B lc Siu cao tn

Ni dung
2
1. Composite filter
2. LC ladder filter
3. Thc hin b lc
Composite filter
3
m=0.6 m=0.6 m-
derived
m<0.6
constant
k
T
t
2
1
t
2
1
Matching
section
Matching
section
High-f
cutoff
Sharp
cutoff
Z
iT
Z
iT
Z
iT
Z
o
Z
o
Image method
(

D C
B A
Z
i1
Z
i2
I
1
I
2
+
V
1
-
+
V
2
-
Z
in1
Z
in2
2 2 1
2 2 1
DI CV I
BI AV V
+ =
+ =
Image impedance ca mng l Z
i1
v Z
i2

Trong
Z
i1
= input impedance ti port 1 khi port 2 ni ti Z
i2

Z
i2
= input impedance ti port 2 khi port 1 ni ti Z
i1

Ta c
4
@
Trong Z
i2
= V
2
/ I
2

v V
1
= -

Z
i1
I
1

Image method
(

D C
B A
Z
i1
Z
i2
I
1
I
2
+
V
1
-
+
V
2
-
Z
in1
Z
in2
BC AD
AC
BD
Z
CD
AB
Z
e
i
i
=
=
=

2
1
5
Image impedance v Propagation constant
ABCD cho mng T v t
6
Z
1
/2 Z
1
/2
Z
2
Z
1
2Z
2
2Z
2
T-network t-network
(
(
(
(

+ +
+
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
(
(
(
(

+
+ +
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
4 2
1
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Image impedance trong T v t network
7
Z
1
/2 Z
1
/2
Z
2
Z
1
2Z
2
2Z
2
T-network t-network
2 1 2 1
4 / 1 Z Z Z Z Z
iT
+ =
( ) ( )
2
2
2
1 2 1 2 1
4 / / 2 / 1 Z Z Z Z Z Z e + + + =

iT i
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z / 4 / 1 /
2 1 2 1 2 1
= + =
t
( ) ( )
2
2
2
1 2 1 2 1
4 / / 2 / 1 Z Z Z Z Z Z e + + + =

Image impedance
Image impedance
Propagation constant
Propagation constant
Composite filter
8
m=0.6 m=0.6 m-
derived
m<0.6
constant
k
T
t
2
1
t
2
1
Matching
section
Matching
section
High-f
cutoff
Sharp
cutoff
Z
iT
Z
iT
Z
iT
Z
o
Z
o
Constant-k section cho Low-pass filter
s dng T-network
9
L/2
C
L/2
4
1 4 / 1
2
2 1 2 1
LC
C
L
Z Z Z Z Z
iT
e
= + =
L j Z e =
1
C j Z e / 1
2
=
nh ngha tn s ct (cutoff frequency )
LC
c
2
= e
Tr khng c tnh k
C
L
R Z
o o
= = =
Khi
c
o iT
Z Z
2
2
1
e
e
=
Z
i T
= Z
o
khi e=0
(tip)
10
Ta c
( ) ( ) 1
2 2
1 4 / / 2 / 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 2 1 2 1
+ = + + + =
c c c
Z Z Z Z Z Z e
e
e
e
e
e
e

Xem xt hai vng tn s:

e<e
c
: passband ca filter --> Z
iT
l thc v l o (= j| )
v e
2
/e
c
2
-1<1 v

e>e
c
: stopband ca filter --> Z
iT
l o l thc (= o )
v e
2
/e
c
2
-1>1 v
e
c

e
Mag
e
c

o,|
e
t
|
o
passband
stopband
1 =

e
1 0 < <

e
Constant-k section cho Low-pass filter
s dng t-network
11
L j Z e =
1
C j Z e / 1
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
1 1
/
c
o
c
o
o
iT i
Z
Z
Z
Z Z Z Z
e
e
e
e
t
( ) ( ) 1
2 2
1 4 / / 2 / 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 2 1 2 1
+ = + + + =
c c c
Z Z Z Z Z Z e
e
e
e
e
e
e

Z
i t
= Z
o
khi e=0
Propagation constant tng t nh T-network
C/2
L
C/2
Constant-k section cho high-pass filter
s dng T-network
12
LC
C
L
Z Z Z Z Z
iT
2
2 1 2 1
4
1
1 4 / 1
e
= + =
C j Z e / 1
1
=
L j Z e =
2
nh ngha tn s ct (cutoff frequency)
LC
c
2
1
= e
Tr khng c tnh k
C
L
R Z
o o
= = =
Khi
2
2
1
e
e
c
o iT
Z Z =
Z
i T
= Z
o
khi e =

2C
L
2C
Constant-k section cho high-pass filter
s dng t-network
13
C j Z e / 1
1
=
L j Z e =
2
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
1 1
/
c
c
o
c
o
o
iT i
Z
Z
Z
Z Z Z Z
e
e
e
e
t
( ) ( ) 1
2 2
1 4 / / 2 / 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 2 1 2 1
+ = + + + =
e
e
e
e
e
e

c c c
Z Z Z Z Z Z e
Z
i t
= Z
o
khi e=
Propagation constant tng t cho c T v t-network

2L
C
2L
Composite filter
14
m=0.6 m=0.6 m-
derived
m<0.6
constant
k
T
t
2
1
t
2
1
Matching
section
Matching
section
High-f
cutoff
Sharp
cutoff
Z
iT
Z
iT
Z
iT
Z
o
Z
o
m-derived filter T-section
15
Z
1
/2 Z
1
/2
Z
2
Z'
1
/2 Z'
1
/2
Z'
2
mZ
1
/2 mZ
1
/2
Z
2
/m
1
2
4
1
Z
m
m
Constant-k section gp phi vn l tc suy hao chm v tr khng nh
khng phi l hng s . V vy ta thay Z
1
v Z
2
tng ng thnh Z
1
v Z
2

t Z
1
= m Z
1
v Z
2
t c Z
iT
ging nh trong constant-k section.
4
'
4
'
' '
4
2
1
2
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2 1
Z m
Z mZ
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
iT
+ = + = + =
4
'
4
2
1
2
2 1
2
1
2 1
Z m
Z mZ
Z
Z Z + = +
Tm Z
2
, ta c
( )
m
Z m
m
Z
Z
4
1
'
1
2
2
2

+ =
Low -pass m-derived T-section
16
L
m
m
4
1
2

mC
mL/2
mL/2
L j Z e =
1
C j Z e / 1
2
=
Vi constant-k
section
Lm j Z e =
1
'
( )
L j
m
m
Cm j
Z e
e 4
1 1
'
2
2

+ = v
( ) ( )
2
2
2
1 2 1 2 1
' 4 / ' ' / ' ' 2 / ' 1 Z Z Z Z Z Z e + + + =

( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
2 2
2
2
2
1
/ 1 1
/ 2
4 / 1 / 1 '
'
c
c
m
m
m m L j Cm j
Lm j
Z
Z
e e
e e
e e
e

=
+
=
( )
( )( )
2 2
2
2
1
/ 1 1
/ 1
' 4
'
1
c
c
m
Z
Z
e e
e e


= +
Propagation constant
LC
c
2
1
= e Trong
(tip)
17
( )
( )
2
2
2
1
/ 1
/ 1
' 4
'
1
op
c
Z
Z
e e
e e

= +
( )
( )
2
2
2
1
/ 1
/ 2
'
'
op
c
m
Z
Z
e e
e e

=
Nu 0 < m < 1 v
2
1 m
c
op

=
e
e
Khi hai phng trnh s tr thnh
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
2
2
2
2
2
2
/ 1
/ 1
/ 1
/ 2
/ 1
/ 2
1
op
c
op
c
op
c
m m
e
e e
e e
e e
e e
e e
e e

Khi
Khi e < e
c
, e

l o, khi sng lan truyn trong mng.

Khi e
c
<e <e
op
, e

l s dng v sng s b suy hao.
Khi e = e
op
, e

l v cng tc l suy hao v hn.

Khi e>e
op
, th e

vn l dng nhng c xu hng gim.
So snh gia m-derived section v
constant-k section
18
0
5
10
15
0 2 4
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
ec
Typical attenuation
m-derived
const-k
composite
eop
Bng cch kt hp m-derived section v constant-k s to ra composite filter.
m-derived filter t-section
19
mZ
1
m
Z
2
2
m
Z
2
2
( )
m
Z m
4
1 2
1
2
( )
m
Z m
4
1 2
1
2

( )
( )
2
2 2
1 2 1
2 1
/ 1
4 / 1
/ ' '
c o
iT i
Z
m Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
e e
t

+
= =
1 1
' mZ Z =
( )
m
Z m
m
Z
Z
4
1
'
2
1
2
2
2

+ =
Ta c
Image impedance:
Low -pass m-derived t-section
20
mL
2
mC
2
mC
( )
m
L m
4
1 2
2

( )
m
L m
4
1 2
2

L j Z e =
1
C j Z e / 1
2
=
Vi constant-k
section
2
2 1
/
o
Z C L Z Z = =
( )
2 2 2 2 2
1
/ 4
c o
Z L Z e e e = =
Do
v
V vy
( )( )
( )
o
c
c
i
Z
m
Z
2
2 2
/ 1
/ 1 1
e e
e e
t

=
Bin thin gi tr ca m
21
Kt qu ti u l m=0.6, khi Z
it
kh ng u trong vng 0-w
c

Composite filter
22
m=0.6 m=0.6 m-
derived
m<0.6
constant
k
T
t
2
1
t
2
1
Matching
section
Matching
section
High-f
cutoff
Sharp
cutoff
Z
iT
Z
iT
Z
iT
Z
o
Z
o
Phi hp tr khng gia constant-k v m-derived
23
t i iT
Z Z =
Image impedance Z
iT
khng phi hp vi Z
it
:
Phi hp tr khng c th t c bng cch s dng on half- t nh bn
di v image impedance s l Z
i1
= Z
iT
v Z
i2
=Z
it

Z'
1
/ 2
2Z'
2
Z
i2
=Z
it
Z
i1
=Z
iT
(
(
(
(

+
1
' 2
1
2
'
' 4
'
1
2
1
2
1
Z
Z
Z
Z
1 2 1 2 1
' 4 / ' 1 ' '
i iT
Z Z Z Z Z Z = + =
2 2 1 2 1
' 4 / ' 1 / ' '
i i
Z Z Z Z Z Z = + =
t
It can be shown that
1 1
' mZ Z =
( )
m
Z m
m
Z
Z
4
1
'
2
1
2
2
2

+ =
Ta c
V d #1
24
Thit k low-pass composite filter vi tn s ct 2GHz v tr khng 75O .
Gi thit nh suy hao cc i ti 2.05GHz. V p ng tn s t 0 ti 4GHz.
Gii
Constant -k T - section
C
L/2 L/2
LC
c
2
= e
C
L
Z
o
=
L
C
c
1 2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
e
2
o
Z
L
C =
2
o
CZ L = or
C
L
c
1 2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
e
Ta c
nH Z L
c o
94 . 11 ) 10 2 2 /( ) 75 2 ( / 2
9
= = = t e
pF Z C
c o
122 . 2 ) 10 2 75 /( 2 / 2
9
= = = t e
(tip)
25
c op
m e e
2
1 =
( ) ( ) 2195 . 0 10 05 . 2 / 10 2 1 / 1
2
9 9
2
= = =
op c
m e e
m-derived T section
nH
nH mL
31 . 1
2
94 . 11 2195 . 0
2
=

=
pF pF mC 4658 . 0 122 . 2 2195 . 0 = =
nH nH L
m
m
94 . 12 94 . 11
2195 . 0 4
2195 . 0 1
4
1
2 2
=

L
m
m
4
1
2

mC
mL/2
mL/2
(tip)
26
on PHTK
mL/2
mC/2
mC/2
( )
m
L
m
2
1
2

( )
m
L m
2
1
2

mL/2
Z
iT
Z
o
Z
o
m=0.6
nH
nH mL
582 . 3
2
94 . 11 6 . 0
2
=

=
pF
pF mC
6365 . 0
2
122 . 2 6 . 0
2
=

=
nH nH L
m
m
368 . 6 94 . 11
6 . 0 2
6 . 0 1
2
1
2 2
=

(tip)
27
3.582nH
5.97nH 1.31nH
6.368nH
0.6365pF
2.122pF
12.94nH
0.4658pF
3.582nH
6.368nH
0.6365pF
1.31nH 5.97nH
Can be added
together
Can be added
together
Can be added
together
Mch y ca filter
Mch rt gn
12.94nH
9.552nH
6.368nH
7.28nH 4.892nH
0.6365pF 0.6365pF 0.4658pF
2.122pF
6.368nH
(tip)
29
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0 1 2 3 4
S
1
1
Frequency (GHz)
Freq response of low-pass filter
Pole due to
m=0.2195
section
Pole due to
m=0.6
section
Mch LC N on
(low-pass filter prototypes)
30
g
o
=G
o
g
1
g
2
g
3
g
4
g
n+1
g
o
=R
o
g
1
g
2
g
3
g
4
g
n+1
Bt u bng phn t ni tip
Bt u bng phn t song song
p ng b lc
31
Maximally flat (Butterworth)
Equal ripple (Chebyshev)
Elliptic function
Linear phase
Maximally flat
Equal ripple Elliptic Linear phase
Maximally flat (Butterworth) filter
32
( )
1
2
2
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
n
c
C H
e
e
e
p ng
( )
(

=
n
k
g
k
2
1 2
sin 2
t
g
0
= g
n+1
= 1

( )
( )
c
A
n
e e / log 2
1 10 log
1 10
10 /
10

= c o
k
k
Z
g
C
e
=
c
k o
k
g Z
L
e
=
Trong
C=1 khi -3dB cutoff point
n= bc ca b lc
e
c
= tn s ct
Trong A l suy hao ti e
1
v e
1
>e
c

Prototype elements
k= 1,2,3.n
Phn t ni tip
Phn t song song
Series R=Z
o

Shunt G=1/Z
o

V d #2
33
Tnh ton cm khng v dung khng cho mt b lc thng thp p ng loi
maximally-flat, bng thng 3dB tn s 400MHz. B lc ni ti ngun v
ti 50 ohm. Yu cu b lc c suy hao 20 dB tn s 1 GHz.
( )
( )
c
A
n
e e / log 2
1 10 log
1 10
10 /
10

=
( )
1
3 2
1 2
sin 2
1
=
(

=
t
g
g
0
= g
3+1
= 1

Xc nh s bc
Gii
( )
( )
51 . 2
400 / 1000 log 2
1 10 log
10
10 / 20
10
>

=
La chn gi tr nguyn n=3
Prototype values
( )
2
3 2
1 2 2
sin 2
2
=
(

=
t
g
( )
1
3 2
1 3 2
sin 2
3
=
(

=
t
g
continue
34
nH
g Z
L L
c
o
9 . 19
10 400 2
1 50
6
1
1 3
=


= = =
t
e
pF
Z
g
C
c o
9 . 15
10 400 2 50
2
6
2
2
=

= =
t
e
15.9pF
19.9nH
50 ohm
50 ohm
19.9nH
Hoc
35
nH
g Z
L
c
o
8 . 39
10 400 2
2 50
6
2
2
=


= =
t
e
pF
Z
g
C C
c o
95 . 7
10 400 2 50
1
6
1
1 3
=

= = =
t
e
7.95pF
39.8nH
50 ohm
50 ohm
7.95pF
Equi-ripple filter
36
( )
1
2
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
c
n o
C F H
e
e
e
p ng
1 10
10 /
=
Lr
o
F
where
C
n
(x)= a thc Chebyshev bc n v
tham s x
n= bc ca b lc
e
c
= tn s ct
F
o
=hng s lin quan ti passband ripple
a thc Chebyshev
Lr l suy hao gn sng trong vng pass-band
(x) (x)-C C x (x) C
n- n- n 2 1
2 =
x (x) C =
1
c n
e i ) ( C e e = = . 1 1
1 = (x) C
o
(tip)
37
Prototype elements
)
`

|
.
|

\
|
=
372 . 17
coth ln
4
1
1
Lr
F
( )

=
+
even n for F
odd n for
g
n
1
2
1
coth
1
c
k k
k k
k
b b
a a
g
1
1

=
2
1
1
F
a
g =
Trong
|
.
|

\
|
=
n
F
F
1
2
2
sinh
( )
n k
n
k
a
k
,.... 2 , 1
2
1
sin 2 =
)
`

=
t
n k
n
k
F b
k
,.... 2 , 1
2
sin
2 2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
t
c
k o
k
g Z
L
e
=
c o
k
k
Z
g
C
e
=
Phn t ni tip
Phn t song song
V d #3
38
Thit k b lc thng thp 3 on Chebyshev low-pass filter c gn
sng 0.05dB tn s ct l 1 GHz.
g
2
= 1.1132
g
1
= g
3
= 0.8794
F
1
=1.4626 F
2
= 1.1371
a
1
=1.0 a
2
=2.0
b
1
=2.043
nH L L 7
10 2
8794 . 0 50
9
3 1
=

= =
t
pF C 543 . 3
10 2 50
1132 . 1
9
2
=

=
t
3.543pF
7nH
50 ohm
50 ohm 7nH
Chuyn i t low-pass thnh high-pass
39

in cm ni tip L
k
c thay th bng in dung C
k

in dung song song C
k
c thay th bng in cm L
k

c k
o
k
g
Z
L
e
=
'
c k o
k
g Z
C
e
1
'
=
e
e
e
e
c
c

g
o
=R
o
g
1
g
2
g
3
g
4
g
n+1
40
d
Z
o
L
Z
oL
Z
o
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
d
oC
fC
d Z
L

t
e
tan
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
d oL
fL
d
Z
C

t
e
tan
1
t-model vi C bao quanh T-model vi L bao quanh
Z
oL
c tr khng ln
Z
oC
c tr khng nh
d
Z
o
Z
oC
C Z
o
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

oL
d
Z
L
d
e
t

1
sin
2
( )
oC
d
CZ d e
t

1
sin
2

=
Thc hin trn microstripline
V d #4
41
T v d 3 ta c kt qu ca b lc thng thp Chebyshev vi gn sng
0.5dB ti 1GHz. Thit k b lc s dng microstrip FR4 (c
r
=4.5 h=1.5mm)
nH L L 7
3 1
= = pF C 543 . 3
2
=
Chn Z
oL
=100O v Z
oC
=20 O.
mm
Z
L
d
oL
d
25 . 10
100
10 7 10 2
sin
2
1414 . 0
sin
2
9 9
1 1
3 , 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=


t
t
e
t

cm
f
c
r
d
14 . 14
5 . 4 10
10 3
9
8
=

= =
c

pF
d
Z
C
d oL
fL
369 . 0
1414 . 0
01025 . 0
tan
10 2 100
1
tan
1
9
=
|
.
|

\
|


=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

t
t
t
e
Ch : t chnh xc hn
c th dng Z
o
khc
(tip)
42
( ) ( ) mm CZ d
oC
d
38 . 10 20 10 543 . 3 10 2 sin
2
1414 . 0
sin
2
12 9 1 1
2
= = =

t
t
e
t

nH
d Z
L
d
oC
fC
75 . 0
1414 . 0
01038 .
tan
10 2
20
tan
9
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

t
t
t
e
pF C 543 . 3
2
=
Gi tr mi ca L
1
=L
3
= 7nH-0.75nH= 6.25nH v C
2
=3.543pF-0.369pF=3.174pF
Gi tr chnh xc ca d
1
,d
2
v d
3

mm d 08 . 9
100
10 25 . 6 10 2
sin
2
1414 . 0
9 9
1
3 , 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

t
t
( ) mm d 22 . 9 20 10 17 . 3 10 2 sin
2
1414 . 0
12 9 1
2
= =

t
t
Thc hin tip vic tnh ton L, C mi t chnh xc cao hn
43
mm mm h
Z
w
r oL
31 . 0 5 . 1 57 . 1
5 . 4 100
377
57 . 1
377
100
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
mm mm h
Z
w
r oL
97 . 10 5 . 1 57 . 1
5 . 4 20
377
57 . 1
377
20
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
|
.
|

\
|

=
57 . 1
377
h
w
Z
r
o
c
S dng cng thc tnh kch thc microstrip:
mm mm h
Z
w
r oL
97 . 2 5 . 1 57 . 1
5 . 4 50
377
57 . 1
377
50
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
10.97mm
2.97mm
0.31mm
9.08mm
9.22mm
9.08mm
2.97mm
0.31mm
S dng dy chm stub
44
Richards transformation
| tan jL L j jX
L
= = | tan jC C j jB
c
= =
tn s ct =1. V vy
1 tan = |
8

=
L
C
jX
L
jB
c
/8
S.C
O.C
Z
o
=L
Z
o
=1/C
jX
L
jB
c
/8
Kuroda identity
45
Vic trin khai dy chm ni tip trn microstripline kh thc
hin v vy s dng bin i Kuroda chuyn dy chm ni
tip S.C thnh dy chm song song O.C
d
d
d
d
S.C series
stub
O.C shunt
stub
Z
1
Z
2
/n
2
n
2
=1+Z
2
/Z
1
Z
1
/n
2
Z
2
d=/8
Example #5
46
Thit k b lc thng thp s dng microstrip . Cc tham s: tn s ct
4GHz , 3 bc, tr khng 50 O, 3 dB equal-ripple.
Protype Chebyshev low-pass filter
g
1
=g
3
= 3.3487 = L
1
= L
3
,

g
2
= 0.7117 = C
2
, g
4
=1=R
L

1
1
3.3487
0.7117
3.3487
S dng Richards transform
Z
oL
= L=3.3487 Z
oc
=1/ C=1/0.7117=1.405 v
1
/8
1
/8
/8
/8
/8
Z
oc
=1.405
Z
oL
=3.3487 Z
oL
=3.3487
Z
o
Z
o

S dng bin i Kuroda dy chm ni tip S.C thnh chm song song O.C
299 . 1
3487 . 3
1
1 1
1
2
2
= + = + =
Z
Z
n
3487 . 3
1
1
2
=
Z
Z
3487 . 3 /
2
1
= =
oL
Z n Z
1 /
2
2
= =
o
Z n Z
V vy
Ta c
v
Suy ra
35 . 4 3487 . 3 299 . 1
2
1
= = =
oL
Z n Z
299 . 1 299 . 1 1
2
2
= = = n Z Z
o
v
47
d
d d
S.C series
stub
O.C shunt
stub
Z
1
Z
2
/n
2
=Z
o
n
2
=1+Z
2
/Z
1
Z
1
/n
2
=Z
oL
Z
2
50O
217.5O
64.9O
70.3O
/8
64.9O
/8
/8
217.5O
50O
48
/8
/8
/8
/8
/8
Z
o
=50O
Z
2
=4.35x50
=217.5O
Z
1
=1.299x50
=64.9O
Zoc=1.405x50
=70.3O
Z
L
=50O
Z
1
=1.299x50
=64.9O
Z
2
=4.35x50
=217.5O