ANTENNAS JOHN D. KRAUS Second Edition EDITIONSYMBOLS, PREFIXES AND ABBREVIATIONS Sec inside back cover for Constants and Conversions A ampere angstrom = 107 '° m vector potential, Wb m7 area, m? collecting aperture effective aperture maximum effective aperture effective aperture, receiving effective aperture, transmitting geometric aperture physical aperture scattering aperture axial ratio astronomical unit atto = 10° '® (prefix) unit vector magnetic flux density, T= Wb m7? susceptance, O susceptance/unit length, & m=! beam width, first nuils coulomb capacitance, F capacitance/unit length, F m7 aconstant, c = velocity of light cubic centimeter degree Celsius D electric flux density, C m7 directivity distance, m deg degree, angle dB decibel = 10 log (P,/P,) Pppeee PeoO>PRRA RAR A RAR DD tere cy mit = 5 Zz . 2 RSE GEAaaA dBi decibels over isotropic dt element of length (scalar), m a element of length (vector), m ds element of surface {scalar}, m? ds element of surface (vector), m? dv element of votume (scalar), m* E,E electric field intensity, V m~' E exa = 10°* (prefix) emf electromotive force, ¥ é electric charge, C F farad FF force, N F femto = 10°! (prefix) f frequency, Hz 36 giga = 10° (prefix) G6 conductance, i G conductance/unit length, U m7* G gain & gram H henry : H,H HPBW Hz A, Lyi Ree o mm me RP é MVVUMTO ZAaZSSSEELE ~ Ts 5 magnetic field, A m=! half-power beam width hertz = 1 cycle per second effective height current, A joule current density, A m7? jansky, 10-7 W m-? Hz~! kelvin sheet-current density, A m7! @ constant kilo = {0° (prefix) kilogram inductance, H inductance/unit length, H m7! liter length (scalar), m length (vector), m left circularly polarized left elliptically polarized natural logarithm (base ¢) common fogarithm (base 10) mega = 10° (prefix) magnetization, A m7 polarization state of wave polarization state of antenna meter milli = 107 (prefix} minute newton number (integer) neper nane = 107° (prefix) unit vector normal to a surface polarization of dielectric, C m~ peta = 10"? (prefix} , polarization state = Pty. 4) power, W ‘normalized power pattern, dimensionless pico = 10 *? (prefix) charge, C resistance, 0 tadiation resistance right-circular polarization Tight-elliptical polarization revolution , radius, m; also coordinate direction unit vector in r direction radian square radian = stetadian = sy 2 SSO G48 em al w x cy NNNS at hee ge NN NNN N NNN S ne ® Poynting vector, W m=? flux density, W m~? Hz-! distance, m; also surface area, m? second (of time) steradian = square radian = rad? tesla = Wb m2 tera = 10°? (prefix) time, s radiation intensity, W se~! voit voltage (also emf), V emf (clectromotive force), V velocity, m s~4 watt weber energy density, J m-> reactance, 1 reactance/unit length, Q m7? unil vector in x direction coordinate direction admittance, U admittance/unit length, 0 m7! unit vector in y direction coordinate direction impedance, (2 impedance/unit length, 2 m7? intrinsic impedance, conductor, __ per square intrinsic impedance, dielectric, Q per square load impedance, Q transverse impedance, rectangular waveguide, 2 transverse impedance, cylindrical waveguide, Q intrinsic impedance, space, 0 per square characteristic impedance, transmission line, unit vector in z direction coordinate direction, also red shift (alpha) angle, deg or rad attenuation constant, nep m=! (beta) angle, deg or rad; also phase constant = 2x/i (garmma) angle, deg or rad t ¢ ¢ x Ww ¥ Q a Q Fs Que 9, u 0 (delta) angle, deg or rad (epsilon) permittivity (dielectric constant), F m7" aperture efficiency beam efficiency stray (actor telative permittivity permittivity of vacoum, F m= (eta) (theta) angle, deg or rad (theta) unit vector in 6 direction (kappa) constant (ambda) wavelength, m free-space wavelength (mu) permeability, H m=? relative permeability permeability of vacuum, H m=! (nu) Gi) (pi) = 3.1416 (rho) electric charge density, C m7}: also mass density, kg m- reflection coefficient, dimensionless surface charge density, C m7? linear charge density, C m7? (sigma) conductivity, 0 m*! radar cross section {tau} tilt angle, polarization ellipse, deg or rad transmission coefficient (phi) angle, deg or rad (phi) unit vector in ¢ direction (chi) susceptibility, dimensionless (psi) angle, deg or rad magnetic flux, Wb (capital omega) ohm (capital omega) solid angle, sr or deg? beam area main beam area minor lobe area (upsidedown capital omega) mbo (© = 1/2 =, siemens) (omega) angulat frequency (= af), rad s7!To Heinrich Hertz, who invented the first antennas . . . ... and Guglielmo Marconi, who pioneered in their practical application ANTENNAS Second Edition Jobn D. Kraus Director, Radio Observatory Taine G, McDougal Professor Emeritus of Electricat Engineering and Astronomy The Ohio State University with sections on Frequency-Sensitive Surfaces by Benedikt A. Munk Radar Scattering by Robert G. Kouyoumjian and Moment Method by Edward H. Newman all of the Ohio State University Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited NEW DELHI McGraw-Hill Offices New Delhi New York StLouis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoTata McGraw-Hill 52 A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies ANTENNAS Copyright © 1988 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a data base or retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any rneans, electronic, mechanical, photocepying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Tata McGraw-Hill edition 1997 Sixth reprint 2001 RCLYCRCLRACBB Reprinted in India by arrangement with The McGraw-Hilt Companies, inc., New York For sale in india Only Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kraus, John Daniel, (date). Antennas. (McGraw-Hill series in electrical engineering. Electronics and electronic circuits) Includes index. 1. Antennas (Electronics) |. Title. TK7871.6.K74 1988 621.38'028'3 87-15913 ISBN 0-07-035422-7 When ordering this title use ISBN 0-07-463219-1 Published by Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Dethi 110 008, and printed at A P Offset, Shahdara, Delhi 110 032 ABOUT THE AUTHOR John D. Kraus was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1910 and received his Ph.D. degree in physics from the University of Michigan in 1933, He then did research in nuclear physics with Michigan’s newly completed t0Qton cyclotron until World War II when he worked on the degaussing of ships for the U.S. Navy and on radar countermeasures at Harvard University. After the War he came to the Ohio State. University where he is now Director of the Radio Observatory and McDougal Professor (Emeritus) of Electrical Engineering and Astronomy. Dr. Kraus is the inventor of the helical antenna, the workhorse of space communication, the corner reflector, used by the millions for television reception, and many other types of antennas. He designed and built the giant Ohio radio telescope known as “Big Ear.” He is the holder of many patents and has published hundreds of scientific and technical articles, He is also the author of the widely used classic textbooks Antennas (McGraw-Hill, 1950), considered to be the “Antenna Bible,” Electromagnetics (McGraw-Hill, 1953, second edition 1973, third edition, 1984), and Radio Astronomy (McGraw-Hill, 1966, second edition Cygnus Quasar, 1986). In addition, Dr. Kraus has written two popular books Big Ear (1976) and Our Cosmie Universe (1980). Dr. Kraus received the U.S. Navy Meritorious Civilian Service Award in 1946. He was made a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engi- neers (IEEE} in 1954 and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1972. He teceived the Sullivant Medal, Ohio State University’s top award, in 1970; the Outstanding Achievement Award of the University of Michigan in 1981; the prestigious Edison Medal of the IEEE in £985; and the Distinguished Achievement Award of the Antennas and Propagation Society of the IEEE in the same year. Currently, Dr. Kraus is serving as antenna consultant to government and industry.