:.j-:.j:::. e.

:e:
-...---x-::. :: .x:s.







H U N S E N

S T R O N G
3











Problems and Solutions













ar:.::.:r::.

elak e. ::
elak e: e:
elakRs : .x.
elak :- :.:
elak . e:-
elak :e -::.

a::a::s::
elak e. .-e.

:::::
kBaa e -x.s.

a::: :. ::.::.
elak e. :e: nig elak e: e:

a::.::

...+ -x-::.::s:e.s .+++.
.... .........+.+.
++....+. . ..
..+.+..+.+.....
..........
.++..... +
............++.
.++..... 103 Trigonometry Problems ,
Five Hundred Mathematical Challenges,Complex Numbers From A to Z ,
Mathematical Olympiad in China,Mathematical Olympiad Challenges,
Mathematical Olympiad Treasures, International Mathematical Olympiads 1959-1977,
The IMO Compendium ( 1959-2004 ) nigksarbreTsepg@eTottamy
Internet ..+...++.++
.+.+++....+. + ..
.+. . . +..+..
.. . +... +
+.+. ..+...........
..+++...++
...+..++.. +
+...+.......++.++.+
++ . ++. +


--:-.::.- --:. :s
--s:s e. :e:
Tel : 017 768 246




























. :: :. :.: :.:












H U N S E N
3
S T R O N G



Problems and Solutions




















.s.e:--.:
-x-::.::s:e.s

:s-:.:ee.-







- 1 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 2 - PaK1
:s-:.:ee.-
++.+ . x y
.... 11 y 3 x 4 = +
+-+-+
6 ) 3 )( 7 y )( x ( ) y , x ( f y 2 x + + + =
+ + . x [
2
; 0 ]

++.
2
x cos
1 3
x sin
1 3 +
+

4 =
+ .+ + c AB , b AC , a BC ABC = = =
._
c b
a
2
A
sin
+
...+.,+
.
+,. +
I ]
4
;
4
[

+ -+
os (s
f
[ +. c x sin ) x 2 in ] 1 , 1 x f + =
2
+ . +
_ t
+ f ) x (tan x I
. tan a tan a 2 tan a 3 an a tan a 2 tan a 3 =
+
2
k
a

.. + k
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 3 - PaK1

._ ( )
2
ab 2 1
x cos
b
1
x sin
a
1 +

+
+
2
x b , 0 a 0 , 0

< > > <
++ + +. ABCD AB 3 BC = +
+. + Q B = P . Q P P ] BC [ QC = +
._ DP DBC DQC C + = +
+ + .
1
z .
2
z
( )
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
2
2 | z z | | z z |
1
| z | | z | + = + +

2
. ++
1
z z 1 | z | | z |
2 1
= =
+ . z . z
2 1
1

2 1
2 1
z z 1 +
+
z z +
+ +
++.+

4 x
4 x 12 12 ... 12 12 12
lim
4 x

+ + + + + +

+ n _ +

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 4 - PaK1

+ +
=
) u (
n

0
. 1 u
1 u 4
n
+ u 6 u 4
u
u
2
n
3
n
4
n
1 n
+ +
=
+


IN n
._
4
n 1 n
u
1
u

+ = +
+

1 1
1

IN n
-+ +
+
1 )(
1 n
2
+
+
+
+ . +
+
n
u n
+
x 1 ).....( x x x x 1 ( P
n
2 4 2 2
n
+ + = ) x
+ ABC ++... c , b a ,
+ ] C AB [ D

2
C
cos
b a
ab 2
CD
+
= +
+
1 S
n
! n . n ..... ! 3 . 3 ! 2 . 2 ! 1 . + + + + =
+ n ( n ! n 1 . 2 . 3 ).... 2 n )( 1 +
++

=

) 29 tan 3 )...( 3 tan 3 )( 2 tan 3 )( 1 tan 3 ( A

o o o o
+ + + + =
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 5 - PaK1

+ + .+ z , y , x
y cos x cos 0 z cos = + + cos . x 3 cos 0 z 3 cos y 3 = + +
c x 2 s ._ 2 cos y 2 os co 0 z +

.
+

++ + + ABC
++ A C , B , ] AB [ , ] AC [ , ] BC [
,.. , ' A ' C , ' B
0
'
2
' AA
2
=
CC
)
B A
sin(
' BB
)
2
A C
sin( )
C B
sin(

+

.+
n
) a s a sin x ( ) x ( P co + = n +
.
* IN
+... ) x ( P 1 x
2
+ +
++ +

y y x
4

=
+ = +
b ax
b a y x
4
3
++ + a . b 0 b a + +
._ + 9
) 1 n n )( 1 n n (
1
9999
1 n
4 4
=

+ + + +

=


-x-::.::s:e.s


- 6 - PaK1

+ I -+ f } 0 ; 1 { R x +
1 x )
x
1
( f ) x ( f ) 1 x 2 ( x + + = + +
+ ) 2009 ( f .... ) 3 ( f ) 2 ( f ) 1 ( f S + + + + =
++ .++. ) n ; m (
) m ( 13 n m
2 2
n + = + +
++ C + . A + AB .
. F ] AC [ E ] AB [ + ABC AEF =
. ,..+. .
+

. ACB AF = + E
. E ' F ' E F
. BC [ ]
BC ' FF EF E ' E + +
+ +.+ + + c , b , a
2
) b b ) c b ( 4 a
3
3
3 3
a ( 4 c
b a
) a c ( 4
a c c b
3
3
3
3 3

+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+


=
++

+
= =
+
1 n , 2 a 2 a
1 a a
1 n 1 n
1 0

a
n
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 7 - PaK1

1 n n
a a a
+
1 n
2
+
= +
+.+ ++ ABC
r
2
C
sin
2
B
sin
2
A
sin
R
4
1 1 1
+ +
. + r R + +
+.++
... .
++ b , a c , 1 c b a abc 4 + + + =
._
) ca bc ab ( 2
c
b a
b
c
a
c b

+ +
+
+ a
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + +
+. +
1 0 1 n
} a {
n
1 a
0
= . 4
n
a .... a . a a + =
+
+

+ n 1
._ 2 a
1 n
=
+
+ n a
n
+
+.++ c ab
1
+ , a b c , b 1 ca = + + +
._ 16 )
a
1
c ( )
c
1
b ( )
b
1
a (
2 2 2
+ + + + +

4 3 2
2 2 2 ,
2
cos 2 2 2 ,
2
cos 2 2
2
cos 2

= + +

= +

=

+.. . +
+. +
+.+.

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 8 - PaK1

+.
+. +
n +
n , 7
+++
1 n 1 n 6
n
9 2 A
+ +
+ = 11
+
+ N 610 09 743 831 E
n n n n
n
I + =
. +

._
n
E + 187 IN n
+ 1 n 2
1
1 < +
n
1
.....
3
1
2
1
+
+
+ + +
.+ +
+
n +
n 3 2 1
a .........; ; a ; a ; a
n
n 3 2 1 n 3 2 1
n a .......... a a a + + + + a ...... a . a . a
+++

tan x tan
3 3

= +
= + +
3 4 y tan y tan x
28 y tan y tan x tan 6 x tan
4 2 2 4

+
2
x 0

< + y < <
++..
+ +
c , b , a . p
+
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 9 - PaK1
._

+ +

+
b p
1
a p
1
c
1
b
1
a
1
2
c p
1

+ +

3 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
3 n 4
<
+

<
+

+
._._
* IN n


3 n 4
3
) 1 n 4 ( ....... 13 9
) 1 n 4 ( ....... 11 7
1 n 2
1
+

+ 5
3
+
<

<
+.+ + . ; b ; a c
._
2
3
b a
c
a c
b
c b
a

+
+
+
+
+

+
n )
....
2 . 1
1
+ + + 2 n >
1 n (
1
4 . 3
1
3 . 2
1

+ +
+.+++ GM AM n ( ) 1 .+
n ) 1
1
;
3 . 2
1
;
2 . 1
1

._
n
n
n (
;
4 . 3
1
) ! n (
2
< +
++ +

b ; a c ;
._
a
c
c
b
b
a
a
c
c
b
2 2 2
+ +

b
a

+.++
._
y ; x + z ;

2 2 2 2 2 2
z y x
9
z
1
y
1
x
1
+ +
+ +
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 10 - PaK1

++
x log 1
1
a
a y .

=
y log 1
1
a
a z

=

z log 1
1
a
a x

= +
++ + ) u (
n

=
=
+
1 u 2
4 u 5
u
4 u
n
n
1 n
1

+ -+ +
++ +
n
u n
) u (
n

=
=
+
1 u
4 u 3
u
3 u
n
n
1 n
1


++
n
+
+
n
u -+ + n
u ( )

=
+
* IN n , u u
1 n

= 4 u
n
1

+ +
+
n
u -+ n +
) u (
n
5 u
0
= . 5 n u
2
1
u
n n
+ + IN n
1
=
+

+ -+ +
n
u ) u (
n
n
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 11 - PaK1

++-+++..++.+

2 x
2 x 2 2 ..... 2 2 2
lim L
2 x
n

+ + + +

+
.+ +
+ +
=

+ n +
) U (
n
IN

+ =
+
IN n , U U
n 1 n
0

=
2
2 U
-+ +
.. U
+
n
U n
++
n 2 1 n
U .. U U P
0
= +
+ + ) U (
n
IN
2
2
U
0
= . IN n ,
2
U 1 1
U
1 n
=
+
2
n




+ +

=
2 a , IN n ,
a u
0

+
n
U -+ + n
) u (
n

=
+
2 u u
2
n 1 n

>
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 12 - PaK1
+
n n
4 a a
u

+
=
2
2
2
2
n
2
a
2
4 a

-+ d , c , b , a abcd
+.
dcb abcd = a 9

++ ++_.+ d , c , b , a
abcd . dcba .+ +
+ HUNSEN +++.+
+
+ .. +
.
N , E , S , N , U , H
++ . . 3
+ STRONG + G , N , O , R , T , S
HUNSEN . STRONG
+ 3 S , 6 N = = .+ 8 N 9 S , = = +
-.+ +
+_++..+
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 13 - PaK1
Y E N O M
E R O M
E
-.+
+
D N S
+

A ++. ..,+
+ x 1 x ; x ; 1 x ; 2 x ; + + ++
.
+ B
+.+ .,++
x ; 1 x ; 1 x ; 2 x ; 1 x ; x + +
._ + B ++ +
+ +
A


n 2 (
111 ..... 111 A = . B

n (
444 ..... 444 =
+ + + +
++.+..,++
+
++

._ A 1 B

b ; b ; a ; a
+..+ +

11108889 3333 , 110889 333 , 1089 33

2 2 2
= = =
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 14 - PaK1
33333
2
1111088889 = +
+.+...++.+ +.


.+
99980001 9999 , 998001 999 , 9801 99
2 2 2
= = =
+ 9999800001 99999
2
=
+.+.+...++.+
+
44435556 6666 , 443556 666 , 4356 66
2 2 2
= = =


45 56 , 11 5
2 2 2 2 2
=
4444355556 66666
2
= +
+.+.+...++.
+
111111 445 556 , 1111 6
2
= =
.+.+.. .++.

11111111 4445 5556

2 2
= +
+
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 15 - PaK1

0 1 1 n n
a a .......... a a A =


.
0
a 2 B
1 1 n n
a ......... a a =

. +

A +. 7 B + 7
+
0 1 2 n n
a a a ...... a a A


1
=
,
. +
a ) a ...
+
n 2 1 0
a .... , a a , a + .,
A + 6
0 n 2 1
a a ( 4 y + + +.
. +
+ + = + 6
b + a abba
. r . R ,.... .
+ ABC+ +

R
r
1 C cos B cos A cos + = + +
+ R r 2
x 2 cot x cot
x 2 sin
1
=
+
n 2
n
2
a
sin
1
....
2
a
sin
1
2
a
sin
1
a sin
1
S + + + + =

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 16 - PaK1

x cot
2
x
cot
1
1+
x cos
=
+ +
)
2
a
cos
1
1 ).
a
cos
1
1 )(
a
cos
1
1 )(
a c
1 ( P
n
+ + + = ....(
2 2
os
1
n 2
+
+
n

+ ) U ( IN +

2
U
0
= .
2
IN n ,
2
U 1 1
U
n+
2
n
1


=
+
+
+
n
U -+ n
.
9
7
cos
9
4
cos
9

cos S
3 3 3
+ =
+ +++.+ + ABC
C tan . B tan . A tan B tan A tan C tan = + +
._+ 3 3 C tan B tan A tan + + +


++


) 9 n (
999 ...... 999 .... 999 99 9 S
n

+ + + + =
+. ++.+ ) b , a (

1 b ab 2
a
3 2
+
.+
2

+ +
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 17 - PaK1
++._
1
ab 8 c ca 8 b bc 8 a
2 2 2

c b a
+
+
+
+
+

+ +.+ +
++
c , b , a
+ ) a (
n

2
1
a
1
=
.+. +n.+
1 a a
a
2
2
n
+
= a
n n
1 n+

n .+
n
++ .+
a a a
3 2 1
1 a ......... < + + + + +
+.+
.+ +
++ 3 n , m
a
1 a a
1 a a
2 n
m
+
+
+
.+ + = + + a c , b , a 10 c b + +
+ c b a P = +
+++++
b a
1
b
x cos
a
x sin
4 4
+
= +
+ , 0 a 0 b a , 0 b +
._
3 3
8
3
8
) b a (
1
+ b
x cos
a
x sin
= + +
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 18 - PaK1
+++ ABC + +
._
3
C
tan ,
3
B
tan tan ,
3
A

ax
2
_+ c bx x : ) E (
3
0 = + + +
c b 3 a = + 3 + +
++ +. +
10
sin

.
10
cos



10
sin ) y x ( 4 ) y x ( x
2 2 2 2 2

+ +
IR y , x +
+ + ) U (
n
+
4
n
sin . 2 U
n
n
=
_
+ * I n + N
.
4
n
sin
4
n
cos
4
) 1 n (
cos . 2

=
+

._
4
) 1 n (
c
1
os ) 2 (
n
cos ) 2 ( U
n n
n
4
+

=

U ......... U
+
+
n 3 2 1 n
U U S + + + + = -+ +

n 3 2
+
n
. n + a
1
0 a .......; ; a ; a ;
. * IN n ,
n
a ..... a a a
S
1
n
n 3 2

+ + + +
=
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 19 - PaK1

1 n
1 n n 3 2 1 1 n
a a ....... a . a . a S
+
+ +


n
n 3 1
a ..... a +
2 n
a a S
._ .
10
1
100
99
......
6
5
.
4
3
.
2
1
<
15
1
<
.+ +
1 n 2
b .; b ; b ; a .....; ; a +
2
n
2
2
2
1
2
n
2 2
2
n n 2 2 1 1
+ + + + + + + + +
. . +
+ ....
.
+ . -+ +

.W









n 2
2 1
... ; ; a
n

) b ..... b b )( a .... a a ( ) b a .... b a b a (
2 1
) x (
n
) y (
n
IN
1 y , 5 x
0 0
= =
2
n n
3
n 1 n
y x 3 x x + =
+
3
n n
2
n 1 n
y y x 3 y + =
+
IN n
n
x
n
y n
-x-::.::s:e.s

:s::x..e.













- 20 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


ee.-:
++.+ . .... x y 11 y 3 x 4 = +
+-+-+
) y 2 x 3 )( 7 y )( 6 x ( ) y , x ( f + + + =

::x..e.
+-+-+
) y 2 x 3 )( 7 y )( 6 x ( ) y , x ( f + + + =
+.+++ . GM AM
3
3
) y , x ( f
3
13 y 3 x 4
) y 2 x 3 )( 7 y )( 6 x (
3
) y 2 x 3 ( ) 7 y ( ) 6 x (

+ +
+ + +
+ + + + +

._
3
3
13 y 3 x 4
) y , x ( f

+ +
+ 11 y 3 x 4 = +
512
3
13 11
) y , x ( f
3
=

+
+
++-+-+ ) y , x ( f . + 512


- 21 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 22 - PaK1


ee.-:-
+ . x [
2
; 0 ]

++.
2 4
x cos
1 3
x sin
1 3
=
+
+

::x..e.
+ . x [
2
; 0 ]


) 1 ( 2 4
x cos
1 3
x sin
1 3
=
+
+

4 3
sin
12
sin

4
2 6
2
1
.
2
2
2
2
.
2
3
3
cos
4
sin
4
cos
3
sin

= =

4 3
cos
12
cos

4
2 6
2
2
.
2
3
2
2
.
2
1
2
sin
3
sin
4
cos
3
cos
+
= + =

+

=

-x-::.::s:e.s

+ -. ) 1 (
x 2 sin x
12
sin
x cos x sin 2
12
cos x sin x cos
12
sin
2
x cos
12
cos
x sin
12
sin
2
x cos
4
2 6
x sin
4
2 6
2
x cos
2 2
1 3
x sin
2 2
1 3
=

=
+
+

=
+
+

+
2
x 0

< < ._

= +

= +

x 2 x
12
x 2 x
12

._
12
x

= _
36
11
x

= ..++
+ }
36
11
;
12
{ x

+




- 23 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 24 - PaK1

ee.-:e
.+ ++ ABC c AB , b AC , a BC = = =
._
c b
a
2
A
sin
+
...+.,+
+,. +

::x..e.
._
c b
a
2
A
sin
+

+.. R 2
C sin
c
B sin
b
A sin
a
= = =
+ R ..+ + ABC
._ C sin R 2 c , B sin R 2 b , A sin R 2 a = = =
+
C sin R 2 B sin R 2
A sin R 2
c b
a
+
=
+


2
C B
cos )
2
A
2
sin(
2
A
cos
2
A
sin
c b
a
2
C B
cos
2
C B
sin 2
2
A
cos
2
A
sin 2
C sin B sin
A sin
c b
a

=
+
+
=
+
=
+

-x-::.::s:e.s

( ) 1
2
C B
cos
2
A
sin
2
C B
cos
2
A
cos
2
A
cos
2
A
sin
c b
a

=
+

+ < | C B | 0 1
2
C B
cos 0

<
+ ._ ) 1 (
2
A
sin
2
C B
cos
2
A
sin
c b
a

=
+
+
+
c b
a
2
A
sin
+
+
...+.,++,.
a c
b
2
B
sin
+
.
b a
c
2
C
sin
+
+


>>>>>











- 25 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 26 - PaK1

ee.-:-
. I ]
4
;
4
[

+ -+ f
[ +. ] 1 , 1 x cos x sin ) x 2 (sin f + =
+ f + x . I + ) x (tan
2

::x..e.
-+ f
+ x cos x sin ) x 2 (sin f + =
f
2 2
) x cos x (sin ) x 2 (sin + =

x 2 sin 1 ) x 2 (sin f
x cos x cos x sin 2 x sin ) x 2 (sin f
2
2 2 2
+ =
+ + =
+ ) x
4
sin( 2 x cos x sin +

= + + I x
0 ) x 2 (sin f > +
x 2 sin 1 ) x 2 (sin f + = . x 2 sin z =
+ z 1 ) z ( f + = + 1 z 1 < < +
+.., ]
4
,
4
[ x

+ 1 x tan 1
-x-::.::s:e.s

+ 1 x tan 0
2

+
x cos
1
x cos
1
x tan 1 ) x (tan f
2
2 2
= = + = +



ee.-:s
._ a tan a 2 tan a 3 tan a tan a 2 tan a 3 tan =
+
2
k
a

.. k +

::x..e.
._ a tan a 2 tan a 3 tan a tan a 2 tan a 3 tan =
+ ) a a 2 tan( a 3 tan + =

a tan a 2 tan a tan a 2 tan a 3 tan a 3 tan
a tan a 2 tan ) a tan a 2 tan 1 ( a 3 tan
a tan a 2 tan 1
a tan a 2 tan
a 3 tan
+ =
+ =

+
=

+ a tan a 2 tan a 3 tan a tan a 2 tan a 3 tan = +





- 27 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 28 - PaK1

ee.-:t
._ ( )
2
ab 2 1
x cos
b
1
x sin
a
1 +

+
+
2
x 0 , 0 b , 0 a

< < > >

::x..e.
._ ( )
2
ab 2 1
x cos
b
1
x sin
a
1 +

+
+
x cos x sin
ab
x cos
b
x sin
a
1 )
x cos
b
1 ( )
x sin
a
1 ( + + + = + +
+.+++ + GM AM
x cos x sin
ab 2
x cos
b
x sin
a
+

x cos x sin
ab
x cos x sin
ab 2
1 )
x cos
b
1 )(
x sin
a
1 ( + + + +

2 2
2
) ab 2 1 ( )
x 2 sin
ab 2
1 ( )
x cos
b
1 ( )
x sin
a
1 (
)
x cos x sin
ab
1 ( )
x cos
b
1 )(
x sin
a
1 (
+ + + +
+ + +

++
2
x 0

< < + 1 x 2 sin +


-x-::.::s:e.s


- 29 - PaK1

ee.-:a
+. ++ BC ABCD AB 3 = +
P . Q +. + ] BC [ QC PQ BP = = +
._ DPC DBC DQC + = +

::x..e.
._ DPC DBC DQC + =




. = = = DQC ; DPC ; DBC
.+ 1 tan ,
2
1
tan ,
3
1
tan = = =
+ = =

+
=

+
= + tan 1
6
1
1
3
1
2
1
tan tan 1
tan tan
) tan(
+ _ = + DPC DBC DQC + = +

A
B C
D
P Q
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 30 - PaK1

ee.-:c
. + +
1
z
2
z
( )
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
2 1
| z | | z | 2 | z z | | z z | + = + +

::x..e.
( )
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
2 1
| z | | z | 2 | z z | | z z | + = + +
+ ) z z )( z z ( | z z |
2 1 2 1
2
2 1
+ + = +

( ) 1 | z | z z z z | z | | z z |
|

z z z z z z z z | z z
2
2 2 1 2 1
2
1
2
2 1
2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1
2
2 1
+ + + = +
+ + + = +
) z z )( z z ( | z z |
2 1 2 1
2
2 1
=

( ) 2 | z | z z z z | z | | z z |
z z z z z z z z | z z |
2
2 2 1 2 1
2
1
2
2 1
2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1
2
2 1
+ =
+ =

... ( . ) 1 ( ) 2
( )
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
2 1
| z | | z | 2 | z z | | z z | + = + + +




-x-::.::s:e.s


- 31 - PaK1


ee.-:c
. ++
1
z
2
z 1 | z | | z |
2 1
= =
. z + 1 z .
2 1


2 1
2 1
z z 1
z z
+
+
++ +

::x..e.

2 1
2 1
z z 1
z z
+
+
++
.
2 1
2 1
z z 1
z z
Z
+
+
=
2 1
2 1
z . z 1
z z
Z
+
+
=
+ 1 | z | z . z
2
1 1 1
= =
1
1
z
1
z = +
2
2
z
1
z =
Z
1 z z
z z
z
1
.
z
1
1
z
1
z
1
Z
1 2
1 2
2 1
2 1
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+ Z Z =
2 1
2 1
z z 1
z z
Z
+
+
= + +



-x-::.::s:e.s


- 32 - PaK1

ee.-:o
++.+
4 x
4 x 12 12 ... 12 12 12
lim
4 x

+ + + + + +

+ n _ +

::x..e.
++
.
4 x
4 x 12 12 ... 12 12 12
lim L
4 x
n

+ + + + + +
=


+ _ n

4 x
4 x 12 12 ... 12 12
lim L
4 x
1 n

+ + + + +
=

+ _ 1 n
4 x 12 12 ... 12 12 12 ) x ( f
n
+ + + + + + =
. 4 x 12 12 ... 12 12 12 ) x ( f
n
+ + + + + + + =

-x-::.::s:e.s

+
) x ( f 4 x 12 12 ..... 12 12 ) x ( f ). x ( f
16 x 12 12 ... 12 12 12 ) x ( f ). x ( f
1 n n n
n n

= + + + + + =
+ + + + + + =

._
) x ( f
) x ( f
) x ( f
n
1 n
n

=

) x ( f
1
lim .
4 x
) x ( f
lim
) x ( f ) 4 x (
) x ( f
lim L
n
4 x
1 n
4 x
n
1 n
4 x
n

=

) 4 ( f
1
. L L
n
1 n n
= + 8 ) 4 ( f
n
=

1 n n
L
8
1
L

= +++. ) L (
n
8
1
q = .
4 x
4 x 12
lim L
4 x
1

+
=

+
++. n
1 n
1 n
q L L

=
+
8
1
4 x 12
1
lim
4 x
4 x 12
lim L
4 x 4 x
1
=
+ +
=

+
=


.
8
1
q =
n
n
8
1
L = +
+
n
4 x
8
1
4 x
4 x 12 12 ... 12 12 12
lim =

+ + + + + +

+


- 33 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 34 - PaK1

ee.-:
+ + ) u (
n
1 u
0
= .
1 u 4 u 6 u 4
u
u
n
2
n
3
n
4
n
1 n
+ + +
=
+
IN n
._
4
n 1 n
u
1
1
u
1
1

+ = +
+
IN n
+ u -+ +
n
n

::x..e.
._
4
n 1 n
u
1
1
u
1
1

+ = +
+
.+
4
n
n
2
n
3
n
1 n
u
1 u 4 u 6 u 4
1
u
1
1
+ + +
+ = +
+

4
n
4
n
4
n
4
n
n
2
n
3
n
4
n
u
1
1
u
) 1 u (
u
1 u 4 u 6 u 4 u

+ =
+
=
+ + + +
=

+
4
n 1 n
u
1
1
u
1
1

+ = +
+
+

-x-::.::s:e.s

+ -+
n
u n
.+
4
n 1 n
u
1
1
u
1
1

+ = +
+

+ =

+
+ n 1 n
u
1
1 ln 4
u
1
1 ln
.

+ =
n
n
u
1
1 ln v

+ =
+
+
1 n
1 n
u
1
1 ln v
+
n 1 n
v 4 v =
+
...+ +++. ) v (
n
4 q =
. 2 ln
u
1
1 ln v
0
0
=

+ = + 1 u
0
= +
++ 2 ln 4 q . v v
n n
0 n
= = +
+

+ =
n
n
u
1
1 ln v
._ 2 ln 4
u
1
1 ln
n
n
=

+
n
4
n
2
u
1
1 = +
+
1 2
1
u
n
4
n

= +





- 35 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


ee.-:-
+
) x x 1 ).....( x x 1 )( x x 1 ( P
1 n n
2 2 4 2 2
n
+
+ + + =


::x..e.
+
) x x 1 ).....( x x 1 )( x x 1 ( P
1 n n
2 2 4 2 2
n
+
+ + + =
+ ) a a 1 )( a a 1 ( a ) a 1 ( a a 1
2 2 2 2 2 4 2
+ + + = + = + +
._
2
4 2
2
a a 1
a a 1
a a 1
+ +
+ +
= +
k
2
x a =

1 k k
2 k 1 k
1 k k
2 2
2 2
2 2
x x 1
x x 1
x x 1
+
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
= +
2
2 2
n
0 k
2 2
2 2
n
x x 1
x x 1
x x 1
x x 1
P
2 n 1 n
1 k k
2 k 1 k
+ +
+ +
=

+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+
+ +

=

+
2
2 2
n
x x 1
x x 1
P
2 n 1 n
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+



- 36 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 37 - PaK1


ee.-:e
+ ++... + ABC c , b , a
++ C [ . D + ] AB

2
C
cos
b a
ab 2
CD
+
= +


::x..e.

2
C
cos
b a
ab 2
CD
+
=
.+ S
CDB ACD ABC
S S + =
+ C sin ab
2
1
S
ABC
=
2
C
sin CD b
2
1
S
ACD
= .
2
C
sin CD a
2
1
S
CDB
=

2
C
sin CD . a
2
1
2
C
sin CD . b
2
1
sibC ab
2
1
+ =
._
2
C
cos
b a
ab 2
2
C
sin ) b a (
C sin ab
CD
+
=
+
= +
+
2
C
cos
b a
ab 2
CD
+
= +

C
A
D
B
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 38 - PaK1

ee.-:-
+
! n . n ..... ! 3 . 3 ! 2 . 2 ! 1 . 1 S
n
+ + + + =
+ 1 . 2 . 3 ).... 2 n )( 1 n ( n ! n = +

::x..e.
+
! n . n ..... ! 3 . 3 ! 2 . 2 ! 1 . 1 S
n
+ + + + =
+ ! k . ] 1 ) 1 k [( ! k . k + =

! k )! 1 k ( ! k . k
! k ! k ). 1 k ( ! k . k
+ =
+ =

! n )! 1 n ( ... ) ! 3 ! 4 ( ) ! 2 ! 3 ( ) ! 1 ! 2 ( S
n
+ + + + + =
+ 1 )! 1 n ( S
n
+ = +

>>>>>



-x-::.::s:e.s


ee.-:s
++
) 29 tan 3 )...( 3 tan 3 )( 2 tan 3 )( 1 tan 3 ( A
o o o o
+ + + + =

::x..e.
++ A
) 29 tan 3 )...( 3 tan 3 )( 2 tan 3 )( 1 tan 3 ( A
o o o o
+ + + + =
+
o o
o
o o 0
1 cos 60 cos
61 sin
1 tan 60 tan 1 tan 3 = + = +

o o
o
o o 0
o o
o
o o o
o o
o
o o o
29 cos 60 cos
89 sin
29 tan 60 tan 29 tan 3
3 cos 60 cos
63 sin
3 tan 60 tan 3 tan 3
2 cos 60 cos
62 sin
2 tan 60 tan 2 tan 3
= + = +

= + = +
= + = +


29 o o o o o 29 o
o o o o
) 60 (cos
1
29 cos ... 3 cos 2 cos 1 cos ) 60 (cos
89 sin .... 63 sin . 62 sin . 61 sin
A = =

+
2
1
60 cos
o
= + 536870912 2 A
29
= = +



- 39 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 40 - PaK1

ee.-:t
++.+ z , y , x
0 z cos y cos x cos = + + . cos 0 z 3 cos y 3 cos x 3 = + +
._ cos 0 z 2 cos y 2 cos x 2 +

::x..e.
._ cos 0 z 2 cos y 2 cos x 2
++ cos a cos 3 a cos 4 a 3
3
=
._ ) 1 ( x 3 cos x cos 3 x cos 4
3
+ =

) 3 ( z 3 cos z cos 3 z cos 4
) 2 ( y 3 cos y cos 3 y cos 4
3
3
+ =
+ =
... ) 3 ( , ) 2 ( , ) 1 (
0 z cos 4 y cos 4 x cos 4
3 3 3
= + +
_ 0 z cos y cos x cos
3 3 3
= + +
+ 0 z cos y cos x cos = + + . 0 z 3 cos y 3 cos x 3 cos = + +
+ 0 z cos y cos x cos = + +
z cos y cos x cos = +
-x-::.::s:e.s


z cos y cos x cos 3 x cos y cos x cos
z cos y cos z cos y cos x cos 3 x cos
z cos y cos ) y cos x (cos y cos x cos 3 x cos
z cos ) y cos x (cos
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3
= + +
= +
= + + +
= +

+ 0 z cos y cos x cos
3 3 3
= + +
._ 0 z cos y cos x cos 3 =
_ 0 x cos = 0 y cos = _ 0 z cos = +
+ 0 x cos = z cos y cos =

0 ) 1 z cos 2 ( z 2 cos y 2 cos x 2 cos
) 1 z cos 2 )( 1 y cos 2 )( 1 x cos 2 ( z 2 cos y 2 cos x 2 cos
2 2
2 2 2
=
=

++.+ +

>>>>>






- 41 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 42 - PaK1
ee.-:a
+ + + ++ . ABC C , B , A
] AB [ , ] AC [ , ] BC [ ,.. + ' C , ' B , ' A

0
' CC
)
2
B A
sin(
' BB
)
2
A C
sin(
' AA
)
2
C B
sin(
=

::x..e.




.+ S
B ' CC ' ACC ABC
S S + =
+ C sin ab
2
1
S
ABC
=
2
C
sin ' CC b
2
1
S
' ACC
= .
2
C
sin ' CC a
2
1
S
B ' CC
=

2
C
sin ' CC . a
2
1
2
C
sin ' CC . b
2
1
sibC ab
2
1
+ =
C
A
' C
B
-x-::.::s:e.s

._ ) 1 (
2
C
cos
b a
ab 2
2
C
sin ) b a (
C sin ab
' CC
+
=
+
=
+
2
C
cos
2
C
sin 2
2
B A
cos
2
B A
sin 2
C sin
B sin A sin
c
b a
+
=

+
2
C
sin
2
C
2
cos
2
B A
cos =

=
+


2
C
cos
2
B A
sin
c
b a

=

)
2
B A
sin( .
b a
c
2
C
cos

=
+ ) 1 ( )
2
B A
sin(
b a
abc 2
' CC
2 2

=
._
abc 2
b a
' CC
)
2
B A
sin( 2 2

+
++
abc 2
a c
' BB
)
2
A C
sin(
;
abc 2
c b
' AA
)
2
C B
sin( 2 2 2 2

+ 0
' CC
)
2
B A
sin(
' BB
)
2
A C
sin(
' AA
)
2
C B
sin(
=

+



- 43 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 44 - PaK1
ee.-:c
+ P
n
) a cos a sin x ( ) x ( + = + * IN n
+... . x ) x ( P 1
2
+ +

::x..e.
+.
. ) x ( R +... . ) x ( P 1 x
2
+
1 n = a cos a sin x ) x ( P + =
+ a cos a sin x ) x ( R + = . +
2 n ) x ( R ) x ( Q ) 1 x ( ) x ( P
2
+ + =
+ . ) x ( Q B Ax ) x ( R + =
B Ax ) x ( Q ) 1 x ( ) a cos a sin x (
2 n
+ + + = +
i x = B Ai ) a cos a sin i (
n
+ = +
_ A . i B ) na sin( . i ) na cos( + = +
._ . ) na sin( A = ) na cos( B =
+ ) na cos( ) na sin( x ) x ( R + = +

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 45 - PaK1
ee.-:c
+++

=
+ = +
by ax y x
b a y x
4 4
3

+ . b ++ a a 0 b + +

::x..e.
+++

=
+ = +
by ax y x
b a y x
4 4
3
++
1
y
y x by ax
) y x ( b a
4 4
3

=
+ = +

4 4 3
4 4
3
y x ) y x ( y ) y x ( a
y x by ax
) y x ( y by ay
+ + = +
+

=
+ = +

+ 0 b a + 0 y x +
._
2 3
4 4 3
xy 3 x
y x
y x ) y x ( y
a + =
+
+ +
=

3 2 3
y y x 3 a ) y x ( b + = + =
+

= +
= +
b y y x 3
a xy 3 x
3 2
2 3

=
+ = +
3
3
b a y x
b a y x

+
2
b a b a
y ;
2
b a b a
x +
3 3 3 3
+
=
+ +
=
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 46 - PaK1
ee.-:-o
._ 9
) 1 n n )( 1 n n (
1
9999
1 n
4 4
=

+ + + +

=


::x..e.
._ 9
) 1 n n )( 1 n n (
1
9999
1 n
4 4
=

+ + + +

=

+ n 1 n ) n 1 n )( n 1 n (
4 4 4 4
+ = + + +

n 1 n
1
) n 1 n )( n 1 n (
4 4 4 4
+ +
= + + +
._
4 4
4 4
n 1 n
) 1 n n )( 1 n n (
1
+ =
+ + + +

9 1 10000
) n 1 n (
) 1 n n )( 1 n n (
1
4
9999
1 n
4 4
9999
1 n
4 4
= =
+ =

+ + + +

= =

+ 9
) 1 n n )( 1 n n (
1
9999
1 n
4 4
=

+ + + +

=
+

>>>>>




-x-::.::s:e.s


- 47 - PaK1
ee.-:-
-+ f } 0 ; 1 { IR x +
1 x )
x
1
( f ) x ( f ) 1 x 2 ( x + = + + +
+ ) 2009 ( f .... ) 3 ( f ) 2 ( f ) 1 ( f S + + + + =

::x..e.
+ ) 2009 ( f .... ) 3 ( f ) 2 ( f ) 1 ( f S + + + + =
+ ) 1 ( 1 x )
x
1
( f ) x ( f ) 1 x 2 ( x + = + +
+ x
x
1
.+ ( ) 1
) 2 (
2 x
x x
) x ( f
2 x
x
)
x
1
( f
1
x
1
) x ( f )
x
1
( f ) 1
x
2
(
x
1
2 2
+
+
=
+
+
+ = + +

++ . -..-. ) 1 ( ) 2 (
2 x
2 x 2
) x ( f
2 x
) 1 x ( x 2
2 x
x x
1 x ) x ( f
2 x
x
) 1 x 2 ( x
2
2 2
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
+ =

+
+

._
1 x
1
x
1
) 1 x ( x
1
) x ( f
+
=
+
=
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 48 - PaK1
[ ]

= =
= =

+
= =
2009
1 k
2009
1 k 2009
2008
2009
1
1
1 k
1
k
1
) k ( f S
+
2009
2008
) 2009 ( f .... ) 3 ( f ) 2 ( f ) 1 ( f S = + + + + = +

ee.-:--
.++. ) n ; m (
) n m ( 13 n m
2 2
+ = + +

::x..e.
) n ; m (
+ ) 1 ( ) n m ( 13 n m
2 2
+ = +
+. n m =
n 26 n 2
2
= 13 n =
+ + 13 n m = =
+.+ n m
.++_ ( + ) n ; m ) 1 (
) m ; n ( + + + ) 1 (
m + +.+++ Cauchy Schwarz n <
-x-::.::s:e.s

.+ ) n m ( 2 ) n m (
2 2 2
+ < +

26 n m
) n m ( 26 ) n m (
2
< +
+ < +
+ n m < 26 n m m 2 < + < _ 13 m <
+ ._ * IN m 12 m 1 +
+..,+ - ) 1 (
) 2 ( 0 m 13 m n 13 n
2 2
= +
+++. ) m 13 m ( 4 169
2
=
+ ++. + ) 2 ( * IN +
.+ +
IN k ) 1 k 2 ( ) m 13 m ( 4 169
2 2
+ =
) 1 k ( k 4 1 ) 1 k 2 ( ) m 13 m ( 4 168
2 2
+ = + =
._ ) m 13 ( m 42 ) 1 k ( k + = + + 12 m 1
++-+ ) 1 k ( k +
} 84 , 82 , 78 , 72 , 64 , 54 { ) 1 k ( k = + +
.+..+++++
+ ++.. 9 8 72 = } 10 ; 3 { m = +

- 49 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s

+ 3 m = 0 ) 2 n )( 15 n ( 30 n 13 n
2
= + =
+ 15 n =
+ 10 m = 0 ) 2 n )( 15 n ( 30 n 13 n
2
= + =
+ 15 n =
+..+
} ) 10 ; 15 ( ; ) 3 ; 15 ( ; ) 13 ; 13 ( ; ) 15 ; 10 ( ); 15 ; 3 ( { ) n ; m ( = +

>>>>>










- 50 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 51 - PaK1
ee.-:-e
+ +.. + ABC A ] AC [ E
. F + ] AB [ ABC AEF = . ACB AFE = +
. . F ,..+. E . F ' E '
. [ + ] BC
E BC ' FF EF E ' + +

::x..e.
E BC ' FF EF E ' + +





. BC c AB , b AC , a = = = +
+. . ++ ABC AFE ABC AEF =
.++ +
A
B
C
F
E
' F ' E
-x-::.::s:e.s

,+ k
BC
EF
AC
AF
AB
AE
= = =
+ 0 k > .,+ +
._ ak EF , bk AF , ck AE = = = +
+. . ++ ABC C ' EE ACB +.+
+ +
EC
BC
' EE
AB
=
BC
EC . AB
' EE =
+ ck b AE AC EC = =

a
) ck b ( c
' EE

= +
++._
a
) bk c ( b
' FF

=

a
) bk c ( b
ak
a
) ck b ( c
' FF EF E ' E

+ +

= + +

a
bc 2
a
) c b a ( k bc 2
a
k b bc k a k c bc
2 2 2
2 2 2
=
+
=
+ +
=

++.+. + ABC
2 2 2
c b a + = +
+.+++ + GM AM bc 2 c b a
2 2 2
+ =
._ BC a
a
bc 2
= ++ BC ' FF EF E ' E + + +

- 52 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 53 - PaK1
ee.-:--
c , b , a +.+ + +
2
) b a ( 4 c
b a
) a c ( 4 b
a c
) c b ( 4 a
c b
3
3 3
3
3 3
3
3 3

+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+



::x..e.

2
) b a ( 4 c
b a
) a c ( 4 b
a c
) c b ( 4 a
3
+
c b
3
3 3
3
3 3 3 3

+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

) c b (
3
+
+ b ( bc 3 c b
3 3
) c + + =
++ AM
+
+.+ M + G bc 2 c b +
._
2
2
c b
bc

+

3
) c b (
4
3
) c b ( bc 3 + +

3 3 3 3 3
) c b (
4
1
) c b ( b
4
3
) c b ( c + = + + +
_ .
3
3 3
) c b ( 4 c b + +
_
3
3 3
) c b ( 4 a c b a + + + +
( ) 1
c b a
c b
) c b ( 4 a
3
c b
3 3
+ +
+

+
+

+
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 54 - PaK1
++ ( ) 2
c b a
a c
) a c ( 4 b
a c
3
3 3
+ +
+

+ +
+

. ( ) 3
c
) b a ( c
b a
3
3 3
b a
b a
4
+ +
+

+
+...
+
+
+
) 3 ( , ) 2 ( , ) 1 (
2
) b a ( 4 c
b a
) a c ( 4 b
a c
) c b ( 4 a
3
c b
3
3 3
3
3 3 3 3

+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ +

ee.-:-s

+
=

+
= =
+
1 n , 2 a 2 a
a a
1 n n 1 n
1 0

2 +
+
a
1
a
1 n n
1 n
a a = +


::x..e.
a a
2
+

1 n n
a
+
1 n
=
a 2 a
+
=
a a

=
=
2 a a 2 ( c
n n 1 n n 1 n
+ a
1
. c n
n n 1 n
1 n n n
c
1
n 1 n 1 n + +
a a
a ) 2 c + = + =
+

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 55 - PaK1
...+ ++.+ ) c (
n
2 d =
0 1
. 0 c
1
1 1 a a = = = +
2 n 2 ) 1 n ( 2 d ) 1 n ( c c
1 n
= = + =
1 n n
._ a 2 n 2 a =


)

( ) (
) 1 n ( n = 1 a
) 1
2 a a
1 k 2 a a
n
0 n
n
1 k
n
1 k
1 k k

=
=

= =



2
n ( n
._ 1 n n a
2
n
+ = . 1 ) 1 n ( ) 1 n ( a
2
1 n
+ + + =
+

2
+ + = . _ a
1 n+
1 n
2
1 n n 1 n n a
2 4
+ + =
+

n n ( a + + )( 1 a
2 2 2 2 2
1 n n
n ) 1 n ( ) 1 n n = + + + =
+

_ 1 n n a a
2 4
1 n n
+ + =
+
+
+

>>>>>

1 n n
1 n
a a a
2 +
+
= +


-x-::.::s:e.s


- 56 - PaK1
ee.-:-t
.+ ABC ++
r
R
4
1 1 1

2
C
sin
2 2
+ r .
B
sin
A
+ +
sin
R ... . + +
::x..


e.
( ) 1
r
2
C
sin
2
B
sin
2
A
sin
R
4
1 1 1
+ +
. , b AC , a BC . A , b AC , a BC

c B c B A = = =
..+ +
2 2 2
+

+. ABC
A cos . bc 2 c b a + =
2
A
sin 2 1 A cos
2
=
)
2
sin 2 1 ( bc 2
A
c b a
2 2 2 2
+ =
._
bc 4
) c b a )( c b a ( ) c b (
2 2
+
bc 4
a
2
A
sin
2
+
= =
.
2
c b a
p =
+ +
++
) c p ( 2 c b a = + . ) b p ( 2 c b a = +
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 57 - PaK1

bc
) c p )( b p (
2
A
sin
2

=

bc
) c p )( b p (
2
A
sin

= + ++._
ab
) b p )( a p (
2
C
sin ;
ac
) c p )( a p (
2
B
sin =

=



abc
) c p )( b p )( a p (
2
C
s sin
2
B
sin
2
A
in

=
+
R 4
abc
pr = ) c p )( b p )( a p ( p S = =
._ S . R 4 ab . c = S . r
p
S
) c p )( b p )( a p (
2
= =

R 4
r
S . R 4
S . r
2
C
sin
2
B
sin
2
A
sin = = +
.+++ ++.. ( ) 1
( ) 2 2
2
C
sin
2
B
sin
2
A
sin
2
B
sin
2
A
sin
2
C
sin
2
A
sin
2
C
sin
2
B
sin
2
C
sin
2
B
sin
2
A
sin 4
1
4
2
C
sin
1
2
B
sin
1
2
A
sin
1
+ +
+ +

+
2
A
sin
a
a p
bc a
) c p )( b p ( )
si
2

=
a p (
2
C
sin
2
B
n
2

=

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 58 - PaK1
._
a
p
=
a
2
A
sin
2
C
sin
2
B
sin
+ ++._
b
b p
2
A
sin
2
C
sin

2
B
sin
= .
c
c p
2
C
sin
2
B
s
2
A
sin in

=
++. .+++ ( ) 2 .
2
c
c p
b
b p
a
a p

+ +.++ GM AM
a ) a p ( 2 a ) a p ( p = +
p
) a p ( 2
a
a p

++
p
) b p ( 2
b
b p

.
p
) c p ( 2
c
c p

+ 2
c
c p
b
b p
a
a p
) c p ( ) b p ( ) a p (
2
c
c p
b
b p a p

+ +

p a
+
r
4
C
sin
B
sin
+ +
R
2
1
2
1
2
A
sin
+
1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 59 - PaK1
ee.-:-a
+.++ abc 4 c , b , a 1 c b a + + + =
._ ._
) ca bc ab ( 2
c
b a
b
a c c b
2 2 2
+
+
+
a

2 2 2
+ +
+
+
::x..e.

) ab ( 2 + ca bc
c
b a
b
a
a
2 2
+
+
+ +
+ +
c c b
2 2 2 2
+ +
+.++ GM AM
4
abc b a abc 4 + + = 4 1 c +
._
1 abc
) 1 ( abc 3 1 abc 4 c b a = + + + 1 abc
+.+++ GM AM
( ) 2
c
ab 2 ca 2 c c c b
2 2 2
+ +
b a
b 2
c
b a
b
a
a
2 2 2
+ +
+
+ +
+++ Cauchy - Schwarz + +.
[ ]
2 2 2 2
) ca ( ) bc ( ) ab ( 3 ) ca bc ab ( + + +

+
+ ] ) ab ( ) ca ( ) bc ( [
abc c a
= + +
2 ab 2
b
ca 2
2 2 2
+ +
bc 2
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 60 - PaK1
._ ( ) 3 ) ca bc ab (
abc 3
2
c
ab 2
b
ca 2
a
bc 2
2
+ + + +
+ . ._ ) 2 ( ) 3 (
( ) 4 ) ca bc ab (
abc 3
2
c
b a
b
a c
a
c b
2 2
+
+
2
2 2 2 2
+ +
+
+
+


2 2
+
.+

+
+
+
bc a 2 ) ab ( ) ca (
abc 2 ) ca ( ) bc (
c ab 2 ) bc ( ) ab (
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
) ab ( [ 2
2
) c b a ( abc 2 ] ) ca ( ) bc ( + + +
) c b a ( abc ) ca ( ) bc ( ) ab (
2 2 2
+ + + +
.+. )( )( ab ( 2 +-.. ) ca ab ( 2 ) bc ) ca )( bc ( 2 + +
a ( abc 3 ) ca bc
2
b ab ( ) c + + + +
+ + + + a abc 3 c b ( ) 1


._
2 2 2 2
c b a 9 ) ca bc ab ( + +
_ abc 3 ca bc ab + +
( ) 5 ) ca bc ab ( 2 ) ca bc ab (
abc 3
2
2
+ + + +
._ + ) 4 ( . ) 5 (
) ca bc ab ( 2
c
b a a
a
c b
2 2 2 2 2

+
+ +
+
b
c
2
+ +
+
+
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 61 - PaK1
ee.-:-c
a { }
n
+
= . 1 a
0
4 a .... a . a a
n 1 0 1 n
+ =
+
+ + 1 n
._ 2 a a
1 n n
=
+
+ + 1 n


::x..e.
._ 2 a a
1 n n
=
+

.+_ . IN k + +
+
0 a
k
> +
+
0 a
k
>
4 a .... a . a a
n 1 0 1 n
4 a .... a . a a
n 1 0 1 n
+ =
+

1 n 1 0 2 n
a 4 a ..... a . a + =
+ +

2
n 1 0 2 n
n 0 n 1 0 2 n
) 2 a ..... a a (
4 ) a .... a . 4 ) a ..... a a (
4 ) 4 a ..... . a )( a ..... a . a (
+ =
+ + =
1
a ( a
a a
2
n 1 0 2 n
n 1 0
a
+ + =
+
+
+

._ 2 a ...
n
.. a a a
1 0 2 n
+ =
+

2 ) 4 a ( a
1 n 2 n
+ =
+ +
_ 2 a a
2 n 1 n
=
+ +

+ 2 a a
n

1 n
=
+
+


-x-::.::s:e.s


- 62 - PaK1
ee.-:-c
+.++ c , b , a 1 ca bc ab = + + +
._ 16 )
a
1
c ( )
c
1
b ( )
b
1
a (
2 2 2
+ + + + +
.


::x. e.
._ 16 )
a
1
c ( )
c
1
b ( )
b
1
a (
2 2 2
+ + + + +
.
2 2 2
)
a
1
c ( )
c
1
b ( )
b
1
a ( A = + + + + +

+ + = a + + + + + +
a
c
c
b
b
a
2
c
1
b
1
a
1
c b
2 2 2
2 2 2

.+
2 2
a
ca bc ab
a
1 + +
=
2
a
bc
a
c
a
b
+ + =

2 2
ca
b
1
b
bc ab + +
=
2
b
ac
b
c
b
a
+ = +

2 2
c
ca bc ab
c
1 + +
=
2
c
ab
c
a
c
b
+ + =
++ + +.+ GM AM
3
c
ab
b
ca
a
bc
,
a b
+ 2
a
c
c
a
, 2
b
c
c
b
; 2
b a
2 2 2
+ + + +
9 3 2 2 2
c
1
b
1
a
1
2
+
2 2
= + + + +
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 63 - PaK1
3
a
+.. c
2
c
.
c
b
.
b
a
3
a
c
c
b
b
a
3
= + +
, b , ab 2 b a
2 2 2 2 2
ca 2 a c ; bc 2 + + +
2 2 2
a 2 ca 2 bc 2 ab 2 c 2 b 2 + + + +
1 ca bc ab c b a
2 2 2
= + + + +
1 A 16 ) 3 ( 2 9 = + +

+
+ 16 )
a c b

1
c ( )
1
b ( )
1
a (
2 2 2
+ + + + + +
ee.-:eo

4 3 2
2
cos 2 2 2 2 ,
2
cos 2 2 2 ,
2
c 2 2 os

= + +

= +

+.. . +
. +

=
+.+.
+
::x..e.
+
+..
,
2
cos 2 2 2 ,
2
cos 2 2
3 2

= +

=

4
2
cos 2 2 2 2

= + +
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 64 - PaK1
+.+ .+ .-._+. .+
1 n
) n (
2
co 2 2 2 s 2 ......... 2
+

= +

+ + +

+
..
++

) n (
n
2 ...... 2 2 2 A + + + + =

n * IN
.+
2
1
2
cos 2 2 A

= = +
.++. .+ p
1 p
) p (
p
2 2 2 2 A
2
cos 2 ......
+

= + +

+
.++.
+ + =

.. 1 p +
2 p
1 p
2
cos 2 A
+
+

= +
.+
p 1 p
A 2 A + =
+

++ +
1 p
p
2
cos 2 A
+

=
.
2 p 2 p
2
1 p
1 p
A
2
cos 2
2
cos 4
2
cos 2 2
+ + +
+

=

+ =
+
+
1 n
cos 2 2 ......... 2 2 2
+

= + + + +

) n (
2
+

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 65 - PaK1
ee.-:e
+.++ +
2
+
+.
+
1 n 1
n
9 A
+
+ = +
n 6
11
n +

::x..e.
+
1 n 6
A
1 n
n
9 2
+ +
+ = + .11
0 n = 11 9 2 A
0
= + = + +.11
09 1 n = 19 11 2 9 2 A
2 7
1
= = + = +
. +
.++.
+ 11
.+ p
1 p 1 p 6
p
9 2 A
+ +
+ =
...++ .

p
9
+. 11 1 P +
2 p 7 p 6
1 p
9 2 A
+ +
+
+ = +.11
2 p
.+
1
2 A
7 p 6 + +
+
+ =
1 1 p 1 p 6 6
1 p
+
) 9 . 2 9 ( A
p 6 2 p
) 9 2 ( 2
+ + +
+
+ + =
9 . 55 A 64
9 A 64


1 p
p
A
) 64 9 ( A
+
p 1 p+
1 p
p 1
+
+
=
+ =

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 66 - PaK1
+++ + .
+

p
9 . 55 A 64 A
p
A 11
1 p
9 . 55
+
+.11
._
1 p
p 1
+
+
= +. +
n
A
11 +
+
n 1 n 6
9 2
1 + +
+ = +.11 +
+ n +

ee.-:e-
9 7 831
n n
n
IN n , 61 70 43 E
n n
0 + =



._
n
E + . 187 IN n +

::x..e.
+. ._
n
E 187 IN n
+ . +..
+. ..
+_ + . +
a b
1 n n
=
+ 187 = + 17 11 11 17
+++
n
E 187
n
E 11 17
+ b a )( b a ( a
2 n 1 n n
N . ) b a ( ) b .... + + + =


-x-::.::s:e.s


- 67 - PaK1
+
1 n
a a N
1 n 2 n
b ....... b

+ + + =
610 709 743 831 E
n n n n
n
, IN n + =

( ) ( )
* IN q , p ; ) q 9 p 8 ( 11 q 99 p 88
q ) 610 709 ( p ) 743 831 (
610 709 743 831
n n n n
+ = + =
+ =
+ =

709 743 831 E
n n n n
n
._ +. 11 +
n
E
+..,+
IN n , 610 + =

* IN ; ; ) 2 13 ( 17 34 221
) 743 709 ( ) 610 831 (
) 743 709 ( ) 610 831 (
n n n n
= =
+ =
+ =

._ +. +
.

n
E 17
+
n
+ E 187 IN n +







-x-::.::s:e.s


- 68 - PaK1
ee.-:ee
+
1 n 2
1 n
1
.....
3
1 1
2
1 + <
+
+ + + +

..

::x e.
+
1 n 2
1 n
1
.....
3
1
2
1
1 < +
+
+ + +
+
+
.
1 k 2
1
1 k 1 k k 1 k
k 1 k
1 1
+
=
+ + +
>
+ +
= +
_ k 1 k
1 k 2
1
+ <
+

1 2
2 2
1
: 1 k = <
2 3
3 2
1
: 2 k = <
3 4
4 2
1
: 3 k < =

n 1 n
1 n 2
1
: n k + <
+
=
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 69 - PaK1
1 1
2
1
n )
1 n
1
.........
3
1
2
1
( + <
+
+ + +
._

2 1 n 2
1 n
1
........
3
1
2
1
+ <
+
+ + +

1 n 2
1 1 n 2
1 n
1
.......
3 2
+
1
<
+ <
+
+ + +

+
1
1 +
1 n 2
1 n
1
.....
3
1 1
2
1 + <
+
+ + + + +

ee.-:e-
n +.+ +
+
n 3 2 1
a .........; ; a ; a ; a
n
n 3 2 1
.. .......... a a + +
2 1 n 3
a .... a . a . a n a a + +


::x..e.
+
n
n 3 2 1 n 3 2 1
a . a . a n a .......... a a a + + + +
=
a ......
+ + 2 n
2 1 2 1
a a 2 a a +
++ 0 ) a a (
2
2 1
+
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 70 - PaK1
+.++. k
k
k 3 2 1 k 3 2 1
a a a + + a ...... a . a . a k a .......... + + +
...++. 1 k +
1 k
1 k k 3 2 1 1 k k 3 2
a . a ...... a . a . a ) 1 k ( a a .......... a a a
+
+ +
+ + + + + +
1
.
* IN k , 0 a , 0 x ;
x
) a ...... a a a x (
) x ( f
k
1 k
k 3 2 1
>
+ + + + +
=
+

.
2
k
k
x
a x ( x ) a (
) x ( ' f
1 k
k 2 1 2 1
) a ..... a .... a a x )( 1 k
+
+ + + + + + + + +


=

[ ]
( )
2
k 2 1
k
k 2 1
2
k 2 1
k
k 2 1
x
a .... a a kx ) a .... a a x (
x
) a .... a a x ( x ) 1 k ( ) a .... a a x (
+ + + +
=
+ + + + + + + + +
=

0 ) x ( ' f =
k
a ..... a a
x
k 2 1
+ + +
=
+
k
a .....
k
a a
x
2 1
+ +


+
=
k
k 2 1 1 k k 2 1
k 2
k
a +
1
1 k
k
k 2 1
k 2 1
k
a ..... a a
) 1 k ( )
k
a ...... a a
( f
a .... a
) ....
k
a .... a a
(
)
k
a a
( f

+ + +
+ =
+ + +
+ +
+
2 1
a a a
a ....
+ + +
+ + +
=
+ +
+
+

+
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 71 - PaK1
.-++
x
) a ..... a a x (
) x ( f
k
k 2 1
+ + + +
=
x
o
k
.. a a
2 1
a .
k
+ + +
+
) x ( ' f
.

+ .

) x ( f


m

++.+ +.- 0 x .._
k
k 3 2 1
1 k
1 k
k 2 1
k
a ..... a a a
) 1 k (
x
) a ...... a a

x (
) x ( f

+ + + +
+
+ + + +
+
+

+

=
+
k
k 3 2 1 k 3 2 1
a ...... a . a . a k a .......... a a a + + + +
++
k 2 1
k
a ..... + +
k 2 1
a ......... a . a
k
a a

+

._
k 2 1
1 k
1 k
k 2 1
a ...... a a ) 1 k (
x
) a ....... a a x (
+
+
+
+ + + +

(*) x a ....... a . a ) 1 k ( a ..... a a x
1 k
k 2 1 k 2 1
+
+ + + + +
. 0 a x
1 k
> =
+
( ) *
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 72 - PaK1

1 k
1 k k 3 2 1 1 k k 3 2 1
a a a + + + a . a ...... a . a . a ) 1 k ( a a ..........
+
+ +
+ + + +
+
n
n 3 2 1 n 3 2 1
..... a a a + + + a ...... a . a . a n a ..... + +

ee.-:es
+++

y tan x tan
3

= +
= + +
3 4 y tan x tan
28 y tan y tan x tan 6 x tan
3
4 2 2 4

+
2
y x 0

< < < +



::x..e.
+++

+ tan x tan tan x t

3 3

=
= + +
3 4 y y an
28 y tan y tan x tan 6 x tan
4 2 2 4

++

= +
= + +
) tan x tan 4 y

2 ( 3 16 y tan x tan 4
) 1 ( 28 y tan y tan x tan 6 x tan
3 3
4 2 2 4

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 73 - PaK1
+ . ) 1 ( ) 2 (
4 2 4
4 ( 3 16 2 ) ta x (tan = = + ) 3 1 ( ) 3 2 8 y n + = + +
+
2
y x 0

< < < y tan x tan 0 < <
._ ) 3 ( 3 1 y tan x tan + = +
. 1 ( . 2 ( ) )
4 2 4
) 3 1 ( ) 3 2 4 ( 16 28 x (tan 3 ) y tan = = =
._ ) 4 ( 1 tan x tan = + 3 y y tan x tan 0 < <
. + ) 4 ( tan 2 ) 3 ( 2 x =
._ 1 x tan =
4
x

= +
.+ . ) 3 ( ) 4 ( 3 2 y tan 2 =
._ 3 y tan =
3
y

= +
+ + )
3
y ,
4
x (

=

= +




-x-::.::s:e.s


- 74 - PaK1
ee.-:et
.++..
+ +

c , b , a p
+
._

+ +

+
c
1
b
1
a
1
2
c p
1
b p
1
a p
1
::x..

e.
_ .

+ +

+
c
1
b
1
a
1
2
c p
1
b p
1
a p
1

+ > +
2
+ > 0 B ; 0 A
0 A ) B A (
2 2
B B . A 2 +
2
+ +


=
_ A
2
B . A 4 B B . A 2
B . A 4 ) B A (
2
+
._
B A
4
B . A
B A
+

+
_ ) 1 (
B A
4
B
1 1
A +
+
B , a p A b p = =
c b a p 2 B A = = + . ) 1 (
) 2 (
c
4
b p
1 1

+
++._
a p
+
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 75 - PaK1
) 3 (
a
4
c p
1
b p
1

. ) 4 (
b
4
a p
1
c p
1

+ -..-. + -..-. .++ ) 4 ( , ) 3 ( , ) 2 ( ) 4 ( , ) 3 ( , ) 2 (
c
4
b
4
a
4
c p
2
b p
2
a p
2
+ +

+ +

+
p
1
c
1
b
1
a
1
2
c p
1
b p
1
a
+




ee.-:ea
+
3 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
3 n 4
+

<
+

<
+

+
._._
* IN n

3 9 5 1 n 2 +


n 4
3
) 1 n 4 ( ....... 13
) 1 n 4 ( ....... 11 7 3
+
<
+

+
1
<
::x..e.
+
3 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
3 n 4
+

<
+

<
+

+.+++ - GM AM
-x-::.::s:e.s

) 3 n 4 )( 1 n 4 (
1
1 n 4
1
) 3 n 4 )( 1 n 4 ( 1 n 4
) 3 n 4 )( 1 n 4 ( 2 2 n 8
) 3 n 4 )( 1 n 4 ( 2 ) 3 n 4 ( ) 1 n 4 (
+
<
+
+ > +
+ > +
+ > + +

+-...+. ) 1 n 4 ( .
) 1 (
3 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
+

<
+

+.., ) 1 n 4 )( 3 n 4 ( 2 ) 1 n 4 ( ) 3 n 4 ( + > + +

) 1 n 4 )( 3 n 4 ( 1 n 4
) 1 n 4 )( 3 n 4 ( 2 2 n 8
+ >
+ >

..+. . ) 1 n 4 ( +
) 2 (
1 n 4
3 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
+

>
+

+... . ._ ) 1 ( ) 2 (
3 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
3 n 4
+

<
+

<
+

+
._._

3 n 4
3
) 1 n 4 ( ....... 13 9 5
) 1 n 4 ( ....... 11 7 3
1 n 2
1
+
<
+

<
+


- 76 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s

++..+
3 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
3 n 4
+

<
+

<
+

+ . n ; ..... ; 3 ; 2 ; 1 n =

3 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
1 n 4
3 n 4
15
11
13
11
13
9
11
7
9
7
9
5
7
3
5
3
5
1
+

<
+

<
+

< <
< <
< <

+.+++..-..-.

3 n 4
3
1 n 4
1 n 4
........ .
13
11
.
9
7
.
5
3
1 n 4
1
+
<
+

<
+

++
1 n 2
1
4 n 4
1
1 n 4
1
+
=
+
>
+
+
+
3 n 4
3
) 1 n 4 ( ....... 13 9 5
) 1 n 4 ( ....... 11 7 3
1 n 2
1
+
<
+

<
+
+

>>>>>

- 77 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s

ee.-:ec
a +.+ + c ; b ;
._
2
3
b a
c
a c
b
c b
a

+
+
+
+
+



::x..e.
._
2
3
b a
c
a c
b
c b
a

+
+
+
+
+

.

= +
= +
= +
p b a
n a c
m c b
( ) ( ) ( ) p n m b a a c c b + + = + + + + +

2
p n m
c b a
+ +
= + +
._

+
=
+
=
+
=
2
p n m
c
2
p n m
b
2
m p n
a



- 78 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 79 - PaK1
p 2
p n m
n 2
p n m
m 2
m p n
b a
c
a c
b
c b
a +
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
+

+ +

+ +
+
+
+ n
m
m
n
a c
b
c b
a
+

=
+
3
n
p
p
n
p
m
m
p
2
1
b a
c

+.+++ GM AM
2
n
p
p
n
; 2
p
m
m
p
; 2
n
m
m
n
+ + +
( )
2
3
3 2 2
2
1
b a
c
a c
b
c
a
= + 2
b
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
2
3
b a
c
a c
b
c b
a

+
+
+
+ +
+
ee.-:ec
+
n ) 1 n ( 3 . 2
1
2 . 1
1

+ + + 2 n >
1
....
4 . 3
1
+ +
+.+++ GM AM n ( ) 1 .+
n ) 1 n (
1
;
4 . 3 3 . 2 2 . 1
1
;
1
;
1

._
2 n
) ! n ( n < +



::x..e.
+

+ + + +
n
2 k k ) 1 k (
1
n ) 1 n (
1
....
4 . 3
1
3 . 2
1
2 . 1
1

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 80 - PaK1
+
k
1
1 k
1
k ) 1 k (
) 1 k ( k
k ) 1 k (
1

n
1
1
k
1
1 k
1
k ) 1 k (
1
n
2 k
n
k

=2
=

=

+
n
1
1
n ) 1 n (
1
...
2 . 1
1
+ .
. 3
1
3 . 2
1
=

+ + +
4
+
n ( n <
+.+++
._
2
) !
n
GM AM
n
n 3 2 1 n 3 2 1
a ...... a . a . a n a ..... a a a + + + +

0 a ;
k

) 1 n (
n ) 1 n (
1
......
3 . 2
1
.
2 . 1
1
) 1 n (
n ) 1 n (
1
....
3 . 2
1
2 . 1
1

>

+ + +

2 n
2
1 n
) 1 n (
2
) 1 n (
) 1 n (
) ! n (
n
1
>

n
) ! n (
n
) ! n (
n
n
1
! ) 1 n ( ! n
1
) 1 n (
n
1 n
! ) 1 n ( ! n
1
) 1 n (
n
1
1
<
>

>

>

+
2 n
) ! n ( n < +
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 81 - PaK1
ee.-:-o
; b ; a c ++ +
._
a
c
c
b
b
a
a
c
c
b
b
a
2 2 2
+ +

::x..e.
._
a
c
c
b
b
a
a
c
b
a
+

c
b
2 2 2
+

+.+++ + GM AM
3
b

a
c
.
c
b
.
b
a
3
a
c
c
b a
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
=

._ ) 1 ( 3
a
c
c
b
b
a
2 2 2

+..,+

a
c
2 1
a
c
c
b
2 1
c
b
b
a
2 1
b
a
2
2
2

._ ) 2 (
a
c
c
b
b
a
2 3
a
c
c
b

+ +

b
a
2 2 2

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 82 - PaK1
.+++ . -. . -. ) 1 ( ) 2 (

+ + +

+
a
c
c
b
b
a
2 3
a
c
c
b
b
a
2 3
2 2 2

+ +

a
c
c
b
b
a
2
a
c
c
b a
2
2 2 2

+
a
c
c
b
b
a
a
c
c
b
b

a
2 2 2
+ +

+

ee.-:-
; y ; x z +.++ +
._
2 2 2 2 2 2
z y x
9
z
1
y
1
x

1
+ +
+ +
::x..e.
._
2 2 2 2 2 2
y x z y x +
+ +
z
9 1 1 1
+

.+++-.
9
z
z y x
y
z y x
x
z y x
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +

6
z
y
y
z
z
x
x
z
y
x
x
y
9
z
y
z
x
1
y
z
y
x
1
x
z
x
y
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + +

-x-::.::s:e.s

+ 2
y
x
.
x
y
2
y
x
x
y
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= +
2
z
x
.
x
z
2
z
x
x
z
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + . 2
y
z
.
z
y
2
y
z
z
y
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= +
6 2 2 2
z
y
y
z
z
x
x
z
y
x
x
y
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + + + + + + + +
+
2 2 2 2 2 2
z y x
9
z
1
y
1
x
1
+ +
+ + +

ee.-:--
+
x log 1
1
a
a y

= .
y log 1
1
a
a z

=

z log 1
1
a
a x

= +


::x..e.

z log 1
1
a
a x

=
+
x log 1
1
a
a y

=
x log 1
1
y log
a
a

=
._ ) 1 (
y log
1
1 x log
a
a
=

- 83 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s

++
y log 1
1
a
a z

=
y log 1
1
z log
a
a

=
._ ) 2 (
z log
1
1 y log
a
a
=
... .. ) 2 ( ) 1 (
z log
1
1
1
1 x log
a
a

=
1 ) z (log
z log
1 x log
a
a
a

=
z log 1
1
x log
1 ) z (log
z log 1 z log
x log
a
a
a
a a
a

=

._
z log 1
1
a
a x

= +






- 84 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 85 - PaK1
ee.-:-e
++ ( + ) u
n

=
=
+
1 u 2
4 u 5
u
4 u
n
n
1 n
1

+ u -+ +
n
n


::x..e.
+ u -+
n
n
+
1 u 2
4 u 5
u
n
n
1 n

=
+

1 r 2
4 r 5
r

=
_ +_ 0 4 r 6 r 2
2
= + 2
a
c
r ; 1 r
2 1
= = =
.
2 u
1 u
v
n
n
n

=

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
1 n
1 n
1 n
v 3 )
2 u
1 u
( 3
2
1 u 2
4 u 5
1
1 u 2
4 u 5
2 u
1 u
v =

=
+
+
+

...+ +++. ) v (
n
. 3 q =
2
3
2 u
1 u
v
1
1
1
=

= +
-x-::.::s:e.s

++
2
3
3
2
3
q v v
n
1 n 1 n
1 n
= = =


+
2 u
1 u
v
n
n
n

= ._
1
2
3
1 3
1 v
1 v 2
u
n
n
n
n
n

=
+
2 3
) 1 3 ( 2
v
n
n
n

= +

ee.-:--
++ + ) u (
n

=
=
+
1 u
4 u 3
u
3 u
n
n
1 n
1

+ -+ +
n
u n


::x..e.
+ -+
n
u n
+
1 u
4 u 3
u
n
n
1 n

=
+

1 r
4 r 3
r

=
_ 0 ) 2 r ( 4 r 4 r
2 2
= = + .__ 2 r r
2 1
= = +
.
2 u
1
v
n
n

=

- 86 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 87 - PaK1

2 u
1
v
1 n
1 n

=
+
+
+
1 u
4 u 3
u
n
n
1 n

=
+


2 u
1 u
2 u 2 4 u 3
1 u
v
n
n
n n
n
1 n

=
+

=
+

+ 1
2 u
1
2 u
1 u
v v
n n
n
n 1 n
=

=
+

++.+ ) v (
n
1 d =
. 1
2 3
1
2 u
1
v
1
1
=

= +
++ n 1 n 1 d ) 1 n ( v v
1 n
= + = + =
+
2 u
1
v
n
n

= ._
n
1 n 2
n
1
2
v
1
2 u
n
n
+
= + = + =
+
n
1 n 2
u
n
+
= +
>>>>>






-x-::.::s:e.s


- 88 - PaK1
ee.-:-s
++ + ) u (
n

= 4 u
1
=
+
* IN n , u u
n 1 n

+ -+ +
:x..
n
u n


: e.
-+ +
n
u n
+
n 1
u u =
n+

n 1 n
u ln ln
2
1
u =
+

.+ (l
n
+++. .. u n )
2
1
q =
++ ( )
1 n
2
1
1 n
1
n
4 ln 4 ln
1
u ln u ln

= = =


n
1
2
q

+ ( )
1 n
2
1
n
4 u

= +



-x-::.::s:e.s


- 89 - PaK1
ee.-:-t
+ + ) u (
n
5 u
0
= . 5 n u
2
1
u
n
+ +
1 n
=
+
IN n
+ -+
:x..

n
u n + ) u (
n


: e.
-+
u
+
n
u ) u (
n
n
.. b v
n n
an + + = + IR b , a
. b a an v u
1 n 1 n
+ + + =
+ +
+ 5 n u
2
1
u
n 1 n+
+ + =
5 n ) b an v
n
+ + v (
2
1
b a an
n 1
+ + = + + +
+


(*) ) b
2
1
a 5 ( n ) 1 a
2
1
( v
2
1
v
n 1 n

+ + + =
+

+ 0 1 a
1
= 0 b
2
1
a 5
2
3 b ; 2 a = =
... . ( ) *
n 1 n
v
2
1
v =
+
+++ ) v (
n
+.
2
1
= + q
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 90 - PaK1
++
0
q v
n
n
v = + 6 n 2 v b an v u
n n n
+ + = + + =

0
+ n = 6 v
0
0 u + =
u
0
5 6 v
0
1 6 = = =

n n
n
2
1
2
1
1 v = = +
+ 6 n 2
2
1
u
n
n
+ + = +

ee.-:-a
+-+++..++.+
2 x
2 x 2 2 ..... 2 2 2
lim L
n
2 x

+ + + + + +
=

+ n + +
:x..

: e.
.+ ++
.+
2 x
2 x 2 2 ..... 2 2 2
lim L
n
2 x

+ + + + +

+
=
.
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 91 - PaK1

4
1
2 x 2
1
lim
) 2 x 2 )( 2 x (
4 ) x 2 (
lim
2 x
2 x 2
lim L
2 x
1
=
2 x 2 x
=
+ +
=
+ +
+
=

+



2
1
2 x 2 x
2
2 x 2 x
2
4
1
L
4
1
2 x
2 x 2
lim
2 x 2 2
1
lim L
) 2 x 2 2 )( 2 x (
2 x 2
lim
2 x
2 x 2 2
lim L
= =

+ + +
=
+ + +
+
=

+ +
=



..+++. k
k
k
4
1
L =
. ...+++ ) 1 k ( +
1 k
1 k
4
1
L
+
+
=
.+
2 x
2 x 2 ..... 2 2 2 2
lim L
2 x
1 k

+ +

+

.+..
+ + + +
=
++
2 x 2 .. 2 2 2 2 ) x ( M + + + + = . + + +

) x ( M ). 2 x (
4 x 2 .... 2 2 2 2
lim L
2 x
1 k

+ + + + + +
=

+


Bit
1 k k
k k 1 k
2 x 2 x
1 k
4
1
4
1
4
1
L
4
1
L
) 2 ( M
1
L
2 x
2 x 2 .... 2 2 2
lim
) x ( M
1
lim L
+
+

+
= = = =

+ + + + +
=

+
n
2 x
n
4
1
2 x
2 x 2 2 ..... 2 2 2
lim L =

+ + + + + +
=



-x-::.::s:e.s


- 92 - PaK1
ee.-:-c
+ + ) U (
n
IN

= 2 U
0

+ =
+
IN n , U 2 U
n 1 n
+ -+ +
+
1
U ....
n
n
U
+
2 0 n
U U U P
n
= +
:x..


: e.
-+

+
n
U n
.+
4
cos 2 2
0
U

= =

8
cos 2
4
cos 2 2 U 2 U
0 1

=

+ = + =
+. +.+ p
2 p
p
2
cos 2 U
+

=
...++. ) 1 p ( +
3 p
1 p+
2
cos 2 U
+

= +
.+
p 1 p
U 2 U + =
+
+ +
2 p
p
2
cos 2 U
+

=
.
3 p 3 p
2
2 p
cos 4 U
+ +

=

1 p
2
cos 2
2 2
cos 2 2
+ +

= + =
+
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 93 - PaK1
+
2 n
n
2
cos 2 U
+

= +
+
0 n
U .... U U P +
1
U
n 2
=
++ 2 a 2 sin = a cos a sin
a n
a 2 n
si
si
a cos 2 =
2 n 2 n
n 1 k
2
sin
+
0 k
n
0 k
2 k
n
0 k
2 k
k n
2
sin
1
2
sin
2
sin
)
2
sin
( )
2
cos 2 ( ) U ( P
+ +
= =
+
=
+

= =


+
2 n
n
2
sin
1
P
+

= +
e.-:-c

e
+ + ) U (
n
IN
2
2
U
0
= . IN n ,
2
1 1
U
2
n
1 n


+
U
=
+ + +


n
- U n
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 94 - PaK1
::x..e.
+ -+
n

U n
.+
4
sin
2
0
= =
2
U

8
sin
2
4
sin 1 1
2
U 1 1
U
1
=
2
2
0

=

=


.++. + p
2 p
p
2
sin U
+

=
...++. ) 1 p ( +
3 p
1 p
U
+
2
sin
+
= +

.+
2
U 1 1
U
1 p

=
+
2
p
+
2 + p
p
2
sin U

=
.
2
2
U
2 p
2
+

sin 1 1
1 p+

=

3 p
3 +
=
p
2
2 p
2
sin
2
2
sin 2
2
2
cos 1
+
+

=

+
+
2 n
n
2
sin U
+

= +


-x-::.::s:e.s


- 95 - PaK1
ee.-:so
+ ) u (
n
+

= a u
0

> =
+
2 a , IN , 2 u u
2
n 1 n
n

+
n n
2
2
2
2
n
2
4 a a
2
4 a a
u

+
=

::x..e.
+
n n
2
2
2
2
n
2
4 a a
2
4 a a
u

+
=
0 n = a
2
4 a a
2
4 a a
u
2 2
0
=

+
+
= +
.+

+ +. k
k k
2
2
2
2
k
2
4

a a
2
4 a a
u

+
=

+. ...+ 1 k +
1 k 1 k
2
2
2
2
1 k
2 2
u +

=
+
4 a a 4 a a
+ +

+

.+ 2 u u
2
k 1 k
=
+
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 96 - PaK1
++
k k
2
2
2
2
k
2
4 a a
2
4 a a
u

+
=
. 2
2
4 a a
2
4 a a
u
2
2
2
2
2
1 k
k k

+
=
+


2
4
4 a a
2
2
4 a a
2
4 a a
u
2 2
2
2
2
2
1 k
1 k 1 k

+
+

+
=
+ +
+


1 k 1 k
2
2
2
2
1 k
2
4 a a
2
4 a a
u
+ +

+
=
+
+
+
n n
2
2
2
2
n
2
4 a a
2
4 a a
u

+
= +

>>>>>








-x-::.::s:e.s


- 97 - PaK1
ee.-:s
-+ d , c , b , a abcd
+.
dcba 9 abcd =
++ , b , a ++_.+ d , c
abcd . dcba .+ +

::x..e.
-+ d , c , b , a
+ ) 1 ( dcba 9 abcd =
.. ._ + + +. + ) 1 ( a 1 a =
+ 1 a = ) 2 ( 1 dcb 9 bcd 1 =
+. . ) 2 ( . ._ 9 d = + =

d 81 9
+.. 1 +
+ 9 d = ) 3 ( 1 cb 9 9 9 bc 1 =
. ._ +. . ) 3 ( 0 b =
- . + 9 b + +.
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 98 - PaK1
+ b 0 = ) 3 ( 01 c 9 9 9 c 10 =
. ._ +. . ) 3 ( 8 c = + 72 9 8 9 c = =

+ 8 .. 0 +
+ 8 c = 9 1089 9801 = +
a + 0 b , 1 9 d , 8 c , = = = + =
+ abcd . dcba . +
0

+ 9 8 c , b , 1 a d , = = = =
2
33 1089 abcd = = .
2
99 1 980 dcba = =
.+


+








-x-::.::s:e.s


- 99 - PaK1
ee.-:s-
HUNSEN +++.+
+++ .+
N , E , S , N , U , H +
. 3 ..
+. STRONG + G , N , O , R , T , S
HU . NSEN STRONG
= 8 N + N = .+ S , 3 S , 6 9 = = +
.+ + -
STRONG
3
HUNSEN

::x..e.
HUNSEN . STRONG


-x-::.::s:e.s


- 100 - PaK1
+

STRONG
3
HU

NSEN

+ 3 S , 6 N = =

G 6 TRO 3
3
6 E 63 HU

+.++.++ 1 H =

+ 1 H = ..+.
G 6 TRO 3
3
6 E 3 6 U 1

+..+._ 8 G = +
.
3 6
+.. 8 +
+ 8 G = ..+
68 TRO 3
3
6 E 63 U 1

+..+._ 5 E = + + 3 E 1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 101 - PaK1
+.. 6 +
+ 5 E = ..+.
68 TRO 3
3
63 U 1

56

+..+._ 0 O = + +

3 3 1
+.. 0 +
+ 0 O = ..+.
068 TR 3
3
6 U 1 356

+..+._ 9 R = + + 3 6 1
+.
. 9 +
+ 9 R = ..+.
9068 T 3
3
6 U 1 356

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 102 - PaK1
+.+ +-. .+-
.+._
U 2
2 U = +
++ +-+ _ 1 H , 0 O = = U 0 1
++.,. +
+ 2 U = ..+.
90 T 3 68
56
+..+._
3

1263
7 T = ++
379068

3
126356

+,,..+
STRONG
.
3
HUNSEN

379068
3
126356

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 103 - PaK1
._
126356 . HUNSEN = 379068 STRONG =
+. +
+ 9 S , 8 N = =
+,+. .+
956784
3
318928

+,,..+
STRONG
3
HUNSEN

.
956784
3
318928

._
318928 HUNSEN = . 956784 STRONG =
+.

+
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 104 - PaK1
ee.-:se
+_++..+
Y E N O M
E R O M


::x..
D N E S
+
-.+
e.
+_++ .+ .

Y E N O M
E R O M
+
D E S

N
+..

2 5 6 0 1
5 8 0 1
7 6 5 9
+

+

+++.
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 105 - PaK1
ee.-:s-
A++.+..,++
x ; 1 x ; x + x ; 2 x ; 1 + + ++

B
+.+..,++
x ; 1 x ; 1 x ; 2 x ; 1 x ; x + + +

::x..
+
. _ A + B ++ +

e.
.+... A ,++
._
x ; 1 x 2 x ; 1 x ; x + + + 9 2 x 1 x 0 + < ; x + < <
_ 7 x 0 < +
1 x =
2
111 12321 A = =
+ +
A = ++ +
+++ +
= +++ +
2 x = 23432 A = ++
3 x = 34543 +
4 x = 45654 A =
x 5 56765 A =
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 106 - PaK1
+++ + 6 x = 67876 A =
+++ + 7 x = 78987 A =
+ x + A + 1 = + +
.,+
; 1
+ . + B
x ; 1 ; 2 x x ; x x ; 1 x + +
+
+
1 x =
2
351 123201 B = = + +
++ + + A + B

ee.-:ss


n 2 (
11 ..... 11 A

1 1 = .

n (
444 . .... 444 B =
._ 1 B+ + + + A


::x..e.
._ A 1 B+ + +
.+
9
1 10
111 A
n 2

..... 111
n 2 (
=



-x-::.::s:e.s


- 107 - PaK1

9
) 1 10 ( 4
444 ..... 444
n
n (

=

B =

. 1
9
) 1
9
1 B A
n
+

+ = + +

10 ( 4 1 10
n 2

2
n
n n 2
n n 2
3
2 10
1 B A
9
4 10 . 4 10
1 B A
9
9 4 10 . 4 1 10
1 B A

+
= + +
+ +
= + +
+ +
= + +

+ + + 1 B A + +

ee.-:st
++.+..,++
b ; b ; a ; a +
+..+ +

::x..e.
++
. N +.
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 108 - PaK1
. b b 10 a 100 a 1000 aabb N + + + = =
+ + =

) b a 100 ( 11 N
b 11 a 1100 N
+ = [ ] ) 1 ( ) b a ( a 99 11
+ =

+ 9 a 0 < . b 0 9 18 b a 0 + <
. ++ -+
+
+.. ) 1 ( N
b a + + 11 18 b a 0 + < .
+ +
-
11 b a = +
... ) 1 ( ( ) 1 a 9 ( 11 11 a 99 11
2
) N + = + =
N ++ 1 a 9 +
+
+ +
9 a 10 1 81 1 a 9 + ._

= .
16 1 a 9 = + _. IN
1 a 9 = + _. IN 25
1 a 9 + _ 36 IN
_. 49 1 a 9 = + IN
7 a 64 1 a 9 = + = 4 7 11 b = =
+ 4
_. I + 81 1 a 9 = + N
+ . 774
2
88 = +
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 109 - PaK1
ee.-:sa
0889 333 , 1089
2
+ 33
2 2
= 11108889 3333 , 11 = =
+
.+.. .++.
1111088889 33333
2
=
+.+


::x..e.
+ 11108889 3333 , 110889 333 , 1089 33
2 2 2
= = =
+
.-.+..+.+
...
) 1 ) 1 n (
)
2



=
1111088889 33333
2
=
+
9 888 ..... 888 0 111 ..... 111 333 .. 333
n (
n (

+
..
++
9 888 ......... 888 0 111 .......... 111 A
) 1 n ( ) 1 n (


=
-x-::.::s:e.s




) n (
2
2
n 2 n n n 2
n 1 n n 2
1 n 1 n 1 n
) 1 n (
1 n
) 1 n (
333 .. .......... 333
3
1 10
9
) 1 10 (
9
1 10 . 2 10
9
81 80 10 . 8 10 10
9 10 ) 1 10 (
9
8
10 ) 1 10 (
9
1
9 10 . 888 ......... 888 10 111 ......... 111
=

=
+
=
+ +
=
+ + =
+ + =
+
+

++
9 888 ..... 888 0 111 ..... 111 333 ..... 333
) 1 n ( ) 1 n (
) n (
2



=
+








- 110 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s

ee.-:sc
+ 99980001 9999 , 998001 999 , 9801 99
2 2 2
= = =
+ 9999800001 99999
2
=
+.+.+...++.


::x..e.
++
99980001 9999
998001 999
9801 99
2
2
2
=
=
=

9999800001 99999
2
=
+.-.+..+.+
1 000 ..... 000 8 999 ..... 999 999 ..... 999
) 1 n ( ) 1 n ( ) n (
2


=
+
++
..
1 000 ......... 000 8 999 .......... 999 A
) 1 n ( ) 1 n (


=

- 111 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s




) n (
2 2 n
n n 2
n 1 n n 2
n 1 n 1 n
n 1 n
) 1 n (
999 .. .......... 999 ) 1 10 (
1 10 . 2 10
1 10 . 8 10 10
1 10 . 8 10 ) 1 10 (
1 10 . 8 10 999 ......... 999
= =
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+
+
+

++

1 000 ..... 000 8 999 ..... 999 999 ..... 999
) 1 n ( ) 1 n ( ) n (
2


=
+

ee.-:sc
+ 44435556 6666 , 443556 666 , 4356 66
2 2 2
= = =
+ 4444355556 66666
2
=
+.+.+...++.

::x..e.
++
44435556 6666 , 443556 666 , 4356 66
2 2 2
= = =
4444355556 66666
2
= +

- 112 - PaK1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 113 - PaK1
+.-.+..+.+
6 555 ..... 555 3 444 ..... 444 666 ..... 666
) 1 n ( ) 1 n ( ) n (
2


= +
++
..
6 555 ......... 555 3 444 .......... 444 A
) 1 n ( ) 1 n (


=




) n (
2
2
) n (
2
) n (
2 n
n n 2
n n 2
n n 1 n n 2
1 n n 1 n 1 n
) 1 n (
n 1 n
) 1 n (
666 .. .......... 666 ) 999 ......... 999 (
3
2
) 999 ......... 999 (
9
4
) 1 10 (
9
4
9
4 10 . 8 10 . 4
9
4 ) 5 27 40 ( 10 10 . 4
9
54 50 10 . 5 10 . 27 10 . 4 10 . 4
6 10 ) 1 10 (
9
5
10 . 3 10 ) 1 10 (
9
4
6 10 555 ....... 555 10 . 3 10 444 ........ 444
=

=
= =
+
=
+
=
+ + +
=
+ + + =
+ + + =
+
+

++
6 555 ..... 555 3 444 ..... 444 666 ..... 666
) 1 n ( ) 1 n ( ) n (
2


=

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 114 - PaK1
ee.-:to
+
111111 445 556 , 1111 45 56 , 11 5 6
2 2 2 2 2 2
= =
+
+.+.+ .++.
=
11111111 4445 5556
2 2
=
..

::x..e.
+.. .+
2 2
2
=
=
11111111 4445 5556 =
++.-+..+.+
) n (
.+
111111 445 556
1111 45 56
11
2 2
2
=
=
11111111 4445 5556
2 2
=
++.-+..+.+
) n 2 ( ) n ( ) n (
+ +
111111 445 556
1111 45 56
11 5 6
2
2 2
= 5 6
2
2 2
=
2 2

2 2
111 ....... 111 445 ..... 444 556 .... 555 =

2 2
111 ....... 111 445 ..... 444 556 .... 555 =
) n 2 ( ) n (

+.+
) n (
2
445 ... .

) n (
2
n
.. 444 556 .... 555 T

=
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 115 - PaK1
( )
( )
9
999 ......... 999
9
1 10
)
9
1 10
( 1 10
1 ) 1 10 (
9
4
1 ) 1 10 (
9
5
1 ) 1 10 (
9
4
1 ) 1 10 (
9
5
1 ) 1 10 (
9
4
1 ) 1 10 (
9
5
) 1 444 ...... 444 ( 1 555 ..... 555 =
) n 2 (
n 2 n
n
n n n n
2
n
2
n
2
2

=

+ =

+ + + =

+ =
+ +

+ +
+

) n 2 ( ) n (
2
) n (
111 ....... 111 445 ..... 5 .... 555 =

) n 2 (
n
111 .......... 111 T =

2
444 56 +

ee.-:t

0 1 1 n n
a a .......... a a A =

.
0 1 1 n n
a 2 a ......... a a B =


+. +. +

A 7 B 7
::x..e.
. + B + 7 IN q + q 7 B =
q 7 a 2 a ........ a a
0 1 1 n n
=

..
) 1 ( a a 2 q 7 a .......... a
0 1 1 n n
+ =

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 116 - PaK1
.+
) 2 ( a 10 a . .......... a a a a ......... a a A
1 n n
=
0 1 1 n n 0 1
+ =


.
q 7
) 1 ( ) 2 (
0 0
a ) a 2 ( A 10 + + =
) a 3 q 10 ( 7 a 21 q 0 7 a a 20 q 70 A
0 0 0 0
+ = + = + + =
+. +
+. +
A 7
+ +. A 7 B 7

ee.-:t-

0 1 2 1 n n
a a a ...... a a A

=
a ....., , a , +
+
+
0
a , a
n 2 1
+. 6 A
0 n 2 1
a ) a .. a a ( 4 y . + +

::x..
+ + = +. 6 +
e.
.+
0 1 2 1 n n
a a a ...... a a A =


n
2
1 0
a 10 ..... a 10 a 10 a A
2
n
+ + + + =
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 117 - PaK1
.+ ) 6 (mod 4 10

.
) 6 (mod 4 10
) 6 (mod 4 10
) 6 (mod 4 10
n
3
2

) 6 (mod ) a ..... a a ( 4 a A
n 2 1 0
+ + + +
+.
n 1
++ A 6
(mod 0 ) a .... a a ( 4 a
2 0
) 6 + + + +
+. +
2
+ A 6

n 1
a ) a ... a a ( 4 y
0
+ + + + = +. 6 +
ee.-:te
a . ++ b abba +
::x..


e.
. a b
. a b 10 b 100 a 1000 abba N + + + = =
b 110 a 1001
+ =
+ =

N
N
) b 10 a 91 ( 11
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 118 - PaK1
++ N
* IN k , k 121 k 11 10 a 91
3 3 2
b = = +
+ 9 b 0 , 9 a 0 < 909 b 10 a 91 0 + <
909 k 121 0
3
<
++
121
62
7 +
121
909
k 0
3
= < 1 k =
._ 121 b 10 a 91 = +
10
a 91 12
b
1
=
+ 0 b 0
10
a 91 121

_
91
30
1 a +
91
121
= 1 a = 3
10
91 121
b =

= +
+ . 3 b , 1 a = =
3
11 1331 abba = = +
scccc


sss








-x-::.::s:e.s


- 119 - PaK1
ee.-:t-
. r . R ,.... .
+ ABC+ +

R
r
1 C cos B cos A s + co + = +
+

r 2 R
::x..e.

R
r
1 C cos B cos A cos + = + +
2
B
B cos A cos
C
cos
2
C B
cos 2
2
A
sin 2 1 C cos
2
+
+ =


+ +
2
C
sin
2
B
sin
2
A
sin 4 1
)
2
C B
cos
2
C B
cos (
2
A
sin 2 1
)
2
C B
cos
2
A
sin (
2
A
sin 2 1
2
C B
cos
2
A
sin 2
2
A
sin 2 1
2
+ =

+
=

+ =

++
bc
) c p )( b p (
2
A
sin

=
ab
) b p )( a p (
2
B
sin =
p (
2
C
sin ,
ac
) c p )( a
=


-x-::.::s:e.s


- 120 - PaK1

abc
) c p )( b p )( a p (
2
C
sin
2
B
sin
2
A
sin

=
._
abc
) c p )( b p )( a p (
4 1 C cos B cos A cos

+ = +


+
R
r
1
R . p
r . p
1
R . p
S
1
R . S p
S
1
R
R 4
abc
. p
) c p )( b p )( a p ( p
1
2
+ = + = +
+ =

=

+ =

+
R
r
1 C cos B cos A cos + = + +
+


r 2 R
+.+++ : GM AM
+ . 2

) b p )( a p ( 2 ) b p ( ) a p ( +

) b p )( a p ( 2 c
) c p )( a p ( 2 b a p 2



._
) 1 (
2
1
c
) b p )( a p (

++
) 2 (
2
1
a
) c p )( b p (

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 121 - PaK1
.
) 3 (
2
1
b
) c p )( a p (

.. -. .-. +.
) 3 ( , ) 2 ( , ) 1 (
8
1
abc
) c p )( b

._
p )( a p (
8
1
2
C
sin
2
B
sin
2
A
sin

+
2
C
sin
2
B
sin
2
A
sin co 4 1 C cos B cos A s + = + +


2
3
)
8
1
( 4 1 C cos B cos A cos = + + +

R
r
1 C cos B cos A cos + = + +

_ .
2
3
R
r
1 +
_ +


r 2 R







-x-::.::s:e.s


- 122 - PaK1
ee.-:ts
x 2 cot x cot
x 2 sin
1
=
+
n 2
n
2
a
S
2
a
sin
1
....
sin
1
2
a
sin
1
a sin
1
+ + + + =


::x..e.
x 2 cot x cot
x 2 si
.
n
1
=
x 2 cot x cot ) x ( f =

x 2 sin
1
x cos x sin 2
1 x cos 2 x cos 2
x cos x sin 2
1 x cos 2
x sin
x cos
x 2 sin
x 2 cos
x s
=
in
2 2
2
=
+
=

x cos
=
+ x 2 cot x cot
x 2 sin
1
= +
+
n 2
2
a
sin
S
n
2
a
sin
1
....
1
2
a
sin
1
a sin
1
+ + + + =

.

=
=
n
0 k
k
n
)
2
a
sin
1
( S + x 2 cot x cot
x 2 sin
1
=

a cot
2
a
cot
2
a
S
n
k
k
n

=
=

cot
2
a
cot
1 n
0
1 k
=

+
+
+ a cot
2
a
cot S
1 n
n
=
+
+
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 123 - PaK1
e .-:t e t

x cot
2
x
cot
x cos
1
1 = +
+ +
)
2
a
cos
1
1 ).....(
2
a
cos
1
1 )(
2
a
cos
1
1 )(
a cos
1
1 ( P
n
+ =
n
+ + +
2

::x..e.

x cot
2
x
cot
x cos
1
1 = +
..
x cos
1
1 ) x ( A + =

x cot
2
x
cot
x tan
2
x
co
= = tan
x cos
x sin
.
2
x
sin
2
x
s
2
x
sin x cos
x sin
2
x
cos
2
x
sin x cos
2
x
sin
2
x
cos 2
x cos
2
x
cos 2
x
1 x
2 2
=
= = =
+
=


cos
cos
+
x cot
2
x
cot
x cos
1
1 = + +
++
)
2
a
cos
1
1 ).....(
2
2

a
cos
1
1 )(
2
a
cos
1
1 )(
a cos
1
1 ( P
n
n
+ + + + =
a cot .
2
a
tan P =
1 n
n
+
+
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 124 - PaK1
ee.-:ta
+
n
+ ) U ( IN
2
2
U
0
= . IN n ,
2
1 1 U
U
2
n
1 n

=
+

-+ + +
n
U

n
::x..e.
+ -+

n
U n
.+
4

sin
2
2
0
= = U

8

sin
2
4

sin 1 1
2
U 1 1
U
1

=
2
2
0
=

=

+.++. p
2 p
p
s =
2

in U
+

.++ . .. ) 1 p ( +
3 p
1 p
2

sin U
+
+
= +
.+
2
U 1 1
U
2
p
1 p

=
+
++
2 p
p
2

sin U
+
=
.
2
sin 1 1
U
1 p+

=
2

2 p
2
+


3 p
2 2
+
+
3 2 p
sin 2
2

cos 1
+

p
2

sin
2

2
+
= = = +
2 n
n
2

sin U
+
= +
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 125 - PaK1
ee.-:tc
+
9
7
cos
9
4
cos
9

cos S
3 3 3
+ =


::x..e.
+
9
7
cos
9
4
cos
9

c S = os
3 3 3
+

++ a cos 3 a cos 4 a 3 cos
3
=
_
a 3 cos
4
1
a cos
4
3
a cos
3
+ =

- ++
)
3
7
cos
3
4
s (cos
4
3
S = co
3

(cos
4
1
)
9
7
cos
9
4
cos
9

+ + +
.
9
7
cos
9
4
cos
9

cos M = +

+
9
13
cos
9
4
cos =
9
13
cos
9
7
cos
9

cos M + + =
+.
3

sin 2

0 )
9
7
cos( si
2
3
M 2 n 2
9
16
sin
9
2
sin
9
10
sin
9
16
sin
9
4
9
10
sin )
9
2
sin(
9
4
sin
3
3

sin
9
13
cos 2
3

sin
9
7
cos 2
3

sin
9

cos 2
3

sin M 2
= = + =
+ + =
+ + =

._
sin
2
M . 2
0 M =
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 126 - PaK1
.
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
7
cos
3
4
cos
3

cos N = + + = + =

8
3
N
4
1
M
4
3
S = + =
+
+
8
3
9
7
cos
9
4
cos
9
cos S
3 3 3
=

=
+

ee.-:tc
+ +++.+ +
B tan . A tan C tan B tan A tan
ABC
tan . C = + +
._+ 3 3 C tan B tan A tan + + +


::x..e.
tan C tan . B tan . A tan C tan B tan A = + +
= _ .+ B A + + C C B A = +
) C tan( ) B A tan( = +

C tan B tan A tan C tan B tan A tan
C tan
B tan
B tan
A tan 1
A tan
+ =
=

tan . A tan B tan A
+

+
+ . B C tan tan C tan = + + +
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 127 - PaK1
._+ 3 3 C tan B tan A tan + +
+ +++
._
++.-
+ C , B , A
0 C tan , 0 B tan , 0 A tan > > >
+.+
3
C tan . B tan . A tan 3 C tan A tan +
+ tan . B tan . A tan C tan B an
B tan +
t A tan C = + +

3
C tan B ta t n A tan 3 B tan B tan A an + + + +
2
+ +
+

(tan 27 ) C tan B tan A (tan
3
27 ) C tan B tan A (tan
) C tan B tan A + + +

+ 3 3 C tan B tan A tan + + +
>>>>>










-x-::.::s:e.s


- 128 - PaK1


ee.-:ao
+

n
999 .... 999 .... 999 99 9 S + + + + =
+ + 9 n


::x..e.
+
9 ..

99 ...... 999 . . 999 99 9 S
n
) 9 n (
+ + + + =

9
) 10 n 9 ( 10
n
9
1 10
. 10
n

=
) 1 ... 1 1 1 ( ) 10 ... 10
) 1 10 ( .... ) 1 10 ( ) 1 10 ( ) 1 10 (
1 n
n 3 2
n 3 2
+
=
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + =
+

+
10 10 ( + =
9
) 10 n 9 ( 10
S
2 n
n
+
=
+
+



-x-::.::s:e.s


- 129 - PaK1


ee.-:a
+.+ +.

) b , a (
1 b ab 2
a
3 2
2
+
.++ +

::x..e.
+.+

) b , a (
k
1 b ab 2
a
3 2
2
=
+
+ * IN k
3 2
2 a
2
) 1 ( 0 ) 1 b ( k a kb = +
4 2

+++.+ ) 1 b ( k 4
3
b k 4 =

2 2
k 4 ) b kb 2 (
2
b + =
+ ++. ) 1 ( * IN +
+
2 2 2 2
d b k 4 ) b kb 2 ( = + =
d

+ +
0 b k 4
2
= _
4

b
k
2
=
...
2
b b b
2
k b 2 a
3
2

= = _
2
b
a =
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 130 - PaK1
+ a b , .+ .
IN p , p 2 b =
._ p p 8 p
4

) p 2 (
4
2
= ) p 2 ( 2 a
2
=
p
p 2
= = +
2
a
2 , p ( ; ) p 2 , p p
4
+ 8 ( ) b , * IN p , ) p a ( =
0 b

k 4
2
>
4 )
2
b k b 2 (
2 2 2 2 2
* IN k , ) 1 b k b 2 ( d b k + = +
2
_ ) 1 b ( k 4
2
0 ) 1 b ( + ._
+
1 b =
.+ ) 1 ( 0 a k 2 a
2
= k 2 a =
+ ) 1 , k 2 ( ) b , a ( = + * IN k +
0 b k 4
2
<
) b k b k 4 2 (
2 2 2 2 2 2
) 1 b k b 2 ( d b < = +
) b k b 2
2 2 2 2
< ++ 4 (
2
0 ) 1 b k b 2 ( b k +
_ k 4 ( b
2
0 ) 1 k 4 ( ) 1 b ( b 2 ) 3 < + + ++.
+++.+.+
* IN
) k 2 , k k 8 ( ; ) k 2 , k ( ; ) 1 , k 2 ( ) b , a (
4
= * IN k

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 131 - PaK1


: ee.- a-
._
1
ab 8 c a
2 2
c
ca 8 b bc 8
2

b a
+
+
+
+
+

+ + + + . c , b , a

::x..e.
_ . 1
ab 8
c

c ca 8 b bc 8 a
b a
2 2 2
+
+
+
+
+
+...

3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
a a
2
c b a
bc 8 a
+ +

+
++

.+++ ) bc 8 a ( a ) c b a (
2
3
4
2
3
4
3
4
3
4
+ + +
++ bc a 8 c b 2 c a 2 b a 2 c b
3 3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
8

8
+ + +
+.+++ +
+
GM AM
3
4
3
4
3
8
3
8
c b 2 c b +
._ bc a 8 c b 2 b a 2 c b
3 3 3 3
c a 2
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4 4 4 8 8
+ + + + +
( ) 1
c b a
a
bc 8 a
a
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
2
+ +

+

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 132 - PaK1
++._
( ) 2
c b a
b
ac 8 b
b
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
2
+ +

+


( ) 3
c b a
c
ab 8 c
2
c
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
+ +

+.+++ -..-.
+
) 3 ( , ) 2 ( , ) 1 (
1
ab 8 c
c
ca 8 b
b a
b 8 a c
2 2 2

+
+
+
+ +
+


ee.-:ae
a (
n
)++
2
1
a
1
=
.+ .+ .+ n
1 a a
a
a
n
2
n
2
n
1
=
+ n
+

++.+ n .+
n 3
a a
2 1
1 a ......... a < + + + +
::x..
+
e.
+ 1 a ......... a a a
n 3 2 1
< + + + +
.+
1 a a
a
a
1 n
=
+
n
2
n
2
n
+

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 133 - PaK1
.
n
n
a
1
b = ...+.
n
2
+ =
b b 1 =

1 b b b
n 1 n+
._
1 n
b
+ n
2
n
n n n n 1 n
1 b ) b ( b 1 b

n n 1
) 1 b ( b 1
n
b
1 1
1
1 1
b =
+
+

._
1 b 1 b b
a
1 n n n
n

= =
+

1 1 1
n 2 1
n 2 1
. a a + +
b
1
......
b
1
b
1
a ... + + + = +
1
1 b
1
1
1 b 1 b
1 n 1

+
1 1
1 b 1 b
1 2 1

+
)
1 b
1
1 b
1
( ... )
1 b
1
1 b
1
( )
1 n
n n 3 2
<

+ +

+
+

++
1 1
( =
2
a
1
b
1
+ 1 a ......... a a
1
= = +
a
n 3 2 1
< + + + + +






-x-::.::s:e.s


- 134 - PaK1
ee.-:a-
+ 3 n , m +.+
.+ + a
1 a a
1 a a
2 n
m
+
+
+

::x..e.
+. + ( ) n , m
++
1 a a
a
n
1 a a
2 n
m
+
+

2
1 a +
+ 1 a a
m
+ +
.
n m >
* IN k , k n m + =
.
k 1 k 2 n k
k n m
+ + +
+ = +
+
+

) 1 a a )( a 1 ( ) 1 a a ( a
1 a a 1 a a
=
+...++ 1 a a
2 n
+ + a 1 a
m
+
1 k n + =

. 2 k = +
+

+ ) 3 , 5 ( ) n , m ( =



-x-::.::s:e.s


- 135 - PaK1

ee.-:as
c , b , a + b a .+ = 10 c + + +
+ c b a P = +

::x..e.
+ c b a P =
c .+ 10 c b a = + + b a 0 1 =
) b 10 ( b 10 ( ab
2
. b a P a a ) b + = =
2
. ) b a ( P a b 10 ( )
2
ba + =

2
b b 10 ab 2 ) a ( ' P + =
._ 0 ) a ( ' P =
2
b
5 a =
+ a ( ' ' P * IN b , 0 b 2 ) < =
-+ + ) a ( P ++ +
2
b
5 a = +
.

+ * IN a b
k 2 b = k 5 a =
k 5 k 2 ) k 5 ( 10 c = =
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 136 - PaK1
+ , a

* IN c , b

=
=
=
1 k 5 c
1 k 2 b
1 k 5 a
_ 4 k 1
=

+ k 1
4 c , 2 b , 4 a = = = 32 4 2 4 P = =

3 a
+ 2 k =
c , 4 b , 3 = = P = = 36 3 4 3 =
+ 3 k =
2 c , 6 b , 2 a = = 24 2 P = 2 6 = =
+ 4 k =
a 1 b , 1 c , 8 = = = 32 1 8 1 P = =
+-+ + c . b . a P = . +

>>>




36
>>

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 137 - PaK1


ee.-:at
++++
b a
1
b
x cos
a
x in
4 4
s
+
= +
0 + b , a 0 b a , 0 +
._
3 3
8
3
8
) b
x cos
a
x sin
= + +
:x..
b a (
1
+

: e.
._
3 3
8
3
8
) b a (
1
b
x cos
a
x sin
+
= +
+
b a
1
b
x cos
a
x sin
4 4
+
= +
ab x cos ) b a ( a x sin ) b a ( b
4 4
= + + +

0 ) x sin b x cos a (
0 x sin b x sin x cos ab 2 x cos a
) x cos x (sin ab x cos ab x cos a x sin b x sin ab
2 2 2
4 2 2 2 4 2
4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4
=
= +
+ = + + +
._
b a
1
b a
x
a
x sin
=
cos x sin
b
x cos
2 2 2 2
+ +
+
= =

4 4
8
4
8
) b a (
1
b
x cos
a
x sin
+
= =
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 138 - PaK1
._ ) 1 (
) b a (
a
a
x sin
4 3
8
+
= . ) 2 (
) b a (
b
b
x cos
4 3
8
+
=
. -..-. + ) 1 ( ) 2 (
3 4 3
8
3
8
c x sin
+
) b a (
1
) b a (
b a
b
x os
a +
=
+
+
=
+
3 3
8
3
8
) b a (
1
b
x cos
a
x sin
+
= + +



ee.-:aa
+ ABC + +
._
3
C
tan ,
3
B
tan ,
3
A
tan
bx ax x : ) E (
2 3
_+ c 0 = + + +
c b 3 a 3 + = + +

::x..e.
._
.+ = + + C B A
.+
.
+ ABC
]
3
C
)
3
B
3
A
tan[( )
3
C
3
B
3
A
tan( + + = + +
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 139 - PaK1
) 1 (
)
3
C
tan
3
B
tan
3
an ta
3
tan
3
(tan 1 +
C
t
3
n
B A
3
C
tan
3
B
tan
3
A
tan
C
ta
3
B
tan
3
3
C
tan .
3
B
tan
3
A
tan
3
B
tan
3
A
tan
3
C
tan
3
B
tan
3
A
3
B
tan
A
3
C
tan
3
1
3
C
tan )
3
B
3
A
tan(
+
+
+
+
+

+ +
=

A
3
n tan
3

=
A
+
1
1

tan 1
3

tan
3
tan =

)
3
B A
tan(
)
3
tan(
+
C B A + +
+
3
C
tan ,
3
B
tan ,
3
A
tan _+
+...+...
) E (
) 2 ( a
3
C
tan
3
B
tan
3
A
tan = + +
) 4 ( c
2
C
tan .
2
B
tan .
2
A
tan
) 3 ( b
2
C
tan
2
A
tan
2
C
tan
2
B
tan
2
B
tan
2
A
tan
=
= + +

... . .+ ) 3 ( , ) 2 ( ) 4 ( ) 1 (
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 140 - PaK1

b 1
c a
3

+
=
_ c a b 3 3 + =
+ c b 3 a 3 + = + +


ee.-:ac
+++
10
sin

.
10
cos



10
sin ) y x ( 4 ) y x ( x
2 2 2 2 2

+ +
IR y , x +


::x..e.
+++
10
sin

.
10
cos


+
10
3 2
2 10

=



10
3
cos )
10
3
2
sin(
10
2
sin

=

++++
. a cos a sin 2 a 2 sin = a cos 3 a cos 4 a 3 cos
3
=
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 141 - PaK1

)
10 10
sin 1 ( 4 3 sin 2
10
cos 4 3
10
sin 2
10
cos 4
10
cos
10
cos
10
sin 2
10
3
cos co
10
sin 2
2
3

=

3
10
s
2

=


_ 0 sin 2 sin 4
2
= 1
10 10

. 0
10
t 4
2
sin t >

>
=
0 5 4 1 ' , 0 1 t 2 = + = =
_ ._ 0
4
5 1
t
1
< = +
4
5 1
t ,
2
+
=
+
4
5 1
10
sin
+
=

+
+ 1
10
cos sin
2 2
10
=

4
5 2 10
)
4
5 1
( 1
10
2

=
+
=

cos
+
4 10
cos =
5 2 10
+

10
sin ) y x ( 4 )
2
y x ( x
2 2 2 2

+ +
.-+
10
sin ) y x ( 4 ) y x ( x ) y ; x ( f
2 2 2 2 2

+ + =
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 142 - PaK1


2 2 2 2 2 2
)
4
5 1
)( y x ( 4 y xy 2 x x ) y ; x ( f
+
+ + + =

IR y , x , 0 y
2
1 5
x
2
1 5
y
2
1 5
xy 2 x
2
1 5
y
5
2
2
1
xy 2 x
2
5 1
2
5 3
) y x ( y xy 2 x 2
16
2 6
) y x ( 4 y xy 2 x 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2

+
+ +

=
+
+ + =
+
+ +

5
=
2

+

+ =
=
+
10
sin ) y x ( 4 ) y x ( x
2 2 2 2 2

+ + +








-x-::.::s:e.s


- 143 - PaK1
ee.-:ac
+ + ) U (
n
4
n
sin . 2 U
n
n

=
+ +
._
* IN n
4
n
sin
4
n
cos
4
) 1 n (
cos . 2

=
+

._
4
) 1 n (
cos ) 2 (
4
n
cos ) 2 ( U
1 n n
n
+

=
+

+
n 3 2 1 n
U ......... U U U S + + + + = -+ +

::x..
n
e.
._
4
n
sin
4
n
cos
4
) 1 n (
cos . 2

=
+

++ b sin a sin b cos a cos ) b a cos( = +
.
)
4
sin
4
n
sin i
4
cos
4
n
(cos 2
)
4 4
n
cos( 2
4
) 1 n (
cos 2

=
+


4
n
sin
4
n
cos )
4
n
sin
2
2
4
n
cos
2
2
( 2
4
) 1 n (
cos 2

=
+

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 144 - PaK1
+
4
n
sin
4
n
cos
4
) 1 n (
cos . 2

=
+
+
._
4
) 1 n (
cos ) 2 (
4
(
1 n
n
n
cos ) 2 U
n
+

=
+

.+
4
n
sin
4
n
cos
4
) 1 n (
os c . 2

=
+


4
) 1 n (
cos 2
4
n
cos
4
n
sin
+

+-...+.
n
) 2 (

4
) 1 n (
cos ) 2 (
4
n
cos ) 2 (
4
1 n n
n
sin ) 2 (
n
+

=
+

+
4
) 1 n ( +
cos ) 2 (
4
n
cos ) 2 ( U
1 n n

n

=
+
+
+
n 3 2 1 n
U ......... U U U S + + + + =
.

4
) 1 n (
cos ) 2 (
4
cos 2
4
) 1 k (
cos ) 2 (
4
k
cos ) 2 (
1 n
n
1 k
1 k k
+

+
S
n

=
+
=
+

+
4
) 1 n (
cos ) 2 ( 1 S
1 n
n
+
=
+
+



-x-::.::s:e.s


- 145 - PaK1

ee.-:co
n + 0 a .......; ; a ; a ; a
n 3 2 1
+
. * N S
n
I n ,
n
a ..... a a a
n 3 2 1

+ + + +
=

1 n
1 n
a
n 3 2 1 1 n
a ....... a . a . a S
+
+ +


n
3 n
..... S

n 2 1
a a a a +
::x..e.

1 n
1 n n 3 2 1 1 n
a a ....... a . a . a S
+
+ +


n
n 3 2 1 n
.+
a ..... a a a S
1 n
1 n n 3 2 1 1 n
a a ....... a . a . a S
+
+ +

+
n
a ..... a a a
S
n 3 2 1
n
+ + + +
=

1 n
a a .... a a a
S
1 n
1 n n 3 2 1
+
+ + + + +
=
+


+
( ) 1 a a .........
a a a
2 1
a a a
1 n
a a .....
1 n
1 n n 3 2 1
1 n n 3
+
+
+

+
+ + +


+ +

n
a ..... a a a
a
n 3 2 1
1 n
+ + + +
=
+
. ( ) 1
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 146 - PaK1
n
n 2 1
n 2 1
n 2 1
a . a
n
n 2
n 2 1
n 2 1
1 n
n 2 1
1 n
n 2
2 1
n 2
1 n
n 2 1
n 2 1
n 2 1
n
a ......... a . a
n
a ....... a a
a ......
n
a ....... a
n
a ... a a
a ..... a . a
n
a ......... a a
n
a .... a
.... a . a
n
a ....... a
n
a .... a a
. a ... a . a
n
a ..... a a

+ + +

+ + +
+ +

+ + +
+ + +

+ +
+ + +

1
a

1
n
1
a
. a
a
1 n
+
+
2 1
a .... a a
... +
+ + +
+
+
+
+

+ + +
._
n
n 3 2 1 n

+
a ..... a a a S
1 n
1 n n 3 2 1 1 n
a a ....... a . a . a S
+
+ +


n
n 3 2 1 n
a ..... a a a S +

ee.-:c
._
10
1
100
99
......
6
5
.
4
3
.
2
1
15
1
< <

::x..e.
._
10
1
100
99
......
6
5
.
4
3
.
2
1
15
1
< <
.+ ) 1 n ( n ) 1 n ( + > + 2 n 1 n 2 : * IN n + = +
._
1 n
n
2 n 2
1 n 2
+
>
+
+

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 147 - PaK1


2 5
1
50
49
......
3
2
.
2
1
100
99
......
6
5
.
4
3
= >
+.
2
1

2 10
1
100
99
........
6
5
.
4
3
.
2
1
>
+
15
1
2 10
1
>
._ ) 1 (
15
1
100
99
....
6
5
.
4
3
.
2
1
>
+..,
) 1 n 2 )( 1 : * IN n n 2 ( 2 ) 1 n 2 ( ) 1 n 2 ( n 4 + > + + =
._
1 n 2
1 n 2
1 n 2
n 2

+
>

1 n 2
1 n 2
n 2
n 2 1
+

<

101
1
101
99
....
7
5
.
5
3
.
3
1
100
99
.....
6
5
.
4
3
.
2
1
= <
+
10
1
100
1
101
1
= <
._ ) 2 (
10
1
100
99
....
6
5
.
4
3
.
2
1
<
. . +.. ) 1 ( ) 2 (
10
1
100
99
......
6
5
.
4
3
.
2
1
15
1
< < +


-x-::.::s:e.s


- 148 - PaK1

ee.-:c-
n 2 .... ; + ; b ; b ; a .....; ; a ; a +
a .... b
2
n
2
2
2
1
2
n
2
2
2
1
2
n 2 2
+ + + + + + + +

n 2 1 n 2 1
b

) b ..... b b )( a .... a a ( ) b a b a (
n 1 1
+
::x..e.

..... b b )( a .... a a ( ) b a .... b a b a (
2 2
2
2
1
2
n
2
2
2
1
2
n n 2 2 1 1
+ + + + + + + +
.-++

) b
n
+
IR x +
) b x .. ) b x a ( ) b
2
n
2 2
1 n n 2 2 1 1
2
2
n
2
2
2
2
n
2
2 2
2
1
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

+
) b ... b b ( x ) b a .. b a b a ( 2 x ) a ... a a ( ) x ( f
2 1
+ =
a ( ... x a ( ) x ( f
n 1
+ =
IR x 0 ) x ( f
+

>
0 '
0 a
f
0 a ..... a a a
2
n
2
2
2
1 f
> + + + =
0 ' +
( ) 0 ) b .... b b )( a .... a a ( b a . ... b a b a '
2
2
2
1 n 2 1 1
+ + + + + + = ....
2
n
2
2
2
1
2
n
2
n 2
+ + +
+ a ( ) b a .... b a b a (
2
n
2
2
2
1
2
n
2
n n 2 2 1 1
+ + + + + + + ) b ..... b b )( a .... a
2
2
2
1
+ +

-x-::.::s:e.s


- 149 - PaK1

ee.-:ce
) ( . y (
n
x
n
+
0
= ....
n 1 n
y x 3 x x + =
+
.
+ . -+ +

::x..
) IN
+ , 5 x
0
=
3
1 y
2
n n
3
n n
2
n 1 n
y y x 3 y + =
+
IN n
n

x
n
y n
e.

+
n n n 1 n
+ =
+

.

) y x ( y
n
3
n n 1 n
+ = +
+ =
+

ln {
n
+
n
x .
n
y -+
2 3
n
) 1 ( y x 3 x x
) 2 ( y y x 3 y
3
n n
2
n 1 n
+ =
+
+ . 2 ( ) 1 ( )
) y x ln( . 3 ) y x ln(
x
1 n
+
+
n 1 n 1 n + +
...+ x (
n
} ) y + +++
. .+. 3 q = 6 ln ) y x ln(
0 0
= + +
6 ln 3 ) y x ln(
n
n n
= +
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 150 - PaK1
._
.
. 3 y
y
3
n

) 3 ( 6 y x
n
3
n n
= +
++
y x =
) 1 ( ) 2 (
) y x ( ) x ln(
) x (
n n 1 n n
n n 1 1 n
=
+ +
+

ln
1
...+ } ) y x ln( {
n n
+++
. .+
0 0
3 q = . ln( 4 ln ) y x = +
._
.
4 ln 3 ) y x ln(
n
n

n
=
) 4 ( 4 y x
n
3
n n
=
+ 3 ( ) ) 4 (
n n
3 3
n
4 6 x 2 + =
._
2
4 6
x
n n
3 3
= +
n
+
. = ++ y 2 ) 3 ( ) 4 (
n n
3 3
n
4 6
._
2
y
n
4 6
n n
3 3

= +
+
2
4 6
x
n n
3 3
+
n
= .
2
4 6
y
n n
3 3
n

= +
.:s.-:- e.a


e..::.a .-x
-x-::.::s:e.s


- 151 - PaK1

:se..:.:
( Referent )

Hu hematical Chal es
dward J. Bar beau, M ray S. Klamkin)
plex Numbers Fro A to Z
itu Andresscu , Dorin Andrica )
a Oly in China
at ly hallenges
itu Andresscu & n Gelca)
ematical Oly d Treasures
ndreescu , Bogdan enescu )
7. International Mathematical Olympiads 1959-1977
8. The IMO Compendium ( 1959-2004 )
(By Titu Andreescu , Dorin Andrica )

1. 103 Trigonometry Problems
(From the training of the USA IMO Team)
2. Five ndred Mat leng
(By E ur
3. Com m
(By T
4. Mathem tical mpiad
5. Mathem ical O mpiad C
(By T Razva
6. Math mpia
(By Titu A
( Samuel L. Greitzer )
9. 360 Problems for Mathematical Contest


-x-::.::s:e.s


- 152 - PaK1