than 2x 1 MHz using 1/3 reuse with EDGE Compact as a complementary data service
GPRS Networks
consists of packet wireless access network and IP-based backbone shares mobility databases with circuit voice services and adds new packet switching nodes (SGSN & GGSN) will support GPRS, EDGE & WCDMA airlinks provides an access to packet data networks Internet X.25 provides services to different mobile classes ranging from 1-slot to 8-slot capable radio resources shared dynamically between speech and data services
Compact vs Classic
Classic 4/12 reuse continuous downlinks on first 12 carriers 2.4 MHz x2 minimum spectrum Compact 1/3 reuse in space frame synchronized base stations reuse of 4 in time for control channels partial loading for traffic channels discontinuous downlinks 600 KHz x2 minimum spectrum
Interleave
156.25 symbols/slot
8PSK Modulate
468.75 bits
Burst Format
348 bits
Burst N+3
8 Time Slots
Modulation: 8PSK, 3 bits/symbol Symbol rate: 270.833 ksps Payload/burst: 348 bits Gross bit rate/time slot: 69.6 kbps - overhead = 59.2 kbps user data
X (msec)
Multi-slot
EDGE Evolution
Best effort IP packet data on EDGE Voice over IP on EDGE circuit bearers Network based intelligent resource assignment Smart antennas & adaptive antennas Downlink speeds at several Mbps based on wideband OFDM and/or multiple virtual channels
50
35
(Erlang/Site/MHz)
35 30 25 20 20 15 11 10 5 0 Baseline
GSM IS-136 EGPRS/GMSK/F
30
29
10
Enhanced
EGPRS/8PSK/H
* 1/3 reuse * no shadow fading change due to mobility *Signal-based power control is assumed for baseline EGRPS *SINR-based power control & LI-DCA assumed for enhanced
*This assumes 30 mph vehicle speed for micro fading * SINR-based power control with adaptive target
INTERFERENCE
SIGNAL OUTPUT
BEAMFORMER WEIGHTS
BEAM SELECT
SIGNAL OUTPUT
INTERFERENCE
Viterbi Decoder
Receiver
Rx
Rx Filter
Rx
Rx Filter
Simulation results show a 15 to 30 dBimprovement in S/I with 2 receive antennas Real-time EDGE Test Bed supports laboratory and field tests to demonstrate improved performance
20 dB SNR
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40
50
60
70
Multi-cell EDGE Compact Simulation - 1/3 reuse - 18 users per sector - 3.5 kbps average load per user
X (kb/s)
4G WOFDM high speed downlink a wireless cable modem Complement to EDGE/UMTS High peak data rates (up to 10 Mb/s) in a 5 MHz channel spectrum - 500 MHz to 3 GHz 3G EDGE/WCDMA network for uplink, downlink, control and signalling
Delay Spread
Path Loss
path loss up to ~ 150 dB (that is a 1 followed by 15 zeroes)
Rayleigh Fading
rapid fading of 20 to 30 dB (power varies by 100 to 1000 times in level at rates of about 100 times per second)
Cumulative Probability
Each base station is equipped with three 120 degree directional antennas to reduce interference & improve capacity
0.1
0.01
1|3 reuse 2|6 reuse 3|9 reuse 4|12 reuse 7/21 reuse
0.001 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Multiple antennas at both the base station and terminal can significantly increase data rates with sufficient multipath Ability to separate signals from closely spaced antennas has been demonstrated indoors and in AT&T-Lucent IS-136 field trial Lucent has demonstrated 26 bps/Hz in 30 kHz channel with 8 Tx and 12 Rx antennas indoors AT&T has performed measurements on 4 Tx by 4 Rx antenna configurations in full mobile & outdoor to indoor environments
Receive System Dual-polarized slant 45 PCS antennas separated by 10 feet and fixed multibeam antenna with 4 - 30 beams 4 coherent 1900 MHz receivers with real-time baseband processing using 4 TI TMS320C40 DSPs
Capacity increase close to 4 times that of a single antenna is possible with 4 transmit and 4 receive antennas
Performance Measure
Complex channel measurement: H = [ H ij] for the ith transmit and jth receive antenna Capacity (instantaneous and averaged over 1 second) for 4 TX by 4 RX: C = log2(det[I + (/4)HH]) = log2(1 + (/4)i) where is the total signal-to-noise ratio per antenna and i is the ith eigenvalue of HH To eliminate the effect of shadow fading, the capacity is normalized to the average capacity with a single antenna: Cn = log2(1 + (/4)i) / (1/16) log2(1 + Hij)
Space-Time Coding
MIMO (BLAST & space-time coding) techniques increase bit rate and/or quality on a link by creating multiple channels and/or enhancing diversity Switched/steered beam antennas for base stations and interference suppression/adaptive antennas for terminals reduce interference, increasing system capacity
~ 800 tones
~ 5 MHz
OFDM is being increasingly used in high -speed information transmission systems: - European HDTV - Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB) - Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL) - IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN
OFDM Characteristics
High peak-to-average power levels Preservation of orthogonality in severe multi-path Efficient FFT based receiver structures Enables efficient TX and RX diversity Adaptive antenna arrays without joint equalization Support for adaptive modulation by subcarrier Frequency diversity Robust against narrow-band interference Efficient for simulcasting Variable/dynamic bandwidth Used for highest speed applications Supports dynamic packet access
FFT
remove data synch word
Estimator 1
IFFT
2-branch maximal-ratio combining .
. . .
. . .
FFT
. . .
. . .
. .
. .
Estimator 2
0.001 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SNR (dB)
Spectrum Efficiency
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 Dynamic Channel Allocation with Power Control Dynamic Channel Allocation Synch CDMA
Efficiency
SNR (dB)
Source: G. J. Pottie, IEEE Personal Communications, pp. 50-67, October 1995
Efficiency: IS-136
~ 50 % improvement in performance
Control Slots
Control Slots
.....
4 ms
20 OFDM Blocks
5 Blocks group A
5 Blocks
5 Blocks
5 Blocks
group B
1B Sync & data
group C
group D
2B
data
2B
data
100 80 60 40 20 0 0
MR, No beam-forming IS, No beam-forming MR, Four beams per sector IS, Four beams per sector
500
Baseband signal processing based on commercial off-the-shelf DSP hardware with some custom designed components Sony-provided 1900 MHz transceivers Real-time performance measured through RF channel fading simulator Phase 1 parameters: - >384 kb/s end user data rate - 800 kHz downlink bandwidth - GSM-derived clocks (2.166 MHz sample rate with 512 FFT) - 3.467 kbaud - 189 OFDM tones with 4.232 kHz tone spacing - differential detection - Reed-Solomon channel coding
800 kHz
RF
A/D
FFT Demodulator
Erasure detection
Decoder
Data Intf
RF
A/D