Cu 1: Phn mm (software): l mt tp hp cc cu lnh c vit bng mt hoc nhiu ngn ng lp trnh, nhm t ng thc hin mt s cc chc nng gii

quyt mt bi ton no . *Tm quan trng ca phn mm l ti quan trng s thnh cng ca s pht trin v mt i hi v iu kin v kin thc thuc nhiu ngnh khc nhau . Cu 2: Nu cc c trng ca phn mm v gii thch Tnh tindng (usability): sn phm phi d s dng v tin li cho ngi dng, h tr thc hin cc cng vic tt hn. Mun t c mc ch ny th phn mm phi c giao din thn thin, ph hp, c y cc ti liu m t v c s h tr kp thi cho ngi s dng. Kh nng bo hnh v duy tr hot ng (Maintainability): H thng phi c kh nng cp nht, thay i, c kh nng m rng thc hin c nhng yu cu thay i ca khch hng. Tnh tin cy (Dependability): Tnh tin cy ca phn mm khng ch th hin kh nng thc hin ng nhim c thit k v c cc kh nng m bo an ton, an ninh d liu. H thng phi thc hin bnh thng ngay c khi c s kin bt thng xy ra. Tnh hiu qu (Efficiency): Phn mm khng gy ra s lng ph cc ti nguyn nh b nh, b x l,cc thit b ngoi vi, thi gian s dng, v.v. Cu 3:Nu cc loi phn mm,gii thch ni dung mi loi. Phn mm h thng l phn mm gip h thng my tnh hot ng. Nhim v chnh ca phn mm h thng l tch hp, iu khin v qun l cc phn cng ring bit ca h thng my tnh. Phn mm h thng khc vi phn mm ng dng l n khng trc tip gip ngi dng. Phn mm h thng thc hin cc chc nng nh chuyn d liu t b nh vo a, xut vn bn ra mn hnh. Cc phn mm h thng c bit: h iu hnh, chng trnh iu khin thit b hay Trnh Vn Hnh'(driver), cng c lp trnh, chng trnh dch, chng trnh dch cp thp (ting Anh: assembler), chng trnh kt ni (ting Anh: linker), v chng trnh tin ch.

Th vin phn mm cung cp cc chc nng tng qut cng c xem l phn mm h thng, nh th vin chun C. Cn cc th vin khc nh OpenGL hay c s d liu t c xem nh vy.

Phn mm h thng c lu trn cc loi b nh khng thay i c, nh ghi ln chip, c gi l phn sn

Phn mm ng dng l mt loi chng trnh c kh nng lm cho my tnh thc hin trc tip mt cng vic no ngi dng mun thc hin. iu ny

khc vi phn mm h thng tch hp cc chc nng ca my tnh, nhng c th khng trc tip thc hin mt tc v no c ch cho ngi dng. S phn bit r rng gia phn mm h thng v phn mm ng dng khng r rng. Tuy nhin, i khi vn ny cng c tranh ci. Th d trng hp B T php M v Microsoft tranh ci Internet Explorer c phi l mt phn ca Windows khng. Th d tiu biu cho phn mm ng dng l chng trnh x l vn bn, bng tnh, chng trnh gii tr. Cc phn mm ng dng thng c gom li thnh b phn mm. Microsoft Office v OpenOffice.org l nhng b phn mm gm c chng trnh x l vn bn, bng tnh v cc phn mm khc. Cc phn mm ring bit trong b phn mm thng c giao din v tnh nng tng t lm ngi dng d dng hc v s dng. V cc phn mm thng tng tc c vi nhau em li li ch cho ngi dng. Th d, phn mm bng tnh c th nhng mt phn vn bn vo. Trong mt s h thng nhng, ngi dng khng bit c phn mm ng dng trong h thng, nh cc phn mm iu khin DVD, VCD, my git hay l vi sng. [sa]Mt s loi phn mm

Phn mm vn phng

D liu Tnh ton Lm nhm Biu mu Ghi ch Qun l Trnh din Xut bn Vn bn Giao tip D n To web Thit k ha Son nhc

Phn mm x hi

Phn mm gii tr Phn mm qun l

Cu 4:Nu nhng kh khn khi pht trin phn mm. 1.2 Kh khn, thch thc i vi pht trin phn mm T nhng nm 60, nhiu d n phn mm ln khng thnh cng nh cc d n OS 360(tiu tn mt s tin v thi gian gp nhiu ln d kin) v TSS 360 (khng t cc ch tiu kthut, hu nh khng hot ng) ca IBM. Do , vic pht trin phn mm dn dn c nhnthc l mt lnh vc y kh khn v cha nhiu ri ro. Chng ta s xem xt cc kh khn vthch thc trn cc kha cnh c trng, qui m v nhu cu ca phn mm. 1.2.1 Phn mm v phn mm tt Phn mm thng thng c nh ngha bao gm:- cc lnh my tnh nhm thc hin cc chc nng xc nh- cc cu trc d liu cho php chng trnh thao tc vi d liu- cc ti liu gip cho ngi dng c th vn hnh c phn mmBn thuc tnh ch cht m mt h phn mm tt phi c l: C th bo tr c: phn mm tui th di phi c vit v c lp t liu sao cho victhay i c th tin hnh c m khng qu tn km. y c coi l c tnh ch chtnht ca mt phn mm tt. c th bo tr c, phn mm phi c mt thit k tt ctnh modun ha cao, c vit bng ngn ng bc cao v c lp ti liu (ti liu phntch, thit k, ch thch m ngun, hng dn ngi dng...) y . ng tin cy: phn mm phi thc hin c iu m ngi tiu dng mong mi v khngtht bi nhiu hn nhng iu c c t. iu ny c ngha l phn mm phi thamn c nhu cu ca ngi dng. t c yu t ng tin cy, trc tin ngi phttrin cn phi hiu mt cch ng n yu cu ca ngi dng v sau cn tha mnc cc yu cu ny bng cc thit k v ci t tt. C hiu qu: phn mm khi hot ng phi khng lng ph ti nguyn h thng nh b nh, b x l. Nu phn mm chy qu chm hay i hi qu nhiu b nh... th d c c ci t rt nhiu chc nng cng s khng c a vo s dng. Tuy nhin, ngoi tr cc phn mm nhng hay thi gian thc c bit, ngi ta thng khng cc i ha mc hiu qu v rng vic c th phi dng m cc k thut c th v ci t bng ngnng my khin cho chi ph tng cao v phn mm rt kh thay i (tnh bo tr km). D s dng: giao din ngi s dng phi ph hp vi kh nng v kin thc ca ngidng, c cc ti liu hng dn v cc tin ch tr gip. i tng chnh ca cc phnmm nghip v thng l ngi khng am hiu v my tnh, h s xa lnh cc phn mmkh hc, kh s dng.C th thy r, vic ti u ha ng thi cc thuc tnh ny l rt kh khn. Cc thuc tnhc th mu thun ln nhau, v d nh tnh hiu qu v tnh d s dng, tnh bo tr. Quan h giachi ph ci tin v hiu qu i vi tng thuc tnh khng phi l tuyn tnh. Nhiu khi mt cithin nh trong bt k thuc tnh no cng c th l rt t.Mt kh khn khc ca vic pht trin phn mm l rt kh nh lng cc thuc tnh ca phn mm. Chng ta thiu cc o v cc chun v cht lng phn mm. Vn gi c phic tnh n khi xy dng mt phn mm. Chng ta s xy

dng c mt phn mm d phctp n u nu khng hn ch v thi gian v chi ph. iu quan trng l chng ta phi xy dngmt phn mm tt vi mt gi c hp l v theo mt lch biu c nh trc. 1.2.2 c trng pht trin v vn hnh phn mm Chng ta c th thy kh khn hng u ca vic pht trin phn mm l do tnh cht phnmm l h thng logic, khng phi l h thng vt l. Do n c c trng khc bit ng k vicc c trng ca phn cng. Di y l 3 yu t chnh to ra s phc tp trong qu trnh phttrin cng nh s dng, bo tr phn mm. a. Phn mm khng c ch to theo ngha c in Phn mm cng c c thit k, pht trin nh phn cng, nhng n khng nh hnhtrc. Ch khi pht trin xong ngi ta c sn phm c th v hiu c n c hiu qu hay khng.Tc l cc bc trung gian, chng ta rt kh kim sot cht lng ca phn mm.Gi thnh ca phn cng ch yu b chi phi bi gi thnh nguyn vt liu v chng tatng i d kim sot. Trong khi , gi thnh phn mm ch yu tp chung vo chi ph nhncng. Qu trnh pht trin phn mm ph thuc vo con ngi (hiu bit, kh nng vn dng, kinhnghim v cch thc qun l) v c tin hnh pht trin trong iu kin mi trng (k thut, xhi) a dng v khng ngng thay i. Do chng ta rt kh c lng c chi ph cng nhhiu qu ca phn mm b. Phn mm khng hng i nhng thoi ha theo thi gian Phn mm khng cm ng i vi nhng tc ng ca mi trng vn gy cho phn cng b mn c i, nhng n cng thoi ha theo thi gian. Thc t, phn mm tri qua thi gian sdng cn phi c thay i (bo tr) p ng nhu cu lun thay i ca t chc s dng n.Mi khi thay i, s xut hin thm mt s khim khuyt mi khng th trnh lm cho s li timn trong phn mm tng ln. Dn dn, phn mm b thoi ha do t l sai hng ngy cng tng lnn mc gy ra nhng thit hi khng th chp nhn c.Vic bo tr phn mm phc tp hn nhiu v c bn cht khc hn so vi bo tr phncng do s phc tp ca h thng phn mm v s khng c sn phn thay th cho b phn b li.Chng ta khng thay th b phn b li bng ci c sn m thc t phi to ra mt mun mi. Do, thng thng ch c nh sn xut phn mm mi bo tr (sa cha) c hng hc. S rt khc lng c chi ph cho bo tr phn mm. c. Phn ln phn mm u c xy dng t u, t khi c lp rp t thnh phn c sn Phn mm khng c danh mc cc thnh phn c nh nh phn cng. Phn mm thng c t hng theo mt n v hon chnh, theo yu cu ring ca khchhng. Phn mm t khi c th lp rp theo mt khun mu c sn. Yu cu vi phn mm thayi theo mi trng c th m n c xy dng. Mi trng ca phn mm (gm phn cng, phn mm nn, con ngi v t chc) khng th nh dng t trc v li thayi thng xuyn. Nhng yu t ny dn n chi ph cho phn mm cao v rt kh m bo c lch biu cho pht trin phn mm. 1.2.3 Nhu cu v phc tp Tuy ngnh cng nghip my tnh bc sang giai on pht trin th t nhng cc thchthc i vi pht trin phn mm my tnh khng ngng gia tng v nhng nguyn nhn sau:Kh nng xy dng cc chng trnh mi khng gi c cng nhp vi nhu cu v phnmm tng ln nhanh chng, c bit khi Internet pht trin v s lng ngi dng tngcao. Ngy nay, sn xut phn mm tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip khng l tuy vynng sut khng cao, khng p ng c i hi ca x hi v iu ny nh hng

lnn gi thnh v cht lng phn mm. Ngoi ra, cn tn ti rt nhiu chng trnh cthit k v lp ti liu s si khin cho vic bo tr rt kh khn v km ti nguyn. Phttrin cc phn mm mi d bo tr thay th cc h thng c tr thnh nhu cu cp bch.- Cng vi s pht trin ca phn cng, quy m v phc tp ca cc phn mm mi ngycng tng. Mt s phn mm hin i c kch thc c tnh bng n v triu dng lnh (HH Unix, Windows...). Mt vn kh khn trong sn xut phn mm ln l phctp tng vt, cc kinh nghim sn xut sn phm nh khng ng dng c cho mitrng lm vic theo nhm v pht trin sn phm ln.- S tinh vi v nng lc ca phn cng vt xa kh nng xy dng phn mm c th sdng c cc tim nng ca n. Tt c cc kh khn v thch thc nu trn dn nvic chp nhn thc hnh k ngh phn mm c th to nhanh cc phn mm c nhtlng ngy mt cao, c quy m v s lng ngy mt ln v c nhng tnh nng tngng vi tim nng phn cng