Electrostatic Energy and Force

Q1
1

Q1

R12

Q2 2 =

Q1

Q2

Q1,

Q2

Q1
W1 = Q2
4 0 R12

= Q2V2

(1)

Q2
2 Q2

V2 2

W2
W2 = Q1

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Q2
Q2
= Q1
4 0 R12
4 0 R12

= Q1V1

(2)

 Q1 1 V1

(Q1 Q2 Q2 Q1)
W1=W2

: We =

W1= W2
(1)+(2)
2We = Q1V1 + Q2V2

We =

1
( Q1V1 + Q2V2 )
2

2
+Q3 3
3 1 2
Q1
1

R12=R21

R13=R31

Q2
2

R23=R32

Q3
3

Q1
Q2
+ Q3
4 0 R13
4 0 R23
W = W1 + W

Q3 = W = Q3

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 Q1
= Q2
4 0 R12

Q1
Q2
+ Q3
+ Q3

R
4

R
0 13
0 23

(3)

Q3 V1 V2
Q3

V1 =

Q2
4 0 R21

Q3
4 0 R13

V2 =

Q1
4 0 R12

Q3
4 0 R23

V3 =

Q1
4 0 R13

Q3

Q2
4 0 R23

(3)

V1, V2, V3 (3)

Q3
Q3
Q2
+ Q1
+ Q2

W = Q1
4

R
4

R
4

R
0
12
0
13
0
23

(4)

(3) + (4)

Q3
Q3
Q2
Q1
+ Q2

2W = Q1
+
+
4 0 R12 4 0 R13
4 0 R12 4 0 R23

Q1
Q2

+ Q3
+
4 0 R13 4 0 R23

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2W = Q1V1 + Q2V2 + Q3V3

W =

1
[ Q1V1 + Q2V2 + Q3V3 ]
2

Qk N Vk

1 N
We = Q k V k
2 k =1

We Q, V

Unit

1 eV

e 1
-

Volt

W = Q1

Q2
= e (1) = 1 eV
4 0 R12
= 1.6 x10 19 J

continuous change , ,

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Line:

We =

1
lVdl
2 l

Area:

We =

1
sVds
2 s

Volume:

We =

1
vVdv
2 v

dQ V
V
dl ,
We =

ds

dQ

dv

1
1
dWe = VdQ

2
2

(3-17)

dR
b

0 b

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V, v Q

R
V( R ) =

Q( R ) = v v ( R )

Q( R )
4 0 R
4
= v R 3
3

dR

dR R= 0 R= b

dR
dQ( R ) = v

4
3R 2 dR = v 4R 2 dR
3

dQ( R )

dQ( R )

dWe = V( R ) dQ( R )

4 3
v R
v 4R 2 dR
= 3
4 0 R

dWe =

We =

Q( b ) = v

Q( b )

3Q 2 1
20 0 b 2

We Q 2

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Wi = QiVi )

1
14 2 b 4
1 4 v2 b 2
dW
=

R
dR
=
e
v
0
2
2 3 0
2 15 0

We =

4 2 4
v R dR
3 0

R= b
We

dWe

4 3
b
3

(J)

total charge Q

Ans
6

Electrostatic Energy in terms of Field Quantities

(3.10.1)

We =

1
vVdv
2 v

E , D v = D

We =

1
1
(
)
(
)dv

D
Vdv
=
V

D
2 v
2 v

fA = f A + A f

( )

* vector identity :
(P-2.25)

f A = fA A f

( )

We =

1
(V D ) D V dv

2 v

1
1
(V D )dv + D E dv

2 v
2 v

( )dv = ( ) dS
v

We =

1
1
V DdS + D Edv

s
2

2 v

1

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v
R

R point

change

1
R

1
D 2
R

1
0
R

sVDds

2 ( 2
We =

0)

1
D Edv
2 v

**
linear, isotropic medium
We =

we =

1
E2
2

D = E

1
1

E 2 dv = E 2 dv

v
v
2
2

electrostatic energy density

J/m

We = we dv
v

parallel-plate capacitor .. S,

= d V dielectric
,

fringing field assume

uniform

S
d

E =

+Q

V
d

-Q
V

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We =

1
1
V2
1 V2
2

E
dv
=

dv
=

Sd
2
2 v d 2
2 d2

C:
We =

1 S 2 1
V = CV 2
2 d
2

We =

1
CV 2
2

Equivalent Capacitor charge V

C=

We

Cylindrical Capacitor core = a

2 L
Q
=
Vab
b
ln
a

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outer = b,

We

E = a r E r = a r

Q
2 L r

a < r < b

We =

1
E 2 dv
2 v
2

1 b Q
2 rL dr
=
2 a 2 Lr
We =

1
CV 2
2

We =

C=

Q
Vab

Q 2 b dr
Q2
b
=
ln

4 L a r
4 L a

Vab =

Q
C

C )
1 Q
C
2 C

Q2
b
ln
4 L a

1
C

2
b
ln
4 L a

2 L
b
ln
a

1) charge

a 0 ( 0 , E
b

(a,b)
)

2)

We =

1
CV 2
2

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10

Solution of Electrostatic Boundary-Value Problem

D = v

linear and isotropic Medium

free charge

D = E

E = v

E = V

(V ) = v

Homogeneous Medium
space
divergence

V = 2V =

Poissons Equation

del-squared
divergent gradient

Cartesian

V
V
V

2V = V = a x
+ a y
+ a z a x
+ a y
+ a z
y
z x
y
z
x
2V 2V 2V v
V = 2 + 2 + 2 =

x
y
z
2

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(V / m 2 )
11

 Second order partial derivative V(x,y,z)

CylindricalCoordinates
2V =

1 V
r
2 r r

2
2
1 V V v
+
+
=
2
2
2
r

Spherical Coordinates
1 2 V
1

V
1
2V v
V = 2 R
=
+
sin
+
r R 2 sin
R 2 sin 2 2

R r
2

free charge

v = 0

2V = 0

Laplaces Equation

Comment
1)

Poissons & Laplaces Equation

second order differential equation

boundary conditions

2)

one-dimentional second
order differential Equation integrate

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12

 2 boundary conditions 2

(Cartesian Coordinate)

Parallel conduction plate 2

d 0 V0 potential

V plate surface charge density

plate

a) plate dielectric permittivity

dielectric (no free charge)

2V =

v = 0 ;

2V = 0

y
d
+ + + + + + + +

V function
Y

Vo
-

- -

V
2

Integrate

C2= 0

2V( y )
y 2

=0

d 2V( y )
dy 2

=0

V( y ) = C1 y + C 2

y=0:

V(0) = 0 = C1(0) + C2
y = d:

V(d)=V0 = C1d+ 0

V( y ) =

o
1= d

V0
y
d

0<y<d

Ans
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13

V y
d 0

d
V
E = V = a y
= a y 0
dy
d

Ans

D = E = a y 0
d

b.c.

D1=0

a n1 D2 + a n 2 D1 = s

1
+ + + + +
2

a n1 D2 = s

plate :

Dn

a n1 = a y

V0
a y a y
= s
d
V0
= s
d
V0
d

C/m

D = a y 0
d

- - - - - 2

D2 = 0 ;
a n 2 = a y ;

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a n 2 D1 = s
V

a y a y 0 o
d

V0
= s
d

14

Vo
d

C/m

s ,top = s ,bottom

V o
s

C per area =
= d =
V
V0
d

F / m2

b) electron

v = 0

Poisson s equation

V ( y) =

y
d

2V =

0 y
d

d 2V ( y ) 0 y
=
d
dy 2

0 3
y + c1 y + c 2
6d

y = 0 ; V = 0 C2 = 0
y = d ; V = V0

V0 =

V ( y ) =

0d 3
V
d
+ c1 d c1 = 0 0
6d
d
6

0 3 V0 0 d
y +
y
6d
6
d

V
E = V = a y
y

y = d ;
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V
= a y 0 y 2 + 0 0
6
d

2d

d
d
V
V
E = a y 0 d + 0 0 = a y 0 + 0
6
3
d
d
2
15

V0 0 d
V
d
a n = a y ; E n =
+
s = 0 + 0
d
3
d
3

V
d
y = 0 ; E (0) = a y 0 0
6
d

b.c. conductor

En =

, a n = a y
En =

s (top ) s (bottom )

En =

V0 0 d
+
d
6
V
d
s = 0 + 0
d
6

Capacitor

(Cylindrical System)

Ans

V0
a)

0< <

b)

< < 2

2V =

V0

V=0

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V
=0 ,
r

1 V
r
r r r

V
=0
z

2
2
1 V V
+
+

2
2
z
r

r z

16

Insulating gap r = 0

2V =

1 2V
r 2 2

a)

Free charge
2V =

1 2V
=0
r 2 2

r=0

V 2
=0

V ( ) = C1 + C 2

= 0

; V (0) = 0 C 2 = 0

; V ( ) = V0

C1 =

V0

V ( ) =

V0

, 0< <

1 V
1 V0
E = V = a
= a
r
r

V/m
b)

2
2V =

v = 0

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V ( ) = C1 + C 2

17

; V ( ) = V0 = C1 + C 2

= 2

; V (2 ) = 0 = C1 2 + C 2

C1 =

V0
2 V0
, C2 =
2
2
2 V0
V0
V ( ) =
+
2
2

1 V
1 V0
E = V = a
= a

r
r 2

(Spherical Coordinate) Concentric conducting

spheres

Ro

Ri

V ( R) , Ri < R < Ro

V1

2V

V/m

V2

V ( R, , ) = V ( R )

Spherical Coordinate

2V =

1 2 V
R

R
R 2 R

Poissons Equation insulator

v = 0

Laplaces Equation.
2V =

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1 2 V
R
=0
R
R 2 R
d 2 dV
R
=0
dR
dR

18

Integrate 1 :
Integrate 2 :

dV C1
=
dR R2
C1
V =
+ C2
R
R = Ri

b.c.

R = R0

V ( R) =

1
R0 R i

C1

+ C2
Ri

C1
V ( F0 ) = V2 =
+ C2

R0

V ( Fi ) = V1 =

C1 =

R0 Ri (V1 V2 )
R0 Ri

C2 =

R0V2 RiVi
R0 Ri

Solve

Ri R0

R (V1 V2 ) + R0V2 RiVi ; Ri R R0

V(R) dielectric constant

E = V

( )

1)
2
2) V =

i)
ii)
3)

4)

5)

charge = 0

dimension

boundary conditions V

E = V

D = E

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19


6) s D

Method of Image

Recall potential distribution dipole

p a R
qd cos
V =
=
4 0 R 2 4 0 R 2

+q

V ( R, )

R+

R-

-q

,V =

qd cos 2
=0
4 0 R 2

+q

plane

= 90

-q

V =0

R ,

Equipotential V

=0

+Q
+Q

d
d

5/50 V=0

V=0
20

Equipotential plane
-Q

Conductor Plane
Conductor Plane Surface Equipotential V

=0

+ Q Q

image

d d

Equipotential V

=0

Conductor Plane

+ Q Ground plane d

P(x, y, z)

y > 0

Conductor
y

P(x,y,z)
+Q

d
x
z

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21

 PoissonsEq. y > 0
2V =

b.c

V (0) = 0

V ( ) = 0

(integrate spherical

3D)

Method of Image Ground plane

=

+Q

R+

P(x,y,z)

d
O

-d
-Q

V ( x, y , z ) =

V ( x, y , z ) =

Q
4 0

1
1

R
R
+

Q
1

4 0 x 2 + ( y d ) 2 + z 2

1
x

2
+ ( y + d)

2
+z

y0

V ( x, y, z ) = 0 y 0

E = V ( x, y, z )

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Q a x x + a y ( y d ) + a z z a x x + a y ( y + d ) + a z z

3
2
2
2 2
4 0 x 2 + ( y d ) 2 + z 2 3 2
x + (y + d) + z

22