DO MACEDONIAN SMEs PARTICIPATE IN TRIPLE HELIX INNOVATION?

Bratislav Stankovic, PhD, JD, MSc Mirjana Stankovic, PhD, LLM, LLM

CAPACITY FOR INNOVATION

Investment in R&D

GROSS EXPENDITURE ON R &D (GERD) AS % OF GDP

4

Macedonia: 0.2% of $9.19B GDP = $18.4M GERD

3.5

2.5

Albania

BiH
Croatia

Germany South Korea Serbia

1.5

Slovenia Macedonia

0.5

0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Source: UNESCOstat 2011

GERD % BY HIGHER EDUCATION

90 80

70

60

Albania BiH

50

Croatia Germany

40

South Korea Serbia Slovenia

30

Macedonia

20

10

0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Source: UNESCOstat 2011

GERD % BY GOVERNMENT
80 70

60

50

Albania BiH Croatia

40

Germany South Korea Serbia

30

Slovenia Macedonia

20

10

0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Source: UNESCOstat 2011

GERD % BY BUSINESS ENTERPRISES

90 80

70

60

Albania BiH

50

Croatia Germany

40

South Korea Serbia

30

Slovenia Macedonia

20

10

0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Source: UNESCOstat 2011

NATIONAL PATENT APPLICATIONS IN MACEDONIA

160 140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

NATIONALIZED PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) PATENTS IN MACEDONIA

70
60

50

40

30

20

10

0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

NUMBER OF USA PATENTS, BY COUNTRY

SURVEY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN MACEDONIA

51 [200] high tech firms surveyed

TRANSFER OF OWN TECHNOLOGY?

Q6: YOU DEVELOPED THE NEW TECHNOLOGY WITH (MULTIPLE ANSWERS ARE POSSIBLE):

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO?

Q7: YOU TRANSFERRED YOUR OWN TECHNOLOGY TO:

RECEIPT OF TECHNOLOGY FROM?

Q8: YOU RECEIVED TECHNOLOGY FROM:

HUMAN CAPITAL

ENROLLMENT IN POSTGRADUATE STUDIES IN SCIENCE

8000
7000

Number of students enrolled

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year

POSTGRADUATES (PhD, MSc)EMPLOYED IN R&D INSTITUTIONS

1600 1400

1200

1000

800

Total Higher education

600

Government
400

Businesses

200

0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Year
Source: MK State Statistical Office

EMIGRATION RATE BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL 1995-2005

30%

World average Macedonia

25%

Serbia and Montenegro Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Albania

Brain drain: Macedonia is ranked 133/142 globally for 2011

20%

15%

10%

5%

0% 1995 Total 1995 Low 1995 Medium 1995 High 2005 Total 2005 Low 2005 Medium 2005 High

1995

2005
Source: OECD, F. Docquier, 2011

DISHEARTENING REALITY
Macedonia is ranked very poorly with respect to most of the factors of technological innovation. The level of competitiveness of Macedonian firms is very low (125/142) Low level of cluster development; low level of ability for taking advantage of agglomeration economies and the Silicon Valley effect Small absorptive capacity for new technologies Technological discontinuum It is impossible for Macedonia, stuck in the phase of economy governed by efficiency, to implement policies of sophisticated technological development (e.g., Triple Helix)

THANK YOU