DISCUSSION The simple and main part of designing the automobile muffler is to use the low-pass filter.

It typically makes use of the change of the cross section area which can be made as a chamber to filter or reduce the sound wave which the engine produced as low-pass filter is a circuit that passes low frequency signals but stops the high frequency signals. Once the low pass filter is set by the user at a specific cut off frequency, all frequencies lower than that will be passed through the filter, while higher frequencies will be attenuated in amplitude.All of this is enable because this circuit is made up of passive components such as R,L and C capable of accomplishing this objective.Automobile muffler use acoustic filters to reduce the level of noise propagating down a duct or radiating from the end of a duct.The filter may be constructed by inserting an expansion chamber in the duct. An expansion chamber serves as a simple model of a muffler, and also has applications in architectural acoustics . Keeping track of all incident and reflected waves from both junctions, one can derive the sound power transmission coefficient as

Notice that there are frequencies at which all incident power passes right through the filter, and there are other frequencies where a minimum of power is allowed to pass by. Frequencies for complete transmission correspond to standing waves being set up within the muffler chamber. In a low frequency limit (kl << 1) the expansion chamber may be treated as a side branch of acoustic compliance C = V/ p c2 where the volume V = S2 L2. In this low frequency limit, the side branch approximation of the soundpower transmission coefficient in and the equation became

This low frequency approximation is shown in Figure 1(b). The expansion chamber appears to pass low frequencies, and block high frequencies thus forming low pass filter in muffler to reduce the sound waves.

Figure 1 (a) show Sound power transmission coefficient for an expansion chamber in muffler; (b) low frequency approximation acting as a low-pass filter.