M L

R, (1).

. !
! xy
,
y.
:
d2! " 2R
g
=
#$%(! - "t) - &!
2
L
L
dt
!
g .

: t
Ox
t
! .
!
mg F
, .

x i y :

!
&
md2x / dt2 = -Fx
md2x / dt2 = -F!"
!
"
' !
2
2
2
2
md y / dt = Fy - mg #
md y / dt = F#$%" - mg (

,
.
..
# m & d2x
# m & d2y
mg
=
+%
!
- ! -%
(
(
$ !" ' dt2 )*+" $ )*+" ' dt2
2 .
#
&
mg
m
d y
F=
+%
.
(
)*+" $ )*+" ' dt2 ./

# m & d2x
F = -%
(
$ !" ' dt2

!"#$

d2x
d2y
+
%$
+ g%$ = 0
dt2
dt2

(1)

O t :
x = R!"#$t + L%& '
(
y = R%$t - L!"#& )

(2)

(2) t :
dx/dt = -R! "!t + L#$%&(d& / dt) '
( !
dy / dt = R! #$%!t + L"& (d& / dt) )
d2x/dt2 = -R! 2 "#$!t - L%&(d& / dt)2 + L"#$& (d2& /dt2 ) '
(
d2y / dt2 = -R! 2 %!t + L"#$& (d& / dt)2 + L%&(d2& /dt2 ) )

(3)

(1) (3) :
2
' d$ *
d2$ 0
2
2+
!"#$ / -R% !"#%t - L&$ )
+
L!"#$
,
( dt +
dt2 2
/.
1
2
' d" *
d2" 0
2
2 + g!" = 0 !
+!" / -R# !#t + L$%&" )
+
L!"
,
( dt +
dt2 2
/.
1

d2%
-R! "#$(% - !t) + L 2 + g&% = 0 !
dt
2

d2! " 2R
g
=
#$%(! - "t) - &!
2
L
L
dt

P.M. fysikos

M R,

K . O
,

 k, m,
(2). ,

.
i)
.
ii)
.
!
g =R2/2

.
YH: i) t!
! x , !
v , ! .

t0=0 t :
E!" (t0 ) = E!" (t) ! 0 = -mgx + mv2/2 + IK! 2/2 + kx2/2 !

0 = -mgx + mv2/2 + MR2! 2/4 + kx2/2

(1)

2
v=R, (1) :

0 = -mgx + mv2/2 + Mv2/4 + kx2/2 !

0 = -4mgx + 2mv2 + Mv2 + 2kx2 !
2kx2 - 4mgx + (2m + M)v2 = 0

(2)

 (2) x
, ,
:

16m2g2 - 8k(2m + M)v2 ! 0 ! 2m2g2 ! k(2m + M)v2 !

v ! mg

2
2
! vmax = mg
k(2m + M)
k(2m + M)

(3)

T vmax
x*
, (2), :
x* =

4mg mg
=
4k
k

(4)

ii) (2) :
4kxdx - 4mgdx + 2(2m + M)vdv = 0 !

(2m + M)v

dv
dx
dx
!
= 2mg
- 2kx
dt
dt
dt

(2m + M)v

dv
dv
= 2mgv - 2kxv ! (2m + M)
= 2mg - 2kx !
dt
dt

(2m + M)

d2x
+ 2kx = 2mg !
dt2

d2x
2kx
2mg
!
+
=
2
2m + M 2m + M
dt

2k
d2x
2mg
! 2 =
+ ! 2x =
2
2m + M
2m + M
dt

(5)

(5)

x1(t), :
! 2x1 (t) =

2mg
2k
2mg
mg
!
! x1 (t) =
x1 (t) =
2m + M
2m + M
2m + M
k

(6)

(5) x2(t) :

x2 (t) = A! ("t + # )

(7)

,
. x(t) (5) :
(6),(7)

x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t)

x(t) = mg/k + A! ("t + # )

(8)

(8) t

 v ( ), :
v = dx(t) / dt = A!"#$(!t + % )

(9)

(8) (9) t=0 :

0 = mg/k + A!" '
A = -mg/k!" &
A = -mg/k #
( !
' !
$
0 = A#$%&"
#$%" = 0
! = " /2
)
(
%

(10)

(10) (8) :
x(t) = mg/k - (mg/k)! ("t + # /2) ! x(t) = mg(1 - !"#$t)/k

(11)

(11) .
P.M. fysikos

(3)
m
, o .
To

R
!
k=3mg/R, g .
i) .
ii) E ,
,
.
: i) - ,

.
R,
/3. H U()

, :

U(!) = -mg(R + R"#$2!) + k%L2/2

(1)

L .
L :
!L = A! - R = 2AM - R = 2R"#$% - R ! !L = R(2"#$% - 1)

(2)

. (1) (2) :

U(!) = -mgR(1 + "#$2!) + kR2 (2"#$! - 1)2 /2

(3)

 ,
U()
, :
(3)
dU(!)
=0 !
d!

(
d %
kR2
-mgR(1
+
!"#2$)
+
(2!"#$ - 1)2 * = 0 !
'
dt &
2
)

2mgR! 2" - 2kR2 (2#$%" - 1)!" = 0 !

2mgR!"#$%" - 3(mg/R)R2 (2#$%" - 1)!" = 0 !
2!"#$ - 3(2!"#$ - 1) = 0 ! !"#$ = 3/4

(4)

H (4) , </3.
: H

! .
!
mg , N !
F
.
:

mg
F
=
!
! (" - # ) ! 2#

mg
k#L
=
!
!" 2!"$%&"

mg
(3mg/R)R(2#$%" - 1)
3(2!"#$ - 1)
=
! 1=
!
!"
2!"#$%"
2!"#$
2!"#$ = 3(2!"#$ - 1) ! !"#$ = 3/4

U(), :

d2U(!) d
=
2mgR" 2! - 2kR2 (2#$%! - 1)"!
2
dt
d!

d2U(!)
= 4mgR"#$2! + 4kR2%! %! - 2kR2 (2"#$! - 1)"#$!
2
d!

d2U(!)
= 4mgR(2"#$ 2! - 1) + 2kR2 (2% 2! - 2"#$ 2! + "#$!)
2
d!

d2U(!)
= 4mgR(2"#$ 2! - 1) + 2kR2 (2- 4"#$ 2! + "#$! )
2
d!

"
" d2U(! )%
+ 18 .
3mg 2 +
36 3. %
= $ 4mgR- 10 + 2
R - 2+ 0' !
$
'
2
R
16 4/ &
, 16 /
,
# d! & ()*! =3/4 #
" d2U(! )%
= 2mgR + 12mgR = 14mgR > 0
$
'
2
# d! & ()*! =3/4

.
ii) E
! ,
v , :

-mgR!"#($ / 3) = -mg(R + R!"#2%) + mv2/2 + k&L2/2 !

-mgR/2 = -mgR(1 + !"#2$) + mv2/2 + kR2 (2!"#$ - 1)2 /2 !
mgR/2 = -mgR!"#2$ + mv2/2 + 3mgR(2!"#$ - 1)2 /2 !
gR = -2gR!"#2$ + v2 + 3gR(2!"#$ - 1)2 !
gR = -2gR(2!"# 2$ - 1) + v2 + 3gR(4!"# 2$ + 1 - 4!"#$) !
gR = -4gR!"# 2$ + 5gR + v2 - 12gR!"#$) !
v2 = -4gR + 12gR!"#$ + 4gR!"# 2$

(5)

(5) :
2vdv = -12gR!" d" - 8gR#$%" !" d" !

dv
d$
= -2gR(3 + 2!"#$ )%$
dt
dt

(6)

v=R

d(2! )
d!
= 2R
dt
dt

(6) :
2R

d!
dt

"
d2! %
d!
2R
= -2gR(3 + 2()*! )+!
$
2'
dt
dt &
#

d2!
g
=(3 + 2"#$! )%!
2
2R
dt

d2!
g
+
(3 + 2"#$! )%! = 0
2
2R
dt

(7)

H (7)

,
Mathematika.
P.M fysikos

k, m,
.
!
y0<mg/k ( g
)
,
!
, v0.

!
xy v0,
, . N

, .
!
:

m
g
!
F0 , :

mg = F0 ! mg = kL0 ! L0 = mg / k

(1)

L0 .
,
! (x, y)
!
mg F ,
y.

x :
d2x
d2x
x
!
m 2 = -Fx ! m 2 = -F!" = -kL
L
dt
dt

d2x
m 2 = -kx !
dt

d2x k
+ x=0
dt2 m

(2)

5
L .
y
:
m

% L - y(
d2y
d2y
m
= F!"#$ - mg = kL' 0
!
=
F
mg
* - mg !
y
2
2
& L )
dt
dt

(1)
d2y
d2y
!
=
kL
ky
mg
m
= -ky !
0
dt2
dt2

d2y k
+ y=0
dt2 m

(3)

(2) (3)
:
x = A x! ("t + # x ) $
k
2
% ! =
m
y = A y! ("t + # y ) &

(4)

x, Ay, x, y ,
. (4)

! t vx, vy ( )
v , :
vx = dx / dt = A x!"#$(!t + % x ) &
k
2
' ! =
m
vy = dy / dt = A y!"#$(!t + % y ) (

(4) (5) t=0 :

'
'
#
0 = A x!" x
!" x = 0
!x = 0
( !
( !
$
v0 = A x#$%&" x )
A x = v0 /# $%&" x )
A x = v0 /" %
-y0 = A y!" y '
A y = -y0/!" y &
A y = y0 #
( !
' !
$
0 = A y#$%&" y )
#$%" y = 0
! y = -"/2 %
(

(5)

 (4) :
x = (v0 / ! )"!t $
x! / v0 = "!t &
x2! 2 / v02 = " 2!t & (+ )
% !
' ! 2
' !
y = y0" (!t - # / 2) &
y / y0 = -#$%!t (
y / y02 = #$% 2!t (

x2! 2 y2
+ 2 =1 !
v02
y0

x2
y2
+
=1
v02 /! 2 y02

(6)

A (6) ,
,
v0/ y0.
P.M. fysikos

k

m. To x
Oxyz,
(-, 0, 0)
(, 0, 0)
,
!
v0
y. N
,
.
;

, .
: ,

. xyz

!
!
mv0 , 2mvC
!
! !
C mv0 , vC = v0 /2
CXYZ

!
, v0 /2 xyz.
CXYZ :
!
!
i) O C F -F
,
C
. :

!
!
L A = [CA 0 ! m(v0/2)] "$
!
#
!
L B = [CB0 ! m(-v0/2)] $%

(1)

!
!
v0/2, -v0/2
t=0.
CA0 CB0 :
!
CB0 = - CA 0 = !r i
!
i X , (1)
:

!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
L A = [-! i " m(v0/2)] #
!
!
!
$ ! L A = L B = L = (-m! / 2)[i " v0 ] !
L B = [! i " m(-v0/2)] %
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
L = (-m! / 2)[i " v0 j] ! L = (-m! / 2)[i " v0 j] ! L = m!v0k/ 2

(2)

!
! !
L C j, k
Z.
!
!
ii) F -F C,


!
L CX.

iii) O :

!
!
!
!
d2 !
!
md2r/ dt2 = F ! m 2 (- i X - j Y) = i FX + j FY !
dt
m

!
!
!
d2 !
(- i X - j Y) = i 2kr(X/r) + j 2kr(Y/r) !
2
dt

!
!
!
d2 !
m 2 (- i X - j Y) = i 2kX + j 2kY !
dt
!
! 2k
! 2k
d2 !
(i
X
j
Y)
=
i
X
+
j
Y !
m
m
dt2

2k
d2X / dt2 + ! 2X = 0 "
2
# ! =
2
2
2
m
d Y / dt + ! Y = 0 $

(3)

!
r C
t , Y
C. (3)

CXYZ :
X = A1! ("t + # 1 ) $
%
Y = A 2! ("t + # 2 ) &

(4)

1, 2, 1, 2
. (4)
! t
V t, :
VX = A1!"#$(!t + % 1 ) &
'
VY = A 2!"#$(!t + % 2 ) (

(5)

(4) (5) t=0 :

-! = A1"# 1 (
A1 = -! / "# 1 '
A1 = -! $
) !
( !
%
0 = A1$ %&'# 1 *
$%&# 1 = 0
"1 = # / 2 &
)
'
'
#
0 = A 2!" 2
!" 2 = 0
!2 = 0
( !
( !
$
v0 = A 2# $%&" 2 )
A 2 = v0 / # $%&" 2 )
A 2 = v0 / " %

(4) :
X = -!" (#t + $ / 2) %
-X / ! = "#$%t '
& !
( !
Y = (v0 / # )"#t '
Y% / v0 = &%t )
X2 / ! 2 = "#$ 2%t ' (+ )
( !
Y2% 2 / v02 = & 2%t )

X2 Y2" 2
+
=1 !
!2
v02

X2
Y2
+
=1
! 2 v02 /" 2

(6)

A (6)
, C
, v0/.
=v0/,
C .
.
P.M. fysikos

!
F(r),
.
(r, )
,
:
2

d2r 2 " dr%

mr4
r
=
F(r)
$ '
d! 2 r # d! &
L2
:
d2u
m
+ u = - 2 2 F(r)
2
d!
L u

u=1/r, L
m .
:
,
:

( d2r " d! % 2 +
m * 2 - r$ ' - = F(r) !
# dt & *) dt
,

d2r " d! %
F(r)
- r$ ' =
2
m
# dt &
dt

(1)

L :

" d! %
L = mr2 $ '
# dt &

d!
L
=
dt mr2

(1) :
d2r rL 2
F(r)
d2r
L2
F(r)
!
=
=
2
2 4
2
2 3
m
m
dt
mr
dt
mr

(2)

r=r(),
:
dr dr d! dr L
=
=
dt d! dt d! mr2

(3) t :

d2r
d " dr L %
d " dr L % d!
=
=
!
$
'
$
'
dt2 dt # d! mr2 & d! # d! mr2 & dt

(3)

d2r ( d2r L
dr L " 2% dr + L
=* 2
+
$- '
2
2
d! m # r& d! , mr2
dt
) d! mr

d2r d2r L 2
2L 2
=
dt2 d! 2 m2r4 m2r5

" dr%
$ '
# d! &

(4)

(2) (4) :
2

d2r L 2
2L 2 " dr%
2L 2
F(r)
=
!
$
'
2
2 4
2 5
2 3
m
d! m r m r # d! &
mr
L2
m 2 r4

( d2r 2 " dr% 2

+ F(r)
* 2 - $ ' - r- =
!
r # d! &
m
*) d!
-,
2

d2r 2 " dr%

m 2 r4
r
=
F(r)
$ '
d! 2 r # d! &
L2
u=1/r (3) :
dr
L d(1/r)
L du
==dt
m d!
m d!

(5)

(5) t :

d2r
L d " du%
L d " du% d!
=
=
!
$
'
$
'
m dt # d! &
m d! # d! & dt
dt2
d2r
L " d2u% L
L 2u2
= - $ 2'
=m # d! & mr2
dt2
m2

" d2u%
$ 2'
# d! &

(6)

(2) (6) :
L 2u2
m2

" d2u% L 2u3 F(r)

L 2u2
! =
$ 2' m
m2
m2
# d! &

d2u
m
+ u = - 2 2 F(r)
2
d!
L u

" d2u
% F(r)
+
u
$ 2
' = m !
# d!
&

P.M. fysikos

1, 2 m
,
O . 1

 ,
2 . t=0
!
1 v0,
1, v0 = 2g! ,
!
g .
i) N 2
z .
ii)
2. L=2 .

!
:
i) To w ,
!
N
!
T , ,
.

!
, v0
!
. L
, :

L = m!v0 ! mrv! = m"v0 ! v! = r

d! "v0
= 2
dt
r

d! "v0
= 2
dt
r

(1)

!
!
v! v r
.

:
2
( d2r
(1)
" d! % +
m * 2 - r $ ' - = -T !
# dt & *) dt
,

d2r ! 2v02
T
- 3 =2
m
dt
r

" !v %
d2r
T
- r $ 20 ' = !
2
m
# r &
dt
(2)

!
dr/dt vr
!
!
. 2 w= mg
!
T'
:
m

d2z
= -T'+mg !
dt2

d2z
T
=+g
2
m
dt

(3)

z 2 . :

z + r = 2! !

dz dr
+
=0 !
dt dt

dz
dr
!
=dt
dt

d2z
d2r
=- 2
dt2
dt

(3) :
-

d2r
T
T
d2r
!
=
+
g
=
-g
m
m
dt2
dt2

(4)

(2) (4) :
d2r ! 2v02
d2r
d2r ! 2v02
!
=
g
2
- 3 +g = 0
dt2
r3
dt2
dt2
r

(5)

d2r
d ! dr$
d ! dr$ dr
dvr
=
= vr
!
# & =
# &
2
dt " dt% dr " dt% dt
dr
dt

d2r
d ! vr2 $
=
# &
dt2 dr " 2 %

(5) :
" ! 2v 2
%
d vr2 = $ 3 0 - g' dr
# r
&

( )

(6)

(6) :
vr2 = -

! 2v02
! 2 2g!
2
!
gr
+
C
v
=
- gr + C !
r
2r2
2r2

vr2 = -

! 3g
- gr + C
r2

(7)

C ,
t=0 vr=0 r=, (7) :
0=-

! 3g
- g! + C ! C = 2g!
!2

(7) :

vr2 = -

"
! 3g
!3%
2
!
gr
+
2g!
v
=
g
2!
r
r
$
'
!2
r2 &
#

(8)

E r=2-z (8) :
"
%
"
%
!3
!3
!
vr2 = g $ 2! - 2! + z =
g
z
$
2'
2'
(2! - z) &
(2! - z) &
#
#
"
%
!3
v = g $z '
(2! - z)2 &
#
2
z

(9)

vr=vz.
ii) , .
=0 (2) (4) :
d2r ! 2v02
d2z

=
m
=g
dt2
r3
dt2

E d2r/dt2 =-d2z/dt2 :
! 2v02
!3
!
=
-g
2g
= -g ! r = -!
r3
r3

. .
2
vz=0, (9) :

0= z-

!3
!
(2! - z)2

!3
= z ! z(2! - z)2 = ! 3
2
(2! - z)

(10)

H (10) z=, z1, z2

:

z(2! - z)2 - ! 3 " (z - ! )(z - z1 )(z - z2 )

M
z1, z2 :
z1 =

!
3- 5
2

,
2 :

zmax = ! zmin =

!
3- 5
2

)
P.M. fysikos

 m
!
0 , v0
! 0
. F(r)
:

!
!
F(r) = mr /r4

(1)

!
r ,
:
i)
=-22v02
ii) =-2v02.

!
: F(r) ,

!
!
v0. L

L=mv0. u=1/r,
:
d2u
mF(r) (1) d2u
u3
+u = +u = - 2 2 2 !
!
d! 2
L u2
d! 2
u " v0
d2u
u
+u = - 2 2 !
2
d!
" v0

d2u #
&
+ %1 + 2 2( u = 0
2
d!
" v0 '
$

(2)

i) =-22v02 (2) :
d2u
-u = 0
d! 2

(3)

(3)
:

u = C1e-! + C2e!

(4)

C1, C2 ,
, (t=0) =0, r=
dr/dt=0. H (4) =0 :

1/! = C1 + C2
(4) :

(5)

du
= - C1e-! + C2e! !
d!

m du
= - C1e-! + C2e!
L dr

t=0 :
(5)

0 = -C1 + C2 ! C1 = C2 = 1/2!
(2) :
1
1 -"
cosh "
!
! r=
=
e + e" =
r 2!
!
cosh "

(6)

ii) =-22v02 :
d2u
=0 !
d! 2

du
= C ! u = C! + C'
d!

C, C
:

1/! = C' 0 = C

1/r = 1/! ! r = !

. (8) (9)
(i) (ii)
.
P.M. fysikos