Pin mt tri

TH T, 02 THNG 6 2010 15:08

(Ha hc ngy nay-H2N2)-Pin mt tri (hay pin quang in, t bo quang in), l thit b bn dn cha lng ln cc diod p-n, dui s hin din ca nh sng mt tri c kh nng to ra dng in s dng c. S chuyn i ny gi l hiu ng quang in. Hiu ng quang in c pht hin u tin nm 1839 bi nh vt l Php Alexandre Edmond Becquerel. Tuy nhin cho n 1883 mt pin nng lng mi c to thnh, bi Charles Fritts, ng ph ln mch bn dn selen mt lp cc mng vng to nn mch ni. Thit b ch c hiu sut 1%, Russell Ohl xem l ngi to ra pin nng lng mt tri u tin nm 1946. Sven Ason Berglund c phng php lin quan n vic tng kh nng cm nhn nh sng ca pin. Ni n pin mt tri ai cng ngh n cc tm pin lm bng bn dn silic, bt u c t nhng nm 1960 c dng nhiu lnh vc, kh tin li nhng gi rt t. Tuy c nhiu ci tin nhm tng hiu sut, h gi thnh nhng xu hng dng pin mt tri silic sn xut ra in nng cn l qu tn km, khng cnh tranh c vi cc cch sn xut in nng ph bin hin nay. T nm 1991 xut hin mt loi pin Mt tri kiu mi gi l Pin Mt tri cht mu nhy quang. Qua hn 15 nm pht trin, loi pin Mt tri ny chng t rng, c th dng sn xut ra in cnh tranh vi in bng than, du m Ta tm hiu nguyn l hot ng ca pin Mt tri silic, t so snh vi hot ng ca pin Mt tri cht mu nhy quang thy c tng lai ng dng rng ri ca loi pin Mt tri mi ny. 1. Pin Mt tri silic Vt liu xut pht lm pin Mt tri silic phi l bn dn silic tinh khit. dng tinh khit, cn gi l bn dn rng s ht ti (ht mang in) l electron v s ht ti l l trng (hole) nh nhau. lm pin Mt tri t bn dn tinh khit phi lm ra bn dn loi n v bn dn loi p ri ghp li vi nhau cho n c c tip xc p - n.

S hot ng ca pin mt tri silic Thc t th xut pht t mt phin bn dn tinh khit tc l ch c cc nguyn t Si tip xc p - n, ngi ta phi pha thm vo mt t nguyn t khc loi, gi l pha tp. Nguyn t Si c 4 electron vnh ngoi, cng dng lin kt vi bn nguyn t Si gn (cu trc kiu nh kim cng). Nu pha tp vo Si mt t nguyn t pht pho P c 5 electron vnh ngoi, electron tha ra khng dng lin kt nn d chuyn ng hn lm cho bn dn pha tp tr thnh c tnh dn in electron, tc l bn dn loi n (negatif - m). Ngc li nu pha tp vo Si mt t nguyn t bo B c 3 electron vnh ngoi, tc l thiu mt electron mi to thnh 4 mi lin kt nn c th ni l to thnh l trng (hole). V l thiu electron nn l trng mng in dng, bn dn pha tp tr thnh c tnh dn in l trng, tc l bn dn loi p (positif - dng). Vy trn c s bn dn tinh khit c th pha tp tr thnh c lp l bn dn loi n, c lp bn dn loi p, lp tip gip gia hai lo chnh l lp chuyn tip p - n. ch tip xc p - n ny mt t electron bn dn loi n chy sang bn dn loi p lp vo l trng thiu electron, . Kt qu l lp tip xc p-n c mt vng thiu electron cng thiu c l trng, ngi ta gi l vng ngho. S dch chuyn in t lp vo l trng to ra vng ngho ny cng to nn hiu th gi l hiu th tip xc p - n, i vi Si vo c 0,6V n 0,7V. y l hiu th sinh ra ch tip xc khng to ra dng in c. Nhng nu a phin bn dn to lp tip xc p - n phi cho nh sng mt tri chiu vo th photon ca nh sng mt tri c th kch thch lm cho in t ang lin kt vi nguyn t b bt ra khi nguyn t, ng thi nguyn t xut hin ch trng v thiu electron, ngi ta gi l photon n to ra cp electron - l trng. Nu cp electron - l trng ny sinh ra gn ch c tip p - n th hiu th tip xc s y electron v mt bn (bn bn dn n) y l trng v mt bn (bn bn dn p). Nhng c bn l electron nhy t min ho tr (dng lin kt) ln min dn mc cao hn, c th chuyn ng t do. Cng c nhiu photon chiu n cng c nhiu c hi electron nhy ln min dn. Nu bn ngoi ta dng mt dy dn ni bn dn loi n vi bn dn loi p (qua mt ph ti nh ln LED chng hn) th electron t min dn ca bn dn loi n s qua mch ngoi chuyn n bn dn loi p lp vo cc l trng. l dng in pin Mt tri silic sinh ra khi c chiu sng. Dng bn dn silic to ra tip xc p - n t lm pin Mt tri l mt tin b ln trn con ng trc tip bin nh sng Mt tri thnh dng in s dng. Tuy nhin pin Mt tri silic c mt s hn ch v kinh t, k thut.

- Vt liu xut pht l silic tinh khit nn rt t. Ban u l lm t sili n tinh th dng trong cng ngh vi in t, tuy ch l dng u tha ui tho nhng gi vn l kh cao. c nhng cch dng silic a tinh th, silic v nh hnh tuy hiu sut thp hn nhng b li gi r hn. Nhng xt cho cng th vt liu silic s dng phi l tinh khit nn gi thnh r hn khng nhiu. - i vi silic, a electron t min ho tr ln min dn phi tn nng lng c 1,1 eV. Vy nng lng ca photon n phi bng hoc cao hn 1,1eV mt cht l kch thch eletron nhy ln min dn, t tham gia to thnh dng in ca pin Mt tri. Photon ng vi nng lng 1,1 eV c bc sng c 1 m tc l hng ngoi. Vy photon c cc bc sng lc, lam, t ngoai l c nng lng qu tha thi kch thch in t ca Si nhy ln min dn. Do pin Mt tri Si s dng lng ph nng lng Mt tri bin ra in. Cn nhiu l do na, th d photon b phn x, b hp th nn hiu sut ca pin Mt tri silic ch vo c 12 n 15% ngha l ch 12 n 15% nng lng ca Mt tri n l c bin thnh nng lng in. Hiu sut khng cao, ch to cn nhiu phng tin, thit b cao cp, nguyn liu u vo kh t tnh ra i vi Pin Mt tri silic sau khi lp t c 1 watt in phi mt c 9 la. Tuy rng mt khi lp t, v l thuyt th pin Mt tri silic bn n 20 nm, khng cn nhin liu vn c in nhng mt gia nh mun c c 3,6 kW in t pin Mt tri phi u t ban u 9 x 3600 = 32.000 la l mt khon tin kh ln (tuy rng v sau khng phi tr tin in). l cha k tin phi tn cho vic lu tr in vo cquy ban m, ngy m u ti tri c in s dng. Xu hng lm pin Mt tri gi r l mt xu hng ni bt nht l trong tnh hnh kh khn v nng lng truyn thng nh than, du m, kh t c nhiu xut ch to pin M tri bn dn khng phi l Si, m l CdTe, c bit l CulnSe 2 sn xut ra tm pin theo kiu lin tc nh in bo, sn xut nhanh nhng cha h c gi thnh ng k. Gn y c mt cch lm pin Mt tri theo kiu hon ton mi, vt liu d kim, khng i hi thit b cao cp, c rt nhiu ha hn nh gii thiu sau y. 2. Pin Mt tri nhy cm cht mu DSC (Dye - sensitized solar cell) DSC l mt loi pin Mt tri mi, gi r, d lm. Loi pin ny do Michael Gratzel trng Bch khoa Lausane (Thu S) ch to ln u vo nm 1991 nn cn c tn l pin Gratzel.

S pin mt tri DSC Cu to nguyn thu ca pin DSC gm ba phn chnh (hnh 2). Trn cng l mt lp mng cht dn in trong sut, ng vai tr ant lm bng oxyt thic pha tp fluo (SnO2: F). Lp ny ph ln tm thu tinh trong sut. Tip l mt lp c din tch b mt rt ln. Lp dn in SnO 2: F v lp ht bt oxyt titan TiO2 c nhng vo hn hp cht mu nhy quang ruthenium polypyridin v dung mi. Sau khi nhng, mt lp mng cht mu nhy quang bm dnh vo cc ht TiO 2 bng lin kt cng ho tr. Tip mt sau c trng bng mt lp mng cht in ly it v y kn bng tm in cc kim loi, thng l platin. Ton b c dn kn sao cho dung dch khng b r chy ra. Pin DSC hot ng nh sau: nh sng Mt tri qua tm knh, qua lp in cc trong sut SnO 2: F chiu vo cht mu nhy quang dnh trn b mt cc ht TiO 2. Photon kch thch cc phn t cht mu nhy quang lm cho electron b bt ra nhy vo min dn ca TiO 2 ri t d dng chuyn ng chy v in cc trong sut pha trn. Khi b mt electron nhn thm cho phn t khng b phn hu. Phn t cht mu nhay quang bn ly electron ca it dung dch in phn, bin anion it mt I- thnh anion it ba I3- . Cc anion it ny khi tip xc vi in cc kim loi s ly li electron t in cc trong sut qua mch ngoi chy v in cc kim loi. Nh vy thc hin c ch photon kch thch lm cho electron nhy ln, n in cc trong sut ri qua mch ngoi chy v in cc kim loi to ra dng in. V nhiu l do, hiu sut ca loi pin ny ch vo c 11% thp hn hiu sut ca pin Mt tri silic (12 - 15%). Tuy nhin u im r rt ca loi pin ny l: - Vt liu ch to r, d kim. c bit TiO 2 l cht bt trng hay dng lm sn trng rt ph bin. - K thut ch to n gin, khng phi cn my mc cao cp t tin nh trng hp pin Mt tri silic. Thm ch c th lm pin mt tri kiu ny theo cch th cng. - D dng ci tin nhiu khu k thut, nht l ng dng cng ngh nano lm bt TiO 2 c din tch mt ngoi cc ln. Nhc im ca loi pi ny l c cha cht lng phi c cc bin php chng r r khi dng lu. (Loi pin ny tui th l 10 nm, bng mt na tui th ca pin Mt tri silic). Hin nay c nhiu ci tin i vi cht mu nhy quang lm cho nh sng thuc nhiu bc sng trong ph nh sng Mt tri u d dng b hp th kch thch lm thot in t to ra dng in. Nh , khc vi pin Mt tri silic, loi pin Mt tri mi ny vn hot ng tt khi nng yu, c bit l hot ng vi nh sng trong nh. c cc hng sn xut pin Mt tri loi mi ny bn dng th, c cc hng bn ho cht v dng c c bit bn cho ngi sn xut pin Mt tri ny theo phng php th cng v ang c mt nh my th nghim sn xut loi pin mt tri ny di dng in lin tc tng cun, sn lng 30MW (megaoat) in Mt tri hng nm (dng ht pin mt tri do nh my lm ra trong mt nm tng dng vi nh my in cng sut 30 MW). Cc pin nng lng mt tri c nhiu ng dng. Chng c bit thch hp cho cc vng m in nng trong mng li cha vn ti, cc v tinh quay xung quanh qu o tri t, my tnh cm tay, cc my in thoi cm tay t xa, thit b bm nc... Pin nng lng mt tri (to thnh cc module hay cc tm nng lng mt tri) xut hin trn nc cc ta nh ni chng c th kt ni vi b chuyn i ca mng li in. Ngun Hoahocngaynay.com/Vt l & Tui tr