Lh,,S 0)

---2L'
f) lw G) Y'->^'7^ fr<t
lcxl;L
cle
l*'(r'M
f ,o"7r^i"r Yw* Y'1lL'^
.l
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)) t
x-'\ l
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ft' nurt-' ^*' tl
| 1 / _ , '.,/ J. :* , t,v^ c(<). ,J,s
bG\'-
- 7ra:l ^ ^*-'o
( r '7v-'r>-?

.t

3)
-> le

'Ti {f-
-- L ct'
c3 !,\c I c*\
ha-r d q d v,/"',6-,e-q

| .-\ -- I*
(" , v ' 1 T'-
fl fu- qc"t=e (9 'c'\.:j- r.\4"'

a_ . -2,,. - \
e((-fa) (-"ll-{k')\t+\<+X'
t) l,u 2 ,{,v' _ 7,,--,-,-< =3
x>l
\-€ \ -r'? Xtl l+v<.
O 1\r-al($
6J 1t"^tc{}--L ce V€ > o r..N^= 6>0 aqwvt
(J

-ut 'd""..
old,.rgi'& lf C,.t <t
L'-'^d^
1-) 1,.i,- *L--s ol&5r"'''v f')''-'
2>o 'l'- . r30-su'f*
: g nv'r-ta^t'-
v,I-, yp^-t-f-^ "e{l'^ct
Jllzw:
'I o< r.z-3\ < .t " rJ(\^-'b- | "'- 31 1t' ol"'^v
^,r .. -1 < S.ty+31 el& eJe.r'
--
l/-JllxTrr \ v r^ -
I*-9| ,,nN.
( 'ax]-r"f;v' u,la61N-^^5'ru'-)
.J: i)-rr'.C "' r'*F"^T
\-'Lv''LQ'
R-
lv+:t\1C "G''-
(c -31
lx.-3\ \xt-3\ lx
' f - --S ala'bQ{rz
nQ b.n'o.)"'''r C\<'3\<€ et&a e+^eL''r"^ Lx-31
otc"., L ,2t'" La.,Fv c s- 1^ " baaat'*'\ -
e B(Z ,g\
\ f / 4rr,a^
r+t--^litl'L-4'l',' <'nr"'^
 (x'3\ 1\
) LoL'n'oa
e- -\ z x'? 1l =) 'L< < < c+ €
\ ",nr,
w^',
gz-x+j1? ) \x+'jl<+ \re L'1-l*"Y|^ C'=?'Vf '
<€-+6<ta6':1
o\o,-/.Ar. | )**lt = l>ae'-6.ll-<lx-:l+s )
l,,A t"i"r
<'
Foe-t ^r'--2- [xjtcl "-" lx-:\ 2=Ln
l(L Q.{ s i xl-i'J€ a t d-He\'*J'^ l-v- iL r'+":-''^d: t "\^*\Y'{
e,,D-s(v )y 't zcru-efi6cv'
(.U V.J^\e.r|^ Na[^o^-^v ^-lv'Ved, S >'= mil^7t, *\
f- P
l ''L5 irT "- X(5 .,"e xaQ i'e -*=*=sf--fir

c,c
-\-
-- [- co,5t t-l ( -.n ,8\

1 4 7,2 --"+ F- ' 8'* [ r"t =oa *2 gM6R+

s) 1'"-" <-)-'
zn'r'a"",-.
o( \x,c-rl<6 ,lJ's-,\d^ {t-r

-" oe (:t 9 3'-Vr..l € l?- r.,x l)r";-c

ne ! rV +G\

<.' oLl-s.!-.l* f cr) (N /d.^.-.

O<\x--t

\/j
I ) XtV-'t
t-+'), f, =I, ola"!,--"t,t',te6\.+.. al&$,-r.e..
ve;iLfb - B-\l-S > o c\rt-d/'u1+;'d\evr O1|x-'t\<E
6tio- i e >o

ll --!.\= =
I %+1 tr"-'' L ( € o \ c , . . , L- Ollx-ol4t<l a\'rtat'k)

-
lx\= \x-ztz\ = \z-(z-x)\ ..,Ilzl-t*-ztl9' z - | " -' \ > z- 6 > 2 l=|
=)I< \ elda edOfr:
1x\ ^ | c&^L? 'x-Zl< I \
l/ z€ \ se<,,e,'eu
y' lx-2\<3--=2L
?c\c,.6rs,6t- 6--.n"qn{ )

O( \x-2\<6(1 ,lct-j?-r-

_L' L tl-_ I tx-zt.L

I t | .\
lI < _zlL
_ - b-- < ?

| >< L lxl
ercc e.tnr}- =) f."- I =)^ " dv-
xt1 x t
 -
lo) \ly.*-* ' ct'>o 0[d"']"'J 8&+2(6'd+.
'ffi
f >o vefi'ri1'G^' t >a aetVar't+ }i'\n.L{
^ ,," Lrh^"u.l- b'';""n"'l'*-

lx-olcs lJ?-'tfA l/.-x o(oc*v o<v-a\<t<t-o

"ld-f'-a^
\("-Jl(- lx-ol
\d ".---
ll | -'1
l--u+la
tz

-- lx- d I (, Io .* - )-cr a*-o ()2.

Ct--l cr a+!q z
L
=> .
ia.x1ac, F; <t;< lJcr
7
\2

-;2

l€-(?1 1t erczeif\k =) (tw^ ux =\lc^'

*2 al

")
f-](r)_1\,,;;Z H eor.''f,rf,delonLt{ '|"nu
IU

'
/;. ilt+) y' pr',+e*^r<
+)o
th"n-. \-udrvle L'=! t44
/,y. yt Ltt =L ,Id,.,/w^t {,,l*,llh*.eu
{oo

A S>o b:{,.LC O< ttt < 6 ,l&f& I F ttr -lt 11"&v

a L- Lrlu@ <L+r)Lv.
O(t( E rq,\" Httl; I 'J.lv-a I< r+lc L>zG)
- 6<+<O ic,1aH L4l=O)1,.2 L - \ <o )L<L 7t+l
z r:- v?
cettrL!],V =rtri\^1a(+) / -
T-'v
 ^ C a. xea'. '
tZ) i'e ln fr^t V g3c+e&14
f,"t-, 1r, xen:\€ ><-2O

. €- *<Azl.Wk lrf.-.rcCxr=L o\svna€:=! '-qM JS>o

&:1
6UWu: 6q\x\<E oldul,v"La )f r'r- >l<-L'4'..
1it gr t rl < t alcto hzrhc^2fb,v r e Q r4rn+G) =O 2J.r:

(tt) A<lsllE o!,.,n Llerha*-|.'

by sera\4 ;aq (s)'= l'dtr-
f

>,L,yL,yLo
Qetctk.
!3r"+ ", 7
3) ll,w olWr ntl-c":*'
x+-i (x+z)4
"Lu qr''-- 9 v^^eP+ r..lh1E>o \1r-Ur 6a{x-ctl<3
x-24 ',Jtv_
,U-$-l& frxt)u ,.>
)t1leul O<1x+3\1E
Pt>o v<.r{loth Bf'- 6>D a'tbo(ut
6l&'yl^ |
" >^a[ocoL.
(x+t'l
I (x+6\<)-rs> I
>rr,r c, l'<+3) (
(x+l)'l
U|AA'
s---_
I
s€i_ertLL Ollx+llC6:
q t-1
\M
{v-J- 2w
(tuw V+3)+
= oo t &t',:
X-a-3 (x+r)q
 l4) .fi.n lnx='* oB"{'" tl,.+e6vit"
X+ O+
cfu,vtt
---N4o ;'dleLto<x 1e olbtnda
t,,)^ 5r^S>o 5J,'.6.1r6r:e
fnxl{ttt, olacc,L - O<Y<5' ald'6'^^&

,[.ny1r't e uxn*< eM e ,, = nln*<n-

laAl E. --uu ahrrab o(4qsA ise hx1 trneM--l4 -Qotc'Xrs'6la
llr.W lcw rrwut dcn', 7p-', (n*= -* elde eJlitl
>'-Ot

" ('tn tc*)= -e (* VN eR- iclr I E>oa6tzt'?

x->a'
'Jh
Q 4 [x-crt( 5 oldvg-raa,Dcxr<N ',

15) (L- -lb<)--o tr*- gcx)--.c €P. al',-tn'tsv k"VdwJs

x.+ a
' ". x-tcL
2o
(q)
' Lt/- f+tx)+tk)] =oo @ *Y,c I vt'6c*t)::a' c
l-ta

e) !'Y^Clc{ nctl= -*2c1o

Ot&5*^v g.!+erc'-ra-.
@^{d) m>O rrerilsn-(1W
Il1xt
=a oldtgnd,n I€t>o stlaLf
l'1at
td,v-.
g4 f x-ot{S, r(xr->
old.g-,C.a T' t-4+l -c

,(,\^- q(*t=c - -'--

o id,,ti'ndcrn a € z-> O'62b)'C O( l'<-o I < J'z
0*'"-',rr=,
<-'c' 4
':> *,luor."/&or"^".i,,,tW
d: =rrzr'h
I
- ^
>t:45
or&g,-'J. lVtol-cl 1\ gcx/> c-l
- => -o rt i7-3o +2c<l >(r'r * I - c\+(c' | ) =t'4'
teqo\irvr o <t x I < 6: {c,.t
-', Molfc<t+|utJ=@ etAe edAM

Cu)r'.r>ow{lt{\"- ly;gor--.ro old'a5r2o Xt'zLfglQ-al(E1

oU lgc*t-.1<+ aZr;.)>i "t{;Ztc<):1 otd'?Sz>oa2leLr
O( [x -crt < 6 1 oidl +c4 > +,5. = r'h 55r,&\ sec-ooeLO< {x-ol<'6
old-,ctx).5c*)> 2€! , {k f+o'-Sf")J=a
) N< o ',nenflr,l,'
-
7=A
Cc
olJ.\gat-cl<-g
I$3. 0sci'1=c(o otd' aS,>o ;V|e't[ o<lx-ctlcE'
/.a
=*=>z*!;!fli;i}lf;:ii-"f.?jff lsoo,.4
5';r;. i,z !,!o{at g=1
 li&r-uvit't<
r""r" o)cto sQGetc\(olmaE t l','\') 5i 9.,.1 ya,1-' ;
| (t) f
( t l { t c r ) l < , n r , a l t o l c , c a V( " t , ' a i , a f hfla 'fan rm \4l,'"zro"Je o l n , a l ' ) ' J =fcx)
-
Cii) hm .f' G) rvrevr",l ollcc,L $
t-r d
T
Gti; Px-+tx)?f
'
ccr) ol<cctc' f(x) +ad)?do,fCc0
b arEl.'{ \a
't'
x-> cl
t-r/

x e )'ta uaLlos trQe^,

Vc,.da
3{"ffii vnr le^ -fonL;1o"i.x ,
^ou\as'ada f 'nt.i-7'^ O'eLo{+ctcr' (p"[!'
.o=l
\ nelzlact itX^ {Cl) +c'nrarr?dt'

o =J aorrlasrndo l" qra$"k !w I'e.;l'-e wc.r- B,..,.o.do,3 ncL|tlr,".J.. {(3) tc'nrn''lLdrr

'Je'€reloJeJA/.'
fc,r"q+ lrr1f cx\ mq',..,|o\..alrfr,.,Jaa ( <c,f,*esal lr^lt'ler p"'rr'h) f, :

''") -e"c'l (eofi'ra ee\!'t'nl'flaro6or)

a=5 no4a,,ada {(5 ) trc,n,mlr
, 9\;+
o\Cu$,,aC""t )des€,.€tdzJL.
fcrL"| [,b{t,.) +fcc) t,5
A5'i{C"t! l. hc.,^8f n.Lr.'\-'4o 59'.-eLsf+ '
oJd.tl"''"r b,."'}w'v.t.
l8) f. n "tr6-"t"rr^
(ctr ' = t1-x-1- (b) +tx): I u ' "*o
"D(x) x-a Otx=<)
\
I t'- ><- L
cc) f tx)= )'*:..-' "*z qd) fc.t^ fxn
L t )x-1
OoS-':
(d) -f(z)'n$, lc,',r."^,t oe,L'kr"Dclc'7rr,Z\l|
' ol,'""adr'5r J" 'Ft'eE'kAtc'
""
Cb)f(o): I *a.,.-\, +,t.+ 0,'-+(,.l=6\;* / =r+ oU s'al.dtdh
Cc)[e)=l ]r',.,v.n\r ve 1
+,'l=
{,i Y; #=!tmQnt)=3
')-1de
;$.et'fedlr:
fc,La+ 4v- +cr) + l(z) ) f
+''-"''6t noa']ola'nda&'eL'GdrT)
(.1) fUr= [x3l 'lo"'' &efuc laaVslV"<r LQ;9r
(Q^Lsn.),..,nsa6rt," wn y''av.
/jT ^,- (n_t)?,^-r
-, u =
<. !i"'
n- | -<*(.' icfvr [xJ=n !:"-o"o
iIxS=n
^5x<nir i.,0,'' + h!-*E'&--lyn "="
p # ltY-trxn:> I'u"'Yol7 ,,
 SECTION 2.5 CONTINUITY ❙❙❙❙ 125

Now let’s see how to detect discontinuities when a function is defined by a formula.


EXAMPLE 2 Where are each of the following functions discontinuous?
1
x2  x  2 if x  0
Resources / Module 2 (a) f x  (b) f x  x2
x2


/ Continuity 1 if x  0
/ Problems and Tests
x2  x  2
if x  2
(c) f x  x2 (d) f x  x
1 if x  2
SOLUTION
(a) Notice that f 2 is not defined, so f is discontinuous at 2. Later we’ll see why f is
continuous at all other numbers.
(b) Here f 0  1 is defined but
1
lim f x  lim
xl0 xl0 x2

does not exist. (See Example 8 in Section 2.2.) So f is discontinuous at 0.

(c) Here f 2  1 is defined and

x2  x  2 x  2x  1
lim f x  lim  lim  lim x  1  3
x l2 x l2 x2 x l2 x2 x l2

exists. But
lim f x  f 2
x l2

so f is not continuous at 2.
(d) The greatest integer function f x  x has discontinuities at all of the integers
because lim x ln x does not exist if n is an integer. (See Example 10 and Exercise 49 in
Section 2.3.)

Aşağıdaki grafikler yukarıdaki örnekteki fonksiyonların grafikleridir.Her bir durumda grafiği kalemi kaldırmadan çizemiyoruz,
çünkü bu grafiklerde bir boşluk veya bir kesiklik veya bir sıçrama ile karşılaşıyoruz. Burada (a) 'daki ve (c) 'deki süreksizliklere
kaldırılabilir süreksizlik (f yi x=2 noktasında tekrar tanımlayarak bu süreksizliği ortadan kaldırabiliriz), (b) 'deki süreksizliğe
sonsuz süreksizlik ve (d) 'deki süreksizliğe de sıçramalı süreksizlik (fonksiyon bir değerden diğerine atlıyor) diyeceğiz.
 Ig) '6n 55a",- seuettfdk de.)re .{,"',a*
Fc"t =f cct)
f "'da
'iotd.-
.f ),tr. c,,do de.N-*> t,W.,_.f(*) ={rcr)
s€r.nbtaJ.!'

f txt =[xJl f rnt y^,u Vn e N 14,\-rsc,Add-s9ceutl,soide'aS.eL"f"Jfr-

Gs"un lv {'txt= /s,- [xl= n= fb)
x> nr x2 O+

!.v +a=!;n FxT=n-t*| n)

x9n- X+n-

20) lo'l- cL'crLL& :$.eLl1&!-<> lpr noLlxs,.Aq

c,'-alr$,^
t {:an\cau f
s1'r e\'tl&N:(tfy, I I ^4"ar o..,l,f,,. wg 'toL.l*la.,nJa En,"al 1 isg, ls s9
noL[ab, Jc.Li l,rla sajdca weya soldc""rsD.eLl[t:LLl)
sg1^sLtf -
'., a"'t c.ol'fi'^Jc,s{'"eEt.'
2t) fc^)=t- \L3" !,.tL rt
1".,*.-.n f-1,
Il

oldvfi,-.r.," .
6,f's*erell,vr
ai"sr,^-, _l(a<\ ire lt i* k.,.ollarr.,r ae)
v\83,'rtc./r
t-=- \
|.t\ Irx) = kD-ll- t!l-x" )=t-
x>4 x-a
ls- dt7
=l-{$g1Q-xz) =t- -=
l(ct)
<'
L),' Il ku.allart -.
(l ) !;,^ l -{ rxtr1cxg = [:- [.tx\t Iw, gt*) r-\fEt
x.o " X->U X+C{"

@) !t"- fofc"U = a !v- frx) 2 <€R

x3 c,t x"4 a
---{**><
(3) !,w"(+c"t'6cxD
= (,y.;!rrt - try^,6n, I

,r, t-f rxr-l !iE-{:::_

{+r :::: LEa,) )<€ = -ffiq; '\):;;6
,(tt;v,.,9G^t+o)

(d lt"" ffx8"= l!12+n1", n €Z+

X.>Q Lx-r

C6) xIi,-lTAil=
1a
l.y..fcx) ,,, r,€Z+,- x!y.[o,>o,,
t.+4 3a

B;5le.e
- f Gt)'de sSreblfdn \)9 ^noLt-al"'a'Set.'ce)
!)M [6)=\=.c(-l)
I
ve ,('ttnf t*t=1-4t'1
l
xr-l+ X-tl-
ol',g f -1'?& s"-$rn .ve l'& td..r sg.qlatGiv:pola5,s, f {a sc,'rvg
"o "l.,aVf,C-ll)
Lajal ,,.o|tVn7c, st?ebtf blr onLr06.^d.,/^
f
 Zz) + \e Z d)do sgrelative C br)-ss b6-|sa6r olrwaL E+ec<
ri) f +E di, f -B ({,ll c{ Uig.g (vr -f , qcd)+o
-fo"L,\tn lo.r,nrn lvr67 i a)la S.etlfdrv-

fi) poll.'.m, ketWl [eltel, 'triXon".ef&, trees4r[6.,.,oaei-{L, 5s+eI

,.te-\oXar,T^rL ktntrv,Wt..eler{hAeV he. ,obk'd-o$teVtTdvV-r-
f.n{r,e3,nl.,r
L+) l(/)= , ! n * + * r ^ - t a .f ant,\aa " h", nt r-A- lo rI 6' sgtlsbll&{v?
x1-l
qF-"0"^-. u= lnx to^L,fu"4\., l>O lda vg v=.fctn-lx f.rc;ror1,p.'de
{o.
'v
0'1
- Dolo3rr161c, ,6'=Lnx+k^--t*
sg.el"\fuft (o,*) r& sq""Lll'Jh
rrarrL:l5onc.r
Paj&od-ti l Ltv- goltnomalv,plert4erdefinebtfdtc.
\--^t- fonL/r-4w
Oolag,s r ile = O '1t sr^'6lc^6onx noVla)a" r ha.lq" (otl) ve-(t-loo)
, ""-l
a ra|Vlc., r t a d a. s0t-et t Qfv:

25) ve [in gCr)=b lse

f 4""L*y.r^, b'de.re!-elatr
ne.
{ ut) )Jo--
=.pcv> oq>.xv- deyf+te,
1tg^| t
krn | (nc"t)= || ( !i- 6cxr)=f cb)
x->Q \x+cr " /

ispq|: flo we.flstn. B,l- 5>o orruo.u? i6(uLf O < 1x-a{ ( 6 ol&6\,iJc,
-+b)l<€ slc'cc,tc'{tb'destt'eurod' f'a f(U)=fcb)
f {(ac.D
'l,n-
re &\'rr6t" 3 8,> o a{eV( 6,ql y -bt< 61oU- lf td).-f tb)l<€
=A o|d- 3 S>o z,6leVlo ( lx-o I16 ola- I gc')- bl < 5r'J0-'
|yLgo'
l( 5 old'
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lJ( -f6b)l I - 2 etde eAll'ct
I l . 0 - s6r) , t--'r . - - _ r\
€\ /
,-.t
1A)
--/ li- ..r.s,\,rf l-.ft? ) - o..t- ( [,- "l 1
x+r \ l-x / lx-'t ,-*J
tc =orcsrlr ( gy,
(+ "r..ssN s,'net pnv"tlon&t- ) #*
= c,.cs;v-\(1'- '-l-:-\
\r-rt l+4x' /
zd.csiv) --
t t
 'do 9aevli isq (fofl ) Cx)'= (Au)
2+) n a)da sl+eili ve- f
f 5(o)
)da
i(q |.,r,'v,\c.non fog bi\er!e fo"LieTon'o 'rg"eWJ$-'

28) oclola,-o de\er leore,ni' Vayuhcnoltfi'g+eet'ude

{lreLl'
+,,fct,b)
ve 4(o) af (b) olmaL Czere N, C"l ;le ( f") arcs,ndctS'L"- J"g.hct"Bt
,l 4 f,
bft sayr oist,n. Bu }cr\"dLJe fcc):N ola.oL+epfde 6nazl.'51-cQ(a))A-
-
4(b)+
N 1and.aVl5et ltde 3i"*Ltlo
fN gib{-b" ce Ca,b ) -feL
" deSna"t^'
{(cl)
I

dCr Qo

n) Lrx3 '' 6x1+3x -L.= O e:f+,la\fp,h lile2 a.as,.'da bl- L5D'

oldvl,,^''v25:|e.;niz -
a:4'q . f C-)r=4x3-6 xL+?x-L ols,;n Biz l(c); O alacal"
sekilde t.., erftdtl($\o l\\e'L ct-as,n{..lc L6L?5olan clVl c,r''4o.ue'
B,-,gn d.e-o te..ernl 1.,.)llc,narala q2.lrb;-L rzaN=O o/, r-sala
[oLc,r,&tf
Itrl-- 4-e+3-2---l<a
l(2) =72-zQ+6-L=\Z>O
bo>rc"nLs66cn
otdvi.,^laosaveLll
ott,g f (r) < N< +e)'dic I pol')',"."r
d.rr-ve Calag,r,-6Luartx,Lr,.-,ode?e.#eacernir't{.ea | \122 cTas tado kulrr'''
f Cc) =O olac^L reLllde @ncrt \air ceCI)L) r, evcv.L4,,r:

3a) + \^ea ,.s.ercll "" !,n[z4rxt-|C'D=4

loaVu{5.n\at^,lG)=5
i se =1
Vt3) 4.ela\ntrr€n
=z l;u-qcxt-Vao,:,fcz)-gc3)
ciro^,,, 1)!"frgxr'.2c*B
'z'5-ncs)=+2 8(3)=6
3l ) 1c*r= ,'- &-- u'd",!veb,f !'"!
t"ii7t?-*1 = 'r" (+-+)=+G
?

c$r$^a: lirv', = {gu*"+n'tr

tl !"-
[:4G'3+{{J;
t-2 +